英美文化Unit 3
英美文化Unit3（学习资料）
英美文化教程Unit 3Chapter 3. Which English?I . Focal Pointsthe roots of the English languageOld EnglishMiddle Englishdifferences between Old English and Middle Englishdifferences between Middle English and Modern EnglishModern EnglishShakespeare' s EnglishBBC EnglishStandard Englishchanges in the English languageThe King' s English and the advice given in the bookII. Questions and Answers on the T ext1. Why did the Celtic people leave little that could later be incorporated into English?They left little that could later be incorporated into English because these people had no written language.2.Where can we find relics of Celtic?We can find relics of Celtic in place names.3.What are the Celtic languages that survive in Britain today?The Celtic languages that survive today are Welsh, Scottish Gaelic and Irish Gaelic.4 What is meant by lingua franca? Give one example of lingua franca ever used in British history.Lingua franca is any language widely used as a means of communication among speakers of other languages. One example is Latin, which became the lingua franca of Britain after the Romans, invaded Britain in 55 BC.5.When did the English alphabet appear? What scripts was it adapted from?The English alphabet appeared sometime between AD 500 and 700. It was adapted from Roman scripts.6. When did the history of the English language really begin? What happened then? The history of English really began around AD 450 when the Angles, Saxons and Jutes - tribes from north-west Germany and Denmark-invaded England in succession.7. How did the four dialects of Old English emerge?After the Germanic tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes had taken control of Britain and settled, the four main dialects of Old English emerged from the Germanic dialects.8. What is the ancestor of the modern English language?The ancestor of the modern English language is Old English of Anglo-Saxon.9. What scripts did writers of the Old English period use?Writers of the Old English period used both Latin and Germanic scripts.10. How did the Scandinavian influence enter Old English?The Scandinavian influence entered Old English by way of the Vikings from Scandinavia.11. How large was the vocabulary of Old English by the end of its period?By the end of its period, Old English contained a vocabulary of 30,000 words.12. Name one best-known Old English writer and his works.One of the best-known Old English writers was the V enerable Bede (673--735). His Ecclesiastical History of the English People is one of the main sources of information about the history of Anglo-Saxon English.13. What became the official language of England after the Norman invasion led by William the Conqueror? What language did the common people speak?After the Norman invasion led by William the Conqueror, Norman French became the official language of England. The common people, however, continued to speak their Anglo-Saxon language.14. In English, why do many words connected with administration come from Norman French?Many English words connected with administration come from French because after the Norman invasion Norman French became the official language of England, and the most important positions were given to Normans, who organized government and public affairs.15. What is known as Middle English?The blend of Anglo-Saxon, Latin and French which developed in the three centuries after the Norman Conquest is known as Middle English.16. When did Middle English begin?Middle English began in 1066.17. Why did the literature of England become trilingual in the three centuries following 1066?The literature of England became trilingual because the literature was written in Middle English, which is a blend of French, English and Latin.18. In Middle English, what is meant by the Romance words, and what is meant by the Germanic words?Romance words were the Latin and French words; Germanic words were the English and Scandinavian words.19. Who was the most important writer who used Middle English?The most important writer who used Middle English was Geoffrey Chaucer.20. What is the basic difference between Old English and Middle English?The difference between Old English and Middle English lies mainly in the abandonment of the system of grammatical inflexions.21. In what aspects did the changes from Middle English to Modern English take place?The changes from Middle English to Modern English involve mainly pronunciation, vocabulary and spelling.22. When did the spellings and written forms of English begin to become standardized?The spellings and written forms of English began to become standardized at the end of the fifteenth century, with the invention of the printing press (1476).23. When did Modern English start?Modern English started from about AD 1500.24. What does BBC stand for? When was it founded? What was its motto?BBC stands for the British Broadcasting Corporation. It was founded in 1927. Its motto was Nation Shall Speak Peace Unto Nation. It meant that the English in which the voice of peace was broadcast over the radio should be universally understood.25. Whose particular style of speech is usually recognized as Standard English or Received Pronunciation English?The Particular style of speech of the BBC announcers is usually recognized as Standard English or RP English.26. Whom do the speech patterns of the BBC announcers represent?The speech patterns of the BBC announcers represent the educated southern upper class.27. Why has the English language had a very strong association with class and social status?This began from the Norman times when the upper classes spoke a completely different language from the common people.28. What difference have modern ideas of social equality made to language use in Britain?With the ideas of social equality, hallmarks of class distinction such as styles of speech have been gradually discarded, especially