【高考模拟】上海市静安区2018届高三下学期二模生命科学试题Word版含解析
上海市静安区达标名校2018年高考二月仿真备考生物试题含解析
上海市静安区达标名校2018年高考二月仿真备考生物试题一、单选题（本题包括35个小题，1-20题每小题1分，21-35题每小题2分，共50分．每小题只有一个选项符合题意）1．下图中甲、乙、丙所示为组成生物体的相关化合物，乙为一个由α、β、γ三条多肽链形成的蛋白质分子，共含271个氨基酸，图中每条虚线表示由两个巯基(—SH)脱氢形成一个二硫键(—S—S—)。
下列相关叙述不正确的是( )A．甲为组成乙的基本单位，且乙中最多含有20种甲B．由不同的甲形成乙后，相对分子质量比原来减少了4832C．丙主要存在于细胞核中，且在乙的生物合成中具有重要作用D．如果甲中的R为C3H5O2，那么由两分子甲形成的化合物中含有16个H2．在细胞的生命活动中，下列有关基因和染色体的叙述正确的是（）A．同源染色体上每个基因一定有其等位基因B．同源染色体上一定有非等位基因C．非同源染色体上一定没有等位基因D．姐妹染色单体上一定没有等位基因3．生物是一门实验学科，生物学经典实验有很多，下列相关叙述错误的是（）A．赫尔希和蔡斯实验所用材料噬菌体能在肺炎双球菌中增殖B．卡尔文用放射性同位素标记法研究CO2中的C在光合作用中的转移途径C．摩尔根运用假说一演绎法证明了控制果蝇红眼与白眼的等位基因位于X染色体上D．温特实验证明了胚芽鞘弯曲生长是由化学物质引起的，并把这种物质命名为生长素4．超级细菌艰难梭状芽孢杆菌（CDI）通过分泌两种蛋白毒素TcdA、TcdB感染人类，目前的治疗手段主要是抗生素，最有效的是万古霉素，约有80%CDI可以用抗生素有效控制，但易复发，复发后CDI可能威胁生命。
下列说法中正确的是（）A．其分泌的两种蛋白毒素可以通过主动运输进入宿主细胞B．毒素的合成是多种细胞器参与的结果C．该病容易复发是抗生素耐药菌出现的结果D．该生物属于生命系统的细胞层次5．下列关于群落和生态系统的叙述中，正确的是（）A．顶极群落的群落结构最复杂也最稳定，能永远保持原状B．顶极群落中，净初级生产量与异养生物的呼吸量之差约为0C．食物链就是生态系统的生物之间存在着的单方向的捕食关系D．利用农作物秸秆沤肥后施给农作物，实现了生态系统中能量的循环利用6．如图为神经调节中两个重要的结构模式图，下列选项中错误的是（）A．甲图中③内的物质为神经递质，它可以和⑥上的特异性受体结合B．图甲为图乙中结构c的局部放大图像C．图乙中b受损的情况下，刺激a仍有感觉，但是肌肉不能收缩D．图乙中的X所示神经纤维为传入神经7．小麦的易倒伏与抗倒伏受D、d基因的控制，抗锈病与易感锈病受T、t基因的控制，两对基因独立遗传。
2018年上海静安区高三二模英语试卷-学生用卷
2018年上海静安区高三二模英语试卷-学生用卷一、综合填空（共10小题，每题1分，满分10分）1、【来源】 2018年上海静安区高三二模第21~30题Uhoh, the new year's just begun and already you're finding it hard to keep those resolutions to junk the junk food, get off the couch or kick smoking. There's a biological reason why a lot of our bad habits are so hard to break-they get1（wire） into our brains."Why are bad habits stronger? You're fighting against the power of an immediate reward." Says Dr. Nora Volkow, director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse and an authority on the brain's pleasure pathway."We all as creatures are behaving that way, to give greater value to an immediate reward as opposed to2is delayed, " Volkow says.How this bit of happiness turns into a habit involves a pleasuresensing chemical named dopamine. It causes the brain3（pursue） that reward again and again strengthening the connection each time-especially when it gets the right hint from your environment.People tend to overestimate their ability to resist temptations around them,thus4（destroy） attempts to give up bad habits. Even scientists who recognize it5show weakness. "I know popcorn is not healthy. But every time I go to the cinema, I have to eat it, " Volkow says. "It's fascinating."A movement to pay people for behavior changes may exploit that connection, as some companies offer employees outright payments for insurance for adopting better habits.6well paying for behavior plays out, researchers say there are still some steps that may help fight your brain's hold7newly-established habits.Repeat, repeat, repeat the new behavior-the same routine at the same time of day. You decide to exercise. Doing it at the same time of the morning, rather than fitting it incasually,8（make） the striatum （终脑皮层） recognize the habit. Therefore, if you don't keep doing it, you will feel frustrated.Exercise itself raises dopamine levels, so eventually your brain will get a feel-goodhit9your muscles protest.Besides, try to reward yourself with10that you really desire. For instance, if you exercise all week or stick to your diet, you could try a fancy restaurant-safer perhaps than a box of cookies because the price inhibits the quantity.二、选词填空（共10小题，每题1分，满分10分）2、【来源】 2018年上海静安区高三二模第31~40题As the increased amount of carton dioxide in the atmosphere, heat stress, longer droughts （干旱）, and more intense rainfalls linked to global warming continue to upset our daily weather, we often forget they also1the quantity, quality, and growing locations of our food. Many foods have already2top spots on the world's "endangered foods" list, indicating their possibility to become scarce within the next 30 years.To start with what is3in many people's lives, we are disappointed to find that coffee plantations in South America, Africa, Asia, and Hawaii are all being threatened by rising air temperatures and erratic （不稳定的） rainfall patterns, which invite disease and invasive speciesto4the coffee plant and beans. The result? Significant cuts in coffee output.And Coffee's culinary