Direct Determination of Human Urinary Proteins
医学英语写作与翻译
第三部分医学英语的写作任务一标题的写作（Title）标题的结构1. 名词+介词Blindness（视觉缺失）after Treatment for Malignant Hypertension 2. 名词+分词Unilateral Neurogenic Pruritus Following Stroke中风后单侧神经性瘙痒3. 名词+不定式Suggestion to Abolish Icterus Index Determination（黄疸指数测定）where Quantitative Bilirubin Assay（胆红素定量）is Available建议能做胆红素定量的化验室不再做黄疸指数测定4. 名词+同位语Gentamicine, a Selelctive Agent for the isolation of Betahemolytic Streptocc ociβ-溶血性链球菌庆大霉素是分离β-溶血性链球菌的选择性药物5. 名词+从句Evidence that the V-sis Gene Product Transforms by Interaction with the Receptor for Platelet-derived Growth Factor血小板源性生长因子.V-sis 基因产物由血小板生成因子受体相互作用而转化的依据6. 动名词短语Preventing Stroke in patients with Atrial Fibrillation心房纤维性颤动心旁纤颤患者中风预防Detecting Acute Myocardial Infarction（急性心肌梗死）byRadio-immunoassay for Creative Kinase（酐激酶）用放射免疫法测定酐激酶诊断急性心肌梗死7. 介词短语On Controlling Rectal Cancer8. 陈述句Dietary Cholesterol is Co-carcinogenic协同致癌因素for Human Colon Cancer9. 疑问句Home or Hospital BirthsIs Treatment of Borderline Hypertension Good or Bad?注意副标题的作用1．数目：Endoluminal Stent-graft 带支架腔内搭桥for Aortic Aneurysms动脉瘤: A report of 6 cases带支架腔内搭桥治疗动脉瘤的六例报告2．重点：Aorto-arteritis 大动脉炎Chest X-ray Appearance and Its Clinical Significance大动脉炎胸部X线表现及临床意义3．方法：Gallstone Ileus（胆结石梗阻）: A Retrospective Study 4．作用：Carcinoembryonic Antigen in Breast-cancer Tissue: A useful prognostic indictor乳腺癌组织中癌胚抗原——一种有用的预后指示5．疑问：Unresolved—Do drinkers have less coronary heart disease? 6．连载顺序：Physical and Chemical Studies of Human Blood Serum: II. A study of miscellaneous Disease conditions人类血清的理论研究：II. 多种病例的研究7．时间：A Collaborative 综合Study of Burn Nursing in China: 1995-1999常见标题句式举例1. 讨论型：Discussion of/ on; An approach to; A probe into; Investigation of; Evaluation of / on汉语中的“初步体会”、“试论”、“浅析”之类的谦辞可以不译。
Urinary Tract Infection
Acute pyelonephritis
III. Pathology(III)
Chronic pyelonephritis
The kidney is small and coarsely scarred. Histological examination conforms the patchy injury of the renal parenchyma extending from pelvis to the surface of the kidney. In the scarred areas there is dense interstitial fibrosis and tubules are dilated and filled with eosinophilic casts.
