2007年1月英语本科专业跨文化交际试题
大学生英语跨文化交际复习题库
1.What kinds of things cannot be noticed by a fish in the sea?A) The foodB) The climate and the environmentC) The danger and the natural enemyD) The water正确答案为D2.Human beings also have hardware and software. __________ is to human beings what software is to computer. 人类也有硬件和软件A) CultureB) BodyC) ShapeD) Color正确答案为A3.American scholars Daniel Bates and Fred Plog define culture from intercultural perspective which reflects the role of _________.美国学者丹尼尔·贝茨和弗雷德·普洛格从跨文化的角度定义文化，反映了文化的作用A) perceptionn. 知觉；觉察（力）；观念；（农作物的）收获B) communicationC) sensationn. 感觉；直觉；知觉；轰动D) intellectual n. 知识分子；脑力劳动者；有极高智力的人；正确答案为B4.Many of the same proverbs appear throughout the world, because all people, regardless of their culture, share common _______.许多相同的谚语出现在世界各地，因为所有人，不管他们的文化如何，都是共同的A) storiesB) languagesC) experiencesD) arts正确答案为C5.We understand two characteristics of subgroups as ________ label and temporality.我们理解亚群的两个特征为________标签和时间性A) sameB) inferior ad j. 低劣的；下级的，下等的；（位置在）下面的；C) superior 优良的；更高级的；傲慢的；D) deviant 不正常的，异常的；离经叛道的正确答案为D6.__________ refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. It means one’s sense of the culture to which one belongs.指一个人对某一特定文化或民族的归属感。
2005-2006学年春季学期大学英语跨文化交际课程期末试题...
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2005-2006 学年春季学期大学英语跨文化交际课程期末试题（B 卷） 学年春季学期大学英语跨文化交际课程期末试题（
订 线 题 号 I 40 分 II 15 分 III 15 分 IV 20 分 V 10 分 （院系： 院系： 专业： 专业： 卷 面 分 100 随 堂 测 试 20 分 课 堂 表 现 10 分 年级： 年级： 评 卷 人 ）
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Part I. Choose one word or expression from those in the box below to fill the gap in each of the sentences. Write the correct letters in the blanks on your answer sheet. （2×20=40） ） c. Communication competence j. Symbols
1. Assume that global warming is a fact, and, as a result, assume that summers in the United States average 43℃ (109℉). It would be logical to make adjustments: Rather than air condition building all day, you might close schools and businesses in the afternoons to conserve energy. Such adjustments would make sense. Why then do some people attribute sensible midday siestas in hot climates to laziness? 2 An international student in a U.S. grocery may be asked, “paper or plastic?” The student knows what paper is and what plastic is, but don’t understand the question.
跨文化交际(英语)
跨文化交际课程教学大纲一、课程的基本信息适应对象：英语专业本科四年级学生课程代码：07007926学时分配：30赋予学分：2先修课程：《普通语言学》、《英美概况》、《英美文学史》、《欧洲文化入门》后续课程：二、课程性质与任务当今世界发生的翻天覆地的变化使社会对外语人才的需求也相应提高。
近年来对交际能力的要求除听、说、读、写四种语言运用能力外，还需要具备社会文化能力，即文化素养。
《跨文化交际学》是外语专业本科四年级的任意选修课程。
它以促进学生整体素质发展为根本，注重学生在技能、知识、情感、策略和文化素质等各方面的综合发展。
作为一门新兴学科，《跨文化交际学》集社会语言学、文化语言学、语用学、翻译学、传播学、人类学、外语教学等领域的研究成果于一体，着重文化与交际过程以及文化对交际过程的影响，从而提高外语学习者对文化的敏感和跨文化交际的能力。
《跨文化交际学》除研究文化的定义与特点、交际的定义与特征以及文化与交际的关系外，着重讨论干扰交际的文化因素。
这些因素包括语言、非语言手段、社会准则、社会组织、价值观等。
其中，语言包括词语的文化内涵、篇章结构、逻辑思维以及翻译等值等方面；非语言手段包括手势、身势、服饰、音调高低、微笑、沉默、对时间与空间的不同观念等；社交准则泛指人们交往中必须遵循的各种规则以及某些风俗习惯；社会组织指家庭中各成员的关系、同事朋友关系、上下级关系等；价值观念包括人与自然的关系、宗教观念、道德标准以及人生观、世界观等。
语言是文化的载体，不同文化背景的人们从事交际势必会遇到文化差异的问题。
因此，研究跨文化交际、深入了解语言、文化与交际之间的关系，不仅对于语言研究者，而且对于将要从事外语教学、翻译和外事工作的外语专业的学生是十分必要和大有裨益的。
三、教学目的与要求同英语国家的人们用英语进行有效的交际是学习英语的重要目的之一。
然而有效的交际不仅仅是一个语言技巧问题，还涉及到许多文化因素。
本课程要求学生掌握文化的定义和特征，交际的定义和特征，影响跨文化交际活动的各种因素、跨文化交际的途径以及跨文化交际学的研究方法等。
《跨文化交际》考试试题(附答案)
《跨文化交际》试题（附答案）Paper 1 Communication AnalysisThe following are three different cases of cross-cultural communication. In each of the cases there is something to be improved upon. Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communication or cultural understanding.Question 1Case 1:Chen Bing, a Chinese tour guide, is talking to a Canadian tourist, Luke Baines, who has no knowledge of Chinese at all. They are having dinner in a restaurant.Chen: This is Beijing duck, one of China's most famous dishes. You'll love it!Luke: No, thanks. I don't like duck. I prefer chicken.Question 2Case 2:Feng Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at a British university for some months. It has not been totally successful. They are discussing the situation in the laboratory.Feng Li: I don't know where it went wrong!Tom, Don't feel so bad. Cheer up, you've done your job.Feng Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure.Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I'll face the music.Feng Li: Tom, we are not playing children's games here. This is a scientific experiment.Tom, I've never taken the experiment as child’ s play, and I'm playing the game.Feng Li: You say you're playing the game! It's a rather important experiment!Feng Li walks out of the Laboratory angrily. Tom is puzzled.Question 3Case 3:This is a more complex situation where there are several things that require more informed cultural analysis. Find the cultural problems and explain the cultural differences. Jim and Li Zhen were students together at Leeds University in Britain. A year later, after graduating, Jim went to Shanghai as a visiting scholar on a year’s exchange.Jim had never been to China before. Li Zhen took him to a classical piano concert performed by a famous Chinese pianist. During the performance people were talking and at one stage someone ran up onto the stage and presented the pianist with a bunch of flowers during the playing of a particular musical item. This happened several times during the evening. It also happened when two singers