cousin, cacao （aka chocolate）, is also suffering stress from global warming's rising temperatures. But for chocolate, it isn't the warmer climate alone that's the problem. Cacao trees actually prefer warmer climates as long as that warmth is paired with high humidityand5rain. However, the problem is that the higher temperatures projected for the world's leading chocolate-producing countries are not expected to be6by an increase in rainfall. Therefore as higher temperatures take more moisture from soil and plants, it's unlikely that rainfall will increase enough to make up for this loss.A notably nutritious plant, the peanut grows best when it gets five months of continuous warm weather and 20 to 40 inches of rain. Anything less and plants won't survive. That isn't good news when most climate models agree that the climate of the future will be one ofthe7including droughts and heatwaves.The world has already caught a glimpse of the peanut's future fate when last year a serious drought across the peanut-growing. Southeastern U.S. led many plants to die. According to a financial report, the dry8caused peanut prices to rise by as much as 40 percent!Finally, in the world of sea, as air temperatures rise, oceans and waterways absorb some of the heat and undergo warming of their own. The result is the9in fish population. Wanner waters also encourage vicious marine bacteria, like Vibrio, to grow and cause illness in humans.And that satisfying "crack" you get when eating crab （蟹） couldbe10as shellfish struggle to build their calcium carbonate （碳酸钙） shells, a result of ocean acidification.A. necessaryB. infectC. extremesD. refreshedE. spellsF. impactG. accompaniedH. sufficientI. shrinkJ. silencedK. earned三、完形填空（共15小题，每题1分，满分15分）3、【来源】 2018年上海静安区高三二模第41~55题"Don't get sick in July!"This is a common concern in teaching hospitals in the U.S. It's driven by the academic calendar: July is when the new interns, fresh out of medical school, start work. In other words, it's when everyone is most1. The theory is that this disadvantage leads to mistakes.So is medical experience good or bad? Well, in most cases, your doctor's experience is very helpful, allowing her to pick up on a（n）2symptom early in a disease process, when machines still can't take a hand. She can also determine the right treatment when your condition falls outside of what is in the3, where newbies get most of their ideas. For many medical treatment, there's a direct connection between physician experience and your treating outcome.In a variety of situation? though, experience can backfire. The reason issimple4. Doctors are humans too andthey5tricks of the mind-like believing that an ineffective treatment really works. In fact, entire fields of research are devoted to understanding why these errors of thought occur. They6from so-called cognitive prejudice that can misleadeven7practitioners into making the wrong decisions.Doctors are usually locked onto a diagnosis early and disregard newand8information. For example, a patient may be diagnosed with a quickly fatal cancer, but then ends up trying various herbal remedies and lives for 30 more years. Instead ofanalyzing the9diagnosis, the patient, and maybe even the doctor, may assume that the herbal remedies cured the cancer.Also, some experienced doctors tend to believe evidence when it supports their previous opinion while subconsciously ignoring information opposing it. Let's say your doctor is pretty certain you have ill digestion and orders a test to10the suspicion, which produces negative result. But she treats you for ill digestion anyway because she was11with the prior diagnosis by experience.In fact, there are clearly many benefits to having a highly experienced doctor, such as technical proficiency. But there may actually be some unexpected benefits to having a less-experienced one too. She may have a more up-to-date education, boundless energy and perhaps is less vulnerable to biases, freed from the same12for years.To safeguard yourself as a patient, one thing you should always do is13. It may not always be possible to determine that your doctor has met with ah unconsciousthinking14. But asking questions does force