自然地理学英文【精品】
地理专业英语词汇
rejuvenation
相关沉积
地壳均衡
新构造运动
构造地貌学
丹霞地貌
构造高原
构造阶地
单面山
方山
猪背脊
线形现象
断层崖
断层线崖
断层三角面
correlated sediments
isostasy
neotectonic movement
structural geomorphology, tectonic geomorphology
slope
坡度
基岩
地貌过程
侵蚀[作用]
雨滴侵蚀
剥蚀[作用]
刻蚀
溶蚀
冲刷
片蚀
溯源侵蚀
下切侵蚀
侧[向侵]
slope, gradient
bedrock
geomorphological process
erosion
raindrop erosion
denudation
corrasion
corrosion
wash, erosion
normal landform
inverted landform
inversion of landform
erosional landform
planation surface
peneplain
denudation suface
erosion surface
pediment
pediplain
summit plane
“Danxia” landform
structural plateau
structural terrace
cuesta(西）
自然地理学【英文精品】
The Science of Spatial and Descriptive Analysis
Spatial Analysis
• Space
– Different than raw numbers, statistics – Distribution, distance, density, area, autocorrelation, topography, topology, and more. – Theories and techniques for Spatial Analysis have been present for centuries, but only lately have they been available (computers, GIS, remote sensing). – Output/Results: MAPS
Introducing Geography
Geography can be subdivided into human geography and physical geography human geography examines economic, social and behavioral processes physical geography examines natural processes, and is generally composed of biogeography, climatology and geomorphology.
Graphic vs. Visual/Map Display
Text/Graphic vs. Visual/Map Display
Place
• Not well defined
自然地理专业英语自然地理英语（一）
自然地理专业英语自然地理英语(一)Lesson OneNEW WORDS1.sleet n.冻雨，雨夹雪11. particle n.粒子,微粒20.instead ad.代替,替换30.toss vt.,vi.抛,扔,颠簸2. depend vi.依赖,取决于12. nucleus n.核,原子核21.snowflake n.雪片31.acquire vt.取得,获得3. hail n.雹13.dew n.露水22.shape n.形状32.hailstone n.冰雹4. form vt.,vi.形成14.crystal n.晶体23. flake n.薄片33.stick vi.粘住5. low a.低的15.condensation n.冷凝,24.hexagonal a.六角形的34.theory n.理论6. temperature n.温度凝结25.lens n.透镜35.explain vt.说明,解释,7. molecule n.分子16. rapid a.快的26.strike vt.,vi.打击击中,撞阐明8. cling vi.粘着17.moisture n.湿气,水分27.thunderstorm n.雷雨9. droplet n.小水滴18. freeze vi.结冰28.swift a.迅速的10. dust n.灰尘19.raindrop n.雨点29.current n.气流,潮流PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONSThe more the more越… T ake place发生Well below 远远低于 A mass of 一块越… As soon as 一… 就… T ake on 呈现Start out 出发,着手进行So that 如此… 以致… High above 大大高于 A bit of 一点layer of 一层TEXTRAIN, SNOW, SLEET, AND HAILThe forming of rain in a cloud depends upon temperature. The lower the temperature, the more the molecules of water vapor in the cloud cling together. Then they form droplets of water. Usually droplets form around dust or other particles in the air when the dew point is reached. If ice crystals are in the cloud, even more droplets may form.In clouds, condensation may be so rapid that millions ofdroplets of water are formed. As these droplets collect more molecules and therefore become heavier, their weight makes them fall to the earth. If the temperature of the air is above freezing the drops will fall as rain.When the air high above the earth is well below freezing, the moisture in the air does not form raindrops. Instead, it forms snow. Snowflakes take on many interesting shapes. They seem to be formed around a center. Snow is made up of millions of these flakes, each a bit of water vapor that in freezing temperatures was changed into a flake of snow. Snowflakes are really crystals; they are water molecules grouped in a hexagonal pattern. It is interesting to study snowflake crystals under a hand lens.Sometimes droplets of water start out as rain and change into another form on their way to the earth. The raindrops may start downward through a layer of warm air and then strike a mass of cold air, where each raindrop freezes. These frozen raindrops fall to the earth as sleet; skeet us frozen rain.Sometimes still another change may take place in drops of rain. During a thunderstorm, swift upward currents of air usually carry raindrops with them. As the air grows colder,these raindrops may form little balls of ice. In a mass of warm air, they may get a coating of moisture, which freezes as soon as they are tossed up again into a colder mass of air. Up and down they are carried, acquiring more and more layers of ice. This goes on until the balls of ice become heavy enough to fall to the earth as hailstones. If you cut a hailstone in two, you can see the layers of ice.Some scientists think that hailstones are formed in a different way. A hailstone nucleus, a tiny droplet of water that is frozen, may form high in the atmosphere. As it falls through a cloud, it meets cold water droplets and snowflakes which stick to this nucleus. The hailstone may meet many of these droplets and snowflakes before it falls from the cloud to the earth. As the droplets of water stick to the hailstone, they add a clear layer of ice. As snowflakes stick to it, they form a cloudy layer. This theory explains why clear and cloudy layers are found inside the hailstone when it is cut open.Lesson TwoNEW WORDS1.mineral n.矿物2.property n.性质,特性3.naked a.裸露的 4.detail n.详情5.reveal vt.暴露19.precise a.精确的32.division n.分类,划分许多多6.magnify vt.放大20.garnet n.柘榴石33.divide vt. (into)划分,43.simplification n.简单化,7.magnification n.放大率position n.构成组成把…分成为… 单一化8.hang vt.,vi.悬挂,吊22.variety n.多种,异种种类34.igneous a.火成的44.rare a.稀少的,少见的9.particularly ad.特别,格外23.range n.范围,领域35.sedimentary a.沉淀的,45.unusual a.不平常的,少10.distinguish vt.区别,辨24.proportion n.比例沉积的见的认,把…区别分类25.hence ad.因此36.metamorphic a.变形的,46.subspecies n.亚种11.define vt.规定,下定义26.immense a.无限的, 变质的47.recognize vt.承认,认出12.unique a.唯一的,独特的广大的37.kingdom n.领域王国,界48.sophisticate n.世故的人13.grain n.颗粒27.bewilder vt.使为难,使38.distinctivea.特殊的,49.glean vt.苦心搜集,选14.quartz n.石英手足无措有特色的集15.quality n.质量28.array n.排列39.earmark n.记号50.explanation n.解释plex a.复杂的,复29.classify vt.分类40.remarkable a.值得注51.professional a.职业的,合的30.sort vt. (out)分类,划分意的,显著的本职的17.mixture n.混合物31.major a.较重要的,主41.accurate a.精确的52.petrologist n.岩石学家18.vary vi.变化,不同要的42.dozen n.一打,若干,许53.mineralogy n.矿物学PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS For example例如(to)make order 整理on the one hand…on the other hand…Because of 由于,因为despite of 不管,任凭一方面…另一方面…Regardless of不管,不顾even if 即使(to) be faced with …面对着…,面临either…or… 或…或…TEXTROCKS ARE MADE UP OF MINERALSMost of a rock‟s properties are easily seen with the naked eye, though the details are better revealed with a low-power magnifying glass (magnification of 5 ×to 10×) —the hand lens that field geologists usually have hanging around their necks. From the characteristics show, particularly thephysical and chemical properties we can distinguish several thousand minerals, each defined by its unique set of properties. Thus all grains or crystals of quartz have just about the same qualities, regardless of the kind of rock in which they are found. Some minerals, particularly those that have a more complex mixture of atoms, vary slightly in their properties, depending on their precise composition. A mineral like garnet, for example, has a number of varieties, each with its own range of composition, such as the proportions of iron and other elements, and hence, properties.Rocks are not as uniquely defined by their properties as minerals are. Because of the immense number of ways in which the thousands of minerals can be combined, the geologist is faced with a bewildering array of rock types. The only way for us to make order out of this array is to classify like with like and to sort out by general type. The major division of rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic is just such an aid. Within each major division there are many groups and types. Using characteristic properties, we can divide the rock kingdom into several hundred general types, each with its own more or lessdistinctive earmarks.Despite all of these numbers, it is remarkable how much can be done even if only a small number of the most common minerals and rocks are known. In most parts of the world a field geologist can make an accurate geologic map by knowing only a few dozen major minerals and even fewer common rock types. This simplification is possible because most of the thousands of known minerals are either rare or unusual on the one hand or subspecies or varieties on the other. Thus the geologist who can recognize garnet will do well, even though a mineral sophisticate who can distinguish the many varieties of garnet by their slightly different chemical compositions might do better. Naturally, the more we can distinguish, the more the information gleaned, and the greater the power of our theories of explanation. Than is why professional petrologists have to know a great deal about mineralogy.Lesson ThreeNEW WORDS1.volcanism n.火山活动(作用) 18. extrude vt.挤出,使喷出28. froth vt.,vi.,n.(使)起2.crust n.地壳11. fluid n.流体,液体19. eruption n.