urethra
G+ 球 菌
直接
G杆菌
3.Human body’s resistance ability
1. periodic voiding The flow of urine flushing and dilutional effects 2. Prostatic secretion after urination 3. Ability of the urethra and bladder mucosa to eliminate small numbers of residual organisms. 4. Low PH urine high urea concentration and high osmolarity
Urinary Tract Infection
I Definition
Urinary
Tract Infection(UTI) is an
hnl的测定方法
hnl的测定方法English:The determination of HNL (Human Neutrophil Lipocalin) levels in the body can be done through various methods. One common method is through a laboratory test that measures the concentration of HNL in a blood or urine sample. Another method is through the use of immunoassays, which detect the presence of HNL by utilizing antibodies that specifically bind to HNL molecules. In addition, HNL levels can also be assessed through techniques such as Western blotting, which involves separating HNL proteins based on their molecular weight. These methods are important in the medical field as they can provide valuable information about the presence and severity of certain medical conditions, such as kidney injury or urinary tract infections.中文翻译:HNL（人类中性粒细胞脂联素）水平的测定可以通过各种方法进行。
一种常见的方法是通过实验室测试来测量血液或尿样本中HNL的浓度。
液液提取-固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定人体血液中16种有机磷酸酯
2021年1月January 2021Chinese Journal of ChromatographyVol.39 No.169〜76青年编委专辑（上）•研究论文DOI ： 10.3724/SP.J. 1123.2020.07033液液提取-固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定人体血液中16种有机磷酸酯侯敏敏W ,史亚利,蔡亚岐W（1.中国科学院生态环境研究中心，环境化学与生态毒理学国家重点实验室，北京100083； 2.中国科学院大学，北京100049）摘要:人体体液中有机磷酸酯（OPEs ）浓度的测定对于了解人体OPEs 的暴露水平以及评估人体健康风险具有重要意义。
然而，目前的研究大多数集中于尿液中OPEs 代谢物含量的分析测定,将其作为人体OPEs 暴露的生物标 志物，而对人体血液中OPEs 的分析研究较少，仅有的少量研究涉及的OPEs 种类有限。
该研究在优化前处理过程 （固相萃取,SPE ）和色谱分离的基础上，建立了人体血液中16种OPEs 的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（UPLC-MS- MS ）测定方法。
血液样品经过乙睛摇床萃取后，经ENVI-18 SPE 小柱净化，然后采用Acquity UPLC BEH C18色谱 柱,以甲醇/5 mmol/L 的乙酸铵水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱对目标物进行分离，最后进行LC-MS/MS 测定。
质 谱分析采用电喷雾正离子模式电离，多重反应监测模式测定，内标法定量。
在优化的检测条件下,16种OPEs 的检 出限为0. 003 8~0. 882 ng/mL 。
除磷酸三甲酯（TMP ）外，其余15种OPEs 在3个浓度水平的血液基质加标回收率 为53. 1% -126%，相对标准偏差为0. 15% - 12. 6%。
样品的基质效应检测发现,4种OPEs 存在明显的基质抑制，选 用合适的同位素内标进行定量，可以部分消除基质影响。
该方法样品前处理简单，灵敏度高,适用于人体血液样品中OPEs 阻燃剂的测定。
24小时尿蛋白（24hoursurineprotein）
24小时尿蛋白（24 hours urine protein）24 hour urine quantitative diabetes is the amount of 24 hours urine determination. Normal is not more than 0.9 grams, generally 0.1 to 0.3 grams of glucose range, qualitative testCan not measure the normal human urine was negative, so. Diabetic patients 24 hours urine quantitative in the range of a few grams of Diao to tens of grams, even up to a few hundred grams. Clinical urineThe determination of common Bancroft qualitative method, when the glucose concentration exceeded 111mmol/L were concentration in 120mmol/L, do not see what difference, 24 hours urine will be available at the timeThe quantity test can better reflect the severity of the disease.Urinoglucosometer 24 hours, observed changes in the disease, has an important reference value. Whether we can keep 24 hours of urine will directly affect its scientific and clinical significance.(1) concrete methods:Leave the urine on the morning, 8 in the morning active urination, because this time before 8 o'clock urine, should not abandon.2. From 8 to 8 the next day, every 24 hours, the amount of urine should be kept in a clean container.The next day at 8 should also take the initiative to urinate, this time urine was produced before 8, and must be left all.24 hours of urine collection, stir up, remember the total amount.Remove 24 hours of urine mixture for 100 milliliters and send it to the laboratory for examination.