your doctor to think twiceand15her decision about your case.A. innocentB. productiveC. inexperiencedD. prohibitedA. slightB. objectiveC. complexD. sustainableA. psychologyB. traditionC. realityD. textbookA. psychologyB. educationC. procedureD. priorityA. take advantage ofB. make sense ofC. fall victim toD. play fire withA. springB. departC. benefitD. distinguishA. highly-motivateB. well-seasonedC. deeply-offendedD. wide-eyedA. moderateB. visibleC. conflictingD. permanentA. initialB. toughC. multipleD. privateA. evaluateB. operateC. confirmD. reviseA. preoccupiedB. labelledC. associatedD. concernedA. professional circleB. thinking patternC. academic backgroundD. operating orderA. investigatingB. questioningC. monitoringD. observingA. obstacleB. trapC. horizonD. struggleA. practiceB. accommodateC. justifyD. remove四、阅读理解（共11小题，每题2分，满分22分）4、【来源】 2018年上海静安区高三二模（A篇）第56~59题Last October I was on a diving holiday in the Philippines with seven other advanced divers. I dived off the boat slowly sinking to about 20m.After nearly 45 minutes, the sound of my breathing was drowned out by a low rumble like an engine and I felt deep powerful vibrations （震动） as if a big boat with a propeller was passing overhead. The dive instructor's eyes were wide with confusion too. We both swam next to each other staying close to the side of the reef （礁石） . The situation felt sinister.Then we were enveloped by clouds of white sand that mushmoomed up around us. Could it be a giant turtle （海龟） racing past us? They are normally slow movers so this was very weird behavior. The vibration became so intense that I could feel it in my homes and then the sound turned into a deafening roar. Suddenly, a few meters below us, breaks began forming and the sand was sucked down. That's when I got what it was. The noise was the sound of the earth splintering open and grinding against itself.The instructor and I held hands and looked into each other's eyes. I felt comforted by his presence. I was numb （麻木的） for terror but clear-headed. My body went on high alert, ready to react. But I have no power over whatever this is. The only option is to stay very still and let it do whatever its going to do.It took enormous willpower to resist the urge to swim to the surface, which is not sensible as situation on the surface at that time was ambiguous with potential threats pending. Soon we saw other divers.The sound and vibration lasted only two or three minutes and when they stopped I heard the swoosh of sand falling over the seabed. We all held hands before resurfacing to avoid decompression sickness, which can be fatal. When up, it was a huge relief to see all the divers and we all shared incredulous looks before pulling out our breathing tools and shouting, "What was that? "Back on the boat, we rushed to check the news and confirmed we had witnessed a huge earthquake, measuring 7.2 on the Richter scale. It released more energy than 30 Hiroshima bombs, though it seemed that we were not at the epicenter （震中） . I was high and felt lucky surprisingly not because of my recent survival miracle, but to have experienced nature at its most stunning and its most frightening.(1) How did the author realize that they met with an earthquake?A. By feeling the violent shake under the sea.B. By witnessing a normally-slow turtle quickly moving by.C. By seeing the seafloor crack.D. By checking the news and be informed of the event.(2) Why didn't the author rise to the surface before the vibration stopped?A. Because the instructor gestured him not to rise.B. Because he was numb in body.C. Because he could sense the unclear water situation.D. Because he tried to avoid unexpected danger above.(3) Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. At the beginning of the event, a big boat passed by causing big vibration.B. All the divers used the reef as the protection against the violent vibration.C. I felt relieved as the instructor was experienced in handling situations like this.D. Powerless to fight nature, I was tame when under the water.