were on stage singing some songs that he was playing. Jim thought all these things quite strange. At the end of the performance the audience applauded the pianist and he applauded them. The audience began to leave while the pianist remained on the stage.Paper 2 VocabularyChoose one word or expression from those in the box below to fill the gap in each of the sentences. Write the correct words in the spaces provided in your answer sheet. Do not change the forms of the4. After twenty five years working in the bank she decided on a different .5. Finally, after arguing about the meal for five minutes it was decided he would .6. Despite the circumstances of the accident there were still some that needed explanation.7. There are many different used when talking about people's relationships in China.8. "Mike! Meet Jane, the ."9. "Ok, the argument is over. Let's forget it, you know."10. People in English speaking countries also avoid losing face or hurting other people by telling .11. It is difficult for foreigners to understand British pub culture, especially the system of which all members of the group are expected to join in.12. It was a crushing blow to her, a hit when she received thenews that her husband had left her for another woman.13. In China there is a real sense of in social situations. Paper 3 TranslationTranslate the following passage from English into Chinese. Please write your translation on the answer sheet.What do we mean by "Intercultural Communications" or "IC"? This is not a description of the popular trend toward talking about international things or going overseas. IC is actually an academic and applied discipline that has developed internationally since the 1950s. Sometimes called "cross-cultural communications" or "comparative culture" , scholars most often use the prefix "inter" with the word "cultural" to describe the interaction between cultures. On one level, IC is represented by culture studies, where we examine the political, economic and lifestyle systems of other countries. On another level, it is applied linguistics, where we seek to understand the relationship between language and culture. Many Chinese English teachers and professors have been interested in this aspect since the 1980s - How to teach English in ways that help students also learn the basic communication practices of Britain, the US or other English speaking countries.But the discipline of Intercultural Communications is actually a broad and well-developed field of study. IC is an interdisciplinary application of fields like cultural anthropology, sociology, psychology (and social psychology), communication studies, applied linguistics and educational pedagogy. IC is a comprehensive attempt to understand all aspects of human cultures and how they interact with each other.To understand Intercultural Communications, we seek to understand tradition and modernization, consistency and change. As we understand some of the ongoing national characteristics of a people, we can examine how this culture is seen from the outside, how it interacts with other cultures and how it is changing. In the last thirty odd years, scholars have developed both theoretical framework for comparing cultures and some practical dimensions for considering the similarity and differences between them. One level of intercultural comparison is Cultural Identity. Another level of comparison is Verbal Communication. Another area receiving much attention is Nonverbal Communication. Paper 4 ReadingPassage 1 Questions 15-20In recent years criticisms have been voiced concerning sexist bias in the English language. It has been argued that some of the vocabulary and grammar we use reflects and reinforces a traditional view of the world asone in which men are dominant and women play a secondary role. Take the word 'chairman' for example. While this can in fact apply to people of both sexes, it appears to some people to be male-oriented as it ends in 'man'. In the past people taking the role of chairman were exclusively male and the word was obviously originally a compound of 'chair' and 'man'. Many English speakers, however, have ceased to view this word as a compound and no more feel it to be composed of these two units, than they perceive cupboard to be a composite of ' cup' and ' board'. In addition the continued use of chairman might be defended on the grounds that the final syllable is pronounced /m'n/ rather than /mn/, just like the final syllable of woman. Despite such considerations other speakers take a contrary view and are sensitive to the components of which it is made up. They clearly perceive it as a title that perpetuates traditional ideas about the place of women in society. For this reason they seek to replace it with neutral terms such as 'chairperson' or 'chair', so that it is now possible to ask questions such as; 'Who is chair of the committee?' Other changes advocated include the replacement of words such as 'postman', 'fireman' and 'policeman' with more clearly neutral terms such as 'postal worker', fire-fighter' and 'police officer’. There is, however, continuing controversy about how far such language changes should go. Should changes be considered for traditional idioms as 'man in the street' and titles such as 'Peking