管理会计(双语)-7

actual sales units
Variances of marginal / absorption costing
Fixed production overhead variances Sales volume variance Operating statement
Reconciliation of budget and actual profits-presenting operating statements
note:
Fixed overheads variances= Fixed production overheads variances For absorption costing, fixed overheads will be absorbed into cost units. The absorption basis is labor hours, the same as variable costs, which is very common in the exam questions.
volume variance= (budgeted units-actual units) *standard hours/unit *standard absorption rate
+
expenditure variance= budgeted expenditure -actual expenditure
actual units* actual hours/unit* standard rate/hour -actual units * actual hours/unit* actual rate/hour
+
actual units* standard hours/unit* standard rate/hour -actual units * actual hours/unit* standard rate/hour
expenditure variance efficiency variance= =actual hours worked (Standard hours worked *(standard absorption rate + -actual hours worked)* -actual absorption rate) standard absorption rate/hour
Variable overhead variances
Total variance（总差异）
expenditure variance
(耗费差异）
+
efficiency variance （效率差异）
Total variance =actual units* standard hours/unit * standard absorption rate/hour -actual variable overhead
Standard cost card
Materials:1)standard usage(kg)/unit Material 2)standard price/kg Cost/unit Labor:1) standard hours /unit Standard 2) standard rate/hr Labor cost/unit Variable overheads: 1) standard hours /unit Standard variable 2) standard absorption rate/hr overhead cost/unit Fixed overhead: Standard fixed 1) standard hours /unit 2) standard absorption rate/hr overhead cost/unit
2. Calculation of variances
Direct materials cost variances Direct labor cost variances Variable overhead variances Fixed overhead variances Non-production overheads variances Sales variances
Non-production overheads variances
Non-production overheads: selling and administration overheads Expenditure variance =budgeted expenditure-actual expenditure
Standard
MC
AC
Key point to remember:
A variance is the difference between what it should have cost and what it actually cost for the actual level of production.
Chapter 7 Standard costing
Chapter contents: 1. Nature of standard costing 2. Calculation of variances 3. Causes and interdependence of variances
1. Nature of standard costing
A few definitions Types of standard
A few definitions
Standard costing Standard cost Variance analysis
Types of standard
Basic standard Ideal standard Attainable standard Current standard
Fixed overhead variances
Total variance（总差异）
volume variance
(能量差异）
+
expenditure variance （耗费差异）
actual units*standard absorption rateactual units*actual absorption rate
Statement Budgeted profit Add:
variances
Less:
Actual profit
3. Causes and interdependence of variances
Causes Interdependence of variances
Price variance
(价格差异）
+
Usage variance （用量差异）
actual units*standard usage/unit* standard price/kg -actual units *actual usage/unit* actual price/kg
actual units* actual usage/unit* standard price/kg
-actual units *
actual usage/unit* actual price/kg
+
actual units* standard usagectual units *
actual usage/unit* standard price/kg
Actual output(units)
Should cost difference
Did cost
variance Favorable(F) Increase profit Adverse(A) Decrease profit
Direct materials cost variances
Total cost variance（直接材料总差异）
Direct labor cost variances
Total cost variance（直接人工总差异）
rate variance
(工资率差异）
efficiency variance + （人工效率差异）
actual units*standard hours/unit* standard rate/hour -actual units *actual hours/unit* actual rate/hour
Sales variances
volume variance
(能量差异）
price variance （售价差异）
(budgeted sales units
(budgeted selling price
-actual sales units )*
Standard profit
-actual selling price )*