(4) Why did the author feel fortunate on the boat?A. Because he was not at the epicenter of the earthquake.B. Because he finally survived a huge earthquake.C. Because he could witness a rare natural phenomenon.D. Because he didn't suffer from decompression sickness.5、【来源】 2018年上海静安区高三二模（B篇）第60~62题Amazon is presenting to you our weekly bestsellers in the fiction section.Twilight WhispersLinked for years through friendship and intermarriage, the Warren and Whyte families find their charmed world marred when Mark Whyte and his wife Deborah Warren are murdered. Police detectives, hearing about TAL#NBSP dissension of the families, set out to examine the mystique behind their superficial rapport.Katia Morell, daughter of the Whyte's housekeeper, is drawn back to her growing place and is forced to face her life-long love for Jordan Whyte. As many secrets are uncovered, especially about Katia's biological father, the two young people from rival families are encountering fierce family objection in their search for happiness.The New ColossusNellie Bly, blessed with courage and reportage skill, lands two front-page stories on the widely-read newspaper, Joseph Pulitzer's NEW YORK WORLD.Pulitzer is so impressed that he assigns her to murder case confusion the police—the death of Emma Lazaru. Her investigation leads to tense encounters with some powerful and ruthless men of the time, when evils run wild on unregulated upper class. Bly has one real ally: a doctor who uses scientific techniques to establish criminal behavior. As the pieces fall into place, Bly uncovers layers of corruption （腐败） . The essential connection between the murder case and the prevalent greed and darkness of the society finally emerges.The Last Days of NightA young lawyer name Paul Cravath, takes a case that seems impossible to win. Paul's client, George Westinghouse, has been sued by Tomas Edison over a billion-dollar question: Who invented the light bulb and holds the right to power the country?The case affords Paul entry to the heady world of high society—the glittering parties and the dark dealings behind closed doors. The task is beyond daunting. Edison is a dangerous opponent with vast resources at his disposal—private spies, newspapers. Yet this unknown lawyer shares with his famous opponent a compulsion to win at all costs.In obsessive pursuit of victory, Paul receives favors from Nikola Tesla, a brilliant inventor holding the key to defeating Edison.Bones Don't LiePrivate investigator Lance Kruger was just a boy when his father vanished twenty-three years ago. Since then he's lived under the weight of that disappearance for over 20 years—until his father's car is finally dragged out from Grey Lake. It should be a time for closure, except for the skeleton found in the trunk. A missing person case gone cold has become a murder.For Lance, the investigation yields troubling questions about a man he thought he knew. But memories can play dirty tricks. For his partner attorney Morgan, uncovering each new lie comes with a disquieting fear that someone is out there watching, killing every witness tied to this decades-old crime.(1) In which way is The Last Days of Night different from the other three novels?A. In that The Last Days of Night exposes the evil and the dark dealings of the upper class life then.B. In that nobody is killed illegally in The Last Days of Night.C. In that the leading character in The Last Days of Night has got help from other characters.D. In that the leading character is born into a rich upper class family.(2) Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. In Twilight Whispers, the biggest challenge for Katia and Jordan is the long separation of time and space between them.B. In The New Colossus, the cause of the murder is rooted in the then corrupted society.C. In The Last Days of Night, Paul finally wins the law case because of his client Westinghouse's vast resources at disposal.D. In Bones don't lie, Lance Kruger's father was confirmed by the police as the murdered when Lance was a boy.