专业英语翻译教案

浙江师范大学

外国语学院

课程大纲及教案

专业名称：英语专业

课程名称：《翻译》（1）

主导教材：毛荣贵《新世纪大学英汉翻译教程》所属课程组：翻译组

课程负责人：

适用年级：英语专业本科2003级200 5 —200 6 学年第一学期

翻译（1）（2）课程大纲

一、课程概况

课程名称：翻译

课程类别：专业基础课课程编号：030903081，030903082

学分：4 学时：68 开课学期：五、六

二、课程教学目标和要求

1、[教学目标]

通过本课程的教学，帮助学生有效提高翻译实践能力和理论认识，达到高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲对其翻译能力的基本要求，即：能运用翻译理论与技巧，将英美报刊上的文章以及文学原著译成汉语，或将我国报刊、杂志上的文章和一般文学作品译成英语，译文忠实、流畅，译速每小时250-300个英文单词汉字，使之可以胜任未来的中学英语教学以及其他涉及翻译能力的工作。

2、[课程要求]

本课程为系列专业基础课，由英译汉和汉译英组成，要求学生按顺序修读。为达到课程教学的目的，采用讲练结合的方式，布臵相当数量的课后作业要求学生按时按量完成，并积极参与课堂讨论。

三、教学内容与教学安排

1、[教学内容要点]

本课程教学以实践为主，理论为辅，重点是翻译技巧的介绍与练笔，翻译内容涉及各类文体、各个领域。课程安排按照讲练结合的原则展开，帮助学生有步骤有针对性地训练翻译的基本技能。通过大量的练习和讲评，强化学生对不同文本语体特点和翻译原则的认识，为其将来从事翻译工作或运用英语作为工作语言打下坚实的双语转换实践基础。

2、[教学安排]

本课程教学依据教学大纲，安排在本科三年级上、下两学期进行，共计68学时，其中36学时为英译汉，32学时为汉译英，每周2学时。教学计划允许授课教师在具体操作中有一定的灵活度，但至少应包含以下3部分的主题内容：

1)翻译概述（含翻译的标准、原则、过程、中外翻译简史及翻译名家的主要观点等）；

2)翻译技巧讲练（介绍主要的英汉互译技巧，结合学生的练笔进行讲评）；

3)多视角的翻译实践与研究（不同领域的翻译实践及其操作原则与技巧，如外来词

翻译、报刊标题及新闻翻译、旅游翻译、科技翻译、广告翻译、文化与翻译等；

在实践的基础上开始涉猎翻译的前沿理论，提高学生对翻译的理性认识，目的在

于训练其解决问题的探索能力，为其将来从事翻译实践或理论研究开辟一个窗

口）。

四、教材及主要参考资料

教材：

毛荣贵：《新世纪大学英汉翻译教程》，上海交通大学出版社2002年版

毛荣贵：《新世纪大学汉英翻译教程》，上海交通大学出版社2002年版

主要参考资料：

Newmark, P. A Textbook of Translation. Shanghai: SFLEP, 2001.

Nida, E. A. Language, Culture, and Translating. Shanghai: SFLEP, 1993.

Nida, E. A. Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating. Shanghai: SFLEP, 2001.

陈宏薇：《新实用汉译英教程》，湖北教育出版社2000年版

冯庆华：《实用翻译教程》(英汉互译) ，上海外语教育出版社2002年版

杨平：《名作精译—〈中国翻译〉英译汉选萃》，青岛出版社1998年版

张培基：《英汉翻译教程》，上海外语教育出版社1980年版

中国日报网站：《汉英最新特色词汇》，上海社会科学院出版社2002年版

《中国翻译》杂志。

五、作业与考核方式

作业：相关翻译练习

考核方式：课程考核以平时作业和期末闭卷考试相结合的方式，考核成绩由平时作业成绩（30%）和期末考试卷面成绩（70%）组成。

Teaching Plan for Translation (1)

◇Title of Lesson: A Brief Introduction to Translation Week 1

◇Time Needed：Two periods（40 minutes per period）

◇Teaching Objectives：

1．Help the students achieve a basic understanding of translation: its nature, classification, evaluation criteria, the role of translator, etc.

2．Briefly introduce to the students the development of translation in China.

◇Key Teaching Points：

1．The nature and evaluation criteria of translation.

2．The difficulties involved in translating process.

◇Difficult Teaching Points:

1．The nature of translation.

2．The evaluation criteria of translation.

3．The influence of language / cultural barriers on translation.