by the younger generation.29. What was the attitude towards language use in Britain by the second half of the 1960s? What was the characteristic of the fashionable speech of the day?By the second half of the 1960s, it became apparent that it was not necessary to speak Standard English or even correct grammar to become popular, successful and rich. The fashionable speech of the day was no longer the prerogative of a privileged class rather a defiant expression of classlessness.30. What is the greatest single influence of the shaping of the English language in modern times?The greatest single influence of the shaping of the English language in modern times is the American accents, idioms and vocabulary exported all over the globe by US films.31. What was the characteristic of the fashion of speech in the 1970’s in Britain?In the 1970s, fashion favoured careless enunciation and a language full of jargon, slang and "in" words, much of it quite incomprehensible to the outside world.32. Who were the authors of The King' s English?The authors of The King' s English were the Fowler brothers.33. What is the approximate proportion of Germanic vocabulary and Romance vocabulary in current English vocabulary?Current English V ocabulary is approximately half Germanic (English and Scandinavian) and half Romance (Latin and French).IV. Explanations:1. Old English(1) Also called Anglo-Saxon, it is the first period of the English language from the time of the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain in AD450 to the Norman Conquest in 1066.(2) Old English used both Latin and Germanic scripts. (3) Old English is the ancestor of Modern English. It is quite different from today's English.2. the V enerable Bede(1) The V enerable Bede (673--735) was one of the best. known Old English scholar-monks. (2) He wrote the Ecclesiastical History of the English People, which is one of the main sources of information about the history of Anglo-Saxon England.3. Middle English(1) Middle English is the name given to the English language in use from the Norman Conquest of 1066 to the introduction of the printing press in England in 1476. (2) Middle English is the blend of Anglo-Saxon, Latin and French. (3) The difference between Old English and Middle English lies mainly in the abandonment of the system of grammatical inflexions.4. Geoffrey Chaucer(1) Geoffrey Chaucer (1345--1400) was the most important Middle English poet. (2) His masterpiece was The Canterbury Tales.5. Modern English(1) Modern English is the English language since 1476. (2) With the introduction of the printing press in 1476, spellings and written forms of the English language began to become standardized. (3) The changes from Middle English to Modern English involve mainly pronunciation, vocabulary and spelling.6. the BBC(1) It stands for the British Broadcasting Corporation. (2) Its motto is Nation Shall Speak Peace Unto Nation. (3) The motto means that the voice of peace spoken over the radio should be universally understood. (4) The speech patterns of BBC annoumers represent the educated southern upper class, and their particular style of speech is recognized as Standard English or Received Pronunciation (RP) English.7. Standard English(1) The form of English as written and spoken by educated speakers of the language. (2) The style of speech of BBC announcers is usually recognized as Standard English. (3) Standard English is also the most appropriate variety of English for a foreigner learning English to copy.8. The King' s English(1) The famous book written by the Fowler brothers in 1906. (2) The best advice to all those who wish to become proficient in English was given in this book. (3) The best advice is to try to be direct, simple, brief, vigorous and lucid. (4)This general principle may be translated into practical rules in the domain of vocabulary as follows: Prefer the familiar words to the far-fetched.Prefer the concrete word to the abstract.Prefer the single word to the circumlocation.Prefer the short word to the long.Prefer the Saxon word to the Romance.。
高中英语Unit3Backtothepast英美文化欣赏教案(含解析)牛津译林版必修3
高中英语Unit3Backtothepast英美文化欣赏教案（含解析）牛津译林版必修3【导读】海伦·凯勒，美国著名的盲聋女作家、教育家。
她幼时患病，两耳失聪，双目失明。
她以一颗不屈不挠的心灵坦然接受生命的挑战，以惊人的毅力面对生活的困难，在黑暗中寻找着人生的光明，然后又把生命的全部奉献给残疾人慈善事业。
The Story of My Life (Excerpt)In October，1896，I entered the Cambridge School for Young Ladies，to be prepared for Radcliffe.When I was a little girl，I visited Wellesley and surprisedmy friends by the announcement，“Some day I shall go to college—but I shall go to Harvard！”When asked why I would not go toWellesley，I replied that there were only girls there.The thoughtof going to college took root in my heart and became an earnestdesire，which impelled me to enter into competition for a degree with seeing and hearing girls，in the face of the strong opposition of many true and wise friends.When I left New York the idea had become a fixed purpose；and it was decided that I should go to Cambridge.This was the nearest approach I could get to Harvard and to the fulfillment of my childish declaration.At the Cambridge School the plan was to have Miss Sullivan attend the classes with me and interpret to me the instruction given.Of course my instructors had no experience in teaching any but normal pupils, and my only means of conversing with them was reading their lips.My studies for the first year were English history, English literature，German，Latin，arithmetic，Latin composition and occasional themes.我的生活(节选)1896年10月，我进入剑桥女子学院学习，这也是为迈入拉德克利夫学院做准备。
英美文化概况unit3
They were persecuted
How
did Penn found the colony?
received the grant from the king named it Pennsylvania
wrote a pamphlet: all could enjoy religious freedom anyone could get some land almost for nothing
The second Continental Congress: It founded a Continental Army ad Navy Declaration of Independence
The Treaty of Paris A new American nation was born.