(3) The underlined word TAL#NBSP dissention is closet in meaning to.A. financial worseningB. the loss of powerC. silenceD. conflict6、【来源】 2018年上海静安区高三二模（C篇）第63~66题If what we did were simply work to live, the reality of our everyday existence would be equivalent to that of stone age man. All of human achievement that makes modern life possible has happened because of the time that has been freed up from the work of everyday survival.For most of the human species on earth man and woman have been occupied with the simple business of staying alive in as much relative comfort as possible. Hunting and gathering, finding or building shelter, defending the little that one has from plunder （抢夺）, surviving long enough to have offsprings of a mature enough age to contribute to the welfare of the group—this was initially the main business of living. It has only been comparatively recently, since the agricultural and industrial revolutions that used emerging technologies to free human beings from the TAL#NBSP drudgery of day-to-day survival, that time has become available to do other than simply survive.However, living to work is a luxury that we should not take for granted, for even now still most of the human race couldn't be blessed with the pearl.When we live to work we enjoy what we are doing, otherwise we wouldn't be doing it. The term "live to work" implies choice. Working to live denotes the exact opposite: anything will do that pays the bills. Anyone in the latter situation will attest to the undesirability of being in such a position. Living to worksuggests exhilaration in one's calling; it summons images of freedom and excitement in the prospect of what each new day will bring, whereas working to live suggests little choice if any. "What do you want to do when you grow up? " is a question with which most children will be familiar, perhaps even bored. It is a question of what even a young adult can often not be sure of until they have had experiences of many different jobs, or at least the ones they thought to try. But to be forced to work at a task that one does not enjoy day after day for survival would be last choice on anyone's list. Enlightened humanity, while acknowledging that some undesirable jobs must be done regardless, would acknowledge that if one is motivated in his work, the work will be so much better accomplished.(1) The underlined word drudgery is closest in meaning to.A. imaginationB. hard laborC. draggingD. familiarity(2) It is implied in the text that human beings.A. have been satisfied by contributing to the welfare of the group.B. stayed alive in much possible comfort for centuriesC. made little progress before the emergence of technologiesD. were addicted to hunting, gathering and building shelters.(3) Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. Human achievements facilitating modern life are done during the leisure time freed from survival work.B. The major early business of humans is to seek chances for technological developments.C. In modern society, most people have enough comforts to make individual choices for work.D. Most adults can answer confidently questions concerning what jobs they want to do.(4) The best title for the passage would be.A. Technology, a driving force to push humans ahead.B. Working to live, a basic condition for pleasant living to work.C. Different desires and prospects people have for different kinds of work.D. Working to live or living to work, a choice distinguishing joy from suffering.五、信息匹配（共4小题，每题2分，满分8分）7、【来源】 2018年上海静安区高三二模第67~70题Most people don't need science to appreciate the importance of a mother's love. But to understand how early maltreatment can derail a child's development requires careful study.In a famous research, Harry Harlow had demonstrated that proper psychological and physical development of infants requires nurturing and attention from a parent.1In that research, socially isolated monkey babies that were removed from their mothers were found to be clinging to a cloth-covered surrogate （替代的） mother for comfort.Such experimentations sound cruel. They, however, have.been critical in helping change policies in human orphanages （孤儿院） in the U.S. For centuries some orphanages treated infants equally inhumanely. Despite early evidence that orphanage infants were far more likely to die than others, supporters argued that it didn't matter whether children had "parents" specially devoted to them at the orphanage.2Orphans were supposed to be in