Australian renewable energy progress

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renewable energy英语作文

Title: The Rise of Renewable Energy: A Pathway to a Sustainable FutureIn the quest for a greener, more sustainable planet, renewable energy has emerged as a beacon of hope, illuminating the path towards a future where our energy needs are met without compromising the health of our environment or depleting finite natural resources. As the world grapples with the dual challenges of climate change and energy security, the shift towards renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass has become imperative.The Urgency of the MomentThe burning of fossil fuels—coal, oil, and natural gas—has been the primary driver of industrialization and economic growth over the past few centuries. However, this progress has come at a steep cost: greenhouse gas emissions have soared, leading to global warming, extreme weather events, and the loss of biodiversity. Moreover, fossil fuels are non-renewable, meaning their supply is finite and will eventually run out. Therefore, the transition to renewable energy is not just a matter of environmental stewardship; it is a matter of national security and economic necessity.The Benefits of Renewable EnergyRenewable energy offers numerous advantages over traditional energy sources. Firstly, it is virtually limitless in supply, as long as the sun shines, the wind blows, and water flows. This ensures energy security and reduces our reliance on foreign oil imports. Secondly, renewable energy sources produce significantly fewer greenhouse gas emissions during their lifecycle, helping to mitigate climate change. Thirdly, they create jobs in manufacturing, installation, maintenance, and research & development, stimulating economic growth and fostering innovation. Additionally, many renewable energy projects can be implemented at the local level, empowering communities and fostering a sense of ownership and stewardship over their energy resources.Technological Advances and Cost ReductionsOne of the key factors driving the adoption of renewable energy is the rapid pace of technological innovation. Solar panels, wind turbines, and other renewable energy technologies have become more efficient, reliable, and cost-effective over the years. As production scales up and economies of scale are achieved, costs continue to decline, making renewable energy increasingly competitive with fossil fuels. In many parts of the world, the cost of generating electricity from solar and wind is already on par or cheaper than fossil fuels, without the need for subsidies.Policy Support and International CooperationThe successful transition to renewable energy requires strong policy frameworks and international cooperation. Governments around the world are implementing a range of measures, including feed-in tariffs, tax incentives, renewable portfoliostandards, and carbon pricing mechanisms, to encourage the development and deployment of renewable energy technologies. Additionally, international agreements like the Paris Agreement underscore the global commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting the use of renewable energy.ConclusionThe rise of renewable energy represents a fundamental shift in how we power our world. It is a transition that is both necessary and achievable, driven by technological advancements, economic incentives, and a growing global consensus on the need for action against climate change. As we continue on this journey, it is crucial that we remain committed to innovation, collaboration, and the pursuit of a more sustainable, equitable, and prosperous future for all.。

renewable energy

a 5%
Global public support for energy sources
• This survey was conducted in 24 countries including Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Poland, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Turkey and the United States of America.
Characteristics
• Fast conversion speed • High value • Be inexhaustible ( Solar energy) • Low cost • Pollution minimization • Be inexhaustible ( Wind energy)
• Small pollution to air and water ( Hydro energy) • No pollution and inexhaustible ( Geothermal heat energy)
Conclusion
• Renewable energy is very important to us. And it a way of showing social ability. Renewable energy has brought us conveniences and amenities. The modern society and the modern countries have all proved the importance and the precious of renewable energy.

剑桥一级下册测试题

剑桥一级下册测试题一．听力测试第一部分：选择题（共5小题，每小题1分，共5分）听对话，选择正确的选项回答问题。

每段对话读两遍。

1. What is the man going to do with Jane on Saturday?A. Go shopping.B. See a movie.C. Have lunch.2. What did the woman do last night?A. Watched a movie.B. Studied at home.C. Went to a party.3. Where does the conversation probably take place?A. In a hotel.B. In a grocery store.C. In a restaurant.4. How does the man usually go to work?A. By car.B. By bus.C. By bike.5. What did the woman do on her vacation?A. Went hiking.B. Stayed at home.C. Visited her grandparents.第二部分：选择题（共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）听对话或独白，选择正确的选项回答问题。

每段对话或独白读两遍。

听第6段材料，回答第6至7题。

6. Where does this conversation probably take place?A. At a bookstore.B. At a library.C. At a school.7. What does the woman want to find?A. A textbook.B. A novel.C. A magazine.听第7段材料，回答第8至10题。

8. Why does the woman choose cycling to work?A. It helps her stay fit.B. It saves money.C. It's faster than driving.9. What problem does the man have with cycling?A. He finds it tiring.B. He doesn't know how to ride a bike.C. It's dangerous in the city.10. What does the man suggest the woman do?A. Take up jogging.B. Buy a car.C. Try using public transportation.听第8段材料，回答第11至13题。