Pattern 1
The Settlement in Virginia
London Company Most of the 100 colonists who survived refused to do any annual labor Hunt for gold and other wealth in vain Ran into shortage of food The second group of men were forced to work John Rolfe succeeded in cultivating West Indian Tobacco marriage
The First Continental Congress: Leaders urged Americans to disobey the Intolerable Acts The colonists
高中英语 Unit 3 The world of colours and light英美文化欣赏教案
Unit 3 The world of colours and light【导读】你喜欢画画吗？你了解会画画的人吗？阅读短篇小说《画册的一页》，让你认识会画画的伊恩·费伦奇。
【节选】Feuille d'albumHe really was an impossible person.Too shy，and he had nothing at all to say.When he came to your studio，he just sat there，silent.When he finally went，blushing red all over his face，you wanted to scream and throw something at him.The strange thing was that at first sight he looked most interesting.Everybody agreed about that.You saw him in a café one evening，sitting in a corner with a glass of coffee in front of him.He was a thin boy，who always wore a blue shirt and a grey jacket that was a little too small for him.He looked just like a boy who has decided to run away to sea.You expected him to get up at any moment，and walk out into the night and be drowned.He had short black hair，grey eyes，white skin and a mouth that always looked ready for tears.Oh，just to see him did something to your heart！And he had this habit of blushing.If a waiter spoke to him，he turned red!‘Who is he，my dear? Do you know？’‘Yes.His name is Ian French.He paints.They say he's very clever.Someone I know tried to mother him.She asked him how often he had a letter from home，if he had enough blankets on his bed，how much milk he drank.Then she went to his studio to make sure he had enough clean shirts.She rang and rang the bell，but nobody came to the door，although she was sure he was there...Hopeless！’Someone else decided he ought to fall in love.She called him to her，took his hand，and told him how wonderful life can be for those who are brave.But when she went to his studio one evening，she rang and rang...Hopeless.‘What the poor boy really needs is excitement，’a third woman said.She took him to cafés and nightclubs，dark places where the drinks cost too much and there were always stories of a shooting the night before.Once he got very drunk，but stillhe said nothing，and when she took him home to his studio，he just said‘goodnight’and left her outside in the street...Hopeless.Other women tried to help him—women can be very kind—but finally they，too，were defeated.We are all busy people，and why should we spend our valuable time on someone who refuses to be helped?‘And anyway，I think there is something rather odd about him，don't you agree？He can't be as innocent as he looks.Why e to Paris if you don't intend to have any fun？’He lived at the top of a tall，ugly building，near the river.As it was so high，the studio had a wonderful view.From the two big windows he could see boats on the river and an island covered with trees.From the side window he looked across to a smaller and uglier house，and down below there was a flower market.You could see the tops of huge umbrellas with bright flowers around them，and plants in boxes.Old women moved backwards and forwards among the flowers.Really，he didn't need to go out.There was always something to draw.If any kind woman had been able to get into his studio，she would have had a surprise. He kept it as neat as a pin.Everything was arranged in its place，exactly like a painting—the bowl of eggs，the cups and the teapot on the shelf，the books and the lamp on the table.There was a red Indian cover on his bed，and on the wall by the bed there was a small，neatly written notice：GET UP AT ONCE.Every day was the same. When the light was good he painted，then cooked a meal and tidied the studio.In the evenings he went to the café or sat at home reading or writing a list which began：‘What I can afford to spend’．The list ended‘I promise not to spend more this month. Signed，Ian French’．Nothing odd about that；but the women were right. There was something else.One evening he was sitting at the side window eating an apple and looking down on to the tops of the huge umbrellas in the empty flower market.It had been raining，the first spring rain of the year，and the air smelled of plants and wet earth.Down below in the market，the trees were covered in new green.‘What kind of trees are they？’he wondered.He stared down at the small ugly house，and suddenly two windows opened like wings and a girl came out on to the balcony，carrying a pot of daffodils.Shewas a strangely thin girl in a dark dress，with a pink handkerchief tied over her hair.‘Yes，it is warm enough.It will do them good，’she said，putting down the pot，and turning to someone in the room inside.As she turned，she put her hands up to her hair to tidy it，and looked down at the market and up at the sky.She did not look at the house opposite. Then she disappeared.His heart fell out of the window and down to the balcony，where it buried itself among the green leaves of the daffodils.The room with the balcony was the sittingroom，and next to it was the kitchen. He heard her washing the dishes after supper，saw her e to the window to shake out the tablecloth.She never sang or bed her hair or stared at the moon as young girls are said to do. She always wore the same dark dress and pink handkerchief.Who did she live with？Nobody else came to the window，but she was always talking to someone.Her mother，he decided，was always ill. They took in sewing work.The father was dead...He had been a journalist.By working all day she and her mother just made enough money to live on，but they never went out and they had no friends.He had to make some new notices...