◇Teaching Contents:

I.Discussion:

●What is translation?

●What is a successful translation?

●What difficulties might occur in translating process?

A.What is translation?

1.Key words:

source language(SL) / receptor language / target language(TL); reproduce; message

/ information; equivalence / correspondence

2.Nature of translation (Eugene A. Nida):

Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural

equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly

in terms of style.

3.Classification of translation:

a.Oral interpretation / written translation

b.Human translation / machine translation

c.Literary / scientific / political / commercial translation

d.Domestication (naturalization) / foreignization (estrangement, alienation)

e.Literal translation / free translation

B.What is a successful translation?

1.严复：信、达、雅(faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance)

2.傅雷：以效果而论，翻译应当象临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似

3.钱钟书：诱、讹、化

4.Eugene A. Nida: natural / close; dynamic/functional equivalence

C.What difficulties might occur in translating process?

https://www.360docs.net/doc/001550641.html,nguage / Cultural Barriers

Translatability is lower when (1) the work to be translated is quite distant both in

time and space; (2) its form is very much unique; (3) the content is not shared in the

two cultures.

→Betrayal: Loss / Distortion

2.Example analysis:

a.东边日出西边雨，道是无晴．却有晴．。

b.纵一苇

．．之所如，凌万顷之茫然

c.The whole sky spangled gay twinkling stars, and the Milky Way is as distinct as

though it had been washed and rubbed with snow for holiday.

——整个天空点缀着繁星，快活地眨着眼。天河

．．那么清楚地显现出来，就

好像有人在过节以前用雪把它擦洗过似的

．．．．．．．．．。

d.He made you a highway to my bed;

But I, a maid, die maiden-widowed.

—Romeo and Juliet

译文1：他要借你做牵引相思的桥梁

可是我却要做一个独守空闺的怨女而死去。

译文2：他本要借你做捷径，登上我的床；

可怜我这处女，活守寡，到死是处女。

3.In the long run there is a tendency: translation itself can convert intranslatability

into translatability.

e.g. crocodile‘s tears; science / democracy

II.The Role of Translator:

The craft of translator is … deeply ambivalent; it is exercised in a radical tension between impulses to facsimile and impulses to appropriate recreation.

— George Steiner 译者的技艺是一个深刻的矛盾体。这种技艺是在两种冲动的极度张力之间形成的：一方面是依样画葫芦的冲动，另一方面又有适当再创作的冲动。

A.Metaphors for translator:

1. A courier of the human spirits （普希金）

2. A sculptor who tries to recreate a work of painting

3. A straitjacketed dancer

4. A musician / an actor

5.Traduttori-traditori (Translators are traitors.)

B.Responsibility of translator:

https://www.360docs.net/doc/001550641.html,petent linguistic ability & bicultural knowledge

2.Being as transparent as possible

3.Being a good negotiator

III.The Development of Translation in China:

翻译史上的三个高峰期：

1.汉至唐宋佛经的转译：支谦；鸠摩罗什；道安；玄奘

2.明清以后西欧科技文化的引进：徐光启；严复；林纾；（译才并世数严林－康

有为）

3.五四之后的现代阶段：郭沫若；鲁迅；瞿秋白；傅雷；钱钟书

IV.Homework:

《新世纪大学英汉翻译教程》（P. 46）

◇Title of Lesson: Contrast between English and Chinese (1) Week 2

◇Time Needed：Two periods（40 minutes per period）

◇Teaching Objectives：

1．Introduce to the students some basic differences between English and Chinese.

2．Briefly analyze the influence of these differences on translating.

◇Key Teaching Points：

The difference of language embodies the difference in thinking styles.

◇Difficult Teaching Points:

The embodiment of different syntactic features in translating process

◇Teaching Contents:

I.Thinking Style and Diction

A.Insubstantial（虚）vs. Substantial（实）

1.Embodiment

e.g. In this new year, we face momentous uncertainties: war (or wars), a weak

economy.

译：这新的一年里，我们面临着战争（乃至连续的

．．．

．．．战争）、经济低迷等一系列

重大的不确定因素

．．。

2.Visualization

e.g. utterly quiet鸦雀无声

e.g. In 1966 the North Korean team made it to the quarter finals.

译：1966年，北朝鲜队成功地踢进

．．了四分之一决赛。

B.Static（静）vs. Dynamic（动）

Examples:

1) Compare the following two sentences and decide which one is better:

a) The pop star appeared on the stage, which caused the audience to stand up and

applaud.

b) The pop star‘s presence on the stage brought the audience to their feet in

applause.