澳澳洲前总理KevinRudd离职演讲英文原文转自

澳洲前总理Kevin Rudd离职演讲英文原文转自“The Australian"Kevin Rudd's farewell speechI WAS elected by the people of this country to bring back a fair go for all Australi ans and I have given my absolute best to do that.I’ve given it my absolute all. In that spirit I am proud of the achievements that we have delivered to make this country fairer.I’m proud of the fact that we kept Australia out of the global economic recession. I’m pr oud of the fact that had we not done so we would have had a half a million Australians out there out of work, because that’s what happened around the rest of the world.I’m proud of the fact that we got rid of Workchoices and restored decency to the workpl ace.I’m proud of the fact that we started to build the nation’s infrastructure including a Natio nal Broadband Network which I fundamentally believe will transform this economy in way s which we have yet to conceive, fundamentally transform our businesses and the way in which Governments operate, health services are delivered and the way in which education is delivered in our classrooms. The missing piece of 21st century kit for our country.Start of sidebar. Skip to end of sidebar.End of sidebar. Return to start of sidebar.I’m proud of the fact that we have begun the education revolution. 300,000 extra compute rs in classrooms; that’s a prett y big thing for a kid in a classroom who has never seen a computer on their desk before.I’m proud of the fact that we now have Trades Training Centres built to service every on e of our nation’s secondary schools.I’m proud of the fact that new libraries a re springing up right across the country, often in schools which have never had a library before in their lives, or in some places, have ne ver had a new building built in their schools since the War.I’m proud of the fact that we now have nationwide early childhood education.I’m proud of the fact that we now have a national curriculum for our schools, for every State of our nation and the Territories.I’m proud of the fact that we now have 50,000 more university places and the fact that we have invested so much more in our universities, in our research.I’m really proud of the fact that we’ve reformed the health system; a National Health and Hospitals network. When we look back on this in a decade’s time, and the fact that we’ve made the Australian Government, for the first time in our history, the dominant funder of our nation’s public hospital system. This will be seen as a very, very deep reform.I’m proud of the fact that we are building 20 regional cancer centres right across our cou ntry. You know if you go out there and people are suffering from cancer, it does alter y our priorities. Many of those folk have never had decent cancers services before, never, a nd I was always stunned by the fact that people out there are three times more likely to die in th e first years of their diagnosis through the lack of services. We’ve done somethin g to change that, and it’s big. It’s the biggest investment in cancer services our nation ha s ever seen.I’m proud of the fact, and some people have probably never heard of t his one, that we h ave a National Organ Transplant Authority. As somebody who borrowed someone else’s a ortic valve I feel a particular responsibility for that. There’s nothing like having a bit of s omebody else in you, it focuses the mind and in my case als o focuses the heart. What I’m really pleased about in the last two months is the organ donation rates for the first tim e have started to rise. People now are getting transplants because we chose to make a dif ference.That’s the funny thing about health isn’t it, has an effect on you.I’m proud of the fact that we’ve restored decency to the aged pension, it’s pretty importa nt, making sure that people on the aged pension have some capacity for human dignity. An extra $100 is the biggest increase in the pensio n’s history.I’m proud of the fact that we now have paid parental leave, it’s been a long time comin g.I’m proud of what we’ve done on homelessness. I’m proud of the fact that we’re on trac k to halve homelessness in this country through work like common ground in which Ther ese is directly involved.I’m proud of the fact that we’re adding 20,000 additional units of social housing. I can’t stand it when you go to places and there is literally no place at the inn.I’m proud of the fact that the first thing we did in Government was ratify the Kyoto prot ocol. I’m also proud of the fact that we boosted the renewable energy target to 20 per ce nt. I’m proud of the fact that we tried three times to get an emissions trading scheme thr ough this parliament, although we failed. And, if I had one point of future policy it must be our ambition to pass a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme within this parliament, the one that follows, I mean, so that we can make a difference, a real difference, to climate change.I’m proud of the fact that we now have, for the first time in the country’s history, a Mu rray-Darling Basin Authority, and for the first time in our history a basin-wide plan and a basin-wide cap on water.Also proud of the fact that on the global stage Australia is now at the table of the G20. This is big for the country. When we look back on that in 10 years’ time, having a plac e at the table when stuff goes wrong around the world is pretty useful. We lobbied hard and long for that. It is a good achievement for Australia for the future.I’m proud of the fact that we are closing the gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. Little things and big things: putting hundreds of Indigenous kids with scholar ships into our nation’s leading boarding schools; backing such things as the Clontarf Acad emy, now 22 of them we fund around the nation, to get kids to school and boost their at tendance by providing AFL training. I’m proud of the fact that we’re behind a commitme nt to create 50,000 additional jobs for Indigenous Australians with the private sector, and I’m most proud of the fact that about here, we greeted the stolen generations.As Therese reminded me, that was a big day. What I remember most about it, for those of you who weren’t here, was as the stolen generat ions came in from over there, they we re frightened. Our job was to make them welcome.The Apology was unfinished business for our nation. It is the beginning of new business for our nation.What I’m less proud of is the fact that I have now blubbered.I ho pe I’ve been able to demonstrate to you that this has been a very busy two and a ha lf years. We have thrown our absolute all at this and I believe when we look back at thi s these reforms will endure into the future and make Australia, I believe, a fairer and bett er place than it would otherwise have been.And all that’s before I get to the thank yous.First and foremost, I thank the Australian people for putting their trust in me. It is a high honour to be elected as Prime Minister of Australia and to the people of Australia I say thank you.To the members of the Australian Labor Party who put their trust in me, I say thank you. This is a Party and a movement of which I’ve been a member for the last quarter of a century, and I believe for the next quarter of a century.I thank the members of the Federal Parliamentary Labor Party, good women and men, eac h one of them –each one of them –committed to bringing about a fairer and better Aus tralia in a cause which now goes back 120 years.I’d like to thank the me mbers of the ministry and the cabinet. I could not have had a be tter team. These are head and shoulders above those who oppose them in the parliament –each and every one of them. You could go through the list. I’ve been blessed and aide d by the fact that they have given every ounce of their intelligence and every ounce of t heir energy, every ounce of their ability, to delivering the reforms, and many others besid es that I’ve just referred to.I thank the good people of Griffith in Brisbane, my electorate, for putting up with me as their local member –recently, somewhat missing in action. They are good people. It is a great community. I love it and I love them dearly.I thank my staff. They come in for the occasional mention in despatches. Alister Jordan, my Chief of Staff, an extraordinary young man. 31 years old, with the bearing of a 70 y ear old, part of the product of having worked for me for so long. A first class human be ing and a good man. I will not list the other members of my staff. That’s probably for a private occasion. But given that you good members of the fourth estate are here, I shoul d mention Lachlan Harris, and Fiona Sugden, and Maggie. They engaged with you on a daily basis, at times when it’s good fun, and at times when it’s less so. I think they’re a fantastic team.My policy team, I won’t go through. Each and every member of my staff have given thei r absolute best to the cause of this Australian Government. To my electorate staff in Bris bane, Gina Tilley and her team. Imagine being a Prime Minister with a seat Brisbane, wit h everyone rolling into your electorate office, holding them personally accountable for eve rything I have done here. Let’s bear a thought for them. They are wonderful people.I thank my family, Therese, that’s Jess, that’s Nick, and the curly headed one with the g ood looks after his mother is Marcus. They are wonderful human beings. And, of course, my wider family as well.It is probably not the occasion for high statements of theology, but I’m sure you’d be dis appointed if I didn’t add something, given it’s been the subject of comment over the year s in which I’ve led this party. But to the great God and creator of us all, I thank him- o r her- as well.Now, for the future. I will be dedicating my every effort to ensure the re-election of this Australian Labor Government. It is a good Government with a good program, and it des erves re-election for all the reasons I have listed before, and many more besides. And the y are a good team, led by a good Prime Minister. I mean Juli a, not me, because I’m still the Prime Minister, I think, for another quarter of an hour, so watch out because we can do things. Have you ever thought about this? I’m now not the leader of the Labor Party but I’m the Prime Minister. Anything could happen f olks.As for serving the Government in the future, I will of course serve it in any manner in which I can be of assistance. I will be re-contesting the next election in the seat of Griffi th. And I hope the good burghers of Griffith are understanding of my absence in recent t imes. Having said all of those things, what have I missed out? Therese?She’s always more succinct than me. And much better looking. The work Therese has do ne in the community is formidable. And whether it’s disabilities, homelessness, U NICEF. This is a very good person. A very, very good person and one of life’s eternal mysteries is why she ever married me in the first place. She is a very good person, as are these f antastic kids of mine.And having said all that folks, we’ve got to zip.。