‘N ot to go to the window before six o'clock：signed，Ian French.Not to think about her until he had finished his painting for the day：signed，Ian French.’It was quite simple.She was the only person he wanted to know because she was，he decided，the only person alive who was exactly his age.He didn't want silly girls，and he had no use for older women.She was his age.She was—well，just like him.He sat in his studio，staring at her windows，seeing himself in those rooms with her.She was often angry.They had terrible fights，he and she.And she rarely laughed.Only sometimes，when she told him about a funny little cat she once had，who used to scratch and pretend to be fierce when she gave it meat to eat...Things like that made her ually，they sat together very quietly，talking in low voices，or silent and tired after the day's work.Of course，she never asked him about his pictures，and of course he painted the most wonderful pictures of her，which she hated because he made her so thin and so dark...But how could he meet her?Then he discovered that once a week，in the evening，she went shopping.On two Thursdays he saw her at the window in a coat，carrying a basket.The next Thursday，at the same time，he ran down the stairs.There was a lovely pink light over everything.He saw it reflected in the river，and the people walking towards him in the street had pink faces and pink hands.Outside the house he waited for her.He had no idea what he was going to do or say.‘Here she es，’said a voice in his head.She walked very quickly，with small，light steps...What could he do？He could only follow...First she went to buy some bread.Then she went to a fish shop.She had to wait a long time in there.Then she went to the fruit shop and bought an orange.As he watched her，he knew more surely than ever that he must talk to her，now.Her seriousness and her loneliness，even the way she walked—separate，somehow，distant from the other people in the street—all this was so natural，so right to him.‘Yes，she is always like that，’he thought proudly.‘She and I are different from these people.’But now she was going home，and he had not spoken to her.Then she went into another shop. Through the window，he saw her buying an egg. She took it carefully out of the basket—a brown egg，a beautiful one，the one he himself would have chosen.She came out of the shop，and he went in.A moment later he was out again，following her through the flower market，past the huge umbrellas，walking on fallen flowers.He followed her into the house and up the stairs.She stopped at a door and took a key out of her purse.As she put the key in the lock，he ran up to her.Blushing redder than ever，but looking straight at her，he said，almost angrily：‘Excuse me，Mademoiselle，you dropped this.’And he gave her an egg.画册的一页他真是个令人难以忍受的人。
英美文化考题翻译1-2-3
；UK Unit 1 The COUNTRY1. Read the following statements carefully and then decide whether they are true or false. Put a “T” if you think the statement is true and an “F” if it is not.United Kingdom and Northern Island is located in northern Europe. ( F )英国和北爱尔兰坐落在北欧。
（注：北爱尔兰是英国的一部分，而英国位于西欧，即Western Europe，是一个岛国）2.The United Kingdom consists of four political divisions ------ England,Scotland, Wales and Ireland. ( F )英国包含四个政治分区，分别是英格兰，苏格兰，威尔士和爱尔兰。
（注：爱尔兰是西欧的一个国家，此处应为“北爱尔兰”即Norther Island，这才是英国的一个地区。
）3.《4.England is one of the two large islands in the British Isles. ( F )英格兰是不列颠群岛上的两个大岛屿之一。
（注：不列颠群岛包括大不列颠岛、爱尔兰岛、马恩岛及附近的5 500多个小岛；英国全称为大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，有大不列颠岛上的英格兰，苏格兰，威尔士和爱尔兰岛上的北爱尔兰组成。
大不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛才是不列颠群岛上的两个大岛屿，英格兰是大不列颠岛上的岛屿之一。
）5.The British Isles are made up of three large islands and hundreds of smallones. ( F )不列颠群岛由三个大岛屿和许多小岛屿组成。
英美文化Chapter3GovernmentandtheCommonwealth
C h a p t e r3G o v e r n m e n t a n d t h e C o m m o n w e a l t hI. Constitution 国体Great Britain (UK) is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch as the head of state❖British Constitution is made up of:▪Statutory Law (成文法)▪Common Law (判例法)▪Conventions (习惯法)1.1 Statutory Law▪passed by Parliament▪example❖the Magna Carta (1215)❖the Bill of Rights (1689)❖the Reform Act (1832)❖the European Communities Act (1972)❖the European Communities (Amendment) Act (1986) 1.2 Common law▪deduced from custom or legal precedents andinterpreted in court cases by judges1.3 Conventions▪rules and practices which do not exist legally, but areregarded as vital to the working of governmentII. Government2.1 The LegislatureBasic Structure of UK Central Government2.1.1 Parliament❖Parliament▪the law-making body of Britain▪one of the oldest representative assemblies in the world▪Strictly speaking, the parliament consists of the King or Queen, the House of Lords (上议院), the House of Commons (下议院) Queen❖Queen Elizabeth II▪Born: April 21, 1926▪Queen since June 2, 1953❖Queen Elizabeth II is a “constitutional monarch〞▪Although she is officially the head of state, the country is actually run by the government and led by the Prime Minister.Q. What powers does the Queen haveShe reigns but does not rule!Theoretically, she is the source of all government powers:•an integral part of the legislature•head of the executive, executive and judiciary branches•the commander-in-chief of all armed forces of the Crown•“supreme governor〞of the Church of EnglandIn reality, her role is “ceremonial, unpolitical and symbolic〞:❖State opening of the Parliament❖Royal assent to new law❖Meeting with the Prime Minister at BuckinghamPalace❖Pay state visits to Commonwealth countries as head of state and non-Commonwealth countries on behalf of the British governmentThe House of Lords❖often referred to as “the Upper House〞❖The Lords Spiritual (上议院神职议员) (archbishops