Man'? What about those words where the male meaning of 'man' is no longer dominant, such as 'manhandle'?To the extent that changes have taken place, they have done so more in the written language and formal pronouncements than in everyday speech. You would be quite likely to read in the paper that 'Postal workers are to receive a pay increase.' But 'Has the postman been?' would be most likely to be heard in informal conversation. Here 'postman’ remains firmly entrenched in popular usage.The extent to which language reflects and shapes attitudes and behaviors is a matter of conjecture. Chinese, Japanese, Persian and Turkish do not make the kinds of sex distinctions English makes through its system of pronouns, but it would be difficult to maintain that males who speak these languages are less sexist than males who speak English! Answer the following questions according to the above text:15. The general use of the word 'man' added to English words indicates .A. sexual feelingsB. sexual freedomC. sexist ideasD. sexist bias .16. Generally where language and sex are concerned in Britain .A. all people agree change is neededB. some people agree change is neededC. people can't make up their minds on the issueD. people think the issue is unimportant and not serious17. What example does the author give to support a defense of the word 'chairman'?18. What does the author argue for when the example 'manhandle' is given?19. What does the author have to say about the impact of language changes?20. What is the author's argument in the final paragraph?Passage 2 Questions 21-27Can Computers Do a Better Job Rating Stocks?Since May, Charles Schwab has been providing stock ratings to clients using a computerized system that it says tries to remove human bias.In particular, Schwab says, its system is meant to avoid the conflicts of interest that have plagued traditional brokerage firms, whose research analysts have often acted as cheerleaders for companies being courted by their investment bankers."We believe that our single biggest advantage is our objectivity," said Jerry Chafkin, Schwab's executive vice president for investment advice and products. " While the development of the methodology is human, the analysis is being performed systematically and automatically.Though Schwab is perhaps the most prominent financial services company to use a computer-driven rating system, several others, including Value Line and Zacks Investment Research, pick stocks in a similar way.The various systems produce very different ratings of individual stocks, and their ability to outperform a market index fund over time has not been proved conclusively. The verdict is still out as to whether computers do it better than people. What is clear, though, is that the major computerized systems hand out fewer positive stock ratings than do Wall Street analysts, who seem to give them out very generously.People who run computerized selection systems criticize traditional Wall Street analysis as having institutional conflicts of interest, as well as individual bias. "I am very suspicious about opinions and judgments and emotions by humans in individual stock selection," said Samuel Eisenstadt, Value Line's research director.However, the computer-driven stock-picking systems must rely on the selection criteria of their creators. All try to isolate factors that their developers believe have the greatest ability to predict share prices. Most models compare a company9s historical earnings growth with that of other companies. And many track the extent to which earnings havesurprised analysts.Many firms use their computer-based stock-rating systems as marketing tools.The designers of these systems say they should be judged on how a group of stocks performs over time. But all the systems assume, as do stock analysts on Wall Street, that superior research, by humans, and analysis can select a group of stocks that will outperform the market averages over the long run.Market analysts say it is too soon to assess the fledgling Schwab system or new models, like Microsoft's year-old Stock-ScouterMark the following statements True (T) / False (F) / Not Given (NG) according to the information provided in the text.Write T, or F or NG on your answer sheet in the spaces provided for questions.21. Charles Schwab is a computer company.22. The method of operation by Schwab is done automatically.23. 'Value Line' and 'Zacks' have similar operating methods to Schwab.24. There is no conclusive proof that computers perform better than humans.25. Wall Street analysts are generous in rating stocks.26. Human beings make value judgments according to the research director of 'Value Line'.27. Analysts are surprised at the growth rate of share prices.答案及评分标准Paper 1: Communication Analysis●The following points should be covered in the analysis.●Award one point for each of the points covered (underlined). Paper 2: Vocabulary●One point for each item.●Answers must be the same as the key.4. vocation5. foot the bill6. grey areas7. kin terms8. trouble and strife 9. live and let live10. white lies 11. buying a round12. below the belt 13. communityPaper 3: Translation14.“跨文化交际”或“IC”是指什么呢?这并不是对于谈论国际事务或出国大潮的描述。
chapter商务英语专业跨文化交际案例理论习题答案
Tom: Don’t feel so bad. Cheer up; you’ve done your job.