喷发,爆发泡沫,泡沫3.fracture vi.破碎,断裂12.escape vi.,vt.逃走,漏出,20. occur vi.发生,出现29. burst vt.,vi.破裂,爆发,4.molten a.熔化的逸出,避免21. magma n.岩浆喷出5.extend vi.延伸,延展13. crack n.裂隙22. dissolve vt.,vi.溶解30. bubble n.泡,泡沫6.interior n.,a.内部的14.volcanologist n.火山23. fissure n.裂缝31. vent n.喷口7.volcano n.火山学家24. atmospheric a.大气32. cone n.圆锥形(物)8.behavior n.行为,举止,15. refer vt.,vi将…归入,25. explosively ad.爆炸33.glow vi.燃烧,放光情况认为…属于,提到(爆发)性的34. column n.圆柱9.volcanology n.火山学16.extrusive a.,n.喷出的26. chill vt.使冷却10. crystallization n.结晶17. toothpaste n.牙膏27. atmosphere n.大气PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS(to) be charged with …充满着at all 完全,根本(常用在否定句中)less and less 越来越少in much the same way以大体相同的方式TEXTVOLCANISMWhen the earth‟s crust fractures, molten matter may flow from the break if it extends deep enough into the interior of the earth.A volcano may form. Earth scientists have studied the behavior and composition of molten rock materials and the forms that are produced . This branch of earth science is called volcanology.Some igneous rocks are formed by crystallization of fluid matter that has escaped through deep cracks in the earth‟s crust. Volcanologists refer to these rocks as extrusive rocks, or extrusives. If a tube of toothpaste has a crack in it and you press on the tube, some of the paste is pushed out. That is, the paste has been extruded. Volcanic eruptions occur in much the same way. The magma within the earth may be heavily charged with gases and steam. These are under such great pressure that they are dissolved in the magma. If a fissure develops in a region where the magma is heavily charged with steam and other dissolved gases, the fluid magma rises through the fissure. As it rises, the pressure onit becomes less and less. The gases and steam expand, producing a force that helps to move the molten materials to the surface of the earth.When they reach the surface of the earth, the only pressure against them is atmospheric pressure—14.7 pounds per square inch. The steam and gases now expand suddenly and explosively , producing additional great force. The molten materials, laden with rapidly expanding gas and steam, may be thrown high into the air in a wild and noisy eruption.In this kind of an eruption, the molten materials are quickly chilled by the much cooler atmosphere. They fall back to the earth as solid fragments of extrusive igneous rocks. During an explosive eruption the molten fluids may be so heavily charged with gas and steam that they froth. Bursting of the bubbles in the molten froth produces billions of tiny fragments of mineral matter, which were once part of the bubble walls. These tiny fragments may be carried upward into the atmosphere by the explosive force of the eruption. These they form great clouds of volcanic dust. Slightly larger fragments of the froth may fall back around the vent, or opening, in the crust to make a cone-shaped pileof volcanic ash.The light produced during volcanic activity is the result of the glowing of gases and molten fluids. The “smoke” of a volcano is not smoke at all, but the column of volcanic dust, steam, and other gases that are given off fro m the molten fluid.Lesson FourNEW WORDS1.deposit n.矿床,沉积用的,有开采价值的8.average a.平均的,普通的12.segregate vt.分开,凝离2.globe n.地球,天体 5.distribute vt.分配,分布9.abundance n.丰富13.occurrence n发生,出3.readily ad.容易地6.portion n.一部分10.homogenize vt.使均匀现,(矿物的)埋藏4.available a.有用的,可利7.amount n.总数,量11.segregation n.分开,凝离14.ore n.矿物15.sulfide n.硫化物24.enormous a.巨大的,庞30.concentrate vt.集中集合37.hydrothermal a.热水的, 16.dominant a.主要的大的31.relate vt.使有关系热水作用的17.oxide n.氧化物25.sufficiently ad.充分的,32.affinityn.亲缘关系,38.Miami n.迈阿密(美国18.silicate n.硅酸盐足够的亲和力佛罗里达州一城市,是著名19.aluminum n.铝26.worthwhile a.值得做33.increase vi.增加的休养地)20.magnesium n.镁的,有价值的34.decrease vi.减少21.conceivably ad.想象上,27.valuable a.价值大的，35.solubility n.可溶性,溶想得到的有价值的解度22. platinum n.白金,铂28.ratio n.比率,比例36.solution n.分解,溶解,23. mercury n.汞,水银29.copper n.铜溶液PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS In terms of … 在…方面In addition 此外(to) be used as … 用作TEXTWHAT IS A MINERAL DEPOSIT?The chemical elements of the earth‟s crust — the portion of the globe that is readily available to us for mining — are widely distributed in many different kinds of minerals, and those minerals are found in a great veriety of rocks. In most places, a particular element will be found in amounts that tend to be close to its average abundance in the crust — thatis ,it is homogenized with other elements. Segregation occurs in a smaller number of geologic situations. The occurrences of elements in much higher abundance—those in which some geologic process has operated to segregate much higher quantities of the element than normal—are the ones that interest us, because the richer the deposit, the cheaper it is to recover the resource, both in terms of energy and in terms of money. Rich deposits of metals are ores; the minerals containing these metals are ore minerals. Ore minerals include sulfides (the dominant group), oxides, and silicates. In addition, some metals, such as gold, are found in their native state — that is ,uncombined with other elements. Elements such as aluminum, iron, and magnesium, are so abundant that any average crustal rock could conceivably be used as a raw material, though not necessarily economically. In contrast are the elements of low abundance, such as gold, platinum, and mercury, which are present in such small amounts in the average rock that enormous quantities of rock would have to be refined to recover even small amounts. Mineral deposits of economic value are those in which an element occurs in much higher abundance than the average crustal rock, sufficiently high to make it economicallyworthwhile to mine. Many of the most valuable mineral deposits are metal-ore deposits.The concentration factor —that is, the ratio of the abundance of an element in a mineral deposit to its average abundance—is highly variable and depends on the particular element and its average crustal abundance. Iron, one of the common elements of the crust, has an average abundance of 5.8℅. A good iron ore contains 50℅iron; thus, its concentration factor is about 10. A less abundant metal, such as copper, which has a crustal abundance of 0.0058℅, is concentrated by factors from 60 to 100 in its economic ores. Even more spectacular are the rarer elements, such as mercury or gold, which have concentration factors in the thousands. The crustal abundances of the elements are related to their atomic number and chemical affinities in a complex way. But the concentration factors though generally increasing with decreasing crustal abundance, depend largely on the ways in which the metals are held in crystal structures, and their solubilities in various geologic solutions, such as groundwaters, hydrothermal solutions, or sea water.Lesson FiveNEW WORDS1.soil n.土壤7.article n.物品k n.牛奶19.sheep n.羊群2.pocket n.袋8.dependent a.依赖…的14.bread n.面包20.cattle n.牲畜3.growth n.生长9.meat n.肉类15.butter n.奶油21.wool n.羊毛4.crop n.农作物,庄稼10.vegetable n.蔬菜16.woolena.羊毛的22.feed vt.喂养,供给5.guard vt.保护11.fruit n.水果17.cotton n.棉花23.top-soil n.表土6.manage vt.处理管理经营12.cereal n.谷物,谷类18.leather n.皮革24.starve vi.挨饿25.fortunate a.幸运的29.plow vt.耕种n.犁33.silt n.淤泥37.remains n.剩余物,残骸26.seafood n.海味30.backyard n.后院34.float vt.,vi (使)漂浮38.loam n.肥泥27.wealth n.财富31.stir vt.搅拌anic a.有机(物)的39.weathering n.风化28.quart n.夸特32.spoon n.匙,调羹36.humus n.