and prominent bishops of the Church of England)❖The Lords Temporal (上议院世俗议员) (hereditary peers and life peers and the Law Lords)❖The Upper House Reforms❖Reduce the number of seats❖from 705 to 666 (Mar. 1, 2004)❖Final court of appeal—Supreme CourtThe House of Commons❖Often referred to as “the Lower House〞(center of parliamentary power)❖Three major functions▪to pass laws, bills and acts of Parliament▪to scrutinize, criticize and restrain the actions of the government▪to influence the future government policy❖646 Members of Parliament, known as “MPs〞for short, who represent the 646 geographical areas / constituencies2.2 The ExecutiveThe Prime Minister—powerful leader❖head of the government❖the leader of the majority party in Parliament❖controls the ParliamentThe Cabinet❖supreme decision-making body in the British government❖Cabinet members are chosen by the Prime Minister from members of his own party in Parliament.❖The Cabinet works on the principle of collective responsibility and individual ministerial responsibility❖Ministers responsible for their particular department(most senior members are the Deputy Prime Minister, Foreign Secretary, Chancellor of the Exchequer and Home Secretary)❖Collective responsibility or resignation2.2.2 Privy Council❖ a body of advisors (450 members)❖current and former Cabinet members and important public figures❖Its main duty is to give advice2.3 The Judiciary❖Proceedings▪All criminal trials are held in open court because the criminal law presumes the innocence of the accused until he has been approved guilty beyond reasonable doubt ▪In criminal trials by jury, the judge passes sentence but the jury decides the issue of guilt and innocence.❖Two branches of law▪Civil law—defines and enforces the duties or obligations of persons to one another▪Criminal law—by contrast, defines and enforces the obligations of persons to society asa wholeThe Court SystemIII. Political Parties3.0 Overall Introduction❖The Parliament operates on a two-party system.❖Political parties originated in the late 17th century.▪the Whig Party—Liberal Party▪the Tory Party—Conservative PartyComparative Description on the two major parties:3.1 The Conservative Party❖the “Right〞▪landowners and businessmen, the middle and upper-middle class ▪free enterprise and privatization of state-owned firmsMargaret Thatcher (1979-1990)—The Iron Lady❖privatized state-owned industries and promoted a more competitive spirit in Britain’s economy❖reduced old age pensions, shortened the period of unemployment benefits, and cut child benefits❖curbed the power of the trade unions3.2 The Labor Party❖the “Left〞▪created by the growing trade union movement at the end of the 19th century▪After 1945—to establish a welfare state•nationalized industries•exercised control over private industries to revive the primary industries•Recent Prime Ministers from the left•Tony Blair (1997-2006)—“Third Way〞•made the Bank of England independent (separate politics and economic policy)•put an emphasis on the minimum wage and supplementing low incomes•Gordon Brown (June 27, 2007)3.3 The Liberal Democrats❖An amalgamation of the old Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party (the latter being a breakaway group from the Labor Party, formed in 1981)❖advocates policies based on freedom of the individual and supports the adoption of Propositional Representation at elections❖remains a minority party❖a party of protest rather than a real alternative for governmentIV. Election❖held every five years in the 646 constituencies❖candidate who wins in each constituency becomes a Member of Parliament❖The party which holds the majority of “seats〞in Parliament forms the government, with its party leader becoming the Prime Minister.V. The Commonwealth5.1 Origin of the Commonwealth❖The Commonwealth of Nations is the successor of the British Empire. ❖In 1949, “British〞was dropped from the title of “Commonwealth〞.❖In 1949, the London Declaration accepted and recognized India’s continued membership as a republic.❖From 1960 onwards, new members joined the Commonwealth.5.2 Characteristics and Functions❖ a voluntary association of independent sovereign states❖to advocate (提倡) democracy, human rights, and to promote economic cooperation and growth of its members5.3 Members of the Commonwealth❖an organization composed of 54 states in 2021❖ 3 in Europe, 12 in North America, 1 in South America, 19 in Africa, 8 in Asia, and 11 in Oceania (including one suspended member, Fiji).❖ a combined population of 2.1 billion people, almost a third of the world population, of which 1.17 billion live in India and 94% live in Asia and Africa combined5.4 Organizations of the Commonwealth❖The headquarters are all located in London.❖Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM)❖Commonwealth Ministers’ Meeting held annually❖The Commonwealth Secretariat❖The Commonwealth Foundation and other professional associationsCommonwealth Day❖the second Monday in March every year❖an opportunity to promote understanding of global issues, international cooperation and the efforts to improve the lives of its 1.8 billion citizens。
武汉理工大学英美文化英国概况Unit3