(2) matters needing attention:Collect the urine in a cool place to prevent bacterial invasion, so as not to affect the result of the test.When the climate is hot, it is necessary to put preservatives in urine,Right to avoid glucose decomposition, fermentation and bacterial reproduction and affect the test results.kidneyExpand the definition of 24 hour urine protein quantification in this section24 hours of urine protein in the quantitative "24 hours of urine volume", that is, the morning after the first urinate clean, from the second time the urine began to stay. Take a look at what time it is. Remember the time, until the endTwo days at this time, for 24 hours. The 24 hours, every time all the urine, placed in a container, mixed evenly, and then take 100~200 ml from the middle, to the hospital for testing.Normally, the glomerular filtration membrane can only pass through a substance of less molecular mass. Normal people urine protein in general is 40-80 mg, the content of protein qualitative test method generally can not be detected. suffer fromIn some cases, protein leakage increases and can be detected positive for urinary protein. So the results of a urine protein qualitative report are crude, and a 24 hour urine protein test can accurately measure the amount of protein excreted in the urine.Edit the significance of the 24 hour urine protein quantification24 hours urine protein quantification is a reliable index to determine whether there is any kidney disease. In clinical, it is concluded that the two indexes of urinary protein qualitative and quantitative are determined by routine urine routine examination. Proteinuria.The white qualitative index is often referred to as whether the urine protein is negative or positive. If the urine protein test is positive, the condition of the kidney is seen to be accompanied by a few +. The urinary protein quantification was more accurate in responding to the subjectsRenal function,The commonly used diagnostic target is 24 hours urine protein ration. Occasionally, a 24 hour urine protein exceeded the limit and was not diagnosed as nephropathy: normal people, urine routine examination, 24 hours urine protein determinationThe dose range is less than 150mg/24 hours. If the 24 hour urine protein quota of the examinee is higher than the reference range of the normal value, the renal function damage can be considered. Although 24 hours urine protein quantification is determinedThere is a reliable index of the incidence of kidney disease, but it is not accurate to determine the occurrence of kidney disease in the subjects by a single 24 hour urine protein test. In clinical diagnosis of renal disease, usuallyRoutine urinalysis is required. By regular examination, the patient's urine routine examination showed that there were three times more than 24 hours of urine protein quantitative indicators were higher than the normal range of reference, you can determine the riskHe did have a kidney lesion. Regular inspection, early detection, early treatment, to prevent the deterioration of the disease: early onset of renal disease occult, patients with no obvious symptoms, it is easy to be ignored. Many people get kidney disease when they go to the doctorIt has developed to the middle and late stages, which bringsgreat difficulty for the treatment of late nephropathy. So, develop good habits of regular physical examination, and keep an eye on your physical condition to see if there is any complication of kidney disease. If you24 hour urinary protein quantitative examination than normal, you can use the basic condition of your submission to the kidney specialist, let the experts for your diagnosis and develop your treatment, prevent nephropathy progression, disease continues to increaseNecessary burden.Edit this paragraph how to collect urine samples?Some kidney diseases often require "24 hours urine protein quantification" examination, so how to collect and submit urine samples? To accurately measure 24 hours of urine protein quantification, the urine volume in the bladder should be cleared and discarded at 8 a.m.Go, start the time, and store all the urine from 24 hours in a container (including second days at 8 in the morning), and check it all. If you defecate within 24 hours, you should also stress the urine collection, and thenSolution. Don't omit a small amount of urine. Urine collection is not complete, the amount of urine protein calculation is inaccurate. Before testing, first use the amount of cup, the total amount of urine, and then stir well, take out a small cup, determine the amount of protein per 100 ml, and then accordingto realityThe volume of urine was calculated and the protein