宾语从句-直接引语和间接引语

宾语从句-直接引语和间接引语
宾语从句-直接引语和间接引语

宾语从句-直接引语和间接引语

宾语从句

1.宾语从句的概念:在复合句中,充当宾语的是个句子,或者说句子作宾语。

2.位置:动宾,介宾

3.句子结构:主句 +连词(引导词)+ 宾语从句

宾语从句的引导词:

一、当宾语从句是陈述句时(包括肯定句和否定句),连词由that引导,因为that在从句中不作任何成分,也没有任何具体意思,因此在口语或非正式文体中常省略。

例:1.Lin Tao feels (that) his own team is even better.

2.Jim thought (that) the train was like a big moving party.

二、在主句为动词be加某些形容词,如sorry, sure, afraid, glad……作表语时(be+a.看作是一个动词词组),后面所跟从句也是宾语从句。

例:1.I’m sorry (that) I don’t know .

2.We’re sure (that) our team will win .

注:that 在句中无词汇意义,在从句中不能充当成分,在口语当中往往省略。

三、当宾语从句是一般疑问句时,由连词whether 或if引导(口语中常用if),if/whether虽然不作成分,但是译为:“是否”,所以不能省略。例:1.Lily wanted to know (if /whether) her grandma liked the handbag .

2.Let’s see (if /whether) we can find out some information about that city .

注:1.当句中有or 或者or not时,引导词只能用whether而不能用if.

2.在介词后面,引导词只能用whether而不能用

if.

3.在动词不定式前,引导词只能用whether而不能用if.

四、当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时,由连接代词(what, who, whom, which, whose)或连接副词(when, where, why, how, how many, how old, how long,……, )引导,每个连接词在从句中都担任一定的句子成分,意思各不相同,所以不可以省略。

例:1.Do you know what he said just now ?

2.I don’t remember when we arrived .

3.Please tell me who (whom)we have to see .

4. Do you know what time the plane leaves ?

五、带how的词组也都可以引导宾语从句。

例:1.Could you tell us how long the meeting will last ?

2.I don’t know how far it is to the cinema . 宾语从句的时态

一、如果主句是现在或将来的某个时态,从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。

二、如果主句是过去的某个时态,那么从句的时态一定要用过去的某种时态(包括一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时……)

例:1.I knew who lived here.

2.I saw she was talking with her mother.

三、当从句是客观真理,定义,公理,定理时用一般现在时。

例:The teacher said that the earth travels around the sun . 宾语从句的语序

宾语从句的语序用陈述语序:连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分

对比,加深印象:

1. When will he go to the library?

His brother asks when he will go to the library .(√)

His brother asks when will he go to the library . (×)

2. What does he want to buy ?

I don’t know what he wants to buy .(√)

I don’t know what does he want to buy . (×)

注意事项:1.could / would是委婉语气,而不是过去式,因此宾语从句的

时态根据实际情况用不同时态。 2. 如果主句的谓语动词是ask时,连词不可能是that;如果主句的谓语动词是say时,连词一定用that。 3. 如果从句中含有or或or not时,只能用whether而不用if 。

直接引语与间接引语

1.直接引语:直接引用别人的原话.直接引语的前后必须加引号。

2.间接引语:间接转述别人的话。间接引语前后不加引号。(间接引语构成宾语从句)

直接引语变间接引语可分为四大类:

一、直接引语为陈述句

二、直接引语为一般疑问句

三、直接引语为特殊疑问句

四、直接引语为祈使句

直接引语是陈述句

直接引语如果是陈述句,变为间接引语时,用连词that引导,that在口语中常

省略。主句的谓语动词可直接用引语中的say, 也可用tell来代替,注意,可

以说say that, tell sb. that,但不可直接说tell that 。

例:He often says,“China is great.”→ He often says (that) China is great.

直接引语是一般疑问句:

间接引语用连词whether或if引导,原主句中谓语动词say要改为ask ,语序

一定变为陈述语序。

例:1.He said, “Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation?”

2.He asked (me) whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation. 注意:大多数情况下,if ,whether 可以互换,但句中出现or (not),或放在介

词后作连接词,只用whether。

直接引语是特殊疑问句:

原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词,主句的谓语动词用ask(sb. )来表达。语

序一定改为陈述句语序。

例:1.He said to me,“What's your name?”

2.He asked me what my name was.

直接引语是祈使句,用:tell/order/ask/warn… sb. to do sth.