2) Translate the following sentence:

They are the employers of managers as much as they are the employs of workpeople.

译：他们不仅雇佣

．．经理。

．．工人也雇佣

II.Thinking Style and Syntax

A.Hypotaxis（从属结构）vs. Parataxis（并列结构）

e.g. It is a pity, however, that Dr. Thomas seems not to have learned the real lesson that

history offers us –namely, that the ―great breakthroughs‖ in any technology are

always preceded by a radical change in how we view ourselves, and how we

behave. （流水句）

译：在任何技术取得―重大突破‖之前，我们的行为和对自己的看法都会发生剧变

——这．便是历史给我们的教训。遗憾的是，托马斯大夫似乎并未真正理解这一

．．点．。（竹节句）

B.Impersonal vs. Personal

1.Inanimate noun (无灵名词) as subject

e.g. Doubts began to creep into people‘s minds about the likely success of the

project.

译：人们

．．渐渐对这项计划成功的可能性产生了怀疑。

2.Preparatory word: it

e.g. It hurts! (―it‖: unspecified word 虚义词) ——好疼！

e.g. It just struck me that I still owe you for the concert tickets.

译：我．忽然想起还欠你音乐会的门票钱。

3.Passive voice (hidden agent/doer)

e.g. It is generally believed that Hong Kong will continue to keep its prosperity and

stability after its return to China.

译：人们

．．普遍认为香港回归后会继续保持繁荣和稳定。

C.Subject-Prominent（主语句）vs. Topic-Prominent（主题句）

Examples:

1) We could only build one house with these materials.

译：这些材料

．．．．只够我们盖一栋房子。

2) I regard it as an honor that I am invited to your wedding.

译：被邀请参加您的婚礼

．．．．．．．．．，我感到很荣幸。

3) Bright colors and bold strokes characterize his early painting.

译：他早期绘画的特征

．．．．．．．．是色彩明亮、笔触大胆。

III.Homework

1.Now that you are in for it, you must carry on.

2.Cigarettes were the death of me.

3.If the man who was seen to take an umbrella from the City Church last Sunday evening

does not wish to get into trouble, he will return the umbrella to No. 10 Broad Street.

4.If you confer a benefit, never remember it; if you receive one, remember it always.

5.Her sighs made it clear that she was unhappy.

6.They had no running water where they lived. Nor did they have any conveniences of life

such as gas and electricity.

7.Theatre will be reinvented and become much freer and more imaginative.

8.Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may result in

serious disease if certain important elements are missing.

9.By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of

200 Belgian and French lives.

10.It should be noted that he and she were extremely close allies.

Reference versions:

1.你既然沾上了手，就得干下去。（形象化）

2.香烟断送了我的性命。（静－动）

3.上星期日傍晚，有人曾见某君在市教堂取走雨伞一把。取伞者如不愿卷入纠纷，还

是将伞送至布劳德街10号为妙。（流水句－竹节句）

4.施恩勿记，受恩勿忘。（省略连接词）

5.她唉声叹气，这说明她不快乐。（物称－人称）

6.他们住的地方没有自来水，也没有煤气和电这类生活上的便利设施。（主语－主题）

7.戏剧将脱胎换骨，变得更自由、更富想象力。（被动－主动：受事者＋动词）

8.如今人们知道，如果食物中缺少了某些重要的成分，即使其中不含有任何有害的物

质，也会引起严重的疾病。（被动句－泛称句）

9.大战结束时，这个组织拯救了800人，但那是以200多比利时人和法国人的生命为

代价的。（施事者直接作主语）

10.应当指出，他和她是极为密切的盟友。（被动句－无主句）

◇Title of Lesson: Contrast between English and Chinese (2) Week 3

◇Time Needed：Two periods（40 minutes per period）

◇Teaching Objectives：

1．Introduce to the students some basic differences between English and Chinese.

2．Briefly analyze the influence of these differences on translating.

◇Key Teaching Points：

1．Lexical differences;

2．Syntactic differences.