新能源发展英文作文

新能源发展英文作文The Development of Renewable Energy: A Necessary Transition for a Sustainable Future.As the world faces the dual challenges of climate change and energy security, the need for a transition to renewable energy sources has become increasingly urgent. Renewable energy, derived from naturally replenishing sources such as sunlight, wind, water, and geothermal heat, offers a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to fossil fuels. This article will explore the importance of renewable energy development, its current status, challenges, and potential solutions, and the roleit plays in building a sustainable future.The Importance of Renewable Energy Development.The development of renewable energy is crucial for several reasons. Firstly, it helps mitigate the impacts of climate change. The burning of fossil fuels is the primarysource of greenhouse gas emissions, which trap heat in the atmosphere and lead to global warming. By shifting to renewable energy sources, we can significantly reduce these emissions and slow down the rate of climate change.Secondly, renewable energy improves energy security. Fossil fuels are finite resources, and their supply isoften concentrated in a few geopolitically volatile regions. In contrast, renewable energy sources are widelydistributed and can be harnessed locally, reducing dependence on imported energy and enhancing national energy independence.Lastly, renewable energy creates economic opportunities. The development and deployment of renewable energy technologies require significant investment and create jobs in manufacturing, construction, operation, and maintenance. This can stimulate economic growth and provide sustainable employment opportunities, particularly in rural and developing regions.Current Status of Renewable Energy Development.Renewable energy has made significant progress in recent years. Global investment in renewable energy has been on the rise, and the installed capacity of renewable energy sources has been expanding rapidly. Solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy are particularly prominent, with solar PV becoming the fastest-growing source of new power generation capacity in many countries.However, despite these positive trends, the transition to renewable energy is still far from complete. Fossilfuels still dominate the global energy mix, and the rate of deployment of renewable energy needs to accelerate significantly to meet the targets set by the Paris Agreement on climate change.Challenges and Solutions.There are several challenges that need to be addressed to achieve widespread adoption of renewable energy. One of the key challenges is the intermittency of renewable energy sources. Solar energy, for example, is only availableduring daylight hours, while wind energy can be affected by weather conditions. This requires the development of smart grids and energy storage solutions to ensure a reliable and continuous supply of energy.Another challenge is the high upfront cost of renewable energy projects. While the long-term economic benefits of renewable energy are significant, the initial investment can be prohibitive for many. This calls for innovative financing mechanisms, such as green bonds and public-private partnerships, to mobilize the necessary funds.Technological advancements are also crucial for overcoming these challenges. Research and development efforts are needed to improve the efficiency and cost-effectivenesss of renewable energy technologies, making them more competitive with fossil fuels.The Role of Renewable Energy in Building a Sustainable Future.Renewable energy plays a pivotal role in building asustainable future. By transitioning to renewable energy sources, we can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, mitigate the impacts of climate change, and ensure energy security for future generations.Moreover, renewable energy can drive economic growth and create jobs in the clean energy sector. It can also contribute to achieving other sustainability goals, such as sustainable development and poverty alleviation. By investing in renewable energy, we are investing in a sustainable and prosperous future for all.In conclusion, the development of renewable energy is essential for addressing the twin challenges of climate change and energy security. While there are challenges to overcome, the potential benefits are immense. By harnessing the power of nature, we can build a sustainable future where energy is clean, affordable, and available to all.。

澳大利亚绿色建筑政策措施介绍及与中国的比较

2021年第1期（总第49卷第359期) No. 1in 2021 (Total Vol. 49，No. 359)建筑节能（中英文）Journal of BEE■绿色建筑Green Buildingsdoi ： 10.3969/j.issn.2096-9422.2021.01.008澳大利亚绿色建筑政策措施介绍及与中国的比较黄宁(中国建筑股份有限公司，北京100029)摘要：澳大利亚是国际上绿色建筑普及较早和发展较为成熟的国家之一，得益于该国政府对绿色建筑发展的一贯支持。

澳大利亚政府在绿色建筑方面的政策和措施主要包括：国家层面的相关法令颁布和规范修改；制定和实施绿色建筑设计和评价标准，以及绿色建材标准；制定相关的财政和市场激励政策；制定相关的绿色建筑示范计划和宣传教育措施；大力支持和资助研发、创新和示范建筑等五个方面。

澳大利亚的相关政策和措施大部分颁布实施于2000年之后，在近20年的实践中，得到检验和提升。

通过对比分析澳大利亚和中国在相同领域的政策措施差异，希望对我国绿色建筑的未来发展提供一定的借鉴。

关键词：澳大利亚；绿色建筑；政策和措施；对比中国中图分类号：TU201.5 文献标志码：A文章编号：2096-9422(2021)01 ■00524)7Australian Polices and Measures on Green Building Developmentand Comparisons with Counterpart in ChinaHUANG N in g(China State Construction and Engineering Co.,Ltd.,Beijing 100029, China) Abstract ：A u stra lia is on e o f the n a tio n s in w hich th e g reen b u ild in g s h a ve b een a d v o c a te d b ro a d lya n d d e v e lo p e d su ccessfu lly. It is d u e to th e stro n g su p p o rt fr o m the A u stra lia n G overn m en t. M ain p o lic ie sa n d m ea su res f o r d e v e lo p in g g re enb u ild in g sc a r r ied o u t b y the G o vern m en t a re in trodu ced. They includere lev a n t N a tio n a l A c ts a n d B u ild in g C o d e s U p d a te, G reen B u ildin g D esig n M a n u a l a n d R ating S yste m,F in a n cia l a n d M a rk etin g E n co u ra g e m en t S c h e m e, D em o n stra tio n a l a n d E d u ca tio n a l P la n s, S upportingP ro g ra m s on R e sea rch a n d In n o v a tio n, a n d so on. These p o lic ie s a n d m ea su res a re m o stly issu ed a fter 2000a n d h a ve b een te stifie d a n d u p g ra d e d fr o m th e p r a c tic e sin ce then. T hose p o lic e s a n d m easu res inA u stra lia a n d C h in a a re c o m p a re d a n d so m e en lig h ten m en t is g iv en fr o m the co m p a riso n a s w ell.Keywords：Australia；green buildings；policies and measures；comparison with China〇引言澳大利亚国土面积世界排名第六，自然资源丰富，人口数量相对较少。