祈使句的否定形式,用:tell/order/ask/warn… sb. not to do sth.

例:1.He said, “Please come here tomorrow.”

2.He asked me to go there the next day.

直接引语变间接引语:人称根据语境变化

例:1.He said,“ My brother failed in the exam.”

He said _his___brother had failed in the exam.

2.He said to Mary,“ How is your mother now?”

He asked Mary how _her____mother was then.

3.My teacher said, ‘‘ she is a good student. ’’

My teacher said _she___was a good student.

时态的变化

1.如果主句的谓语动词是现在时,直接引语变成间接引语时,从句的时态无需

变化。

2.如果主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,直接引语变成间接引语时,从句的时态

要做出相应的改变,如下所示:

一般现在时一般过去时

一般过去时过去完成时

一般将来时过去将来时

现在进行时过去进行时

过去进行时过去完成进行时

将来进行时过去将来进行时

现在完成时过去完成时

过去完成时过去完成时

将来完成时过去将来完成时

现在完成进行时过去完成进行时

过去完成进行时过去完成进行时

将来完成进行时过去将来完成进行时

例:1.“ I am ill today.” said my mother. My mother said that she was ill that day.

注意:直接引语转为间接引语时,下列情况下时态不变:1. 直接引语若表示的是客观事实或真理时,变间接引语时时态不变.2. 当引语中的时间状语表示过去某一具体时间时,谓语动词时态不需改变.

直接引语中的时间状语转换规则:

1.直接引语中的指示代词转换规则:this变为that; these变为those.本来就

是that/those则不变。

2.直接引语中动词come在间接引语中用go.

3.直接引语中副词here在间接引语中用there.

总结:

如何区分定语从句、宾语从句和状语从句

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直接引语变间接引语(宾语从句)讲解与练习 一.讲解: 在复合句中,作宾语的句子(主谓结构)就叫宾语从句。直接引语变间接引语多数情况下构成宾语从句。变化时应注意以下几点: 1.引导词(连词) ①如果直接引语是陈述句,变成间接引语,引导词用that, that没有实际意义,口语或非正 式文体中常省略e.g He said, “My mother is a doctor.”→He said (that) his mother was a doctor. ②如果直接引语是一般疑问句,变成间接引语,引导词就用if。不能省略 e.g “Are you English?” He asked m e→He asked me if I was English. ③如果直接引语是特殊疑问句,变成间接引语,引导词就用特殊疑问句的疑问词,如:what when where which who how等,这些词有意义,不能省略:eg “How old are you ?” He asked m e→He asked me how old I was. 二.间接引语的宾语从句中,引导词之后都必须使用陈述语序,即“引导词+主语+谓语…),肯定式的宾语从句不用助动词do(did或does) e.g. She asked, “What does he want?”→She asked what he wanted. He asked me ,“Do you like English?”→He asked me if I liked English. 三.时态的变化: 1.如果主句中的谓语动词用一般过去时,则间接引语中宾语从句须用过去的某种时态。基本 原则是:往过去的方向推一个时态,即一般现在时变成一般过去时,现在进行时变成过 去进行时,一般将来时变成过去将来时eg: ① He asked me, “Do you have a dictionary?”→He asked me if I had a dictionary. ② She asked, “What is Tom doing? →She asked what Tom was doing. ③ She said ,“I will leave a message on his desk.”→She said that she would leave a message on his desk. 2.如果宾语从句表达的是客观真理,自然现象。则无论主句用什么时态,间接引语中的宾 语从句一律使用现在时。eg:① The teacher said to us, “The earth goes round the sun.”→The teacher told us that the earth goes round the sun② He said, “Light travels faster than sound. ”→He said that light travels faster than sound. 四.人称的变化与汉语中的情况大体相同,指示代词,时间状语和动词的变化见课本第99页的表格。 五.练习:Ⅰ选择填空。 ( )1.He said that he ________speak a little English when he was five. A is able to B able C could D can ( )2.Please tell me where _______have our picnic tomorrow。 A we will B will we C you are D will you ( )3.Did you hear________ clearly? A what he said B what he says C what did he say D how did he said ( )4.He wanted to know why _______up late. A did she get B she got C does she get D she gets ( )5.Could you tell me ________from your house to the factory? A how far it is B it is how far C how far it was D how far is it ( )6.Could you tell me if it _________ tomorrow? A rain B will rain C raining D rains ( )7.Tom asked me ________ English. A if I likes B if I liked C that I like D that I liked ( )8.Our teacher told us the earth ________around the sun. A goes B go C went D going ( )9.Do you remember what________________ when I came in? A Tom is doing B Tom was doing C is Tom doing D was Tom doing ( )10.He asked how many pictures_______。 A did they draw B do they draw C they will draw D they would draw ( )11.They asked if the teacher ________them some songs the next week. A would teach B had taught C will teach D taught ( )12.He asked me if I ________in Shanghai. A live B lived C is living D will live Ⅱ.句型转换。 1. I don’t know what to say. I don’t know ________ ________ ________ ________. 2. “What’s your favorite color” she asked me. She asked me what ________ favorite color _________. 3. “What are you doing?” Jim asked me. Jim asked me ________ ________ ________ __________. 4 Tom said to me, “You are a good student.” Tom told me ________ ________ ________ a good student. 5He said , “I will go to the Great Wall tomorrow.” He said that he ________ ________ to the Great Wall _______ ________ ______. 6“Do you like playing football.” She asked me. She asked me ________ ________ ________ playing football. 7“I can’t work out this math problem.” Tom said. Tom said that ________ ________ work out ____________ math problem. 8 He asked Jim, “ Where does your pen pal come from?” He asked Jim __________ __________ pen pal __________ from. 9. Mary asked Gina, “ Are you ill?” Mary asked Gina _________ ________ __________ ill. 10. Tom said to me , “Pass the ball to me.” Tom ________me ________ ________ the ball to _________.