◇Difficult Teaching Points:

The embodiment of different syntactic features in translating process

◇Teaching Contents:

https://www.360docs.net/doc/001550641.html,ment on the homework

II.Lexical Differences

A.Word meaning

1.Exact equivalent

e.g. the Pacific Ocean; palace (**compare with dragon)

2.No equivalent

e.g. mascon, cosplay →a tendency of translatability (e.g. bar, disco)

3.Partial equivalent

a.Polysemy（一词多义）

e.g. aunt, bird, drink, homely

e.g. to cut wheat / cake / finger-nails

e.g. to have dinner

to have a beard

to have very little Spanish

to have doubts about their loyalty

to have a letter from my cousin

to have a difficult time

b.Homonymy（同形/ 同音异义）

e.g. can; lead; bill; reed / read

c.Fixed expressions

e.g. ready money / pocket money / easy money / hard money

e.g. It‘s six of one and half a dozen of the other.

B.Word order

1.Attributive modifiers

Examples:

1) something important 重要

．．的事

2) the ancient Chinese poet中国古代

．．．．诗人

3) a little, yellow, ragged, lame, unshaven beggar一个身材瘦小

．．．

．．．．的叫化子，面黄肌

瘦，衣衫褴褛，胡子拉渣的，还瘸着腿

．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．

4) a candidate with little chance of success 一个当选希望极微

．．．．．．的候选人

2.Adverbial modifiers

Examples:

1) to develop rapidly迅速发展；extremely fast快极了/ 极快

2) With a bag of books we walked across the garden in the gray light of the dawn.

我们提着一袋书

．．．．穿过了花园。

．．．．．，在晨曦中

3) He was quick to use self-deprecating humor to throw anyone off the scent.

为了迷惑别人

．．．．．．，他机灵地说些自我挖苦的笑话。

4) He was born in Rome on May 27, 1980.

他是1980

．．。

．．．．年．5．月．27．．日．出生于罗马

．．．．年．5．月．27．．日在罗马

．．．．出生的。/ 他于1980

III.Syntactic Differences

A.Transformation of sentence structure

1.Simple Sentence →Complex Sentence

e.g. His superior grades at high school enabled him to enroll at the tuition-free

College of the City of New York.

由于在中学成绩优异，他进入了免费的纽约市立大学。

https://www.360docs.net/doc/001550641.html,plex Sentence →Simple Sentence

e.g. That he will come to the discussion is certain. 他肯定会来参加讨论的。

e.g. He doesn‘t know what life means to him. 他不知道人生的意义。

https://www.360docs.net/doc/001550641.html,plex Sentence →Complex Sentence

e.g. Our men had gone quite a distance off before the enemy reinforcement troops

came up. 我们的队伍已经走得很远了，敌人的增援部队才赶上来。

e.g. This place is really beautiful, and many people bring their wives and families

out here to live. 这地方实在漂亮，（所以）许多人都带着家小搬来居住。

4.Inverted Order →Natural Order

e.g. Little did I then know the meaning of war and what it was in reality.

当时我确实还不太懂得战争的意义以及战争实际上是怎么回事。

5.Passive V oice →Active Voice

e.g. He is respected by everybody. 人人都尊敬他。

e.g. I was told not to trust what I read in the newspaper. 有人告诉我不要相信报

纸上读到的消息。

B.Sentence order

1.Time order

e.g. He had flown in just the day before from Georgia where he had spent his

vacation basking in the Caucasian sun after the completion of the construction

job he had been engaged in in the South.

译：他本来在南部从事一项建筑工程；任务完成之后，他就上格鲁吉亚去度假，享受高加索的阳光，昨天才坐飞机回来。

2.Logic order

a.Cause-result order

e.g. He had to stay at home yesterday owing to the bad weather.

b.Condition –result order

e.g. She will play the piano only if she is paid. 只有付给她报酬，她才愿意演

奏钢琴。

IV.Homework

A.Presentation task:

PK台

–Please find the full word of PK and its original meaning. Any related information would also be appreciated.

–Make a PPT document to present what you have learned about PK stage, which should not be longer then 5 minutes.

–At the end of the PPT, put in the source of your knowledge and the names of all your group members also.

B.Translate the following paragraph:

It seemed a point scored for her side when Joanne, panicked that her father-in-law would bungle the turnoff for the Pulaski Skyway, shattered the tip of her cigarette against the back of the seat and a live ash fell on the baby‘s belly. It went unnoticed for a second until Corinne screamed; then they all saw it, a little flea of fire glowing beside the perfect navel. Joanne jumped, and squealed with guilt, and flapped her hands and stamped her feet and hugged the baby against her, but the evidence could not be destroyed; a brown dot of char on the globe of immaculate skin. Corinne continued her screams, splicing them with shrill hard gasps of intake, while everyone rummaged through purses and pockets for Vaseline, butter, toothpaste – anything for an urgent. Mother had a tiny bottle of toilet water given her in a department store; Joanne dabbed some of this on, and in time Corinne, shaken by more and more widely spaced spasms of sobbing, mercifully dragged her injury with her into the burrow of sleep.