content could be calculated for 24 hours. In short, to accurately measure the amount of urine protein 24 hours, you must accurately collect urine volume throughout the day, the test is part of the total urine volume of mixed liquid, only representative. Because this testTest is to calculate the absolute value of urine protein, and the amount of water has little to do, so it is not necessary to limit the amount of water and food intake on the day, as usual eating will be ok.Edit this paragraph for three qualitative checksQualitative examination method of albuminuria, the patient can do at home oneself, the following three kinds of methods are introduced:The sulfosalicylic acid methodThis is the common method of laboratory in the hospital. Preparation of reagent: 3 g of salicylic acid and 3% to 100 ml of salicylic acid with distilled water. The solution should be stored in a brown bottle and placed in the absence of the sunKeep dark places in order to avoid failure.Test method: take a clean glass tube, add urine 2 ml or so, then use drops and urine drip reagent 3~5 drops, observe the presenceof protein. According to turbidity, sedimentation and coagulationThe different degree, determine the "+" (plus) how much from + +, standard of judgment: "-": the minus sign is negative, indicating no protein. After adding the reagent, the urine is still clear, and there is still no visible manifestation in the black background. "+":There is a minus sign, on behalf of urine trace protein. A slight white haze occurs after the reagent is added, which is visible only in the black background. "+": a plus sign that represents a middle to a protein in your urine. After adding reagent, appear white slight cloudy, withoutFloc appears. "+ +":2 plus the amount of protein in the urine. Obvious white precipitate appeared after adding reagent. "+ + +":3 plus, a large number of protein in the urine. After adding reagent, flocculent white precipitate appeared. "+ + + +":The 4 plus sign represents a large amount of protein in the urine. Immediately after the reagent was added, the blocks were coagulated, and the gel like peptone. According to the turbidity reaction, the content of urine protein is as follows: urinary protein <0.1g/L: - urine protein is 0.1 - 0.2g/L: +;Urinary protein was 0.2 - 1.0g/L:+; urinary protein ranged from 1 to 2.0g/L:++; urinary protein was 2 - 4.0g/L:+++; urinary protein >4.0g/L:++++.The heating methodIn the past, laboratory methods for the detection of urinary proteins have now been replaced by sulfonyl salicylate. This method is simple and does not require any reagents. Method: take a glass tube,Pour the checked urine to 2/3 place, add 2% cool acid or vinegarDrop, thumb and finger deviation with good put on the bottom of the tube, flame (e.g. alcohol lamp) directly to the heating tube at the upper end of the urine, often turning the upper tube, until boiling, observe whether the turbidity or precipitation according to the degree of solidification, according to the following method to judge the. byRuled out turbidity is not caused by protein false positive, should be added 2~3 drops of acetic acid or vinegar 10 drops, at this time the turbidity does not disappear, it is positive reaction, indicating that the protein.The test paper methodA test paper is a test paper specially prepared by a reagent factory for qualitative testing of urine proteins, which can be purchased at a pharmaceutical shop. The test paper was soaked with reagent, the protein was blue in color, and a standard color swatch was attachedContrast with this. Method is relatively simple, take a test paper, immersed in urine, immediately removed, about 10~20 minutes, to see if there is no blue display. If there is nochange is negative, show blue, that is, the color; alkaline urine can appear false positive; therefore, inTest before using litmus paper to check the urine, such as alkaline) in more than PH7.0), should add a few drops of acetic acid, the urine will do. The above three methods are qualitative examination of urine protein. It only shows whether there is any protein in the urine or notGive the exact amount. If you want to know how many proteins are excreted each