澳大利亚环保英语作文高中

Growing up in the digital age, Ive been exposed to a myriad of environmental issues through various online platforms. However, it wasnt until I had the opportunity to visit Australia that I truly understood the importance of environmental conservation on a personal level. Australia, with its vast landscapes and unique wildlife, is a country that has always been synonymous with natural beauty. Yet, it is also a place that faces numerous environmental challenges.My journey began with a school trip to the Great Barrier Reef, one of the most stunning natural wonders of the world. As we donned our snorkeling gear and plunged into the crystalclear waters, I was immediately struck by the vibrant colors and diverse marine life that surrounded me. Corals of all shapes and sizes teemed with fish, creating an underwater kaleidoscope that was both mesmerizing and aweinspiring. However, our guide also pointed out the areas where the coral was bleached and dying, a direct result of climate change and rising ocean temperatures.This stark contrast between the thriving and the dying coral was a powerful reminder of the fragility of our environment. It was a wakeup call that prompted me to learn more about the environmental issues facing Australia and the world at large. I delved into research about the Great Barrier Reef, discovering that it is not just a tourist attraction but a complex ecosystem that supports thousands of marine species and contributes significantly to the Australian economy.Australias commitment to environmental conservation is evident in the numerous initiatives and policies they have implemented. For instance, thecountry has set ambitious targets for reducing carbon emissions and increasing the use of renewable energy sources. The袋y has also invested heavily in research to better understand and combat the effects of climate change.One of the most inspiring examples of environmental conservation in Australia is the efforts to protect its native wildlife. The country is home to many unique species, such as the kangaroo, koala, and the platypus, which are under threat due to habitat loss and climate change. Conservation programs aim to preserve these species and their habitats, ensuring that future generations can continue to marvel at Australias rich biodiversity.During my visit, I also had the opportunity to participate in a tree planting initiative in the Daintree Rainforest, the oldest tropical rainforest on Earth. Armed with gloves and shovels, we worked together to plant saplings that would contribute to the preservation of this precious ecosystem. It was a humbling experience to be part of something that would have a lasting impact on the environment.The experience in Australia reinforced the importance of environmental conservation and the role each individual can play in protecting our planet. It made me realize that every action, no matter how small, counts. From reducing plastic waste to conserving energy, there are countless ways we can contribute to a healthier environment.In conclusion, my visit to Australia was an eyeopening experience that deepened my understanding of environmental conservation. The countryscommitment to preserving its natural wonders, coupled with the tangible efforts I witnessed, has inspired me to be more proactive in my own environmental actions. As a high school student, I am now more aware of the importance of protecting our environment and the urgent need for global action to combat climate change and preserve our planet for future generations.。

面向光伏发电预测的公开数据集综述

2023年8月Electric Power Information and Communication Technology Aug. 2023 中图分类号：TM615文献标志码：A文章编号：2095-641X(2023)08-016-06DOI：10.16543/j.2095-641x.electric.power.ict.2023.08.03著录格式：张沛，刘金城，张彬，等．面向光伏发电预测的公开数据集综述[J]．电力信息与通信技术，2023，21(8)：16-21．面向光伏发电预测的公开数据集综述张沛1，刘金城1，张彬1，翟苏巍2，李文云3（1．北京交通大学院电气工程学院，北京市海淀区100089；2．云南电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院，云南省昆明市650217；3．云南电力调度控制中心，云南省昆明市650011）A Review of Public Datasets for Photovoltaic Power Generation ForecastingZHANG Pei1, LIU Jincheng1, ZHANG Bin1, ZHAI Suwei2, LI Wenyun3(1. School of Electrical Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Haidian District, Beijing 100089, China;2. Electric Power Research Institute, Yunnan Power Grid Co., Ltd., Kunming 650217, Yunnan Province, China;3. Yunnan Power Dispatching and Control Center, Kunming 650011, Yunnan Province, China)摘要：光伏发电具有间歇性和波动性，光伏发电的精准预测是合理安排运行方式和应对措施、提高电网安全性和可靠性的重要措施。