Reference version:

琼恩正以为自己领先了一分呢，忽然间她的公公在拐弯驶向普拉斯基公路时差一点要出车祸；她一惊之下，手里的烟头碰上车座靠背，发烫的烟灰（燃着的烟灰）落在了婴儿的肚子上。起初的一瞬间谁也没有注意，等到科琳大声哭了起来，大家这才看见有跳蚤那么大的一颗火星儿在那十全十美的肚脐边上闪着亮。琼恩弹（蹦）了起来，满怀罪恶感地尖叫着，又是拍手又是跺脚，把孩子紧紧搂在怀里。然而罪证是无法销毁的了，在白璧无瑕的滚圆的肚皮上，烫出了一粒棕色的圆点。科琳哭得死去活来，不时凄厉地倒抽一口气。这时大家翻钱包，摸衣兜，找凡士林，黄油，牙膏——总之，能当药膏用的就行。母亲拿出一小瓶花露水，是一家百货公司的赠品；琼恩把它轻轻地抹在孩子的伤处上。渐渐地，科琳抽噎的间歇拉长了，又过了一阵，她总算饶了他们，带着伤进入了梦乡。

◇Title of Lesson: Transfer of Word Meaning Week 4

◇Time Needed：Two periods（40 minutes per period）

◇Teaching Objectives：

Acquaint the students with a general idea about how to transfer the wording meaning properly. ◇Key Teaching Points：

1．Choice of word meaning.

2．Commendatory sense and derogatory sense

3．Amplification of word meaning

◇Difficult Teaching Points:

1．Commendatory sense and derogatory sense

2．Amplification of word meaning

◇Teaching Contents:

I.Representation

https://www.360docs.net/doc/001550641.html,ment on the homework

III.Choice of Wording Meanings（词义的选择）

A.Context:

The meaning and/or the word class of a polyseme can only be decided in certain context. For example:

1.cover:

a.They laid him on a stretcher and covered him with a blanket.

b.The bandages were covered in blood.

c.We covered 400km in three hours.

d.Do these parking restrictions cover residents as well as visitors?

e.The new office will cover the whole of Scotland.

f.She‘s covering the American election for BBC television.

g.I‘m going to the doctor‘s tomorrow so do you think you could cover my shift

for me?

h.Will ￡50 cover your expense?

i.Does your travel insurance cover you against the loss or theft of cash?

j.I think more singers have covered―Yesterday‖ than any other song.

k.We‘ve got all the exits covered, so they‘ve got no chance of escape.

Reference Version:

a.他们把他放上担架，给他盖上

．．毯子。

b.绷带上浸透

．．了血。

c.三个小时我们赶．了400公里路．。

d.这些停车限制对本地住户和外来人员同样适用

．．吗？

e.新的办事处业务遍及

．．．．全苏格兰。

f.她在为英国广播公司的电视台报道

．．美国大选。

g.明天我要去看医生，你能替我代班

．．吗？

h.50英镑够．你花了吗？

i.你的旅行保险金能补偿

．．你的现金丢失或失窃吗？

j.我想和其他他歌相比，?Yesterday?被更多的歌手翻唱

．．过。

k.我们封锁

．．了所有的出口，使他们插翅难逃。

2.back:

a.She put the saddle on the horse‘s back.

b.She backed the car out of the narrow road.

c.Will you back me against the others?

d.The organization is backed by the U.N.

e.Our cat has broken one of her back legs.

f.When you have done with these magazines, remember to put them back.

Reference Version:

a.她把马鞍放在马背．上。

b.她把车子倒．出窄路。

c.你会支持

．．我反对其他人吗？

d.该组织由联合国资助

．．。

e.我们的猫断了一条后．腿。

f.你读完杂志后记得放回原处

．．．。

B.Collocation:

Sometimes different Chinese Words should be employed to transfer the same English word in order to form proper collocation.

e.g. exercise:

exercise options（行使

．．垄断）；

．．选择权）；exercise monopoly（实施

exercise judgment（作出

．．民主）；

．．判断）；exercise democracy（实行

exercise responsibility（履行

．．影响）

．．责任）；exercise influence（施加

C.Word Form:

In many cases, different word forms (such as tense, plural form, etc.) lead to great difference in word meaning. For example:

1) The roofs of this pagoda are constructed of colored glazed tiles of yellows and greens.