腐殖土PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONSAt least 至少On the bottom of 在…底部As a rusult of …因…结果,由于(to) feed on 靠吃…过日子,用…喂养TEXTSOILWherever there is a pocket of soil in the sunlight , some plant is likely to grow; but a rich growth of farm crops requires deep soil with the right kind and amount of minerals in it and the right amount of moisture. Under these conditions, animal life can be abundant and varied, for animals cannot exist without the plants that grow in soil. Soil is truly a resource that must be guarded well and managed wisely.Try to list some of the everyday articles you need that make you dependent upon soil. You may think first of food — meat, vegetables, fruit, cereal, milk, bread, and butter. Where do we get woolen and cotton clothes and leather shoes? Cotton comes from the cotton plant. Sheep and cattle, from which come wool for clothes and leather for shoes, feed on grass that is grown in the soil. At least part of your home is built of wood that comes from trees. You certainly could not live without the things that depend on soil for life.Most of these things that you need for life grow in certainkinds of soil. They depend on the topsoil— the layer of soil on top of the ground.If all topsoil should disappear from the land, millions of people would be sure to starve. Only those fortunate ones who could get seafood could live. T opsoil is important to the wealth of a nation.The best way to find out about topsoil is to examine it. Fill a quart jar one quarter full of soil from the surface of a plowed field or from your own backyard. Then add enough water to fill the jar. Stir the soil and water for about two minutes with a long spoon, and then let the jar stand for twenty minutes. What do you notice about the soil?On the bottom of the jar you will see coarse particles of sand and perhaps gravel. Next will be a layer of vary fine particles. These particles are called silt. On top of the silt, making the water cloudy, are clay particles even finer than silt. Floating on the surface and suspended in the water will be particles of dark-colored organic matter called humus. Organic matter consists of remains of dead plants and animals.T opsoil that is made up of a mixture of sand, silt, clay, and humus is called loam. Of course, loam is not the sameeverywhere. Have you ever seen loam of different colors in different places? A light brown loam has more sand in it, a gray-brown loam has more clay, a red loam may be colored by iron oxide, while a brownish-black or black loam has more humus. The sand, silt, and clay are particles that came from the earth‟s rocks as a result of weathering.Lesson SixNEW WORDS1.subsidence n.沉下陷下11.solvable a.能解决的18.claim vt.索取25.quiver vi.摇动,抖动2.level n.水平水平线水平12.T exas n.得克萨斯(美19.Baytown n.贝敦(美国26.gelatin n.明胶,胶质面国一西南部的州) 南部城市) 27.accompany vt.伴随3.drop vi.掉下,沉下13.Houston n.休斯敦(美国20.showplace n.展出地,28.hurricane n.飓风,十二4.gradually ad.逐渐地得克萨斯州东南部港市) 供参观的地方级风5.suddenly ad.突然地14.Galveston n.加尔维斯21.Brownwood n.布朗29.awash a.被水覆盖的,6.collapse vi.,n.倒塌,坍下顿(美国得克萨斯州东南伍德(美国南部城市) 被波浪冲打的7.settlement n.下沉部港市) 22.waterfront n.(都市等30.catastrophic a.灾难性的8.phenomenon n.现象15.bay n.湾,深山凹地的)靠水地,江边31.Florida n.佛罗里达(美9.hazard n.危险16.inhabitant n.居民,住户23.inundate vt.淹没国东南部一州)10.aware a.意识到的17.sink vi.下沉24.abandon vt.放弃,舍弃32.Weeki wachee n.威基瓦奇(美国东南部城市) 39.slip vi.滑动48.destructive a.破坏的力压紧33.gobble vt.狼吞虎咽40.Adriatic n.亚得里亚海49.withdrawal n.抽取,移54.tectonic a.地质构造的34.Birmingham n.伯明翰41.New Zealand n.新西兰开,收回55.disturbance n.骚动,妨碍35.Alabama n.亚拉巴马42.Venezuela n.委内瑞拉50.consolidate vt.使坚固,56.permafrost n.永久冻土(美国南部一州) 43.threaten vt.恐吓,威胁结合36.warehouse n.仓库,栈44.Mexico City n.墨西哥城51.sediment a.沉积,沉淀房,大零售店45.T okyo n.东京52.deficient a.缺乏的,不37.abruptly ad.突然,仓猝间46.dike n.堤,堤防完全的,不足的38.Venice n.威尼斯47.alter vt. 变更,改变53.hydrocompaction n.水PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONSSo far 到目前为止Sea level海拔,海面T o a greater extent 在很大程度上A load of …重载,大量(to) be deficient in …欠缺TEXTSUBSIDENCEIn numerous places throughout the world, land levels are dropping, sometimes gradually, sometimes suddenly. Yet, to many people, the subsidence, collapse, or settlement of the ground surface is almost an unknown phenomenon. It usually is not considered a major geologic hazard or problem, even by those aware of it. Yet the problem is both serious and solvable. In the United States the quickly growing region of T exas between Houston and Galveston Bay, which includes some 2 million inhabitants and 10,000 square kilometers(2.5 million acres ) of land, is sinking. The seawater from the bay is claiming the land. In Baytown‟s showplace subdivision of Brownwood, many waterfront homes are inundated or have been abandoned, and the land under other homes is often so saturated that it quivers like gelatin. Given the 4-meter tides that sometimes accompanyhurricanes, and continued subsidence, parts of the Houston Space Center could be awash in ten years.Although the occurrence is gradual in most places, collapse can be sudden and catastrophic. Near Weeki Wachee, in Florida, an 11-meter high drilling rig, two trucks, and a load of steel pipe worth more than $100,000 were gobbled up in less than ten minutes. In Birmingham, Alabama, a warehouse three stories high was destroyed when a sinkhole collapsed abruptly beneath it. Subsidence elsewhere in the world is equally serious. Venice has been slipping into the Adriatic for hundreds of years. Parts of London, Shanghai, New Zealand, Venezuela, and T aiwan are threatened with collapse. Mexico City has sunk so far into its valley—9.5 meters — that sewage must be pumped uphill to the mains and you must walk downstairs to reach the ground floors of older buildings. In T okyo, a million people live below sea level and are protected by dikes.Surface collapse and subsidence are extremely wide spread phenomena that can occur as a result of many natural processes and now, to a greater extent than ever before, as a result of human activities. Wherever the supporting subsurface material is altered or removed, the groundsurface may subside or collapse. In uninhabited areas this is of no serious consequence. Wherever people or structures are involved the results may be destructive.The major causes of land surface subsidence or collapse are varied and include the following.1.the withdrawal of large volumes of fluids(water, natural gas, or oil) from weakly consolidated sediments2.the application of water to moisture-deficient deposits above the water table(hydrocompaction)3.tectonic activity4.the solution or leaching of soluble subsurface material (limestone, for example) by circulating groundwater5.the removal of subsurface mineral deposits(coal, for example) without leaving sufficient support for the surface6.the melting or disturbance of permafrostLesson SevenNEW WORDS1.picture vt.描绘 lion n.百万9.calcium n.钙13.trace n.痕迹,踪迹ke n.湖 6.salt n.盐10.sulfur n.硫,硫磺14.radium n.镭3.cubic a.立方的7.chlorine n.氯气11.arsenic a.砷的15.fasten vt.把…结在,4.suppose vt.假设,假想8.billion n.(美)十亿,(英)兆12.iodine n.碘拴在,固定16.rope n.绳子23.gulf n.海湾紧,停泊36.unless conj.如不是,除非17.ring n.环24.Mediterranean,n.地中海30.barge n.大平底船,驳船37.protect vt.保护,防止18.messenger n.引绳25.Persian Gulf n.波斯湾31.tap vt.开发,发掘38.penetrate vt.,vi渗入,19.release vt.放出26.Pier n.码头32.slant vt.使倾斜透入,穿透20.basalt n.玄武岩27.equipment n.设备,装备33.offshore a.离岸的, 39.inky a.墨一样的,漆黑的21.oceanographer n.海洋学28.pump n.泵,抽机vt. 近海的40.adapt vt.使适合,适于家用抽机抽34.mantle n.地幔41.survive vi.活下去,残22.coast n.海岸29.anchor vt.用锚系住,系35.core n.核心,蕊在,还活着PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS(to) be filled with … 充满着(to) protect against…使…不受…侵犯in this way用此方法,这样地(to) adapt to 适应at once 立即,马上TEXTELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS IN THE SEASClose your eyes and see if you can picture a rather large lake 26 miles long, 10 miles wide, and about 29 feet deep. You are picturing a cubic mile of water. Now suppose this lake is filled with sea water. This cubic mile of sea water would contain about 166 million tons of salts of various kinds.If you could evaporate one cubic mile of sea water, you would obtain about 166 million tons of salts. Now you have some idea of the amount of salts in the sea. Perhaps you think of these as table salt, a compound of sodium and chlorine; however, there are many kinds of salts in the ocean. There are billions of tons of substances, most of them salts, in the 330 million cubic miles of sea water. Compounds of magnesium, calcium, potassium, sulfur, chlorine, arsenic, iron, copper, iodine, and many more are present. There is also a little gold and a little silver, and even a trace of radium. Geologists say these substances washed into the sea from the land.Scientists sample the sea special “water bottles” called Nansen bottles. A number of metal bottles, open on both ends, are fastened to a wire rope and lowered into the sea. Then a metal ring called a messenger is dropped down the rope. The messenger closes both ends of the first bottle and releases a second messenger, which closes the second bottle, and so on. In this way, samples from various depths are gathered at once. The samples are studied by oceanographers, chemists, biologists, and geologists, who study oceans and ocean life.The solid earth beneath the sea is of interest too. Oil has been found in the earth beneath the water along the coasts of California, under the Gulf of Mexico, the Mediterranean, the North Sea, the Persian Gulf, and in many other parts of the world. Oil wells have been drilled from piers built out into the water along the coasts. Farther out, steel platforms hold the drilling equipment and the oil pumps. Wells are also drilled from anchored barges. Some underwater oil reservoirs are tapped by drilling slanted holes from the shore. Offshore oil, as it is sometimes called, is a very important source of the world supply.The crust of the earth is perhaps less than four miles thickunder some parts of the sea. Geologists interested in getting through the crust of the sea. Geologists interested in getting through the crust of the earth to investigate the mantle may some day drill through a part of the crust that is under water about one mile deep.Drilling through the crust under deep water presents many problems; however, the problems can be solved. Some of the drill cores taken from the ocean bottom show that the crust under parts of the ocean is a layer of sediment covering hardened volcanic rock known as basalt.Man, unless he has special oxygen equipment, cannot live under water. T o go more than a few hundred feet into the depths of the ocean, he must also be protected against the increasing pressure of the weight of water above him. No sunlight penetrates to the depths of the ocean, yet in the inky blackness are fish and other water-living animals adapted to survive under these conditions of pressure and darkness.Lesson EightNEW WORDS1.catch vt.