Xie Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure.
Wuhan
hot and irritable
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Joke appreciation for cultural diversity
6. The man felt very embarrassed and made a sincere apology to the girl. But the beautiful girl smiled and said: __________________________
politician
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denotation & co Nhomakorabeanotation
Happy, auspicious, joyous, flourishing (in Chinese)Something undesirable (in English)
red
green
He got a red-eye illness. He is green with envy.
Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I’ll face the music.
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3. How is language related to culture?
Language is the carrier of culture which in turn is the content of nguage is part of culture. In turn, culture enriches and influences language.
2005-2006学年春季学期大学英语跨文化交际课程期末试题...
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年 11.
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silent contempt.” The Allies took it as the most
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refers to that portion of the receiver
response of which the source has knowledge
2005-2006 学年春季学期大学英 语跨文化交际课程期末试题...
黑龙江大学 2005-2006 学年春季学期大学英语跨文化交际课程期末试题
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2005-2006 学年春季学期大学英语跨文化交际课程期末试题（A 卷）
individual prevails over the interests of the group.
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17. Confucius encouraged a sense of __________and harmony.
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refer to the ability to understand
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跨文化交际复习题和答案解析
跨文化交际复习题和答案解析(总8页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--判断题T 1 As a phenomenon, intercultural communication has existed for thousands of years. However, as a discipline, its history is only about fifty years. 作为一种现象，跨文化传播已经存在了数千年。
然而，作为一门学科，它的历史只有大约五十年。
F 2 Intercultural Communication as a discipline first started in Europe. 跨文化交际是欧洲第一门学科F 3 Culture is a static entity 静态的实体 while communication is a dynamic process. 文化是一个静态的实体而沟通是一个动态的过程T 4 Culture can be seen as shared knowledge ,what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given 约定的特定的 culture. 文化可以被看作是一种共享的知识，人们需要知道的是在一个特定的文化中扮演适当的行为T 5 Although cultural stereotype has its limitations (over-generalization),it still contributes toa person’s cultural cognition.认识、认知文化刻板印象虽有其局限性，但仍有助于人的文化认知。
T 6 In intercultural communication, we should separate one’s individual character from cultural generalization. 在跨文化交际中，我们要把自己的个性和文化的泛化分开。
《跨文化交际》考试试卷及答案
《跨文化交际》考试试卷Section I Listening Test[20points]Part1.Questions1-5are based on this part.(10points)You are going to listen to a panel discussion between two people on animal behavior.Choose the best answer from A,B,C and D for each question.Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.1.Madam Chair states that chimpanzee's altruism__________.A.is similar to that of beesB.may contain an element of self-interestC.is part of a group feeding systemD.is not a mutual-aid system2.Worker bees work hard looking for food for2or3weeks,__________.A.and then die,leaving no offspringB.and then feed their offspringC.but die before feeding their offspringD.and then produce their offspring3.Chimpanzees who don't do their share of grooming are__________by the group.A.criticizedB.acceptedC.exchangedD.rejected4.Male lions will cooperate in groups comprising__________.A.brothersB.brothers and sistersC.brothers and sisters and daughtersD.brothers and sisters and daughters and aunts5.Which of the following animals are being discussed in the conversation?A.bees,dogs,and lionsB.bees,chimpanzees,and fishC.bees,chimpanzees,and lions.D.chimpanzees,lions,and dogsPart2.Questions6-15are based on this part.(10points)You are going to listen to part of a lecture.As you listen,fill in the blanks with words from the lecture to complete the sentences that summarize the main points of the lecture.Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Note:Each blank requires only ONE word.People communicate with one another all the time.Culture is regarded at the__6___of communication challenges and it influences how people__7___problems and participate in groups and in___8___.One definition of culture given in the lecture is that"Culture refers to a group with which we share common experiences that__9___how we understand the world."In the complex world,culture is one of the factors that act upon people.Anthropologists Keven Avruch and Peter Black explained that"culture provides the lens through which we view the world;the__10___by which we order it;the_11___by which the world makes sense."Since people coming from different cultural groups need to work together,cultural values sometimes__12___and misunderstanding arises.The speaker mentioned six patterns of cultural differences which include:different communication styles,attitudes toward conflict,approaches to___13____tasks,decision making styles,attitudes toward__14___,and approaches to knowing.When talking about communication style,the speaker introduced two aspects:verbal and non-verbal communication.Non-verbal communication includes facial expressions,__15___, seating arrangements,personal distance,and sense of time.This is the end of the Listening Test.Section II Communicative Competence[30points]Questions16-30:Choose the best answer from A,B,C and D.Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.16.Which of the following statements is TRUE of collectivism?__________A.Collectivist cultures are described as"I"cultures.B.Members of collectivist cultures value open discussion of disagreement.C.Uniformity and conformity are stressed in collectivist cultures.D.Collectivists tend to draw attention to themselves and express unique opinions.17.Just now I suddenly realized that I was totally to blame.I'll just have to face the music.The underlined part here means__________.A.to go to a concert and forget anything else by enjoying the musicB.to relax oneself by listening to the music aloneC.to accept responsibility for a mistakeD.to go to see the person who is in charge and ask what has gone wrong18.Which of the following statements is NOT true?__________A.Individualism can be traced to the philosophy of liberalism.B.The basic social unit in collectivist cultures is the autonomous self.C.Eastern collectivism is tied to Confucianism.D.Culture shock may occur at the individualist-collectivist divide,but the gap can be bridged.19.Bob is great!He always plays the game.The underlined part has the same meaning as __________.A.takes something as a game without caring too muchB.plays various gamesC.helps others when playing gamesD.behaves in a fair and honorable way20.Which of the following first names is shortened as"Bob"?__________A.RobertB.WilliamC.AlexanderD.Peter21.Which of the following statements is TRUE of the roots of English names?__________A."Forester"came from personal characteristics.B."Young"came from occupations.C."O'Patrick"came from family relationships.D."Butler"came from places.22.If you received an English invitation to a formal western banquet but could not attend it,what would be an appropriate action?__________A.Ask a friend to attend the banquet for you.B.Ask a colleague to phone a refusal.C.Accept the invitation but then not attend.D.Write a reply informing the host/hostess that you could not attend the banquet.23.Your American colleague has just had her hair dyed green.She is expecting your comment. What would you say appropriately?__________A."Your hair is as green as tree leaves."B."It looks good."C."It's too green.I don't like the color."D."It looks much better."24.Your classmate from Britain would like to borrow your computer this weekend.Unfortunately, you need to use it at the same time.How would you refuse the request politely?__________A."Well,why don't you borrow one from someone else?"B."Sorry,I cannot lend it to you."C."Yes,but you need to give it back to me as soon as possible."D."I'd love to,but I'm afraid I've got a lot of things to type up as well."25.Trying to explain rock music to your grandfather is just like dui niu tan qin(对牛弹琴)-playing violin to a bull.The corresponding English expression is__________.A.casting pearls before swineB.casting diamonds to a dogC.throwing pearls to a pigD.throwing diamonds to a goat26.Which of the following statements is TRUE of non-verbal communication?__________A.Non-verbal communication serves a variety of purposes.B.Non-verbal communication is less important than verbal communication.C.Since non-verbal communication is hard to interpret,it is important to reduce it to the minimum in cross-cultural communication.D.Non-verbal communication is not effective without verbal communication.27.The idiom"by the skin of one's teeth"means__________.A.very thinB.hard and flexibleC.only justD.one's sense of right and wrong28.What does the ring gesture(you form an"O"by holding the tip of your forefinger to the tip of your thumb)mean in Britain?__________A.Something is expensive.B.Something is good.C.Something is worthless.D.I will kill you.29.Which of the following statements is NOT true?__________A.Proxemics is the study governing how closely one person stands to another.B.All cultures draw lines between appropriate and inappropriate social distance for different relationships.C.Social distance has a wider range than public distance.D.The appropriateness of physical contact varies between cultures.30.If someone is said to be"economical with the truth",he/she__________A.has saved a lot of moneyB.does not tell the whole truthes very few wordsD.has recently diedSection III Reading Comprehension[30points]Part1.Questions31-35are based on Passage1.