这座宝塔的塔顶是用深浅不同的黄色和绿色

．．．．．．．．．．的琉璃瓦盖成的。

2) She rejected his advances during the trip to Cannes.

在去戛纳的旅程中她拒绝了他的求爱

．．。

https://www.360docs.net/doc/001550641.html,mendatory Sense or Derogatory Sense（词义的褒贬）

A.The word itself has commendatory sense or derogatory sense.

For instance:

1.He was a man of high renown. 他是位有名望

．．的人。

2.His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death.

他作为流氓/放荡的恶名

．．是他死后才传开来的。

3.The tasks carried out by them are praiseworthy.

他们进行的事业是值得赞扬

．．．．的。

4.Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President.

亨利总是吹嘘

．．说他曾同总统谈过话。

B.The word itself is neutral but show commendatory or derogatory sense in certain

context.

For example:

1.Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it.

凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙

．．．．。

2.He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation. I believe

the reputation was not deserved.

他是个诚实正直的人，但却不幸有某种坏名声

．．．。

．．．。我相信他不该有这个坏名声

C.The word itself has both commendatory sense AND derogatory sense.

译者在确定词义时必须把握措辞分寸，准确地传达其情感色彩。

For example:

1.He is an aggressive salesman. 他是个很有进取心

．．的销售员。

．．．．/干劲

2.Aggressive photographers followed the princess everywhere and flooded the media

with photos of her private life.

无孔不入

．．．．的摄影师们到处跟踪王妃，使得媒体上充斥着有关她私生活的照片。

3.Hitler carried out an aggressive policy after he seized power.

希特勒摄取政权之后，推行了侵略

．．政策。

V.Amplification of Word Meaning（词义的引申）

A.虚实引申

1.具体化引申

英语中也用代表抽象概念或属性的词表示具体事物，译成汉语时一般作具体化引申（concretion) 。

e.g. During the meeting, the Chinese Premier met respectively with his German,

British and Japanese counterparts.

会议期间，中国总理

．．和日本国内阁总理大

．．．．．

．．、英国首相

．．分别会晤了德国总理

臣．。

2.抽象化引申

英语中，特别是现代英语中，常用一个表示具体形象的词来表示一种属性、一个事物或一种概念。翻译这类词时，一般将词义加以抽象化引申（abstraction)，

使译文流畅、自然。

e.g. There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in his character.

他的性格既凶暴

．．。

．．又狡猾

B.术语移用

e.g. Ulysses Grant once explained his military success by writing, ―The fact is I think I

am a verb, instead of a personal pronoun.‖

尤利西斯格兰特将军曾对自己的军事成就作了如下评价：―事实上，我认为自

己是个动词

．．．．（从属而被动

．．．．．）。‖

．．．．．．．）；而不是个人称代词

．．（独立而富于行动

e.g. U.S. influence and prestige nosedived in Africa

美国在非洲的影响和声望急剧下降

．．．．。

C.逻辑引申

e.g. Really, though, the books were about money – who has it, where to hide it, what a

suit of clothing costs, how long you can keep the butcher waiting.

实际上，这些书与金钱息息相关——谁得到了它，把它藏到哪儿，一身衣服要多

．．．．．．

少钱，你能在肉贩那儿赊多久的帐

．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．。

VI.Homework

Find the different meaning of the single form and plural form of the following words:

art 美术，艺术；技术

arts 人文科学，文科

chain 链条；连锁店

chains 枷锁，镣铐

charity 救济金；施舍物；宽大

charities 慈善机构

cord （细）绳

cords 灯心绒裤

damage 损害

damages 损害赔偿费

expectation 期待，预期

expectations 前程，成功的前景

horizon 地平线

horizons 眼界，见识

liability 责任；不利条件

liabilities 负债，债务

peanut 花生

peanuts 很少的钱

possibility 可能性

possibilities 发展前途；潜在价值

proceed 前进，着手

proceeds （货款）收益，收入

refreshment 精神爽快

refreshments 茶点，点心

sanction 批准，认可

sanctions 国际制裁

◇Title of Lesson: Converting Week 5

◇Time Needed：Two periods（40 minutes per period）

◇Teaching Objectives：

Introduce to the students one of the translating methods: converting.