捉，抓13.effectively ad.有效的24.momentary a.倾刻间35.prevalence n.优势,流行2.lean vi.靠,依14.desert n.沙漠的,瞬息间的36.dune n.沙丘3.sandstorm n.沙暴15.describe vt.叙述,描写25.prevail vi.胜过,占优势37.beach n.海滨,河滩4.attest vt.证明,证实16.eolian a.风神的26.westerly a.从西面来(风) 38.flood n.洪水,大水5.turbulent a.狂暴的17.Aeolus n.风神27.equatoriala.赤道的39.duration n.延续,持续期6.traceable a.起源于…的,18.God n.神28.belt n.带间能追纵的19.breeze n.微风,和风29.fluctuation n.波动,(上40.tornado n.龙卷风7.confine vt.限制20.moderately ad.适度,中下变动) 41.exceed vt.超过8.restrict vt.约束等,普通30.valley n.山谷,流域,盆地42.strip n.条,带狭长的土地9.channel n.水道,河床21.gust n.阵风,突然刮风31.relief n.地势的起伏43.typhoon n.台风petence n.能力,胜任22.intermittently ad.间歇32.terrain n.地带,岩层44.maritime a.海的,海岸的11.enable vt.使能,使可以的,断断续续的33.steady a.坚固的,稳定的45.pickup n.拾起12. discharge n.流量23.spawn vt.引起34.letup n.停止,中止PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONSat one time or another 有时,曾经in combination with 和…共同,协同,协力as well 同样, 也,又(to) have (much) to do with与…有(很大)关系in contrast to 和…成对比(to) be responsible for 对…负责任TEXTWINDAll of us have been caught, at one time of another, in a high wind so strong that it could have blown us over if we hadn‟t leaned into it or held on to something solid. A wind strong enough to move a body weighing more than 50 kilograms (110 poands) is easily capable of blowing sand grains into the air, as anyone who has ever been in a sandstorm can attest. Wind is a turbulent stream of air, and its ability to erode, transport, and deposit sediment is much like that of water, for the same general laws of fluid motion that govern liquids govern gases as well. There are differences, of course, and they are traceable to two properties of wind: its low density and the fact that its flowis unconfined, not restricted to, channels, the low density of air limits its competence to move larger particles, and the fact that its flow need not be confined enables it to spread over wide areas and high into the atmosphere. In contrast to rivers, whose discharge is dependent upon rainfall, it is the lack of rain that allows wind to work most effectively.Many of the geologic processes of desert are related to the work of the wind. Winds are also important because they are coupled to the waters of the ocean as they blow waves into being and influence the general circulation of the oceans. A common term used to describe the activity and deposits of the wind is eolian, from Aeolus, Greek God of the winds. Winds are highly variable in direction and power. Though the average wind on a breezy day might be about 15 kilometers(9 miles) per hour, gusts up to twice that speed occur intermittently and may spawn momentary blowing up of dust or sand clouds. Most people in temperate climates are used to winds that come mainly from one direction, the prevailing westerlies. Those in the tropics are familiar with the equatorial easterlies. Yet within these belts the winds will be variable in direction and power, depending on the movement of air masses and storms. Many of us live with。
地理专业英语
盛年不重来，一日难再晨。
及时宜自勉，岁月不待人。
地理专业英语geography 地理geographer 地理学家hemisphere 半球meridian 子午线，经线parallel 平行圈，纬线latitude 经度longitude 精度elevation 海拔altitude 高度temperate latitudes 温带地区horizon 地平线equator 赤道tropics 热带地区Arctic 北极Antarctic(Antarctica) 南极expedition 探险time zone 时区topography 地形，地形学plain 平原plateau (highland) 高地lowland 低地basin 盆地cavern (cave) 洞穴terrain 地域subterranean ( underground) 地底下coastland 沿海地区island 岛屿continental island 大陆岛volcanic island 火山岛coral island 珊瑚岛islet 小岛peninsular 半岛continent 大陆continental shelf 大陆架ranges 山脉valley 峡谷canyon 峡谷channel (strait) 海峡remote-sensing 遥感的terrestrial 地球的，陆地的terrestrial heat (geothermal) 地热terrestrial magnetism (geomagnetism) 地磁continental drift 大陆漂移学说sea-floor spreading 海床扩展evaporation 蒸发salinity 含盐度ocean bottom 海床sediment 沉淀物，沉积物tropical 热带的temperate 温带的frigid 寒带的formation 形成frost heaving 冻胀现象fieldstone 卵石physical geography 自然地理economic geography 经济地理geopolitics 地理政治论ethnography 民族志cosmography 宇宙志cosmology 宇宙论geology 地理学toponymy 地名学oceanography 海洋学meteorology 气象学orography 山志学hydroaraphy 水文学vegetation 植被relief 地形,地貌climate 气候Earth 地球,大地Universe, cosmos 宇宙world 世界globe 地球仪earth, globe 地壳continent 大陆terra firma 陆地coast 海岸archipelago 群岛peninsula 半岛island 岛plain 平原valley 谷地meadow (小)草原prairie (大)草原lake 湖泊pond 池塘marsh, bog, swamp 沼泽small lake 小湖lagoon 泻湖moor, moorland 荒原desert 沙漠dune 沙丘oasis 绿洲savanna, savannah (南美)大草原virgin forest 原始森林steppe 大草原tundra 冻原a horizon 腐殖堆积层aa lava 块熔岩abandoned field 撩荒地abandoned lands 撩荒地abandoned mine 废弃矿山abandoned shoreline 旧岸线aberration 像差abiogenesis 自然发生abiotic factor 非生物因素ablation 水蚀ablation moraine 消融冰碛abnormality 反常aboriginal 土着的abrasion 海蚀abrasion platform 浪蚀台地abrasion shore 浪蚀海岸abrasion surface 浪蚀面abrasion terrace 海蚀阶地abrasive 研磨剂abrupt slope 陡坡abrupt textural change 质地突变abscissa 横坐标absolute age 绝对年龄absolute age determination 绝对年代测定absolute age of groundwater 地下水绝对年龄absolute altitude 绝对高度absolute amplitude 绝对振幅absolute chronology 绝对年代absolute convergence 绝对收敛absolute dating 绝对年代测定absolute error 绝对误差absolute extremes 绝对极值absolute geochronology 绝对地质年代学Word and phrase1. core; mantle; crust 地核；地幔；地壳4. continental crust 大陆地壳5. granite; basalt 花岗岩；玄武岩6. sial; sima 硅铝层；硅镁层7. surface waves; body .. 面波；体波8. epicentre; focus 震中；震源9. lithosphere 岩石圈10. tectonic plate 构造板块11. continetal drift 大陆漂移12. asthenosphere 软流层13. ocean ridge 洋脊14. ocean trench 海沟15. subduction 俯冲作用16. volcanism 火山作用17. fold mountain 褶皱山脉18. fold; fault 褶皱；断层19. sedimentary rocks 沉积岩20. vent 火山口21. lava 熔岩22.volcanic cones 火山锥23. parasitic cone 寄生火山锥24. plug 岩颈25. volcanic ash 火山灰26. mechanical weathering 机械风化27. chemical weathering 化学风化28. freeze-thaw 冻融29. pressure release 卸荷释重30.limestone 石灰岩31. hydrolysis 水解作用32. quartz 石英33. hydration 水合作用34. oxidation 氧化作用35. alluvium 冲击层36. gravel 砂砾37. denudation 剥蚀作用38. precipitation 降水39. climatic zone 气候带40. mid-latitude 中纬度41. semi-arid 半干旱42. tropical wet-dry 热带干湿季气候43. watershed 分水岭44. drainage basin 流域45. regolith 风化层46. soil creep 土壤蠕动47. mass movement 块体运动48. strata 地层49. overland runoff 地表径流50. sheet wash 片状冲刷51. pediment 山前侵蚀平原（山足面）52. rockfall 山崩53. landslide 滑坡54. interception 截流55. evapotranspiration 蒸发和蒸腾总量56. capillary rise 毛管上升57. aeration zone 包气带58. overland flow ; interflow ; base flow 地表径流；壤中流；地下径流59. water table 潜水面（水位）60. basin length; area 流域长度;流域面积61. tributary 支流；62. trunk stream 干流63. drainage density 河网密度64. flood plain 泛滥平原65. coniferous tree 松树67. inselberg 岛状山68. equator 赤道69. monsoon 季风70. storm hydrograph 暴雨水文曲线71. discharge 流量72. peak flow 洪峰流量73. rainfall peak 降水峰值74. precipitation intensity 降水强度75. land use 土地利用76. water-born waste 水成废弃物77. heavy metal 重金属78. climatology 气候学79. urban heat island 城市热岛80. deciduous trees 落叶树81. upper ;middle ; lower reach 上中下游82. vertical erosion 下切侵蚀83. headward erosion 溯源侵蚀84. lateral erosion 侧蚀85. pot-hole 壶穴86. meander 曲流87. ox-bow lake 牛轭湖88. delta 三角洲89. lake basin 湖盆90. levee 天然提91. rill and gully erosion 细沟、冲沟侵蚀92.clay;silt;sand;粘土；粉砂；砂93. suspended sediment 悬浮沉积物94. atmospherical fallout 大气沉降95. laminar flow 层流96. turbulent flow 紊流97. riffle; pool 浅滩；深槽98. channel roughness 河道粗糙度99. sandbar 沙坝100. thalweg 中泓线101. estuary 河口102. lagoon 泻湖103. salinity 盐度104. coastline 海岸线105. dune 沙丘106. suspension; saltation; creep 悬移；跃移；蠕移107. dust storm 尘暴108. windward; leeward 迎风；背风109. prevailing wind 盛行风110. deflation hollow 风蚀凹地111. aridity 干燥度112. tropic of cancer 北回归线113. tropic of capricorn 南回归线114. gobi 戈壁115. continentality 大陆度116. cold ocean current 寒流117. plateau 高原118. alluvial fan 冲积扇119. pediplanation 山麓夷平作用120. deflation 风蚀121. moraine 冰碛122. glacial；interglacial 冰期；间冰期123. Recent 全新世124. Quaternary Era 第四纪125. periglacial period 冰缘期126. nivation 冰蚀127. earth’ o rbit 地球轨道128. plucking 挖蚀129. abrasion 磨蚀130. pyramidal peak 角峰131. arete 刃脊132. cirque 