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Australian renewable energy progressA.Zahedi*School of Engineering and Physical Sciences,James Cook University,Queensland,AustraliaContents1.Introduction (2208)2.Global wind energy (2209)3.Wind energy in Australia (2209)4.Global solar energy (2209)5.Electricity generation in Australia (2210)6.Solar energy technologies in Australia (2210)7.Disturbing fact (2210)8.Solar PV powering Australia (2210)ernment initiatives (2212)10.Green start program (2212)11.Smart grid,smart city program (2212)12.Australia’s solar cities program (2212)12.1.Renewable energy fund(REF) (2212)12.2.Australian solar institute (2212)13.Townsville’s solar city project (2212)14.Feed-in tariff in Australia (2212)15.Issues with solar and wind energy (2212)16.Storage options (2213)17.Conclusions (2213)References (2213)1.IntroductionMeeting growing energy demand,securing energy supply, and reducing emissions are the main challenges world is facing today.Many governments around the world have committed to reduce their GHG emissions.They have decided to strengthen their national efforts to increase the utilization of renewable energy sources.There are a variety of renewable energy technologies available,but two of them namely solar and wind have attracted more attention.World’s wind power capacity has increased by factor12between1998and2008.Similar growth has been observed in the world’s solar power.These data suggest that solar and wind have been success story of the past two decades.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews14(2010)2208–2213A R T I C L E I N F OArticle history:Received2February2010 Accepted11March2010Keywords:Wind energySolar energyAustralia A B S T R A C TWith some of the world’s best solar and wind resources,Australia is a prime market for solar and wind energy.The growing renewable energy industry can take advantage of Australia’s stable economy,good access to grid infrastructure and well organisedﬁnancial and legal services.Although development has been slower than what was anticipated,but with the promises made by the new government,the renewable community hopes for a brighter future for solar and wind energy in Australia.The objective of this paper is to present an overview of the current status of solar and wind energy in Australia,then to take a closer look at solar and wind potential,current activities,andﬁnally to discusses about Australian Government support and to predict the future outlook of solar and wind energy.Crown Copyrightß2010Published by Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.*Tel.:+610747816907.E-mail address:Ahmad.Zahedi@.au.Contents lists available at ScienceDirectRenewable and Sustainable Energy Reviewsj o u r n a l ho m e p a g e:w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m/l o ca t e/r s e r1364-0321/$–see front matter.Crown Copyrightß2010Published by Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.rser.2010.03.0262.Global wind energyGlobally,wind power is booming.Total installed capacity at the end of 2008exceeds 120GW [1].Fig.1shows exponential growth of global wind energy.Fig.2shows the new installations of wind power every year.When we look at the wind power development in the past decade we see that global wind energy capacity has increased from 6000MW in 1996to 120,000MW in 2008,meaning an increase by factor 15or growing at annual average rate of 25.3%.This signiﬁcant growth of wind energy utilization is driven by a number of factors,including impressive improvement in the wind turbine technology,rising environmental concern,especially climate change,and desire for less dependency on non-renewable sources of energies.In order of installed capacity in 2008,the leading countries (top ten)with highest wind power were:the USA (25.2GW),Germany (23.9GW),Spain (16.8GW),China (12.2GW),India (9.6GW),Italy (3.7GW),France (3.4GW),UK (3.2GW),Denmark (3.1GW),Portugal (2.8GW),and rest of the world (16.7GW)[1].In terms of economic value,the global wind energy market in 2008was worth about US$52billion.The wind industry also created many new jobs.Over 400,000people are now employed in the wind industry and expected to reach one million in near future [2].3.Wind energy in AustraliaAustralia currently has 42wind farms in operation with more under construction [3].Total operating wind capacity at the end of 2007was 824MW total power of 563wind turbines installed across Australia.In addition,nine projects with a total capacity of over 860MW were in various stages of construction [4].Signiﬁcant wind capacity is also moving through the planning stage,with over 400MW receiving planning approval during 2007.Fig.3shows the new installations of wind power every year in Australia and Fig.4shows Australia’s cumulative wind power capacity.Delay in approving process created a big gap as shown in Fig.3.The new government has increased Australia’s national target of 2%of electricity to come from renewable energy by 2020up to 20%[5].This target will require around 10,000MW of new renewable energy projects to be built over the next decade.The Australian Government intends to implement an expanded Renewable Energy Target (RET)scheme,with an ultimate target in 2020of 45,000GWh.The wind industry is poised to play a major role in meeting this demand.With 51%of Australia’s wind energy,South Australia is the leading state in terms of wind energy installed.Wind power currently provides about 0.5%of Australia’s electricity require-ments,but this could easily rise as high as 20%.4.Global solar energySince 1994,worldwide solar PV market has experienced enormous growth.In fact,since 1994the PV global market has increased by factor of 20.By end of 2007the cumulativeinstalledFig.1.Global installed capacity(cumulative).Fig.2.New annualinstallations.Fig.3.Annual installedcapacity.Fig.4.The cumulative wind powercapacity.Fig.5.Global cumulative PV capacity,MW.A.Zahedi /Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14(2010)2208–22132209capacity of solar PV system reached 9200MW,worldwide [6].This was about 500MW at the end of 1994.The global development of PV capacity has been shown in Fig.5.According to this ﬁgure,installation of solar PV system has been growing at an annual average of more than 25%since 1994.Experts believe that through increased production volume and improved PV technology we will observe a much faster increase in