positive mental and physical health until adoptive parents were found. Babies, they said, couldn't remember anyway.The harrowing consequences of these theories were most vividly brought to light in Romania in the 1980s and '90s. A ban on abortion （流产） led to a surge in orphanage babies. Simply being fed and changed without individualized affection, some babies present serious problems. Many developed violent behaviors, repetitively rocking or banging their heads. Some were cold and withdrawn or indiscriminately affectionate.3Their head sizes were especially small. They even had problems with attention and compression. The longer these children were left alone, the more damage was seen.The lack of a secure attachment relationship in the early years has destructive consequences for both physical and mental health later in life, with long-lasting effects. The persistence of these effects emphasizes the need to intervene early in life. The Nobel-prize-winning economist James Heckman, has long argued that investing in early childhood education provides a greater return for society than virtually any other type of spending. It is obviously reflected in increased educational success and productivity. The reduced crime, addiction, distress and disorder point to the same theory. Early life conditions critically affect adult life.4Remove it and the harm is great.A. The appropriate feeding and caring styles were greatly rewarded in all aspects.B. It was claimed that simply feeding and changing them would be adequate.C. Some, however, demonstrate little influence with roughly ordinary behavior pattern.D. Maternal attachment plays a fundamental role in shaping who we are.E. Necessities are not just the availability of food and water.F. And they simply didn't grow like normal infants.六、翻译句子（共4小题，每题2分，满分8分）8、【来源】 2018年上海静安区高三二模第71~75题Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.(1) 听到学校篮球队赢球的消息，我们都很兴奋。
上海市静安区2018届高三下学期教学质量检测(二模)生命科学试卷
静安区2017学年第二学期教学质量检测高中生命科学试卷注意事项：1．答题前填写好自己的姓名、班级、考号等信息2．请将答案正确填写在答题卡上3．.考试结束后保留试卷方便讲解，只交答卷1. 下列各选项的物质，它们的元素构成完全一致的是A. 糖原和甘油三酯B. 磷脂与脂肪酸C. 核苷酸与蛋白质D. 叶绿素与甲状腺素【答案】A2. 图为概念组成关系，以下各选项的物质或结构，符合概念图①至④关系的是A. ①双层膜细胞器②细胞核③线粒体④叶绿体B. ①胆固醇②性激素③胰岛素④肾上腺皮质激素C. ①膜蛋白②载体③通道④受体D. ①核糖体②DNA ③蛋白质④磷脂【答案】C3. 若让植物根尖细胞处于缺氧环境中一段时间，则受影响的细胞膜功能是①自由扩散②被动转运③主动运输④胞吞A. ①②B. ①③C. ②③D. ③④【答案】D4. 安静环境中突然出现一声巨响，下列有关人体生理调节的叙述正确的是A. 血容量增加B. 心输出量减少C. 肾上腺素分泌量增加D. 神经冲动传导速度加快【答案】C5. 下列不是发生质壁分离的必备条件的是A. 细胞壁与原生质层的伸缩性不同B. 液泡的有无C. 原生质层两侧的溶液具有浓度差D. 细胞核的多少【答案】D6. 下图甲、乙、丙分别代表三类生物基本结构或部分结构的模式图，则相关叙述正确的是A. 甲为原核细胞结构B. 乙一定是真核细胞C. 丙是真核生物细胞核D. 甲和丙是乙的细胞器【答案】B7. 在减数第一次分裂过程中不可能出现的是A. 同源染色体联会B. 同源染色体分离C. 着丝粒分裂为二D. 染色体交叉互换【答案】C8. 下列关于神经兴奋的叙述，正确的是A. 兴奋部位膜内为负电位膜外为正电位B. 兴奋时神经细胞膜对钠离子通透性增大C. 神经冲动在反射弧中出现双向传导D. 突触间传导速度快于神经纤维传导速度【答案】B9. 下图是酶催化特性的“酶-底复合反应”模型，图中数字表示反应过程，字母表示相关物质。
上海静安区生命科学二模试卷及答案
16．右图是人体有关甲状腺分泌及其相关调控关系模式图，图中 X、Y 表示相应内分泌器官，数
字表示相应激素，则下列说法正确的是
A．X 是垂体，Y 是下丘脑
X
B．寒冷刺激引起①减少、④增多 C．③对 X、Y 的作用依次是正反馈和负反馈
③
①④
D．②是促甲状腺激素，④可代表抗利尿激素
②
④
甲状腺
Y
二模 2018·上海静安·生命科学 第 2 页（共 10 页）
趾基因；w 代表联趾（趾间有蹼）基因。下图表示这两种性状与基因型比例变化的过程。对
此图解释正确的是
①
②
③
④
A．小岛环境诱导蜥蜴基因发生定向突变
B．上图两种性状比例变化表明两个物种的兴盛与衰退
C．小岛上蜥蜴的基因库就是全部 W 和 w 基因之和
D．①至④中基因 w 频率定向增大体现了进化的态势
20．小麦成熟过程中，部分有机物变化如下图所示，将不同成熟阶段的种子匀浆后检测，下列有
A．细胞壁与原生质层的伸缩性不同
B．液泡的有无
C．原生质层两侧的溶液具有浓度差
D．细胞核的多少
6．下图甲、乙、丙分别代表三类生物基本结构或部分结构的模式图，则相关叙述正确的是
甲
乙
丙
A．甲为原核细胞结构 C．丙是真核生物细胞核 7．在减数第一次分裂过程中不可能出现的是 A．同源染色体联会 C．着丝粒分裂为二 8．下列关于神经兴奋的叙述，正确的是 A．兴奋部位膜内为负电位膜外为正电位 C．神经冲动在反射弧中出现双向传导
C．促进子房壁发育成果实
D．促进胚珠发育成种子
11．某地剧烈的地质变化，使某种蛙原先生活的水体突然分开，蛙被隔离为两个种群。千百万年
2018年上海市静安区高考生物二模试卷(J)
2018年上海市静安区高考生物二模试卷(J)副标题一、单选题（本大题共20小题，共20.0分）1.下列各选项的物质，它们的元素构成完全一致的是（）A. 糖原和甘油三酯B. 磷脂与脂肪酸C. 核苷酸与蛋白质D. 叶绿素与甲状腺素【答案】A【解析】解：A、糖原和甘油三酯的组成元素都是C、H、O，A正确；B、磷脂的组成元素是C、H、O、N、P，脂肪酸的组成元素是C、H、O，B错误；C、核苷酸的组成元素是C、H、O、N、P，蛋白质的组成元素是C、H、O、N，C错误；D、叶绿素的组成元素中含有Mg，而甲状腺素的组成元素中含有碘，D错误。
故选：A。
本题是考查糖类、蛋白质、脂质、核酸的元素组成的题目，糖类的元素组成是C、H、O，蛋白质的元素组成是C、H、O、N等，不同类的脂质的元素组成不同，脂肪和固醇的元素组成是C、H、O，磷脂的元素组成是C、H、O、N、P，核酸的元素组成是C、H、O、N、P。
本题考查生物化合物的元素组成，意在考查学生能理解所学知识的要点，把握知识间的内在联系，形成知识的网络结构的能力。
2.如图为概念组成关系，以下各选项的物质或结构，符合概念图①至④关系的是（）A. ①双层膜细胞器②细胞核③线粒体④叶绿体B. ①胆固醇②性激素③胰岛素④肾上腺皮质激素C. ①膜蛋白②载体③通道④受体D. ①核糖体②DNA ③蛋白质④磷脂【答案】C【解析】解：A、细胞核具有双层膜，但是细胞核不是细胞器，A错误；B、固醇：分为胆固醇、性激素、维生素D．B错误；C、载体、通道、受体都属于膜蛋白，C正确；D、核糖体由RNA和蛋白质组成，没有膜结构，不含磷脂，D错误。
故选：C。