冰斗133. horn 角峰134. U-shaped valley (trough) U型谷135. fluvioglacial deposit 冰水沉积136. drumlin 鼓丘137. terminal moraine 终碛138. outwash plain 冰水沉积平原139. kettle hole 锅穴140. wavelength 波长141. crest；trough 波峰；波谷142. wave period 周期143. wave frequency 波频144. wave height 波高145. wave refraction 波浪折射146. tidal range 潮差147. stack 海蚀柱148. arch 海蚀拱桥149. headland 海岬150. troposphere (pause); strato-; meso-; thermo- 对流层（顶）、平流、中间、热成151. pressure-gradient force 气压梯度力152. isobar 等压线153. sub-tropical anticyclone 副热带高压154. cirrus 卷云155. cumulus 积云156. stratus 层云157. cumulonimbus 积雨云158. convection rain 对流雨159. thunderstorm 雷雨160. depression 低气压161. frontal rain 锋面雨162. orographic rain 地形雨163. equatorial trough 赤道低压槽164. front 锋165. temperature inversion 逆温166. soil texture 土壤质地167. loam 壤土168. soil structure 土壤结构169. soil moisture 土壤水分170. field capacity 田间持水量171. cation exchange capacity 阳离子交换量172. podzol 灰化土173. brown earth 褐土174. sandstone 砂岩175. gley 潜育土176. azonal soil 非地带性土壤177. soil horizon 土层178. humification 腐殖化作用179. mineralisation 矿化作用180. eluviation 淋溶作用181. calcification 钙化作用182. salinisation 盐化作用183. gleying 潜育化作用184. illuviation 淀积作用185. savanna 热带稀树草原（萨王纳）186. saline soil 盐土187. biogeography 生物地理学188. biotic ; abiotic element 生物;非生物成分189. autotroph; heterotroph 自养生物；异养生物190. producer; consumer 生产者；消费者191. photosynthesis 光合作用192. herbivore 食草动物193. carnivore 食肉动物194. decomposer 分解者195. trophic pyramid 营养金字塔196. food web 食物网197. primary productivity 初级生产力198. gross productivity 总生产力199. net productivity 净生产力200. continental shelf 大陆架201. succession（prisere）演替202. climax community 顶级群落203. primary (secondary) succession 初级和次级演替English for Geography地理专业英语Lesson 1. Longitude and latitude ...........................经度和纬度P1 (1)Lesson 2. Rotation and revolution of the earth...地球的自转和公转P6 (2)Lesson 4. The major classes of landforms...............主要地形类型P13 (6)Lesson 5 Delta plains ..........................................三角洲平原P16 (8)Lesson 6 Limestone caverns and karst landscapes石灰岩洞和喀斯特景观P21 (8)Lesson 7 Layers of the Earth .................................地球圈层P31 (8)Lesson 8 The rock cycle ..........................................岩石循环P43 (9)Lesson 9 Soil pedogenesis .......................................成土作用p48 (10)Lesson 10 Global scale circulation of the atmosphere全球大气环流 P62 (11)Lesson 11 The Hydrologic Cycle ..............................水循环P74 (11)Lesson 12 Three Model of Urban Land Use..................三种城市土地利用模式P97 (11)Lesson 13 Air pollution cause and effects...............空气污染原因和影响P168 (12)Lesson 14 Hurricane ...................................................飓风P182 (12)Lesson 1. LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE经度和纬度1、The location of points on the earth’s surface follows a system in which lengthsof arc are measured along meridians and parallels；测定地球表面上点的位置是按照沿着子午线（经线）和纬线测量弧长的方法进行的2、that desired point 欲量算的点3、the longitude of a place is the arc, measured in degrees, of a parallel between thatplace and the prime meridian 经度的定义4、the longitude of a place is the arc, measured in degrees, of a parallel between thatplace and the prime meridian 某地的经度系该地与本初子午线之间的纬线的弧的度数5、almost universally 几乎一致6、The prime meridian is almost universally accepted as the meridian that passes throughthe old Royal Observatory at Greenwich人们几乎一致承认以通过格林尼治皇家天文台原址的子午线作为本初子午线7、be referred to as 被称为8、Long. 115。
地理专业英语
地理专业英语geography 地理geographer 地理学家hemisphere 半球meridian 子午线,经线parallel 平行圈,纬线latitude 经度longitude 精度elevation 海拔altitude 高度temperate latitudes 温带地区horizon 地平线equator 赤道tropics 热带地区Arctic 北极Antarctic(Antarctica) 南极expedition 探险time zone 时区topography 地形,地形学plain 平原plateau (highland) 高地lowland 低地basin 盆地cavern (cave) 洞穴terrain 地域subterranean ( underground) 地底下coastland 沿海地区island 岛屿continental island 大陆岛volcanic island 火山岛coral island 珊瑚岛islet 小岛peninsular 半岛continent 大陆continental shelf 大陆架ranges 山脉valley 峡谷canyon 峡谷channel (strait) 海峡remote-sensing 遥感的terrestrial 地球的,陆地的terrestrial heat (geothermal) 地热terrestrial magnetism (geomagnetism) 地磁continental drift 大陆漂移学说sea-floor spreading 海床扩展evaporation 蒸发salinity 含盐度ocean bottom 海床sediment 沉淀物,沉积物tropical 热带的temperate 温带的frigid 寒带的formation 形成frost heaving 冻胀现象fieldstone 卵石physical geography 自然地理economic geography 经济地理geopolitics 地理政治论ethnography 民族志cosmography 宇宙志cosmology 宇宙论geology 地理学toponymy 地名学oceanography 海洋学meteorology 气象学orography 山志学hydroaraphy 水文学vegetation 植被relief 地形,地貌climate 气候Earth 地球,大地Universe, cosmos 宇宙world 世界globe 地球仪earth, globe 地壳continent 大陆terra firma 陆地coast 海岸archipelago 群岛peninsula 半岛island 岛plain 平原valley 谷地meadow (小)草原prairie (大)草原lake 湖泊pond 池塘marsh, bog, swamp 沼泽small lake 小湖lagoon 泻湖moor, moorland 荒原desert 沙漠dune 沙丘oasis 绿洲savanna, savannah (南美)大草原virgin forest 原始森林steppe 大草原tundra 冻原a horizon 腐殖堆积层aa lava 块熔岩abandoned field 撩荒地abandoned lands 撩荒地abandoned mine 废弃矿山abandoned shoreline 旧岸线aberration 像差abiogenesis 自然发生abiotic factor 非生物因素ablation 水蚀ablation moraine 消融冰碛abnormality 反常aboriginal 土着的abrasion 海蚀abrasion platform 浪蚀台地abrasion shore 浪蚀海岸abrasion surface 浪蚀面abrasion terrace 海蚀阶地abrasive 研磨剂abrupt slope 陡坡abrupt textural change 质地突变abscissa 横坐标absolute age 绝对年龄absolute age determination 绝对年代测定absolute age of groundwater 地下水绝对年龄absolute altitude 绝对高度absolute amplitude 绝对振幅absolute chronology 绝对年代absolute convergence 绝对收敛absolute dating 绝对年代测定absolute error 绝对误差absolute extremes 绝对极值absolute geochronology 绝对地质年代学Word and phrase1、core; mantle; crust 地核;地幔;地壳4、continental crust 大陆地壳5、granite; basalt 花岗岩;玄武岩6、sial; sima 硅铝层;硅镁层7、surface waves; body 、、面波;体波8、epicentre; focus 震中;震源9、lithosphere 岩石圈10、tectonic plate 构造板块11、continetal drift 大陆漂移12、asthenosphere 软流层13、ocean ridge 洋脊14、ocean trench 海沟15、subduction 俯冲作用16、volcanism 火山作用17、fold mountain 褶皱山脉18、fold; fault 褶皱;断层19、sedimentary rocks 沉积岩20、vent 火山口21、lava 熔岩22、volcanic cones 火山锥23、parasitic cone 寄生火山锥24、plug 岩颈25、volcanic ash 火山灰26、mechanical weathering 机械风化27、chemical weathering 化学风化28、freeze-thaw 冻融29、pressure release 卸荷释重30、limestone 石灰岩31、hydrolysis 水解作用32、quartz 石英33、hydration 水合作用34、oxidation 氧化作用35、alluvium 冲击层36、gravel 砂砾37、denudation 剥蚀作用38、precipitation 降水39、climatic zone 气候带40、mid-latitude 中纬度41、semi-arid 半干旱42、tropical wet-dry 热带干湿季气候43、watershed 分水岭44、drainage basin 流域45、regolith 风化层46、soil creep 土壤蠕动47、mass movement 块体运动48、strata 地层49、overland runoff 地表径流50、sheet wash 片状冲刷51、pediment 山前侵蚀平原(山足面)52、rockfall 山崩53、landslide 滑坡54、interception 截流55、evapotranspiration 蒸发与蒸腾总量56、capillary rise 毛管上升57、aeration zone 包气带58、overland flow ; interflow ; base flow 地表径流;壤中流;地下径流59、water table 潜水面(水位)60、basin length; area 流域长度;流域面积61、tributary 支流;62、trunk stream 干流63、drainage density 河网密度64、flood plain 泛滥平原65、coniferous tree 松树67、inselberg 岛状山68、equator 赤道69、monsoon 季风70、storm hydrograph 暴雨水文曲线71、discharge 流量72、peak flow 洪峰流量73、rainfall peak 降水峰值74、precipitation intensity 降水强度75、land use 土地利用76、water-born waste 水成废弃物77、heavy metal 重金属78、climatology 气候学79、urban heat island 城市热岛80、deciduous trees 落叶树81、upper ;middle ; lower reach 上中下游82、vertical erosion 下切侵蚀83、headward erosion 溯源侵蚀84、lateral erosion 侧蚀85、pot-hole 壶穴86、meander 曲流87、ox-bow lake 牛轭湖88、delta 三角洲89、lake basin 湖盆90、levee 天然提91、rill and gully erosion 细沟、冲沟侵蚀92、clay;silt;sand;粘土;粉砂;砂93、suspended sediment 悬浮沉积物94、atmospherical fallout 大气沉降95、laminar flow 层流96、turbulent flow 紊流97、riffle; pool 浅滩;深槽98、channel roughness 河道粗糙度99、sandbar 沙坝100、thalweg 中泓线101、estuary 河口102、lagoon 泻湖103、salinity 盐度104、coastline 海岸线105、dune 沙丘106、suspension; saltation; creep 悬移;跃移;蠕移107、dust storm 尘暴108、windward; leeward 迎风;背风109、prevailing wind 盛行风110、deflation hollow 风蚀凹地111、aridity 干燥度112、tropic of cancer 北回归线113、tropic of capricorn 南回归线114、gobi 戈壁115、continentality 大陆度116、cold ocean current 寒流117、plateau 高原118、alluvial fan 冲积扇119、pediplanation 山麓夷平作用120、deflation 风蚀121、moraine 冰碛122、glacial;interglacial 冰期;间冰期123、Recent 全新世124、Quaternary Era 第四纪125、periglacial period 冰缘期126、nivation 冰蚀127、earth’ orbit 地球轨道128、plucking 挖蚀129、abrasion 磨蚀130、pyramidal peak 角峰131、arete 刃脊132、cirque 冰斗133、horn 角峰134、U-shaped valley (trough) U型谷135、fluvioglacial deposit 冰水沉积136、drumlin 鼓丘137、terminal moraine 终碛138、outwash plain 冰水沉积平原139、kettle hole 锅穴140、wavelength 波长141、crest;trough 波峰;波谷142、wave period 周期143、wave frequency 波频144、wave height 波高145、wave refraction 波浪折射146、tidal range 潮差147、stack 海蚀柱148、arch 海蚀拱桥149、headland 海岬150、troposphere (pause); strato-; meso-; thermo- 对流层(顶)、平流、中间、热成151、pressure-gradient force 气压梯度力152、isobar 等压线153、sub-tropical anticyclone 副热带高压154、cirrus 卷云155、cumulus 积云156、stratus 层云157、cumulonimbus 积雨云158、convection rain 对流雨159、thunderstorm 雷雨160、depression 低气压161、frontal rain 锋面雨162、orographic rain 地形雨163、equatorial trough 赤道低压槽164、front 锋165、temperature inversion 逆温166、soil texture 土壤质地167、loam 壤土168、soil structure 土壤结构169、soil moisture 土壤水分170、field capacity 田间持水量171、cation exchange capacity 阳离子交换量172、podzol 灰化土173、brown earth 褐土174、sandstone 砂岩175、gley 潜育土176、azonal soil 非地带性土壤177、soil horizon 土层178、humification 腐殖化作用179、mineralisation 矿化作用180、eluviation 淋溶作用181、calcification 钙化作用182、salinisation 盐化作用183、gleying 潜育化作用184、illuviation 淀积作用185、savanna 热带稀树草原(萨王纳) 186、saline soil 盐土187、biogeography 生物地理学188、biotic ; abiotic element 生物;非生物成分189、autotroph; heterotroph 自养生物;异养生物190、producer; consumer 生产者;消费者191、photosynthesis 光合作用192、herbivore 食草动物193、carnivore 食肉动物194、decomposer 分解者195、trophic pyramid 营养金字塔196、food web 食物网197、primary productivity 初级生产力198、gross productivity 总生产力199、net productivity 净生产力200、continental shelf 大陆架201、succession(prisere) 演替202、climax community 顶级群落203、primary (secondary) succession 初级与次级演替English for Geography地理专业英语Lesson 1、 Longitude and latitude ...........................