◇Key Teaching Points：

1．Converting into verbs

2．Converting into nouns

3．Converting into adjectives

4．Converting into adverbs

◇Difficult Teaching Points:

1．Converting into verbs

2．Converting into nouns

◇Teaching Contents:

Owing to the different thinking styles and language habits of English and Chinese, some parts of speech have to be converted into others during translating to convey the proper meaning of the original. Mainly there are four ways of such converting:

I.Converting into Verbs

A.Nouns Converted into Verbs

1.Nouns derived from verbs（动词派生的名词）

e.g. The 1967 UN document called for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on

the Israeli withdrawal from West Bank and Gaza Strip.

1967年联合国文件要求以色列从约旦河西岸和加沙地带撤军

．．中东冲

．．以解决

突。

2.Nouns containing verbal sense（含有动作意思的名词）

e.g. A look at his photos reminded me of our school days.

看到

．．他的照片使我想起了我们的学生时代。

3.Nouns with suffix ―–er‖do not always stand for people‘s identity or profession;

sometimes they embody a verbal sense instead. These nouns are often converted

into verbs during translating, especially when they do not have Chinese equivalents.

（一些加后缀-er的名词有时并不指其身份或职业，而是含有较强的动作意味。

在汉语中没有对应的名词时，往往译为动词。）

e.g. He is a very good story-teller. 他极善于讲故事

．．．。

e.g. Some of you in your class are good singers.

你们班上有些人歌唱．得很好。

4.Nouns as the principle part of a fixed expression（作为习语主体的名词）e.g. Shall

we have a rest? 我们休息

．．一下，好吗？

e.g. He made no mention of his resignation. 他没提到他辞职

．．的事。

B.Prepositions Converted into Verbs

e.g. Did you see the boy in blue? 你看到那个穿．蓝衣服的男孩了吗？

e.g. Drug taking is against the law. 吸毒是违．法的。

C.Adjectives Converted into V erbs

英语中表示知觉、情感、欲望等心理状态的形容词，在联系动词后做表语时，往往转译成动词。例如：able, afraid, angry , anxious, ashamed, aware, careful, cautious,

certain, concerned, confident, delighted, doubtful , ignorant, glad, grateful, sorry,

sure ,thankful, etc.

e.g. The doctors said that they are not sure whether they can save his life.

医生说他们不敢肯定

．．能否挽救他的生命。

e.g. I have to be cautious. 我必须小心谨慎

．．．．才是。

D.Adverbs Converted into Verbs

e.g. With only one day off in a week, working people barely had enough time to arrange

the household.

一周只休息

．．一天（一周只有一天休息），上班族几乎没有足够的时间安排家务。II.Converting into Nouns

A.Verbs Converted into Nouns

1.Verbs transformed from nouns（名词转化的动词）

e.g. The design aims at automatic operation, easy regulation, simple maintenance

and high productivity.

设计的目的

．．在于自动操作、调节方便、维护简易、生产率高。

e.g. To them, he personified the absolute power.

在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身

．．。

2.Passive voice（英语被动句式常可译为受到/遭到/予以/加以＋名词的形式）

e.g. The invasion of another independent country must be stopped.

侵犯另一个独立国家的行为必须予以制止

．．．．。

B.Adjectives Converted into Nouns

e.g. Crying is considered to be characteristic of woman.

人们认为爱哭是女人的特点

．．。

e.g. In this fission fragments are very radioactive.

在裂变过程中，裂变碎片具有强烈的放射性

．．．。

**此外，the + adj.往往表示一类人，通常也汉译为名词。

e.g. Do not look down upon the poor. 不要看不起穷人

．．。

C.Adverbs Converted into Nouns

e.g. Nowadays many people in the society are materially rich but spiritually poor. 当今

社会中，有许多人物质

．．空虚。

．．富有却精神

D.Pronouns Converted into Nouns

e.g. Radio waves are similar to light waves except that their wavelength is much greater.

无线电波与光波相似，但无线电波

．．．．的波长要长得多。

III.Converting into Adjectives

A.Nouns Converted into Adjectives (a/an + n.)

e.g. Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.

独立思考对学习是绝对必需

．．．．．。

．．/ 必不可少的

B.Adverbs Converted into Adjectives

e.g. This film impressed him deeply. 这部电影给他留下了深刻的

．．．印象。

IV.Converting into Adverbs

A.Adjectives Converted into Adverbs:

e.g. Only when we study their properties can we make better use of these materials. 只

有研究这些材料的特点才能更好地

．．．利用它们。

e.g. A helicopter is free to go almost anywhere.

直升机几乎可以自由地

．．．飞到任何地方。

B.Nouns Converted into Adverbs

e.g. I have the honor to inform you that your request is granted.