1、脂质的种类：（1）脂肪；（2）磷脂；（3）固醇：分为胆固醇、性激素、维生素D。
2、生物膜的主要组成成分是蛋白质和脂质，脂质中主要是磷脂，磷脂双分子层构成膜的基本骨架，蛋白质分子有的镶在磷脂双分子层表面，有的部分或全部嵌入磷脂双分子层中，有的横跨整个磷脂双分子层，组成生物膜的磷脂分子和大多数蛋白质分子是可以运动的，因此生物膜的结构特点是具有运动的流动性；在细胞膜的外侧，多糖与蛋白质结合形成糖蛋白，具有识别作用。
2018年上海市静安区高考生物二模试卷
D．突触间传导速度快于神经纤维传导速度
9．(★★)如图是酶催化特性的“酶-底复合反应”模型，图中数字表示反应过程，字母表示相关物质。则下列各选项对此图意的解释正确的是（ ）
A．X是酶，过程①表示缩合反应
B．Y可表示酶，过程②体现酶的多样性
C．复合物Z是酶发挥高效性的关键
A．①双层膜细胞器②细胞核③线粒体④叶绿体
B．①胆固醇②性激素③胰岛素④肾上腺皮质激素
C．①膜蛋白②载体③通道④受体
D．①核糖体②DNA③蛋白质④磷脂
3．(★)若让植物根尖细胞处于缺氧环境中一段时间，则受影响的细胞膜功能是（ ）
①自由扩散
②被动转运
③主动运输
④胞吞
A．①②
B．①③
C．②③
D．③④
4．(★★)安静环境中突然出现一声巨响，下列有关人体生理调节的叙述正确的是（ ）
A．X是垂体，Y是下丘脑
B．寒冷刺激引起①减少、④增多
C．③对X、Y的作用依次是正反馈和负反馈
D．②是促甲状腺激素，④可代表抗利尿激素
17．(★★)关于下列四图的叙述，正确的是（ ）
A．甲图是RNA结构
B．丁图中含有一个肽键
C．丙物质可能参与乙物质的构成
D．丙是胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷酸
18．(★★)如图为人体免疫机制模式图，其中大、小写英文字母分别表示相应细胞与物质，数字表示相关生理过程。则相关叙述正确的是（ ）
A．适应辐射
B．地理隔离
C．生存竞争
D．生殖隔离
12．(★)下列技术，不属于酶固定化技术的是（ ）
A．载体结合法
B．交联法
C．包埋法
D．纸层析法
13．(★★)生物体染色体上的等位基因部位可以进行配对联会，非等位基因部位不能配对。某二倍体生物细胞中分别出现如图①至④系列状况，则对图的解释正确的是（ ）
上海市静安区高三一模生命科学试题及答案.pdf
B. 干旱处理，气孔导度与净光合速率的变化基本呈正相关
效手段。胰蛋白酶抑制剂能干扰昆虫的代谢，引起昆虫死亡，.但对人体无害。科学家将马 铃薯胰蛋白酶抑制剂基因（Pin_II)通过农菌导入杨树细胞，培育成了抗虫杨树。图 10 表示含目的基因的 DNA 分子，图 11 表示质粒，图中 A〆表示氨苄青霉素抗性基因，Nef 表示新霉素抗性基因，箭头表示识别序列完全不同的 4 种限制酶的酶切位点。
叶片细胞中，可以检测到
(多选)。
`
A.胰蛋白酶抑制剂基因 B.胰蛋白酶抑制剂的 mRNA C.胰蛋白酶抑制剂蛋白 D.胰蛋白酶抑制剂的干扰剂 (四）植物激素调节（11 分）
野牛草抗旱性强、易养护，是较理想的草坪绿化植物，但其种子发芽率低，幼苗生长 缓慢，为使野牛草更容易种植，科研人员分别用不同浓度的生长素和赤霉素对野牛草种子 浸泡 14 小时，培养 7 天后测定发芽率，14 天后测定苗长和根长及叶片的淀粉含量，结果 见表 3。
析，DNA 含量为 2N 的细胞处于细胞周期的
；金毓婷使子宫肌瘤细胞增殖停
滞于细胞周期的某些阶段，图 8 显示大量肿瘤细胞停滞在
。
30.据题意，为使病人达到最好的治疗效果，金毓婷的给药浓度（不考虑其他实际情况）
应为
g L1
(三）现代生物技术（11 分) 杨树是重要的经济树种，但其害虫很多，利用基因工程培育抗虫杨树是害虫防治的有
`
D. 只要使用同一批蚕豆叶材料，不同保卫细胞的大小就一致 8. 图 3 是根据四位同学“探究植物细胞外界溶液 浓度与质壁分离的关系”实验结果绘制的曲线 图（A 表示细胞长度，B 表示 pc 原生质层长度)， 其中比较符合实际的曲线是 A① B② C③ D④
9. 在 肺 部 红 细 胞 能 携 带 O 2 , 在 其 他 组 织 红 细 胞 又 将 O 2 释放，O 2 两次通过红细胞膜的
上海市静安区2018年高三(一模)生命科学试题及答案
静安区2017~2018学年度等级考第一次质量调研生命科学试卷2018.1考生注意：1．试卷满分100分，考试时间60分钟。
2．本考试分设试卷和答题纸。
试卷包括两部分，第一部分全部为选择题，第二部分为综合题，包括填空题、选择题和简答题等题型。
3．考生应用2B铅笔、钢笔或圆珠笔将答案直接写在答题纸上。
一、选择题（共40分，每小题2分，每小题只有一个正确答案）1.检测糖尿病人的尿液，应使用的试剂及可能出现的现象是A.双缩脲试剂，紫色B.双缩脲试剂，蓝色C.苏丹m染液，红黄色D.班氏试剂，红黄色2.下列关于细胞器结构与功能的描述正确的是A.线粒体由双层膜包被B.高尔基体由双层膜包被C.内质网参与异物的消化D.溶酶体参与蛋白质运输3.图1表示甲状腺素分泌活动的调节机制，下列叙述正确的是A.a通过血液传递B.乙表示下丘脑C.b表示促甲状腺素释放素D.此过程为正反馈4.唾液淀粉酶能催化食物中的淀粉分解但不能催化蔗糖分解，说明酶具有A.专一性B.高效性C.两重性D.多样性5.下列关于免疫概念的对应关系，正确的是6.图2中编号所示的结构与核糖体功能有关的是A①B②C③D④7.下列关于用显微测微尺测量蚕豆叶下表皮保卫细胞长度实验的叙述中，正确的是A.不同放大倍数下，目镜测微尺每小格所代表的长度基本相同B.测量过程中常需转动目镜，以使测微尺与保卫细胞的长径平行C.从低倍物镜换为高倍物镜时，需调节粗调节器，使物象清晰D.只要使用同一批蚕豆叶材料，不同保卫细胞的大小就一致8.图3是根据四位同学“探究植物细胞外界溶液浓度与质壁分离的关系”实验结果绘制的曲线图（A表示细胞长度，B表示pc原生质层长度)，其中比较符合实际的曲线是A①B②C③D④9.在肺部红细胞能携带O2,在其他组织红细胞又将O2释放，O2两次通过红细胞膜的方式分别是A.自由扩散，自由扩散B.自由扩散，主动运输C.主动运输，协助扩散D.主动运输，主动运输10.通过显微观察核膜，可以区分下列哪一组生物A.细菌和病毒B.水绵和颤藻C.水绵和洋葱D.病毒和颤藻11.以下关于ATP的结构与功能的叙述，正确的是A.—个ATP分子中有三个高能磷酸键B.ATP分子由腺嘌呤、胸腺嘧啶和磷酸基组成C.形成ATP的过程有光合作用和细胞呼吸D.ATP释放的能量可用于光合作用中水的光解12.噬菌体侵染细菌实验中，对噬菌体（见图4)的不同结构用相应的同位素进行标记，以下对应关系正确的是A.①——18OB.①——14CC.②——32PD.②——35S13.取9个洁净培养皿，均分为三组（i、ii、ⅲ),各组分别加入等量的不同培养基，每个平板均用涂布法接种1mL大肠杆菌菌液，37°C培养36小时后，统计菌落数（见表1),以下相关叙述正确的是A.I组和II组说明维生素可以促进大肠杆菌生长B.I组和III组说明大肠杆菌正常生长需要糖类物质C.三组实验均使用了液体培养基，以方便菌落计数D.三组实验所使用的培养基均需620C、30min消毒 14.下列关于生物遗传信息的叙述正确的是A.所有生物的遗传物质都是DNAB.DNA的结构单位是脱氧核苷酸C.DNA分子先全部解旋再复制D.基因转录、翻译均在细胞质完成15.酵母菌是兼气性微生物，下列有关其细胞呼吸过程的叙述正确的是A.有氧呼吸在线粒体中完成B.有氧呼吸的产物是C02C.无氧呼吸在细胞质基质中完成D.无氧呼吸的产物是乙醇16.20世纪70年代，生物学家开始通过比较不同生物RNA、DNA的核苷酸序列来说明他们之间的亲缘关系，这属于证明生物进化的A.胚胎学证据B.比较解剖学证据C.生物化学证据D.古生物化石证据17.植物组织培养、制备单克隆抗体、克隆羊均为现代生命科学的重要成果，下列相关叙述正确的是A.都是细胞水平的生物技术B.都体现了细胞的全能性C.细胞核都只来自一个亲本D.都需先经基因工程改造18.图5表示运动神经元及其支配的骨骼肌，灵敏电流计两电极均连接在神经纤维表面，下列叙述正确的是A.刺激a处，指针偏转，说明电信号双向传递B.刺激b处，肌肉收缩，说明发生了反射现象C.刺激a处，灵敏电流计指针发生一次偏转D.刺激b处，灵敏电流计指针发生两次偏转19.图6表示发生在人精巢中的细胞分裂过程（示部分染色体)，下列相关叙述正确的是 A.过程I发生了着丝粒分裂B.过程II发生了基因重组C.细胞b、d发生了染色体结构变异D.细胞c发生了染色体数目变异20.下列关于植物物种多样性调查的叙述中，正确的是A.常用样方法调查，植物密度高的区域，样方面积要大一些B.样方要随机选择，但如果某样方物种太少，可选邻近物种多的样方C.计算辛普森指数，需要统计每个样方的植物物种总数和个体总数D.常用辛普森指数表示物种多样性，指数高，则物种多样性程度高二、综合题（共60分）(―)生命活动的调节（14分）如今参加马拉松比赛已经成为一种时尚，在长达几个小时的高强度运动中，体内发生了复杂的调节过程。
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静安区2017学年第二学期教学质量检测高中生命科学试卷1. 下列各选项的物质，它们的元素构成完全一致的是A. 糖原和甘油三酯B. 磷脂与脂肪酸C. 核苷酸与蛋白质D. 叶绿素与甲状腺素【答案】A【解析】糖原和甘油三酯的组成元素都是C、H、O，A正确；磷脂的组成元素是C、H、O、N、P，脂肪酸的组成元素是C、H、O，B错误；核苷酸的组成元素是C、H、O、N、P，蛋白质的组成元素是C、H、O、N，C正确；叶绿素的组成元素中含有Mg，而甲状腺素的组成元素中含有碘，D错误。