宾语从句详细讲解(整理)

宾语从句讲解 在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。 宾语从句有“四看”: 一看连接词; 引导宾语从句的连接词有三类: 连接词原句句式 that(无词义,在口语中常可省略)陈述句(原句是陈述句) if,whether(是否,不可省略)一般疑问句(原句是一般疑问句) who,whom,which,what,when,where,why,how 特殊疑问句(原句是特殊疑问句)连接代词(who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever) 在句中有词义,并且充当从句中的主语、宾语、表语、定语。 连接副词(where,when,how,why)在句中有词义,并且充当从句的状 语。 例句:I don’t know if /whether you can help me.我不知道你是否能够帮我。 I don’t know whether or not they will come. =I don’t know whether they will come or not. 我不知道他们来不来。 I wonder what he’s writing to me about.(w hat在从句中作宾语) 我想知道他正在写什么给我们。 We never know what he is.(what在从句中作表语) 我们从不知道他是做什么的。 He can’t decide which sweater he should buy.(which在从句中作定语) 他不确定他该买哪件衣服。 I will tell you why I asked you to come.(why在从句中作原因状语) 我会告诉你我为什么要你来。 Could you tell me where Tom has gone?(where在从句中作地点状语) 你能告诉我汤姆去哪里了吗? I want to know when you can finish the work.(when在从句中作时间状语) 我想知道你什么时候能够完成这项工作。 二看时态:主从句时态要一致。主句为现在时态,从句可用任何时态;主句若为过去时态, 从句要用相应的过去时态(一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时)。 He said that he would help us.他说他会帮我们的。

地点状语与定语从句的区别

where引导的定语从句和地点状语从句的区别是什么? 最简单的办法是看where是否有指代先行词 应到定语从句还是状语从句的区别主要可以从以下三点来看: 一、where引导定语从句时, where是关系副词, 在从句中作地点状语, 其前面有表示地点的先行词, where引导的从句修饰先行词。例如: The bookshop where I bought this book is not far from here. This is the house where I lived two years ago. We will start at the point where we left off. 二、where引导状语从句时, where是从属连词, where引导的从句修饰主句的谓语动词, where前面没有表示地点的先行词。例如: Wuhan lies where the Changjiang River and the Han Jiang River meet. Make a mark where you have any doubts or questions. I found my books where I had left them. 有时, where引导的地点状语从句兼有抽象条件含义, 可放在主句的前面, 而where引导的定语从句则不能。例如: Where there is a will, there is a way. 〔谚语〕有志者事竟成。 Where there is water, there is life. 有水的地方就有生命。 三、在有些情况下, where引导的定语从句可转换为where引导的地点状语从句。例如: A tall building was put up at the place where there used to be a desert. (=A tall building was put up where there used to be a desert. )在以前曾是沙漠的地方盖起了一幢高楼。 Bam boo grows best in places where it is warm and where it rains often. (=Bamboo grows best where it is warm and where it rains often. )温暖而多雨的地方最适合于竹子生长。