我荣幸地

．．．通知你，你的请求已得到批准。

V.Classroom Exercises

1.Meanwhile, half-starved and often ill, Crane continued to write.

2.The language of the poem is colloquial, yet it's deep in its understanding of human

emotions.

3.Independent observers have commented favorably on the achievements you have made

in this direction.

4.Traditionally, there had always been good relations between them.

5.No wonder the sight of it should send the memories of quite a number of people of the

old generation back 36 years ago.

6.It is impossible to live in society and be independent of society.

7.The lecture was called Thieves, and was a demonstration that the proprietor of an

unearned income inflicted on the community exactly the same injury as a burglar does.

8.The young scholar worked long hours, on meager food, in cold hut, by dim lamp.

9.She skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda and into the

porch.

10.Most U.S. spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth‘s atmosphere after

completing their missions.

Reference Version:

1.在此期间，克兰处于半饥饿状态，而且常常生病，但他仍坚持写作。（a.→n.; a.→v.）

2.诗的语言虽很通俗，但对人的感情的揭示/理解却有深度。（a.→n.）

3.有独立见解的观察家们对你们在这方面取得的成就给予了积极的评价。(v.+adv. →

v.+a.+n.)

4.他们之间一直保持着传统的友好关系。（adv.→a.）

5.难怪老一辈的人见了这个就会想起36年前的往事。（n.→v.）

6.生于社会，就不可能脱离社会。（a.→v.）

7.演讲的题目是?贼?，表明了一个攥取不义之财的人对公众造成的危害和盗贼是完全

一样的。（n.→v.）

8.年轻的学者吃着简单的饭食，住在寒冷的茅屋，靠着昏暗的灯光，长时间地工作着。

(prep.→v.)

9.她轻盈地越过草地，跑上小道，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，走进了门廊。(prep.→v.)

10.大多数美国卫星完成使命后，按其设计在大气层中焚毁。（v.→n.）

VI.Homework

Versatile Man

It is, perhaps, no accident that many of the outstanding figures of the past were exceptionally versatile men. Right up until comparatively recent times, it was possible for an intelligent person to acquaint himself with almost every branch of knowledge. Thus, men of genius like Leonardo da Vinci or Sir Philip Sidney engaged in many careers at once as a matter of course. Da Vinci was so busy with his numerous inventions that he barely found the time to complete his paintings; Sidney, who died in battle when he was only thirty-two years old, was not only a great soldier, but a brilliant scholar and poet as well. Both these men came very near to fulfilling the Renaissance ideal of the ―universal man‖, the man who was proficient at everything.

Today, we rarely, if ever, hear that a musician has just invented a new type of submarine. Knowledge has become divided and sub-divided into countless, narrowly-defined compartments. The specialist is venerated; the versatile person, far from being admired, is more often regarded with suspicion. The modern world is a world of highly-skilled ―experts‖ who have had to devote the greater part of their lives to a very limited field of study in order to compete with their fellows.

With this high degree of specialization, the frontiers of knowledge are steadily being pushed back more rapidly than ever before. But this has not been achieved without considerable cost. The scientist, who outside his own particular subject is little more than a moron, is a modern phenomenon, as is the man of letters who is barely aware of the tremendous strides that have been made in technology. Similarly, specialization has indirectly affected quite ordinary people in every walk of life. Many activities which were once pursued for their own sakes, are often given up in despair: they require techniques, the experts tell us, which take a life-time to master. Why learn to play the piano, when you can listen to the world‘s greatest pianists in your own drawing-room? Little by little, we are becoming more and more isolated from each other. It is almost impossible to talk to your neighbor about his job, even if he is engaged in roughly the same work as you are. The Royal Society in Britain includes among its members only the most eminent scientists in the country. Yet it is highly disconcerting to find that even here, as one of its Fellows put it, at a lecture only 10% of the members can understand 50% of what is being said!

Reference version:

多才多艺的人

过去有许多杰出人物都异乎寻常地多才多艺，这也许并不是偶然的。就在距今不远的时代，一个聪明人仍有可能熟悉几乎每一个门类的知识。因此，对于列奥纳多〃达〃芬奇和菲利普〃西德尼爵士这样的天才来说，同时致力于好几种事业也是顺理成章的事。达〃芬奇忙于众多的发明，几乎抽不出时间来完成他的画作；三十二岁就战死在沙场的西德尼不仅是一名勇敢的战士，也是才华横溢的学者和诗人。他们很接近文艺复兴时期对理想人物的要求——?全才?，即精通一切的人。