day, you can make a quantitative test. You need to leave 24 hours of urine for protein quantification.Edit this paragraph: high proteinuria may damage the kidneysUrinary protein is involved as an independent factor in the pathogenesis of renal disease,Urine protein can also damage the kidneys. The results are as follows: 1. Proteinuria can be toxic to glomerular mesangial cells, and there will be a large number of patients after renal failureThe plasma protein in glomerular mesangial deposition, deposition of these macromolecules in the mesangial area can cause mesangial cell damage, proliferation of mesangial cells and mesangial matrix production increased, resulting in glomerulosclerosis; 2, urinary protein can damage renal tubular interstitial, normalA small amount of small molecule protein in glomerularfiltration is reabsorbed near the renal tubular epithelial cells and decomposes in the lysosomes. Under pathological conditions, the permeability of glomeruli increased, causing large amounts of plasma proteins to leak into the small lumen of the kidney, while the proximal tubular epithelial cells became excessively heavyReceived albumin led to increased lysosomal activity in the cytoplasm, can cause cell injury; 3, proteinuria to renal tubular reabsorption of protein increased, promote ammonia production increased, and the generation of ammonia in renal tissue in interstitial lesions also played a role. In addition to thisIn addition, heavy absorption and digestion of large amounts of protein require additional energy, which can cause hypoxia in tubule cells and increase in oxygen free radicals, causing tubular cell damage.。
泌尿系统科普文章英语
泌尿系统科普文章英语I t is an important excretion route of human metabolites, and can also regulate water and salt metabolism and acid-base balance, and produce a variety of bioactive substances, which plays an important role in maintaining the stability of the environment in the body.The urinary system consists of one pair of kidneys, two ureters, one bladder, and one urethra.Urine produced by the kidney flows into the bladder through the ureter for temporary storage. When it reaches a certain amount, it is excreted through the urethra.So it can also be said that the urinary system is the general term of urination, urination, urine storage, urination organs.The ureter is a pair of slender pipes, the length of which is ~ 20~30cm, upper connected to the renal pelvis, down into the bladder, there are three strictures in the middle, is the stone retention site.The bladder is a urinary storage organ, the size and shape change with the urine, the bladder triangle between the two ureter port and the ureal port three connection, empty also smooth, here is a good site for tumor and tuberculosis.The urination reflex of the bladder is controlled by the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord urination center, and the pudendal nerve is transmitted to the somatic nerve, so the urination can be controlled by theconsciousness, and these structures are damaged and can cause urinary incontinence.If the urine can not be discharged from the bladder and stored in the bladder, called urinary retention.It is normal for infants to develop enuresis due to incomplete cerebral cortex development. Generally, this phenomenon of 2 to 3 years old can gradually disappear, and children with normal urination function can not control their own urination when sleep is called enuresis.。
液相色谱-串联质谱法测定尿液中的可替宁
液相色谱-串联质谱法测定尿液中的可替宁刘彤;侯宏卫;张小涛;陈欢;唐纲岭;胡清源【摘要】为了准确测定吸烟者与非吸烟者尿液中可替宁含量水平,建立了液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)测定方法.尿液经稀释、离心和过滤,引入LC-MS/MS,经Agilent Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18色谱柱(150 mm×2.1 mm,3.5 μm)分离,以0.1％甲酸水溶液-0.1％乙酸甲醇溶液为流动相,采用梯度洗脱方式,以电喷雾离子源正离子多反应监测模式进行分析.方法检出限为0.08 μg/L,线性范围为1～500 μg/L,空白样品中加标回收率范围在94.3％～99.9％,精密度(以相对标准偏差计)为0％～3.2％.利用此方法检测了58个非吸烟者和246个吸烟者尿液中可替宁的含量水平,结果表明:吸烟者24 h尿液中的可替宁含量是非吸烟者的180多倍,但是由于个体之间以及吸烟行为之间的差异,尿液中的可替宁含量并不随卷烟主流烟气中烟碱含量的升高而升高.%A high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of cotinine in urine. After dilution, centrifugation and filtration, the urine was injected to the LC-MS/ MS. The analysis was performed on a Agilent Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 column (150 mm× 2. 