(10points)Passage1A handshake will be an acceptable greeting around the world.However,the strength,length,and duration of a handshake will vary by culture.Of course,Japanese will still bow to each other and it is advisable for foreign visitors to bow slightly when shaking hands.Mexicans who know each other will hug and East Europeans may kiss.In many European countries it is common to shake hands with everyone in the room before and after each business meeting.Business card exchanges are an important part of any international business meeting.Variations include where to keep your cards,which languages the card should be in,and what to do with the business card once you have received it.One rule to follow:Always bring five times more cards than you think you will need.To explore the nuances of business card exchange,we will examine the exchange as carried out by an American in Japan.First,the cards should be in English on one side and Japanese on the other.The Japanese side should have a logo or other marker.It is important that the company and title be prominently positioned.The cards should be kept in a card holder in the vest or jacket.Never keep the cards in a wallet or a pocketbook.The presentation of the card is done at the beginning of the meeting. Cards are presented with the giver's name(Japanese side)facing the recipient.The card can be delivered by one or preferably two hands accompanied by a slight bow.On receipt of a card,it should be studied carefully to determine the status of the person.Since meetings usually involve more than one person,each card received should be placed on the table,like an open deck of cards, in front of the recipient so that the executive can tell who he or she is speaking with.The recipient should avoid shuffling the cards,placing them in one's wallet,or writing on them in the presence of the giver.The business card is the symbolic embodiment of the organization;therefore it should be treated with the utmost respect.As a general rule,use people's titles on international business assignments.Learn the appropriate titles for each country.People with Ph.D.s should always be referred to as'Doctor'.In many countries,people will be referred to by their titles only.For example,"Chief Engineer,can you tell us how this operation works?"The use of first names in business also varies by country and age. Be alert to these differences.Questions31-35:Decide whether the following statements are true,false,or not mentioned according to the passage.Write T for"true",F for"false",and NM for"not mentioned"on the Answer Sheet._______31.Generally speaking,in Europe you should shake hands with everybody at the beginning and the end of a meeting._______32.You should always take at least five more business cards than you expect to need on your business trips._______33.In Japan,the person's status should be clearly given on the card._______34.It is acceptable for an American to note something down on a Japanese business card to remind him of the person who gave it to him._______35.The Japanese business card is more than just a reminder of who the person is.It also represents the company he works for.Part2.Questions36-40are based on Passage2.(10points)Passage2In an effort to get over culture shock,there is value in knowing something about the nature of culture and its relationship to the individual.In addition to living in a physical environment,an individual lives in a cultural environment consisting of manmade physical objects,social institutions,ideas and beliefs.An individual is not born with culture but only with the capacity to learn it and use it.There is nothing in a newborn child which dictates that it should eventually speak Portuguese,English,or French,nor that it should eat with a fork in its left hand rather than in the right,or use chopsticks. All these things the child has to learn.Nor are the parents responsible for the culture which they transmit to their young.The culture of any people is the product of history and is built up over time largely through processes which are,as far as the individual is concerned,beyond his/her awareness.It is by means of culture that the young learn to adapt themselves to the physical environment and to the people with whom they associate.As we know,children and adolescents often experience difficulties in this process of learning and adjustment.But once learned,culture becomes a way of life,the sure,familiar,largely automatic way of getting what you want from your environment and as such it also becomes a value. People have a way of accepting their culture as both the best and the only way of doing things. This is perfectly normal and understandable.To this attitude we give the name ethnocentrism,a belief that not only the culture but the race and nation form the center of the world.Individuals identify themselves with their own group and its ways to the extent that any critical comment is taken as an affront to the individual as well as to the group.If you criticize my country, you are criticizing me.If you criticize me,you are criticizing my country.Along with this attitude goes the tendency to attribute all individual peculiarities as national characteristics.For instance,if an American does something odd or antisocial in a foreign country which back home would be considered a purely individual act,it is now considered a national trait.Instead of being censured as an individual,his country is censured.It is best to recognize that ethnocentrism is a characteristic of national groups.If a person criticizes some aspect of one's own culture,one should listen but not enter into criticisms.Questions36-40:Choose the best answer from A,B,C and D.Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.36.According to the passage,which of the following choices is NOT mentioned as an element in acultural environment?A.social institutionsB.beliefsC.historyD.physical objects37.What is the writer's stand about culture?A.Parents are responsible for transmitting culture to their children.B.Children are born with culture.C.Culture needs to be taught to young people.D.Culture builds up over time and guides young people to adjust to environment.38.According to the passage,what is NOT suggested by the writer as a symptom of ethnocentrism?A.Regarding cultures containing similar values as the best cultures.B.Regarding home culture is superior to other cultures.C.Identifying oneself with the group one comes from.D.Assuming other cultures do things likewise.39.What is the writer's attitude towards ethnocentrism in the article?A.positiveB.negativeC.neutralD.indifferent40.What does the word"censure"mean in the article?A.praiseB.criticizeC.evaluateD.judgePart3.Questions41-45are based on Passage3.(10points)Passage3The Chinese make a clear distinction between insiders and outsiders,and this distinction exists on all levels of interpersonal interaction.Insiders consist of people from two categories:automatic and selected.Automatic insiders include one's parents,siblings,relatives,colleagues,and classmates,whereas selected ones are special relations that one has developed over time at work or elsewhere.For example,a person is considered an insider at work after he or she has developed a special relationship by helping others and sharing information with others.The five common criteria of an insider are nice,trustworthy,caring,helpful,and empathetic.The distinction between an insider and an outsider provides specific rules of interaction in Chinese interpersonal relationships.Insiders often are treated differently from outsiders,and a person with insider status often enjoys privileges and special treatment beyond an outsider's comprehension. To illustrate,a Chinese person may go beyond his or her means to help an insider,but an outsider has to follow the rules.The insider-outsider distinction also involves moral implications.In the Chinese culture,moral judgments are not only cognitively but affectively based.Moral stands tend to vary from one relationship to another.Family-centered"insider"relationships have two important implications for relationshipdevelopment with strangers.First,as King and Bond argue,the importance of family and the sense of dependency built up in the Chinese family system make it difficult to develop personal relationships with strangers.In the Chinese culture,the transformation from a wai ren(outsider)to a zi ji ren(insider)involves an arduous and time-consuming process,because personal relationships often take a long time to develop.After relationships have been established,however, they tend to stay very solid.As a result,in order to overcome the inherent difficulty in relationship development,intermediaries are widely used for social relationship construction.Second,the Chinese and other collectivistic cultures tend to be particularistic in their utilization of value standards toward in-groups and out-groups.This particularistic principle of interpersonal relationships hinders interactions with outsiders because value standards applied to in-groups may not be readily adapted to out-groups,and most Chinese don't feel knowledgeable about dealing with outsiders.Questions41-45:Answer the following questions briefly.Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.41.According to the author,what are the five common criteria of an insider?42.How do automatic insiders differ from selected ones?43.What example does the author give to show that insiders are treated differently from outsiders?44.According to the author,what makes it difficult for a Chinese person to develop a personal relationship with a stranger?45.What might be an appropriate title for this passage?Section IV Communication Analysis[20points]The following are two cases of cross-cultural communication.In each of the cases there is something to be improved upon.Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communication or cultural understanding.Your analysis should be about100words for each case. You may organize your analysis in accordance with the following procedure:why did the people involved behave so from the cultural perspective?What behaviors caused the misunderstanding in the case?What corrective behaviors do you suggest to each party in the case?Note:Your writing ability will be assessed.Case1(10points)Li Hong is a new teacher in a middle school.One day,one of her Chinese colleague Yang Zhen introduces her to their middle-aged foreign teacher Maggy.Yang:Li Hong,this is Maggy,our English teacher from America.And Maggy,this is Li Hong,our new colleague.Li and Maggy:How do you do?Maggy:Your sweater is so smart.Li:Oh,it is only an old one,I bought it last year.Maggy:You are so young and smart,I am sure you are a good teacher.Li:No,no.I am just a newcomer,I should learn from you old teachers.Maggy looks surprised and thinks,"I am really so old?"Question46:Why did Li and Maggy behave so from the cultural perspective?What behaviors caused the misunderstanding in the case?What corrective behaviors do you suggest to Li and Maggy to avoid miscommunication?Case2(10points)Li has returned to China after a year in the States.He marries his childhood sweetheart,who has never traveled and speaks very little English.Li's best friend in the States,Bob,comes to visit China for the first time and is introduced to Wang Lan,the new wife of his best friend."Gee,it's great to meet you",says Bob,"Li talked about you all the time back in Houston!",and kisses Wang Lan heartily on both cheeks.Wang Lan is shocked.Question47:Why did Bob and Wang Lan behave so from the cultural perspective?What behaviors caused the misunderstanding in the case?What corrective behaviors do you suggest to Bob and Wang Lan to avoid miscommunication?