经度与纬度P1 (1)Lesson 2、 Rotation and revolution of the earth...地球的自转与公转P6 (2)Lesson 4、 The major classes of landforms...............主要地形类型P13 (6)Lesson 5 Delta plains ..........................................三角洲平原P16 (8)Lesson 6 Limestone caverns and karst landscapes石灰岩洞与喀斯特景观P21 (8)Lesson 7 Layers of the Earth .................................地球圈层P31 (8)Lesson 8 The rock cycle ..........................................岩石循环P43 (9)Lesson 9 Soil pedogenesis .......................................成土作用p48 (10)Lesson 10 Global scale circulation of the atmosphere全球大气环流 P62 (11)Lesson 11 The Hydrologic Cycle ..............................水循环P74 (11)Lesson 12 Three Model of Urban Land Use..................三种城市土地利用模式P97 (11)Lesson 13 Air pollution cause and effects...............空气污染原因与影响P168 (12)Lesson 14 Hurricane ...................................................飓风P182 (12)Lesson 1、 LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE经度与纬度1、The location of points on the earth’s surface follows a system in which lengthsof arc are measured along meridians and parallels;测定地球表面上点的位置就是按照沿着子午线(经线)与纬线测量弧长的方法进行的2、that desired point 欲量算的点3、the longitude of a place is the arc, measured in degrees, of a parallel between thatplace and the prime meridian 经度的定义4、the longitude of a place is the arc, measured in degrees, of a parallel between thatplace and the prime meridian 某地的经度系该地与本初子午线之间的纬线的弧的度数5、almost universally 几乎一致6、The prime meridian is almost universally accepted as the meridian that passes throughthe old Royal Observatory at Greenwich人们几乎一致承认以通过格林尼治皇家天文台原址的子午线作为本初子午线7、be referred to as 被称为8、Long、 115。
地理专业英语词汇大全
地理专业英语词汇大全地理专业英语词汇31、geography地理2、geographer地理学家3、hemisphere半球4、meridian子午线，经线5、parallel平行圈，纬线6、latitude经度7、longitude精度8、elevation海拔9、altitude高度10、temperate latitudes温带地区地平线12、equator赤道13、tropics热带地区14、Arctic北极15、Antarctic(Antarctica)南极16、expedition探险17、time zone时区18、topography地形，地形学19、plain平原20、plateau (highland)高地21、lowland低地盆地23、cavern (cave)地窖24、terrain地域25、subterranean ( underground)地底下26、coastland沿海地区27、island岛屿28、continental island大陆岛29、volcanic island火山岛30、coral island珊瑚岛31、islet小岛32、peninsular半岛33、continent大陆34、continental shelf大陆架35、ranges山脉36、valley峡谷37、canyon峡谷38、channel (strait)海峡39、remote-sensing遥感的40、terrestrial地球的，陆地的41、terrestrial heat (geothermal)地热42、terrestrial magnetism (geomagnetism)地磁43、continental drift大陆漂移学说44、sea-floor spreading海床扩展45、evaporation蒸发46、salinity含盐度47、ocean bottom海床48、sediment沉淀物，沉积物49、tropical热带的50、temperate温带的51、frigid寒带的52、formation形成53、frost heaving冻胀现象54、fieldstone卵石。
地理英语词汇大全
地理英语词汇大全地理英语是学习地理学的一门重要内容，其中包含了大量的地理词汇。
本文将为您提供一份地理英语词汇大全，包括自然地理、人文地理以及地理工具和技术的词汇。
希望这个地理英语词汇大全对您学习和理解地理学有所帮助。
一、自然地理词汇1. 地球（Earth）2. 大陆（continent）3. 海洋（ocean）4. 山脉（mountain range）5. 河流（river）6. 湖泊（lake）7. 湿地（wetland）8. 沙漠（desert）9. 森林（forest）10. 草原（grassland）11. 冰川（glacier）12. 岛屿（island）13. 半岛（peninsula）14. 海峡（strait）15. 瀑布（waterfall）16. 火山（volcano）17. 地震（earthquake）18. 气候（climate）19. 天气（weather）20. 水循环（water cycle）二、人文地理词汇1. 国家（country）2. 首都（capital）3. 城市（city）4. 人口（population）5. 民族（ethnicity）6. 文化（culture）7. 经济（economy）8. 政府（government）9. 历史（history）10. 旅游（tourism）11. 建筑（architecture）12. 交通（transportation）13. 教育（education）14. 语言（language）15. 风俗（custom）16. 宗教（religion）17. 市场（market）18. 商业（business）19. 社会（society）20. 城市化（urbanization）三、地理工具和技术词汇1. 地图（map）2. 高程图（topographic map）3. 气象图（weather map）4. 卫星图像（satellite image）5. 三维模型（3D model）6. 地理信息系统（Geographic Information System，GIS）7. 遥感（remote sensing）8. 地层（geological stratum）9. 地质勘探（geological exploration）10. 测量（surveying）11. 定位（positioning）12. GPS导航（GPS navigation）13. 地理坐标（geographic coordinates）14. 地理统计（geographic statistics）15. 水文测量（hydrological measurement）16. 地质灾害（geological hazard）17. 地形分析（terrain analysis）18. 空间数据（spatial data）19. 环境监测（environmental monitoring）20. 城市规划（urban planning）以上是地理英语词汇的大致分类及部分常用词汇，通过掌握这些词汇，您将能更好地理解和应用地理学的知识。
自然地理——专业英语电子教案
Lesson One NEW WORDS1.sleet n.冻雨，雨夹雪2. depend vi.依赖,取决于3. hail n.雹4. form vt.,vi.形成5. low a.低的6. temperature n.温度7. molecule n.分子8. cling vi.粘着9. droplet n.小水滴10. dust n.灰尘11. particle n.粒子,微粒12. nucleus n.核,原子核13.dew n.露水14.crystal n.晶体15.condensation n.冷凝,凝结16. rapid a.快的17.moisture n.湿气,水分18. freeze vi.结冰19.raindrop n.雨点20.instead ad.代替,替换21.snowflake n.雪片22.shape n.形状23. flake n.薄片24.hexagonal a.六角形的25.lens n.透镜26.strike vt.,vi.打击击中,撞27.thunderstorm n.雷雨28.swift a.迅速的29.current n.气流,潮流30.toss vt.,vi.抛,扔,颠簸31.acquire vt.取得,获得32.hailstone n.冰雹33.stick vi.粘住34.theory n.理论35.explain vt.说明,解释,阐明PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONSThe more the more越…越…So that 如此…以致…Take place 发生As soon as 一…就…High above 大大高于Well below 远远低于Take on 呈现A bit of 一点A mass of 一块Start out 出发,着手进行layer of 一层TEXTRAIN, SNOW, SLEET, AND HAILThe forming of rain in a cloud depends upon temperature. The lower the temperature, the more the molecules of water vapor in the cloud cling together. Then they form droplets of water. Usually droplets form around dust or other particles in the air when the dew point is reached. If ice crystals are in the cloud, even more droplets may form.In clouds, condensation may be so rapid that millions of droplets of water are formed. As these droplets collect more molecules and therefore become heavier, their weight makes them fall to the earth. If the temperature of the air is above freezing the drops will fall as rain.When the air high above the earth is well below freezing, the moisture in the air does not form raindrops. Instead, it forms snow. Snowflakes take on many interesting shapes. They seem to be formed around a center. Snow is made up of millions of these flakes, each a bit of water vapor that in freezing temperatures was changed into a flake of snow.Snowflakes are really crystals; they are water molecules grouped in a hexagonal pattern. It is interesting to study snowflake crystals under a hand lens.Sometimes droplets of water start out as rain and change into another form on their way to the earth. The raindrops may start downward through a layer of warm air and then strike a mass of cold air, where each raindrop freezes. These frozen raindrops fall to the earth as sleet; skeet us frozen rain.Sometimes still another change may take place in drops of rain. During a thunderstorm, swift upward currents of air usually carry raindrops with them. As the air grows colder, these raindrops may form little balls of ice. In a mass of warm air, they may get a coating of moisture, which freezes as soon as they are tossed up again into a colder mass of air. Up and down they are carried, acquiring more and more layers of ice. This goes on until the balls of ice become heavy enough to fall to the earth as hailstones. If you cut a hailstone in two, you can see the layers of ice.Some scientists think that hailstones are formed in a different way. A hailstone nucleus, a tiny droplet of water that is frozen, may form high in the atmosphere. As it falls through a cloud, it meets cold water droplets and snowflakes which stick to this nucleus. The hailstone may meet many of these droplets and snowflakes before it falls from the cloud to the earth. As the droplets of water stick to the hailstone, they add a clear layer of ice. As snowflakes stick to it, they form a cloudy layer. This theory explains why clear and cloudy layers are found inside the hailstone when it is cut open.EXERCISESplete the following sentences with nouns formed from the verbs given in brackets.1.The＿of rain depends on the ＿and the ＿of tiny droplets of water vapour in the cloud.(form/condense/combine)2.When the droplets are heavy enough to fall, ＿can take place.(precipitate)3.The ＿and ＿of water can be observed in everyday life.(evaporate/condense)4.The ＿of ice to water and water to water vapour by heating is a good ＿of the change of state of matter.