solar PV market.5.Electricity generation in AustraliaIn Australia,fossil fuel is the main source for generating electricity.The pollution from coal-ﬁred power stations is the main contributor to the problem of global warming.In 2004,for example,91%of the amount of electricity generated in Australia came from 24fossil fuel power stations around Australia.This is equivalent to about 200million tonnes of carbon pollution [7].Renewable energies and clean-energy technologies such as solar have the potential to play a signiﬁcant role in the Australia’s energy supply.As shown in Fig.6the level of sun radiations in Australia is highest compared with other regions.This indicates that Australia has potential to cover high percentage of its energy demand by solar paring population of Australia with population of the other regions suggests that solar radiation per capita in Australia by far is the highest in the world.6.Solar energy technologies in AustraliaThe solar energy technologies currently available and used in Australia include: conventional solar photovoltaic, solar photovoltaic plus mirrors, solar concentrators, solar dish,solar pond,a 60kW system installed in Pyramid Hill,Victoria,andsolar steam turbine.Solar PV technology accounts for almost 70%of installed capacity of solar energy in Australia.Again,South Australia is the leading states in terms of solar PV installation.7.Disturbing factBetween the mid-1990s and 2007,the Australia PV market went from 13%to 0.5%of the market in IEA countries.In the mid-1990s Australia was the 4th largest world manufacturer of PV cells.It now has no production.Between 1992and 2004prices for smallgrid-connected PV systems decreased by 35%in Germany,54%in Japan,30%in the US,but remained static in Australia [8].8.Solar PV powering AustraliaTotal current installed capacity in Australia is 104.51MW [5].Since 2004the installed capacity has experienced an increase of 100%.A total of 22.02MW of PV were installed in Australia in 2008,an 80%increase on 2007levels (in comparison,during the same period Spain installed 2700MW of solar PV power (PVPS)).Of this,nearly 69%was grid connected,taking the cumulative grid-connected portion to nearly 30%,up from 19%in 2007(Muriel).Fig.7.New installed PV power inAustralia.Fig.8.The cumulative installed PV power inAustralia.Fig.6.World’s highest sunradiation.Fig.9.New installations of grid-connected distributedPV.Fig.10.The cumulative grid-connected distributed PV.A.Zahedi /Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14(2010)2208–22132210The application of solar PV power in Australia can be divided in ﬁve sectors as following [5]:1.grid-connected distributed PV system,2.grid-connected power station,3.off-grid domestic,4.off-grid non-domestic,and5.diesel grid.Fig.7shows the new installations and Fig.8shows the total cumulative installed PV of all these ﬁve sectors in Australia.Fig.9shows the new installations of grid-connected distributed PV and Fig.10shows the total cumulative grid-connected distributed PV.It can be observed from these ﬁgures that thereis a signiﬁcant increase in grid-connected distributed systems from 2007to 2008.This is mainly because,high Government support granted for rooftop PV systems.Fig.11shows the new installations of grid-connected PV power stations and Fig.12shows the total cumulative grid-connected PV power stations in Australia.Low or non-activities and also inconsistency in the program in some years are noticeable.Fig.13shows the new installations of off-grid domestic PV system and Fig.14shows the total cumulative off-grid domestic PV system.It can be observed from these ﬁgures that there is a consistency in growth in this sector with a total of 31MW installed capacity Australia wide.Off-grid non-domestic is the largest installed capacity of PV in Australia.PV systems in this sector are used for power supply for remote services such as telecommunications,lighting,signalling,water pumping,speed limit signs,etc.Fig.15shows the new installations of off-grid non-domestic PV system and Fig.16shows the total cumulative off-grid non-domestic PV system.It can be observed from these ﬁgures that there is consistency in growth in this sector with a total of 41MW installed capacity Australia wide.Diesel grid PV are those systems connected to mini diesel grids,with total installed capacity of about 2MW.Fig.17shows the new installations of diesel grid and Fig.18shows the total cumulative diesel grid PVsystem.Fig.11.New installations of grid-connected powerstation.Fig.12.The cumulative grid-connected powerstation.Fig.13.New installations of off-grid-domesticPV.Fig.14.The cumulative off-grid-domesticPV.Fig.15.New installations of off-grid non-domesticPV.Fig.16.The cumulative off-grid non-domesticPV.Fig.17.New installation of diesel grid PV.A.Zahedi /Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14(2010)2208–22132211ernment initiativesAustralian Government has a wide range of solar PV programs and initiatives.Green Loans is a new Australian Government initiative to help Australians tackle climate change.The Green Loans Program assists Australian families to install solar,water saving,and energy efﬁcient products.The Green Loans Program provides detailed,quality Home Sustainability Assess-ments;and access to Green Loans of up to $10,000,that are interest free for up to a maximum of 4years,to make the changes recommended in the assessment [9].10.Green start programGreen Start is a $130million initiative to help improve the energy and water efﬁciency of low income and disadvantaged households.11.Smart grid,smart city programThe Australian Government has committed up to $100million to develop the smart grid ,smart city demonstration project in partnership with the energy sector [9].12.Australia’s solar cities programThe main objective of the Australia’s solar city program is to demonstrate the environmental and economic effects of combin-ing cost reﬂective pricing with the widespread use of solar energy technology,energy efﬁciency and smart metering devices.A further objective of the program is to ﬁnd out what barriers exist in relation to energy efﬁciency,energy demand management and the use of solar technology,among householders and businesses in different parts of Australia,and to examine the ways to deal with these barriers.The selected Australia’s solar cities are:Adelaide,Alice Springs,Blacktown,Central