英美文化与国家概况British and American Studies ( British Part )Unit Three大学英语第一教研室余非编2013年2月Unit 3 Politics and LawContents:1.Political Parties2.Elections3.Justice and Law Courts4.Legal Profession1.Political Parties✧In the United Kingdom, politics is under the control of political parties, and this is known asparty politics.✧There are two major political parties that contest the majority of seats of Parliament in thegeneral election.✧Britain normally holds a general election every five years for British people to elect Membersof Parliament.✧British voters regard the transfer of political powers from one party to another as an effectiveway of making the government more responsive to their demands.✧Under the British law, people are free to set up political parties, and a number of politicalparties exist in the United Kingdom. The law grants equal treatment to all political parties.✧However, only two of them are most important and they are known as the major parties.✧Consequently, politics in Britain is based on a two-party system instead of multi-partysystem.✧The two major parties are respectively called the Conservative Party and the Labor Party.British Parliament is always dominated by one or the other of these two major parties.✧Small parties, usually called minor parties, cannot win the majority seats of Parliament andhave no chance to control the government.✧The history of political parties in Britain can be traced back to the late 17th century when twopolitical parties, the Whigs and the Tories, were founded.The Whigs (辉格党):1. The name Whig is derived from a derogatory term first applied to Scottish rebels.2.Towards the middle of the 19th century, the Whigs adopted a new name, the liberal Party.3.After the First World War, the Liberal Party disintegrated and some of its members laterjoined the Labor Party, which was founded in 1900. Its supporters are mainly from trade unions, liberals, socialists, and progressive intellectuals.4.The basic doctrine of the Labor Party was based on socialism, but its goal was to promotenational and individual growth, not the uprising of one class by overthrowing another one. 5.Many of the Labor leaders are from the working class families, but the party is not arepresentative of the working class in its real sense. It represents the interests of confusing class elements.6.According to statistics from general elections, about 20% of upper-middle class, half of themiddle class, and 60% of the manual workers vote for the Labor Party. It is for this reason that the Labor Party is said to represent the relatively poor or the lower class.The Tories（托利党）:1.Those who opposed the doctrine of the Whigs were called the “ Tories ”. The name Tory,derived from an old Irish word meaning runaway or fugitive.2.In the mid-19 century, the Tory Party decided to adopt the new name --- The ConservativeParty--- because of the changed situation in Britain. Tory is still often used as a synonym for Conservative.3.The main support of the Conservative Party comes from the middle and upper-middle classes,which are believed to be more conservative.4.The average educational level of the Conservatives is usually higher than that of otherpolitical parties. It can be said that the higher one goes up in social and economic class, the more likely he is to vote for the Conservatives.5.That is why some people label the Conserv atives as a party of “the rich”.2.Elections✧Members of Parliament are elected in nationwide general elections. The goal of the twomajor parties is to gain the majority of the seats in the House of Commons so as to form itsgovernment.✧There are 659 seats in the House of Commons, representing the whole nation.✧To distribute the seats fairly, the United Kingdom is divided into 659 electoral districts, alsoknown as constituencies, of equal population. Each constituency is to elect one Member of Parliament.✧Every man and woman aged 18 or over has the right to vote. Each voter can vote for only onecandidate.✧Both parties have their local organizations that choose candidates of their party and help themwith the election campaign. A candidate without party affiliation is known as an independent candidate. Active supporters of the candidates use all kind of methods in the campaign. The most interesting method is “ canvassing ”.✧For the purpose of soliciting votes by canvassing, activists go from house to house and oftenrides in cars to the voting place.✧The general election is held on the same day all over the country, but voting is notcompulsory. The voter takes his ballot paper to a booth where he marks the name he intends to vote for and puts it into a large box.✧At the end of the time for voting, all the boxes containing marked ballot papers are sent to acentral point in the constituency.✧The candidate who gets most votes wins the election. As soon as the results of the generalelection are published, everyone knows which party will govern Britain for the next few years.✧If the Government (the party in power) wins the majority of the seats in Parliament, there isno need to make changes.✧If it fails to win the majority, the Prime Minister concedes his pa rty’s defeat and resigns atonce. The Queen then appoints the leader of the new majority party Prime Minister and empowers him to organize a new government for the five years.✧The former government would become the Opposition Party and form it “ shadow cabinet ”.3.Justice and Law Courts✧Britain is a modern democracy based on the rule of law, but it dose not have a singledocument that can be called the written constitution because British values stress adherence to tradition.✧Generally speaking, the English law comprises three elements :1) Act of Parliament （议会法案）2) Common law （习惯法；判例法）3) The European Union law. （欧盟法）✧There are also various local laws known as by-laws made by local governments; however,since local are not allowed to contradict national laws, they cannot be regarded as a separate element.✧Britain has a long judicial history. Its legal system has been emulated throughout the worldand some of its key principles are reflected in the laws of other countries.✧The most important principles derived from British law include due process of law and thewrit of habeas corpus.✧Due process of law is a legal principle that has been adopted by almost all the moderncountries to protect individual rights. It was used for the first time in the Great Charter., also known as the Magna Carter that was signed by King John in 1215.Note :英国是一个没有成文宪法的国家。