(convert/illustrate)5.The 100 equal ＿are made after the ＿by＿of the boiling point of water and the melting point of ice.(divide/determine/observe)6.The best ＿of what takes place is the ＿of good examples.(explain/provide)7. A lake which is used for water＿is sometimes high enough for the ＿of ＿by gravity to transport the water along the pipes to the houses below.(store/exert/press)8.In science, the Centigrade thermometer is used for the ＿of temperature.(measure)II. Answer the following questions based on information found in the text.1.How is rain formed?2.When does the moisture in the air from snow?3.What is snow made up of?4.What is the difference between rain and sleet?5.Why are clear and cloudy layers found inside a hailstone when it is cut open?III. Give the English equivalents of the following expressions.1.取决于温度2.使雨点落到地面3.呈不同形状4.冷到足以形成小冰珠5.切成两半IV.Explain the different uses of the word “form” in the following sentences:1.The forming of rain is discussed in the text.2.The molecules of water vapor form droplets.3.If ice crystals are in the cloud, even more droplets may form.4.Sometimes droplets of water start out as rain and change into another form on their way to the earth.5.Some scientists think that hailstones are formed in a different way.6.The molecules if water vapor come together, forming droplets of water.V. Replace each dash ＿with the proper form of the verb “freeze”.1.When the air is well below＿,the moisture in the air forms snow.2.In ＿temperatures water vapor will be changed into snowflakes.3.In a mass of cold air each raindrop＿.4.Sleet is ＿rain.5.A hailstone nucleus is a tiny droplet of water which is ＿.VI. Translate the following sentences into English.1.水滴开始在空气中形成时的温度叫露点.2.空气越热,它能容纳的水分越多.3.雾是靠近地面的云.4.地球表面夜晚通常要比白天冷.5.当含有水分的空气接触到寒冷的地面时,水汽开始从空气中跑出来并以水滴的形式聚集在它所接触到的任何东西上面.6.没有雨,就不能有植物,没有植物,也就没有动物.XII. Translate the following passage into Chinese.In some regions, particularly the dry ones ,there is water vapor in the air, but the conditions may seldom be right for this vapor to condense and fall as rain or snow. Rain, snow, hail, dew, and are known as precipitation. Even where rainfall is usually moderate, there is at times a lack of rain. A drought may lead to serious water shortages, as it did in New York City in 1949 and 1950 and again in 1963 to 1966.In the summer of 1949, New York City’s res ervoirs were down to one third of what they normally held. Several billion gallons of water were being used each day. So serious was the water shortage that people were asked to have one bathless, shaveless, and washless day a week. Cars went unwashed, lawns and parks unsprinkled. Even a glass of water was not served in restaurants unless asked for.Lesson TwoNEW WORDS1.mineral n.矿物2.property n.性质,特性3.naked a.裸露的4.detail n.详情5.reveal vt.暴露6.magnify vt.放大7.magnification n.放大率8.hang vt.,vi.悬挂,吊9.particularly ad.特别,格外10.distinguish vt.区别,辨认,把…区别分类11.define vt.规定,下定义12.unique a.唯一的,独特的13.grain n.颗粒14.quartz n.石英15.quality n.质量plex a.复杂的,复合的17.mixture n.混合物18.vary vi.变化,不同19.precise a.精确的20.garnet n.柘榴石position n.构成组成22.variety n.多种,异种种类23.range n.范围,领域24.proportion n.比例25.hence ad.因此26.immense a.无限的, 广大的27.bewilder vt.使为难,使手足无措28.array n.排列29.classify vt.分类30.sort vt. (out)分类,划分31.major a.较重要的,主要的32.division n.分类,划分33.divide vt. (into)划分,把…分成为…34.igneous a.火成的35.sedimentary a.沉淀的,沉积的36.metamorphic a.变形的,变质的37.kingdom n.领域王国,界38.distinctive a.特殊的,有特色的39.earmark n.记号40.remarkable a.值得注意的,显著的41.accurate a.精确的42.dozen n.一打,若干,许许多多43.simplification n.简单化,单一化44.rare a.稀少的,少见的45.unusual a.不平常的,少见的46.subspecies n.亚种47.recognize vt.承认,认出48.sophisticate n.世故的人49.glean vt.苦心搜集,选集50.explanation n.解释51.professional a.职业的,本职的52.petrologist n.岩石学家53.mineralogy n.矿物学PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONSFor example例如Because of 由于,因为Regardless of不管,不顾(to) be faced with …面对着…,面临(to)make order 整理despite of 不管,任凭even if 即使either…or…或…或…on the one hand…on the other hand…一方面…另一方面…TEXTROCKS ARE MADE UP OF MINERALSMost of a rock’s properties are easily seen with the naked eye, though the details are better revealed with a low-power magnifying glass (magnification of 5 × to 10×) —the hand lens that field geologists usually have hanging around their necks. From the characteristics show, particularly the physical and chemical properties we can distinguish several thousand minerals, each defined by its unique set of properties. Thus all grains or crystals of quartz have just about the same qualities, regardless of the kind of rock in which they are found. Some minerals, particularly those that have a more complex mixture of atoms, vary slightly in their properties, depending on their precise composition. A mineral like garnet, for example, has a number of varieties, each with its own range of composition, such as the proportions of iron and other elements, and hence, properties. Rocks are not as uniquely defined by their properties as minerals are. Because of the immense number of ways in which the thousands of minerals can be combined, the geologist is faced with a bewildering array of rock types. The only way for us to make order out of this array is to classify like with like and to sort out by general type. The major division of rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic is just such an aid. Within each major division there are many groups and types. Using characteristic properties, we can divide the rock kingdom into several hundred general types, each with its own more or less distinctive earmarks.Despite all of these numbers, it is remarkable how much can be done even if only a small number of the most common minerals and rocks are known. In most parts of the world a field geologist can make an accurate geologic map by knowing only a few dozen major minerals and even fewer common rock types. This simplification is possible because most of the thousands of known minerals are either rare or unusual on the one hand or subspecies or varieties on the other. Thus the geologist who can recognize garnet will do well, even though a mineral sophisticate who can distinguish the many varieties of garnet by their slightly different chemical compositions might do better. Naturally, the more we can distinguish, the more the information gleaned, and the greater the power of our theories of explanation. Than is why professional petrologists have to know a great deal about mineralogy.EXERCISESI.Match the words in Column A with their definitions in Column B, placing the appropriate letters in the blanks:Column A Column B＿1. Reveal a. Change＿2. Quality b. Put into groups＿3. Regardless of c. Distinguish＿4. Vary d. Unusual＿5.depending on e. gather＿6. Classify f. Property＿7. Precise g. Show＿8. Rare h. According to＿9. Recognize i. Negligent＿10. Glean j. AccurateII.Answer the following questions in English.1.How can we distinguish different kinds of minerals?2.Why is the geologist faced with a bewildering array of rock types?3.What are the three major divisions of rocks?4.How many types can the rock kingdom be divided into?5.How can a field geologist make an accurate geologic map by knowing only a few dozen major minerals and even fewer common rock types?6.Why do professional petrologists have to know a great deal about mineralogy?III.Give the English equivalents of the following expressions.1.用肉眼可以看到2.面临一些问题3.具有相同的特性4.把相似的东西归为一类5.几十种主要矿物6.差别微小的化学组成IV. Give nouns corresponding to the following adjectives or verbs.1.magnify2.define3.depend4.precisepose6.dividebine8.simple9.explain10.accurateV. Fill the blanks with appropriate prepositions.If the nature ＿rocks can give us a clue ＿many ＿the tings we want to know ＿the earth, how do we go about it? We need an interpretive key. First ＿all we want to find out just what the minerals are made up ＿and how the rock is put together from its constituent minerals. ＿its composition we should be able to say something ＿where the parent material came ＿and what it was like. ＿the composition and the texture ＿the rock we should also be able to tell something of the pressures and temperatures ＿which the rock was formed ＿comparing them ＿the artificial rocks and mineral made ＿experimental petrologists ＿the laboratory.VI. Translate the following sentences into English.1.有些岩石很硬,有些轻轻一敲便成碎片.2.不能用化学或物理方法容易地分离开来的矿物称为造岩矿物.3.岩石的矿物组成千差万别,这种差别是岩石分类的基础.4.石英结晶时,如果有足够的空间,会形成美丽的六角形晶体.5.大部分沉积岩是在海水下面形成的.6.