《跨文化交际》考试参考答案Section I Listening Test[20points]Part1.(10points,2points each.)1.B2.A3.D4.A5.CPart2.(10points,1point each.0.5point off for each misspelling.)6.root7.approachmunities9.shape10.logic11.grammar12.conflictpleting14.disclosure15.gesturesSection II Communicative Competence[30points](30points,2points each.)16.C17.C18.B19.D20.A21.C22.D23.B24.D25.A26.A27.C28.B29.C30.BSection III Reading Comprehension[30points]Part1.(10points.Award2points to each correct answer.)31.T32.F33.NM34.F35.TPart2.(10points.Award2points to each correct answer.)36.C37.D38.A39.C40.BPart3.(10points)Award2points to each correct answer.41.The five common criteria of an insider are nice,trustworthy,caring,helpful,and empathetic.42.Automatic insiders include one's parents,siblings,relatives,colleagues,and classmates, whereas selected ones are special relations that one has developed over time at work or elsewhere.43.A Chinese person may go beyond his or her means to help an insider,but an outsider has to follow the rules.44.The importance of family and the sense of dependency built up in the Chinese family system (or value standards applied to in-groups may not be readily adapted to out-groups).45.In-Groups and Out-Groups in China;Interpersonal Relations in China;Relating Foreigners in China,etc.Section IV Communication Analysis[30points]The sample answers given in this part are more detailed than required in order to lead you through the three steps.In the examination,the students'analysis for each case should be about100words. Question46.Case1(10points,1point for overall language quality.)1.Li Hong comes from a collectivist culture which emphasizes deference paid to people older than self and modesty displayed on the part of the young.Maggy comes from an individualistic culture which values assertiveness and free expression of feelings.(2points)2.As a young and new teacher,Li Hong showed her respect to Maggy with a formal greeting. When Maggy complimented Li on her sweater and herself,Li reacted in a typical Chinese way by overusing modesty in front of a teacher older than her.She displayed her humbleness by saying that her sweater was an old one and she should learn from Maggy,an old teacher.Li's responses are perfect between Chinese people but terrible in cross-cultural situations like this.She did not realize that her expression of respect could be translated into offence since individualistic cultures do not associate as much deference with age as collectivistic cultures do.Therefore,Maggy, coming from an individualistic culture,was surprised when Li called her"old teacher".Maggy did not understand that the word"old"here meant as a compliment,meaning that she had richer teaching experience.Both Li Hong and Maggy communicated only from their cultural perspectives and thus caused miscommunication.(3points)3.To avoid miscommunication,Li Hong and Maggy should learn more about each other's culture and adjust their behaviors accordingly.When Maggy complimented Li on her sweater and herself, Li could simply reply"thank you".She could use her non-verbal language to show her respect to Maggy,for instance,with a smile,a handshake,etc.(2points)As to Maggy,she could use fewer complimentary words or more objective questions to reduce Li's nervousness.She should also understand that one of the key values in collectivism is deference paid to experience and old age. (2points)Question47.Case2(10points,1point for overall language quality.)1.Bob comes from an individualistic culture which features close body contact among personal relationships.Wang Lan comes from a collectivistic culture which does not feature open display of personal feelings through body contact.(2points)2.In the case,Bob treated Wang Lan as a close friend and greeted her in a typical western way with hearty kisses on her cheeks to display the close friendship.However,with little knowledge of western greeting etiquette,Wang Lan was shocked since Bob's"rude"behavior was not in line with the Chinese ways of expressing close friendship.In Chinese culture,a hearty handshake will serve the purpose.It is the contrast of Bob's open expression of closeness through close body contact and Wang Lan's indirectness in expressing her feelings that caused miscommunication.(3 points)3.To avoid miscommunication,Bob and Wang Lan need to learn more about each other's culture and adjust their behaviors accordingly.Bob should ask Wang Lan if he could kiss her to express his friendship or he could shake hands with Wang Lan instead.(2points)Wang Lan needs to understand that the kisses were well meant and does not have to feel embarrassed or shocked.She could act more actively by extending her hand out first for a handshake rather than behave passively.(2points)。