Victoria,Moreland,Perth,and Townsville.Each solar city will integrate a unique combination of energy options such as the use of solar PV technologies,energy efﬁciency measures for homes and businesses,cost reﬂective pricing trials to reward people who use energy wisely,and community education about better energy usage in an increasingly energy-reliant world.12.1.Renewable energy fund (REF)The aim of renewable energy fund is to accelerate commercia-lisation and deployment of renewable energy technologies in Australia.The $500million REF funds is available on a 1:2basis,with the aim of leveraging over $1.5billion in renewable energy investment to assist Australia to achieve its 20%renewable electricity target by 2020[5].12.2.Australian solar institute$100million over 4years has been allocated to the establish-ment of an Australian Solar Institute,which is to cover PV and solar thermal electric research [5].13.Townsville’s solar city projectTownsville is an ideal place for a solar city.This is mainly because this city receives approximately 300days of sunshine each year.The Townsville solar city project includes:installing 500solar PV systems on business and residential buildings (total capacity of about 0.8MW);Installing 1700smart meters;offering free ‘ecoMeter’in-house displays,which work with smart meters to show electricity consumption.Smart meters measure electricity in 30min time intervals.When used in conjunction with an ‘ecoMeter’in-house display,house owners can determine not only how much electricity they use,but also when they should use it [10].14.Feed-in tariff in AustraliaPrior to the introduction of feed-in tariffs,most electricity retailers in Australia offered net metering for small residential PV systems.New South Wales and ACT have now implemented gross feed-in tariffs,while Victoria,South Australia,and Queensland have implemented net export feed-in tariffs.Feed-in tariffs in Australia are not taxable income.Table 1shows the feed-in tariff implemented in different states and territories in Australia.15.Issues with solar and wind energyThe speciﬁc nature of solar and wind power as variable generation sources requires speciﬁc implementation of new technology and grid management concepts.Size of solar rooftop PV system are limited to the size of the roof,so usually are in the range of kW with minimal impacts on the electricity grid.However,high level of penetration of solar and wind energy might have some impacts on grid stability,congestion management.Output power variations of solar and wind energy might cause power quality issues.The main problem with large-scale solar and wind energy is the grid.The conventional electricity grids are designed to supply and deliver electricity to the customers in one direction of power ﬂow.These grids are not designed to absorb electricity produced by distributed generators,especially from renewable sources,whose output power cannot be controlled by power system.We need modern,up-to-date and smarter grid.One of many weaknesses that traditional grids have is lack of enough ﬂexibility to give access to new power generators such as solar and wind to be integrated into the grid.There is need for a network,which is more accessibleTable 1Feed-in tariff implemented currently in Australia [11].Rate grossRate net Maximum size Contract ACT $0.50/kW h (10kW)$0.4/kW h (10–30kW)–30kW 20years NSW $0.60/kW h –10kW7years NT ––––QLD –$0.44/kW h 10kW 2028SA –$0.44/kW h 10kW2028TAS ––––VIC –$0.60/kW h 5kW15years WA––––Fig.18.The cumulative diesel grid PV.A.Zahedi /Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14(2010)2208–22132212to provide connection access to all network generators,particu-larly for renewable power sources.16.Storage optionsThere is currently considerable interest in energy storage technologies combined with renewable energy sources to meet the growing demand for electricity.Many storage technologies have been considered in both small-scale and large-scale.These include: batteries(including conventional and advanced technologies), fuel cell/electrolyser systems,superconducting magnetic energy storage(SMES),ﬂywheels,pumped hydro,andsuper-capacitors.Each of these technologies has its own particular operational characteristics.For example,pumped hydro is best suited for large-scale bulk electrical energy storage.On a small scale storage options includeﬂywheels,batteries,fuel cells,electrolysis and super-capacitors.17.ConclusionsThis paper has presented results of a study conducted on wind and solar activities in Australia with a closer look at the annual developments of these two energies.In terms of solar PV market, manufacturing,exporting,Australia has been more signiﬁcant at global level in the1990s compared with present decade.Without any doubt,Australia leads the world in many areas of PV research, development,and innovation.With the new Government initia-tives,the renewable energy community is hoping for a brighter future.References[1]Global Wind2008Report.[2]Global Wind Energy Outlook2008.[3]Clancy R,Wind Energy in Australia,AUSWIND,Clean Power,Clean Air.[4]Zahedi A,Presentation at the Substation2008Conference in Brisbane,Aus-tralia.[5]Watt M.‘‘National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Australia’’;2008.[6]International Energy Agency.Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme,AnnualReport;2008.[7]Diesendorf M,Australia’s Polluting Power,Coal-Fired Electricity and its Impacton Global warming.[8]APVA(The Australian PV Association).Expanding the Australian PhotovoltaicIndustry,October;2009.[9]Australian Government,Department of the Environment,Water,Heritage,andthe Arts,.au/.[10]Zahedi A.In:‘‘Opportunities and challenges for solar energy in Australia andthe role of Australia’s solar cities project’’;2009.[11]Enviro Friendly Products /default.shtml.A.Zahedi(Ph.D.)is an Associate Professor and Head of Electrical and Computer Engineering with the School of Engineering and Physical Sciences of James Cook University,Queensland,Australia.He has educated in Iran and Germany and is author or co-author of more than150publications including4books,and has trained16 postgraduate candidates at Master and Ph.D.levels,and completed15research and industry-funded projects.He has20years tertiary teaching and research and6years industry experience.A.Zahedi/Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews14(2010)2208–22132213。