矿物有几千种,每种有它自己的组成.VII.Translate the following passage into Chinese.Rocks and the minerals that make them up are the tangible record of geologic processes. The varied minerals of the earth are understood in terms of their architecture — the way in which their atoms are arranged to make crystal structures. The kinds of atoms and their type of chemical bonding determine not only the crystal structures but the chemical and physical properties of minerals, all of which are used for their identification. Rocks are divided into the three major groups, igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary on the basis of origin. They are further subdivided within each group according to mineral composition and texture, which provide the data that allow us to interpret details of their origin.Lesson ThreeNEW WORDS1.volcanism n.火山活动2.crust n.地壳3.fracture vi.破碎,断裂4.molten a.熔化的5.extend vi.延伸,延展6.interior n.,a.内部的7.volcano n.火山8.behavior n.行为,举止,情况9.volcanology n.火山学10. crystallization n.结晶(作用)11. fluid n.流体,液体12.escape vi.,vt.逃走,漏出,逸出,避免13. crack n.裂隙14.volcanologist n.火山学家15. refer vt.,vi将…归入,认为…属于,提到16.extrusive a.,n.喷出的17. toothpaste n.牙膏18. extrude vt.挤出,使喷出19. eruption n.喷发,爆发20. occur vi.发生,出现21. magma n.岩浆22. dissolve vt.,vi.溶解23. fissure n.裂缝24. atmospheric a.大气25. explosively ad.爆炸(爆发)性的26. chill vt.使冷却27. atmosphere n.大气28. froth vt.,vi.,n.(使)起泡沫,泡沫29. burst vt.,vi.破裂,爆发,喷出30. bubble n.泡,泡沫31. vent n.喷口32. cone n.圆锥形(物)33.glow vi.燃烧,放光34. column n.圆柱PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS(to) be charged with …充满着less and less 越来越少at all 完全,根本(常用在否定句中)in much the same way以大体相同的方式TEXTVOLCANISMWhen the earth’s crust fractures, molten matter may flow from the break if it extends deep enough into the interior of the earth.A volcano may form. Earth scientists have studied the behavior and composition of molten rock materials and the forms that are produced . This branch of earth science is called volcanology.Some igneous rocks are formed by crystallization of fluid matter that has escaped through deep cracks in the earth’s crust. V olcanologists refer to these rocks as extrusive rocks, or extrusives. If a tube of toothpaste has a crack in it and you press on the tube, some of the paste is pushed out. That is, the paste has been extruded. V olcanic eruptions occur in much the same way. The magma within the earth may be heavily charged with gases and steam. These are under such great pressure that they are dissolved in the magma. If a fissure develops in a region where the magma is heavily charged with steam and other dissolved gases, the fluid magma rises through the fissure. As it rises, the pressure on it becomes less and less. The gases and steam expand, producing a force that helps to move the molten materials to the surface of the earth.When they reach the surface of the earth, the only pressure against them is atmospheric pressure— 14.7 pounds per square inch. The steam and gases now expand suddenly and explosively , producing additional great force. The molten materials, laden with rapidly expanding gas and steam, may be thrown high into the air in a wild and noisy eruption.In this kind of an eruption, the molten materials are quickly chilled by the much cooler atmosphere. They fall back to the earth as solid fragments of extrusive igneous rocks. During an explosive eruption the molten fluids may be so heavily charged with gas and steam that they froth. Bursting of the bubbles in the molten froth produces billions of tiny fragments of mineral matter, which were once part of the bubble walls. These tiny fragments may be carried upward into the atmosphere by the explosive force of the eruption. These they form great clouds of volcanic dust. Slightly larger fragments of the froth may fall back around the vent, or opening, in the crust to make a cone-shaped pile of volcanic ash.The light produced during volcanic activity is the result of the glowing of gases and molten fluids. The “smoke” of a volc ano is not smoke at all, but the column of volcanic dust, steam, and other gases that are given off from the molten fluid. EXERCISESI. Explain the meaning of these words in English.1.volcanologist2. Fracture3. crust4. Interior5.eruption6. magma7.froth8. Atmosphere9.vent10.ashII. Give the word with opposite meaning to .1.deep2.same3.dissolve4.heavily5. rise6.expand7.chill8.rapidly9.noisy 10.upward III. Give the English equivalent of the following expressions .1.从裂口流出来2.深及地球内部3.通过裂缝逸出4.以同样的方式进行5.充满了溶解的气体6.每平方英寸7抛入高空8.落回地面9．在爆发期间10.稍大一些的碎片IV. Answer the following questions in English .1.How does a volcano form ?2.What does volcanology deal with ?3.What happens when you press on a tube of toothpaste with a crack in it ?4.What happens when a fissure develops in a region where the magma within the earth is heavily charged with gases and steam ?5.What makes molten fluids froth ?6.Why do we say that the “ smoke “ of a volcano is not smoke at all ?V. Fill the blanks with appropriate prepositionsMen have come to know a great deal ＿the surface ＿the earth ＿direct or fairly direct observation .They have explored it ,surveyed it and mapped it ＿the air ;they have analysed its rocks . One could not apply such methods ＿the study ＿the earth’s interior . The deepest mines penetrate less than two miles ; the deepest boreholoes do not go down such farther. These are the merest pinpricks ＿a planet the size ＿the earth , ＿an average radius ＿3,960 miles .Indirect means must be used , therefore , to infer the internal structure＿the earth . The geophysicist , or earth scientist , gathers his evidence ＿various source . He analyzes data bearing＿earthquakes and the rotation ＿the earth . He measures the tides ; he considers variations ＿the earth. He measures the tides; he considers variations ＿gravity at various parts ＿the earth’s surface. He also tries to reproduce ＿his laboratory the conditions that he believes to exist ＿the interior ＿our planet.plete the following sentences with nouns formed from the verbs given in brackets.1.Everytning around you seems to be in ＿.(move)2.A ＿in the density of air masses is partly a result of their ＿.(differ/compose)3.The heat energy in the magma flows by ＿to the cooler crust .(conduct)4.The hot ＿rises and spreads out across the surface.(mix)5.Folds in the earth are produced by forces of ＿, or the pushing together of the crust.(compress)6.Molten matter is extruded because it is under ＿.(press)VII. Translate the following sentences into English.1.岩浆是矿物质，气体和水在高压和高温下的混合物。
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What complicates the study of pattern-process?
1. Multiple driving variables
• Driving variables are most directly responsible for the observed patterns. • They have to be identified, but are not always readily apparent or easily separated from each other
GEO 130 Earth’s Physical EnvironPhysical Geography
• • • • • • • • • • • Define physical geography Explain how we study physical geography List several types of models Describe and define models List the factors that complicate the study of pattern and process and provide examples Give examples of how scale influence the perception of pattern and process Explain how contingent historic events complicate the interpretation of pattern and process Explain the difference between non-linear and linear change Explain why models are limited in describing patterns in the environment Define and give examples of positive and negative feedback Define/explain: steady state, dynamic equilibrium, phase shifts, and transient states
What are the types of models?
• Graphical conceptual models
Types of models
• Maps
Types of models
• Data visualizations and simulations
– Mathematical in essence, but enhanced through computational power of the computer.
What is Physical Geography?
• Integrated study of three subdisciplines – Climatology – Biogeography – Geomorphology
What is Physical Geography?
• Includes the role of humans and their influence on natural processes
Types of models
• Dynamical models
– Use field-derived conditions to model the behavior of a phenomena – Can be used to predict or forecast the future
/tcgengifs/
Types of models
• Dynamical models can also be used to hindcast the past and study events that have already happened
Types of models
• Statistical models
• We document pattern and process
We use models to study pattern and process
• Models are a simplified, often idealized representation of reality.
– Intent of a model is to recreate patterns by capturing the underlying explanatory processes – Your role is to learn models, recognize they are idealized, and try to identify why they are incomplete.
Why study physical geography?
• To understand human-environment interaction, you need to understand how the non-human world works.
How do we do physical geography?
Why study physical geography?
• The natural world is as complex as the human world
– Consider these facets of the Earth’s surface
• Its extent (size) and resolution (detail) • History and time since origin (4.5 billion years)