高中英语Unit3Tomorrow’sworld英美文化欣赏教案(含解析)牛津译林版必修4
Unit 3 Tomorrow’s world【导读】I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud是华兹华斯诗作中最广为流传的一篇。
请大家欣赏。
I Wandered Lonely as a CloudWilliam WordsworthI wandered lonely as a cloud，That floats on high o'er vales and hills，When all at once I saw a crowd，A host of golden daffodils；Beside the lake, beneath the trees，Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.Continuous as the stars that shine，And twinkle on the milky way，They stretched in neverending line，Along the margin of a bay；Ten thousand saw I at a glance，Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.The waves beside them danced；But they outdid the sparkling waves in glee；A poet could not but be gay；In such a jocund company；I gazed—and gazed—but little thought，What wealth the show to me had brought.For oft when on my couch I lie，In vacant or in pensive mood，They flash upon that inward eye，Which is the bliss of solitude，And then my heart with pleasure fills，And dances with the daffodils...我孤独地漫游，像一朵云华兹华斯我好似一朵孤独的流云，高高地飘游在山谷之上，突然我看见一大片鲜花，是金色的水仙遍地开放，它们开在湖畔，开在树下，它们随风嬉舞，随风波荡。
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英美文化教程Unit 3Chapter 3. Which English?I . Focal Pointsthe roots of the English languageOld EnglishMiddle Englishdifferences between Old English and Middle Englishdifferences between Middle English and Modern EnglishModern EnglishShakespeare' s EnglishBBC EnglishStandard Englishchanges in the English languageThe King' s English and the advice given in the bookII. Questions and Answers on the Text1. Why did the Celtic people leave little that could later be incorporated into English?They left little that could later be incorporated into English because these people had no written language.2.Where can we find relics of Celtic?We can find relics of Celtic in place names.3.What are the Celtic languages that survive in Britain today?The Celtic languages that survive today are Welsh, Scottish Gaelic and Irish Gaelic.4 What is meant by lingua franca? Give one example of lingua franca ever used in British history.Lingua franca is any language widely used as a means of communication among speakers of other languages. One example is Latin, which became the lingua franca of Britain after the Romans, invaded Britain in 55 BC.5.When did the English alphabet appear? What scripts was it adapted from?The English alphabet appeared sometime between AD 500 and 700. It was adapted from Roman scripts.6. When did the history of the English language really begin? What happened then? The history of English really began around AD 450 when the Angles, Saxons and Jutes - tribes from north-west Germany and Denmark-invaded England in succession.7. How did the four dialects of Old English emerge?After the Germanic tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes had taken control of Britain and settled, the four main dialects of Old English emerged from the Germanic dialects.8. What is the ancestor of the modern English language?The ancestor of the modern English language is Old English of Anglo-Saxon.9. What scripts did writers of the Old English period use?Writers of the Old English period used both Latin and Germanic scripts.10. How did the Scandinavian influence enter Old English?The Scandinavian influence entered Old English by way of the Vikings from Scandinavia.11. How large was the vocabulary of Old English by the end of its period?By the end of its period, Old English contained a vocabulary of 30,000 words.12. Name one best-known Old English writer and his works.One of the best-known Old English writers was the Venerable Bede (673--735). His Ecclesiastical History of the English People is one of the main sources of information about the history of Anglo-Saxon English.13. What became the official language of England after the Norman invasion led by William the Conqueror? What language did the common people speak?After the Norman invasion led by William the Conqueror, Norman French became the official language of England. The common people, however, continued to speak their Anglo-Saxon language.14. In English, why do many words connected with administration come from Norman French?Many English words connected with administration come from French because after the Norman invasion Norman French became the official language of England, and the most important positions were given to Normans, who organized government and public affairs.15. What is known as Middle English?The blend of Anglo-Saxon, Latin and French which developed in the three centuries after the Norman Conquest is known as Middle English.16. When did Middle English begin?Middle English began in 1066.17. Why did the literature of England become trilingual in the three centuries following 1066?The literature of England became trilingual because the literature was written in Middle English, which is a blend of French, English and Latin.18. In Middle English, what is meant by the Romance words, and what is meant by the Germanic words?Romance words were the Latin and French words; Germanic words were the English and Scandinavian words.19. Who was the most important writer who used Middle English?The most important writer who used Middle English was Geoffrey Chaucer.20. What is the basic difference between Old English and Middle English?The difference between Old English and Middle English lies mainly in the abandonment of the system of grammatical inflexions.21. In