2. 图为概念组成关系，以下各选项的物质或结构，符合概念图①至④关系的是A. ①双层膜细胞器②细胞核③线粒体④叶绿体B. ①胆固醇②性激素③胰岛素④肾上腺皮质激素C. ①膜蛋白②载体③通道④受体D. ①核糖体②DNA ③蛋白质④磷脂【答案】C【解析】细胞核不属于细胞器，A错误；胆固醇、性激素、肾上腺皮质激素都属于脂质，而胰岛素属于蛋白质，B错误；细胞膜上的蛋白质种类众多，如载体蛋白、通道蛋白、受体等，C 正确；核糖体是由RNA和蛋白质组成的，不含磷脂，D错误。
3. 若让植物根尖细胞处于缺氧环境中一段时间，则受影响的细胞膜功能是①自由扩散②被动转运③主动运输④胞吞A. ①②B. ①③C. ②③D. ③④【答案】D【解析】若让植物根尖细胞处于缺氧环境中一段时间，则细胞供能不足，主要影响消耗能量的生命活动。
①自由扩散不消耗能量，错误；②被动转运包括自由扩散和协助扩散，都不消耗能量，错误；③主动运输需要载体的协助，且消耗能量，正确；④胞吞需要消耗能量，正确。
因此受影响的细胞膜功能是③④，故选D。
4. 安静环境中突然出现一声巨响，下列有关人体生理调节的叙述正确的是A. 血容量增加B. 心输出量减少C. 肾上腺素分泌量增加D. 神经冲动传导速度加快【答案】C【解析】血流量可能发生改变，而血容量是不会发生改变的，A错误；在外界巨响的刺激下，肾上腺素分泌增加，心输出量增加，B错误、C正确；神经冲动传导速度不会发生改变，D错误。
5. 下列不是发生质壁分离的必备条件的是A. 细胞壁与原生质层的伸缩性不同B. 液泡的有无C. 原生质层两侧的溶液具有浓度差D. 细胞核的多少【答案】D【解析】细胞发生质壁分离的内因就是原生质层伸缩性大于细胞壁伸缩性，A正确；液泡保证细胞液和外界溶液之间存在浓度差，B正确；细胞发生质壁分离的外因就是外界溶液浓度大于细胞液浓度，C正确；细胞核的多少与质壁分离无关，D错误。
【考点定位】细胞质壁分离与质壁分离复原现象及其原因【名师点睛】质壁分离利用了渗透作用原理，渗透作用的发生需要两个条件：半透膜和浓度差，成熟的植物细胞中的原生质层相当于半透膜，细胞液与外界溶液之间产生浓度差。
质壁分离的外因：外界溶液浓度大于细胞液浓度；内因：细胞壁的伸缩性小于原生质层。
6. 下图甲、乙、丙分别代表三类生物基本结构或部分结构的模式图，则相关叙述正确的是A. 甲为原核细胞结构B. 乙一定是真核细胞C. 丙是真核生物细胞核D. 甲和丙是乙的细胞器【答案】B【解析】据图分析，甲为病毒，没有细胞结构，A错误；乙有细胞核、中心体、线粒体、内质网等，一定是真核细胞，B正确；丙没有成形的细胞核，属于原核生物，C错误；根据以上分析已知，甲乙丙是三种不同类型的生物，D错误。
7. 在减数第一次分裂过程中不可能出现的是A. 同源染色体联会B. 同源染色体分离C. 着丝粒分裂为二D. 染色体交叉互换【答案】C【解析】减数第一次分裂前期，同源染色体联会，A正确；减数第一次分裂后期，同源染色体分离，B正确；减数第二次分裂后期，着丝点分裂，C错误；减数第一次分裂前期的四分体时期，同源染色体的非姐妹染色单体之间可以发生交叉互换，D正确。
8. 下列关于神经兴奋的叙述，正确的是A. 兴奋部位膜内为负电位膜外为正电位B. 兴奋时神经细胞膜对钠离子通透性增大C. 神经冲动在反射弧中出现双向传导D. 突触间传导速度快于神经纤维传导速度【答案】B【解析】兴奋产生时，兴奋部位膜电位表现为外负内正，A错误；兴奋时神经细胞膜对钠离子通透性增大，钠离子内流，B正确；由于神经冲动在突触处是单向传递的，因此神经冲动在反射弧中也是单向传递的，C错误；突触间传导兴奋时涉及到化学信号的转变，因此速度慢于神经纤维传导速度，D错误。
9. 下图是酶催化特性的“酶-底复合反应”模型，图中数字表示反应过程，字母表示相关物质。
则下列各选项对此图意的解释正确的是A. X是酶，过程①表示缩合反应B. Y可表示酶，过程②体现酶的多样性C. 复合物Z是酶发挥高效性的关键D. ①、②可以表示葡萄糖水解过程【答案】C【解析】据图分析，X在化学反应前后不变，说明X是酶；Y在酶的作用下生成F和G，说明该反应是分解反应，A错误；根据以上分析已知，Y不是反应物，过程②体现了酶具有催化作用，B错误；图中的复合物Z是酶与反应物的结合体，是酶发挥高效性的关键，C正确；葡萄糖是单糖，是不能水解的糖，D错误。
10. 栽培的番茄因某种原因不能完成受精作用，栽培者用生长素类似物溶液涂于花的柱头，这样处理的目的是A. 促进花柱接受花粉完成受精B. 促进花柱生长发育为果肉C. 促进子房壁发育成果实D. 促进胚珠发育成种子【答案】C【解析】栽培的番茄因某种原因不能完成受精作用，则不能形成种子；栽培者用生长素类似物溶液涂于花的柱头，可以促进子房壁发育成果皮，进而形成无子果实，故选C。
11. 某地剧烈的地质变化，使某种蛙原先生活的水体突然分开，蛙被隔离为两个种群。
千百万年之后，两个种群不能自然交配，此现象属于A. 适应辐射B. 地理隔离C. 生存竞争D. 生殖隔离【答案】D【解析】根据题意分析，某地剧烈的地质变化，使某种蛙原先生活的水体突然分开，蛙被隔离为两个种群，则两个种群之间产生了地理隔离；千百万年之后，两个种群不能自然交配，说明两个种群之间已经产生了生殖隔离，故选D。
12. 下列技术，不属于酶固定化技术的是A. 载体结合法B. 交联法C. 包埋法D. 纸层析法【答案】D【解析】载体结合法是固定化酶的方法之一，A错误；交联法即化学结合法，是固定化酶的方法之一，B错误；包埋法是固定化酶的方法之一，但是更适合于固定化细胞，C错误；纸层析法是提取叶绿体色素的方法，D正确。
13. 生物体染色体上的等位基因部位可以进行配对联会，非等位基因部位不能配对。
某二倍体生物细胞中分别出现下图①至④系列状况，则对图的解释正确的是A. ①为基因突变，②为倒位B. ③可能是重复，④为染色体组加倍C. ①为易位，③可能是缺失D. ②为基因突变，④为染色体结构变异【答案】C【解析】据图分析，①发生了染色体判断的改变，且改变后的片段不属于同源染色体的部分，因此属于染色体结构的变异中的易位；②染色体右侧发生了染色体上碱基序列的倒位，属于染色体结构的变异；③在同源染色体片段中间出现了折叠现象，可能是缺失或者增加（重复）；④细胞中有一对同源染色体多了一条，属于染色体数目的变异，故选C。
14. 若有一个35S标记的大肠杆菌被1个32P标记的噬菌体侵染，裂解后释放的噬菌体将A. 一定有35S，可能有32PB. 只有32PC. 一定有32P，可能有35SD. 只有35S【答案】A.....................15. 下图是细胞呼吸过程，I、II、III代表生理过程发生的场所，①至③代表生理过程，甲、乙代表物质。
有关叙述正确的是A. I和II都具有双层生物膜B. 甲、乙分别代表丙酮酸和H+C. ①释能最多，③释能最少D. III位于线粒体基质中【答案】B【解析】据图分析，I表示细胞质基质，II表示线粒体基质，III表示线粒体内膜，AD错误；甲表示丙酮酸，乙表示H+，B正确；图示三个过程中，③释放的能量最多，C错误。
16. 图是人体有关甲状腺分泌及其相关调控关系模式图，图中X、Y表示相应内分泌器官，数字表示相应激素，则下列说法正确的是A. X是垂体，Y是下丘脑B. 寒冷刺激引起①减少、④增多C. ③对X、Y的作用依次是正反馈和负反馈D. ②是促甲状腺激素，④可代表抗利尿激素【答案】D【解析】根据甲状腺激素的分级调节和负反馈调节可知，图中X表示下丘脑，Y表示垂体，A 错误；图中①是促甲状腺激素，④是神经递质，两者在寒冷条件下都增多，B错误；③对X、Y的作用都是负反馈，C错误；图中②是促甲状腺激素，④可代表下丘脑产生、垂体释放的抗利尿激素，D正确。
17. 关于下列四图的叙述，正确的是A. 甲图是RNA结构B. 丁图中含有一个肽键C. 丙物质可能参与乙物质的构成D. 丙是胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷酸【答案】C【解析】T是DNA特有的碱基，因此甲图是DNA的一条链的片段，A错误；丁图是氨基酸的结构通式，不含肽键，B错误；乙是ATP的结构简式，其中A表示腺苷，由腺嘌呤和核糖组成；丙图可以表示腺嘌呤核糖核苷酸，与乙图脱去两个磷酸分子后的成分相同，因此丙物质可能参与乙物质的构成，C正确；丙是腺嘌呤核糖核苷酸或腺嘌呤脱氧核苷酸，D错误。
18. 下图为人体免疫机制模式图，其中大、小写英文字母分别表示相应细胞与物质，数字表示相关生理过程。
则相关叙述正确的是A. 过程②③④为非特异性免疫B. ⑤⑥⑦为体液免疫过程C. Y是T淋巴细胞，f是抗体D. 二次免疫的强度与速度由①决定【答案】B【解析】图中过程②③④为细胞免疫，属于特异性免疫，A错误；图中⑤⑥⑦为体液免疫过程，B正确；X表示T细胞，Y表示B细胞，C错误；二次免疫的强度与速度由③⑥决定，D错误。
19. 某小岛上蜥蜴原种的脚趾原为分趾型，以后脚趾逐渐出现两种性状，W代表蜥蜴脚趾的分趾基因；w代表联趾（趾间有蹼）基因。
下图表示这两种性状与基因型比例变化的过程。
对此图解释正确的是A. 小岛环境诱导蜥蜴基因发生定向突变B. 上图两种性状比例变化表明两个物种的兴盛与衰退C. 小岛上蜥蜴的基因库就是全部W和w基因之和D. ①至④中基因w频率定向增大体现了进化的态势【答案】D【解析】小岛环境对蜥蜴基因突变后的性状进行选择，且基因突变是不定向的，A错误；图示两种性状属于同一个物种的性状，上图两种性状比例变化表明种群基因频率发生了改变，生物进化了，B错误；小岛上蜥蜴的基因库指的是其含有的所有的基因之和，不含W、w基因在内，C错误；①至④中基因w频率定向增大，是自然选择的结果，体现了生物进化的态势，D 正确。
20. 小麦成熟过程中，部分有机物变化如下图所示，将不同成熟阶段的种子匀浆后检测，下列有关检测的对应关系正确的一项是A. AB. BC. CD. D【答案】D（一）生命活动的调节下图是人体血糖和血脂部分代谢过程示意图，字母表示物质，数字表示过程。