直接引语变间接引语超级经典归纳

直接引语变间接引语(宾语从句) 一.直接引语和间接引语的定义。 直接引语:直接引用别人的话叫直接引语, 间接引语:用自己的话转述别人的话叫间接引语。 直接引语前后加引号;间接引语不必加引号。 He said, “ I’m a student.” (直接引语)→ He said that he was a student. (间接引语)主句主句从句 二.当直接引语为特殊疑问句变间接引语形成宾语从句时,首先要注意用特殊疑问词, 其后用陈述语序的句子,同时注意人称、时态、时间状语,连接词,语序的变化. (一)人称的变化规则:一随主,二随宾,第三人称不更新。 ★(二).时态变化 宾语从句时态变化规则:主现从不限;主过从四过(即4种过去的时态:一般过去时;过去进行时;过去将来时;过去完成时);客观真理,只用一般现在时。 1.主句一般现在时,从句可用任意时态。 2.主句过去时,从句用相应的过去时态。即一般现在时改成一般过去时;现在进行时改成过去进行时;一般将来时改成过去将来时;一般过去时、现在完成时、过去完成时改成过去完成时。 3.主句过去时,从句是客观真理时,只用一般现在时。 Teacher told us:" The moon moves round the earth." Teacher told us the moon moves round the earth.

(三) ★(四).连接词 1.从句为陈述句,常选择连接词that 或将that 省略,直接与主句相连。 2.从句为一般疑问句,常选择连接词if 或whether 。 3.从句为特殊疑问句,常选择what,when,where,which,who,how 等的疑问代、副词作连接词。 注意:当who 为主语时,句式为:who+谓语+其他

定语从句与强调句和状语从句的区别

定语从句与其易混淆句型的辨析 众所周知,定语从句是高中英语学习中的一个语法重点,老师、同学们都对此予以重点关注。由此造成了这样一种现象:做题时,一遇到从句就往定语从句上想,尤其容易把一些形式上与定语从句相似的句型(主要是同位语从句、强调句、地点和时间状语从句)也当作定语从句来理解,结果产生错误。因此,从某个方面来说,解答定语从句题的关键是弄清它和易混淆句型之间的区别。 一、定语从句与同位语从句 定语从句和同位语从句都置于被修饰的名词或代词之后,形式上非常相似,尤其是由that引导时,最难区分。实际上,两者的根本区别在于句法功能不同,与先行词的关系不同。 1. 句法功能不同 定语从句相当于一个形容词,用来修饰、描述或限制其前面的名词、代词(称为先行词)或整个句子;同位语从句则相当于一个名词,是先行词所述内容的展开,即说明先行词的具体内容。 定语从句的引导词that在从句中一定充当句子成分;而同位语从句中的引导词that(被称为连接代词)在从句中只起连接作用,不充当任何句子成分。 定语从句的引导词在从句中作宾语或状语时,可以省略或被其他词代替;而同位语从句的引导词则一般不能省略,也不能被代替。 例1The news (that / which)we picked up from his informal conversation is true.我们从他的闲谈中听到的那个消息是真实的。 例2The news that Mr Li will teach us English next semester is true. 李先生下学期将教我们英语这个消息是真实的。 点评:例1的中that从句是定语从句,其作用相当于一个形容词,用来限定the news,that在从句中作宾语,可省略。例2中的that从句是同位语从句,其作用相当于一个名词,本身就是the news的内容,that不能省略。 2. 与先行词关系不同 定语从句所修饰、限定的先行词可以是名词或代词,当that省略时,定语从句本身是一个不完整的句子。而同位语从句通常与一些本身有具体内容可展开的名词连用,对这些名词进行补充说明或解释。常见的此类名词有:answer,belief,doubt,decision,explanation,fact,hope,idea,information,message,news,order,possibility,problem,promise,question,reason,story,suggestion,thought,truth等。同位语从句本身是一个完整的句子,常用that连接而不是用which 引导,that本身不充当句子成分,表示疑问意义的名词(如doubt,question等)后也可用whether,who,what等疑问词引导。 例3The fact (that / which) she told me yesterday is very important.她昨天告诉我的事实非常重要。 例4The fact that she hasn’t known the result of the examination is clear.她还不知道考试成绩这个事实是显而易见的。

宾语从句,直接引语和间接引语

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