1 mm, 3. 5μm) using a gradient elution with the mobile phases of 0. 1% formic acid buffer and 0.1% acetate in methanol (V/V), and determined by tandem mass spectrometry in positive ESI mode under multiple reaction monitoring mode. The limits of determination (S/N=3) was 0. 08 μg/L, with a linear calibration range spanning 1-500 μg/L. The recoveris ranged from 94. 3% to 99. 9% at three spiked levels, the relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranged from 0 to 3. 2%. The method wasapplied to detect the concertrationrnof urine cotinine from 58 non-smokers and 246 smokers. Twenty-four hours urine cotinine . levels in smokers was much more than 180 times that in non-smokers. However, due to the differences between individuals and smoking behavior, the concertration of urine cotinine did not increase with cigarettes nicotine in the mainstream smoke.【期刊名称】《质谱学报》【年(卷),期】2012(033)004【总页数】5页(P252-256)【关键词】可替宁;高效液相色谱-串联质谱;尿液;中国烤烟型卷烟【作者】刘彤;侯宏卫;张小涛;陈欢;唐纲岭;胡清源【作者单位】国家烟草质量监督检验中心,河南郑州450001;国家烟草质量监督检验中心,河南郑州450001;国家烟草质量监督检验中心,河南郑州450001;国家烟草质量监督检验中心,河南郑州450001;国家烟草质量监督检验中心,河南郑州450001;国家烟草质量监督检验中心,河南郑州450001【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O657.63烟碱，俗称尼古丁，是一种存在于茄科植物（茄属）中的生物碱，也是烟草的重要成分，占烟草中总生物碱的98%［1］。
尿液检查Examinationofurine
尿胆红素
试带法 在强酸的介质中直接胆红素与二氯苯胺重氮盐起偶联反响生成红色的复和物。
尿胆原
试带法： 在强酸性条件下，尿胆原与对-二甲氨基苯甲醛发生醛化反响，生成樱红色缩合物，模块发生从黄色到红色的颜色变化。 在强酸条件下尿胆原和对-甲氧基重氮四氟化硼发生重氮盐偶联反响，生成胭脂红色化合物。
Snap cap leak-proof transport
Push until you hear the “snap〞 Then test the integrity
尿液标本的保存与防腐 storage and antisepsis of urine specimens
1．冷藏refrigeration 2. 防腐antisepsis
2.试带法： 试带模块中主要含有葡萄糖氧化酶、过氧化物酶和色源及其他物质。 葡萄糖氧化酶〔 glucose oxidase ,GOD〕作用于尿液中葡萄糖，使其形成葡萄糖醛酸和过氧化氢〔H2O2〕，后者在过氧化氢酶〔POD〕的催化释放出[O]，后者使色源呈现不同的颜色变化。
尿液pH 胆红素的形成量 肝细胞功能 胆道梗阻
尿 液 胆红素 尿胆原 正 常 阴性 少量 肝前性黄疸 阴性 显著增加 肝原性黄疸 阳性 轻度增加 肝后性黄疸 阳性 减少或无
加热
ml参加上述试剂中
再加热
冷却
判断结果
尿糖定性结果判断: 实验结果 结果判断 相当含量〔g/L〕 仍呈蓝色 - 蓝绿色，无沉淀 ± ＜0.1 绿黄色沉淀 沉淀 沉淀 清液无色
尼龙膜 碘酸盐层 试剂层 吸水层 塑料底层
试带法影响因素： 尿液pH值 尿液所含蛋白成分 尿液中的干扰物 尿液存放的时间及污染
隐血 试带法：尿液中的血红蛋白或其破坏释放的游离血红蛋白均含有亚铁血红素，后者具有过氧化物酶样活性，可使过氧化物分解释放出新生态氧[O]，[O]能使无色的邻甲联苯胺变成蓝色。
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Direct Determination of Human Urinary Proteins by Gas-phase Electrophoretic Mobility Molecular Analyzer
Tongmei Ma1, 2, Ruige Wu2, Ying Sing Fung2*
1School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of
Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, P.R. China, 510640
2Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong
Kong SAR, P.R. China
* Tel: 852-********, Email: ysfung@hkucc.hku.hk
Development in proteome research leads to new demand for protein analysis. The assay of trace proteins in complicated biological fluid such as human urine provides an important non-intrusive method to identify newly discovered pharmaceutical proteins and for diagnosis of kidney related diseases. Due to the extreme low levels of proteins and the complicated sample matrix, time-consuming purification step has to be used, leading to the loss of analyte proteins during sample pretreatment. The recent development of Gas-phase Electrophoretic Mobility Molecular Analyzer (GEMMA) enables separation of protein particle by their different electrophoretic mobility in air prior to subsequent number counting, an inherently sensitive detection technique. It can directly measured proteins at trace levels and obviate the need for sample pretreatment before analysis. Two different types of urinary proteins are studied: early pregnancy indicating proteins (hCG) present in trace levels and pathologic urinary proteins (IgG, HSA and β2-MG) at different levels. The results indicate a short ten-minute assay time without the need for sample pretreatment and an extremely high sensitivity to detect proteins under investigation. The capability and limitation of GEMMA for protein determination will be discussed at the meeting.
Acknowledgements: The work described here was supported by a grant from the Research Grants Council of The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the Central Research Grants of South China University of Technology (Project No.: x2hgD2103990).
Keywords: GEMMA, protein characterization, clinical urinary sample。