what aspects did the changes from Middle English to Modern English take place?The changes from Middle English to Modern English involve mainly pronunciation, vocabulary and spelling.22. When did the spellings and written forms of English begin to become standardized?The spellings and written forms of English began to become standardized at the end of the fifteenth century, with the invention of the printing press (1476).23. When did Modern English start?Modern English started from about AD 1500.24. What does BBC stand for? When was it founded? What was its motto?BBC stands for the British Broadcasting Corporation. It was founded in 1927. Its motto was Nation Shall Speak Peace Unto Nation. It meant that the English in which the voice of peace was broadcast over the radio should be universally understood.25. Whose particular style of speech is usually recognized as Standard English or Received Pronunciation English?The Particular style of speech of the BBC announcers is usually recognized as Standard English or RP English.26. Whom do the speech patterns of the BBC announcers represent?The speech patterns of the BBC announcers represent the educated southern upper class.27. Why has the English language had a very strong association with class and social status?This began from the Norman times when the upper classes spoke a completely different language from the common people.28. What difference have modern ideas of social equality made to language use in Britain?With the ideas of social equality, hallmarks of class distinction such as styles of speech have been gradually discarded, especially by the younger generation.29. What was the attitude towards language use in Britain by the second half of the 1960s? What was the characteristic of the fashionable speech of the day?By the second half of the 1960s, it became apparent that it was not necessary to speak Standard English or even correct grammar to become popular, successful and rich. The fashionable speech of the day was no longer the prerogative of a privileged class rather a defiant expression of classlessness.30. What is the greatest single influence of the shaping of the English language in modern times?The greatest single influence of the shaping of the English language in modern times is the American accents, idioms and vocabulary exported all over the globe by US films.31. What was the characteristic of the fashion of speech in the 1970’s in Britain?In the 1970s, fashion favoured careless enunciation and a language full of jargon, slang and "in" words, much of it quite incomprehensible to the outside world.32. Who were the authors of The King' s English?The authors of The King' s English were the Fowler brothers.33. What is the approximate proportion of Germanic vocabulary and Romance vocabulary in current English vocabulary?Current English V ocabulary is approximately half Germanic (English and Scandinavian) and half Romance (Latin and French).IV. Explanations:1. Old English(1) Also called Anglo-Saxon, it is the first period of the English language from the time of the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain in AD450 to the Norman Conquest in 1066.(2) Old English used both Latin and Germanic scripts. (3) Old English is the ancestor of Modern English. It is quite different from today's English.2. the Venerable Bede(1) The Venerable Bede (673--735) was one of the best. known Old English scholar-monks. (2) He wrote the Ecclesiastical History of the English People, which is one of the main sources of information about the history of Anglo-Saxon England.3. Middle English(1) Middle English is the name given to the English language in use from the Norman Conquest of 1066 to the introduction of the printing press in England in 1476. (2) Middle English is the blend of Anglo-Saxon, Latin and French. (3) The difference between Old English and Middle English lies mainly in the abandonment of the system of grammatical inflexions.4. Geoffrey Chaucer(1) Geoffrey Chaucer (1345--1400) was the most important Middle English poet. (2) His masterpiece was The Canterbury Tales.5. Modern English(1) Modern English is the English language since 1476. (2) With the introduction of the printing press in 1476, spellings and written forms of the English language began to become standardized. (3) The changes from Middle English to Modern English involve mainly pronunciation, vocabulary and spelling.6. the BBC(1) It stands for the British Broadcasting Corporation. (2) Its motto is Nation Shall Speak Peace Unto Nation. (3) The motto means that the voice of peace spoken over the radio should be universally understood. (4) The speech patterns of BBC annoumers represent the educated southern upper class, and their particular style of speech is recognized as Standard English or Received Pronunciation (RP) English.7. Standard English(1) The form of English as written and spoken by educated speakers of the language. (2) The style of speech of BBC announcers is usually recognized as Standard English. (3) Standard English is also the most appropriate variety of English for a foreigner learning English to copy.8. The King' s English(1) The famous book written by the Fowler brothers in 1906. (2) The best advice to all those who wish to become proficient in English was given in this book. (3) The best advice is to try to be direct, simple, brief, vigorous and lucid. (4)This general principle may be translated into practical rules in the domain of vocabulary as follows: Prefer the familiar words to the far-fetched.Prefer the concrete word to the abstract.Prefer the single word to the circumlocation.Prefer the short word to the long.Prefer the Saxon word to the Romance.。