Effects of Free-air CO2 Enrichment on Root Characteristics and C:N Ratio of Rice at the Heading

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climatechange

climatechange

降水变化对植物影响
时间因素: 特定的季节里,树木在过于干燥的时间间隔里受到更大 的伤害;例如,在早春减少降雨量比在其他时间能更显著 地阻碍植物的增长幅度。但是只要在随后的生长季节提 供足够的水,在树木停止生长后干旱发生的后果就很小。 植物自身因素? 在温带森林,保罗· 汉森所做的13年之久的TDE,成熟的 树木因深厚的根基经受住了降水的持续减少。但许多幼 树和幼苗根浅已经死亡。
二氧化碳浓度的变化
科学家一直试图评估今后数十年气候变化对人类的影响, 包括CO2浓度的作用。自工业革命开始以来,CO2浓度 因化石燃料的使用而不断上升。
目前,地球大气中的CO2浓度约为400ppm,并在持续 上升。
2014年4月大气中CO2的平均浓度达到了401.33ppm, 已持续突破400ppm这个关口,这可能是80万年来的第 一次。
二氧化碳变化产生的影响
高浓度的二氧化碳能促进光合作用,它使得更多的碳进入到 植物组织里。这样的初级生产力(NPP)也在多个增长季节持续 着。
当二氧化碳的环境条件从388 ppm到550 ppm,威斯康辛州、 北卡罗来纳州、田纳西州和意大利的森林实验NPP每年增加 了23%,如果各个国家不采取措施限制排放的话这可能在100 年内就会发生。
行实验。迄今为止的结果表明,温度增加1到3摄氏度对于 促进落叶灌木的生长和草本植物地面覆盖要多于苔藓和地 衣。这个差别反应正好支持这一假说——气候变暖将导致 在高纬度地区的生态系统里生物多样性的降低。从草本到
木本植被的转变,会使本该被反射回太空的能量被地球吸
收,进一步升高了全球温度 。
前路漫漫
到目前为止,这些只完成了冰山的一角。
全球气温每升高1华氏度(0.56摄氏度),暴雨量增加 3.9%,影响最大的是赤道附近的热带地区,其中太平洋 赤道地区和亚洲季风区出现暴雨的概率将增加。全球气温 每升高1华氏度,全球无雨时间将增加2.6%。在北半球, 受影响最大的包括美国西南部、中国西北部、巴基斯坦和 北非、中东等干旱地区;在南半球,南非、澳大利亚西北 部、巴西东北部以及中美洲沿岸地区等,可能会面临更多 干旱。

基于土壤微生物的碳氮互作效应:综述

基于土壤微生物的碳氮互作效应:综述

基于土壤微生物的碳氮互作效应综述单文俊1,王庆贵1,2,闫国永1,2,邢亚娟1,3(1黑龙江大学农业资源与环境学院,哈尔滨150080;2东北林业大学林学院,哈尔滨150040;3黑龙江省林业科学研究所,哈尔滨150081)摘要:土壤微生物在养分循环中起着至关重要的作用,可为陆地生态系统能量流动提供动力。

碳(C)、氮(N)元素是构成生物基本骨架和能量代谢最基本的元素,其循环关系到生物生长和生态系统的稳定性。

在陆地生态系统中,土壤微生物C 、N 元素有着明显的相互作用,环境中C 、N 浓度的变化会促使其发生变化,进而导致微生物群落结构和生物功能改变。

笔者从CO 2浓度升高、黑碳添加和N 沉降加剧出发,总结了环境条件变化对微生物C 、N 的影响;分析了现实环境背景下土壤微生物C 、N 的相互作用,探讨微生物C 、N 的内在联系,为微生物C 、N 耦合及生态系统C 、N 耦合提供参考依据。

并提出,今后在气候变化对土壤微生物影响的研究中,应当根据地域和时空的差异建立多个研究模型,深入研究微生物C 、N 与环境中C 、N 的关系,注重生态系统C 、N 耦合的同时,也要注重微生物与其他生物之间,特别是与植物之间的C 、N 耦合。

关键词:土壤微生物;CO 2浓度升高;N 沉降;相互作用;碳氮耦合中图分类号:X171.1文献标志码:A论文编号:casb16010056Interaction Effects of Soil Microbial Carbon and Nitrogen:A ReviewShan Wenjun 1,Wang Qinggui 1,2,Yan Guoyong 1,2,Xing Yajuan 1,3(1College of Agricultural Resource and Environment,Heilongjiang University ,Harbin 150080;2College of Forestry,Northeast Forestry University ,Harbin 1500403Institute of Forestry Science of Heilongjiang Province ,Harbin 150081)Abstract:Soil microorganism plays an important role in nutrient cycling,which can provide power for terrestrial ecosystems energy flow.Carbon(C)and nitrogen(N)element constitute the basic biology skeleton and biological energy metabolism,and the circulation of these two elements are related to the biological growth and stability of ecosystem.In terrestrial ecosystems,soil microbial C and N element have obvious interaction,and C and N concentration change in environment would lead to the change of the two elements in the soil,and resulting in the change of microbial community structure and biological function.This article,from the research points of elevated CO 2concentration,the adding of black carbon and N deposition increase,summed up the influence of changing environmental conditions on microbial C and N,analyzed the interaction of soil microbial C and N under the background of the realistic environment,discussed the inherent relation of基金项目:黑龙江省自然科学基金重点项目“黑龙江省寒温带针叶林生态系统碳循环对模拟N 沉降的响应”(ZD201406);国家自然科学基金项目“大兴安岭北方森林细根动态和形态特征对氮沉降的响应”(41575137);国家自然科学基金项目“大兴安岭北方森林生态系统对N 沉降增加的响应”(31370494);国家自然科学基金项目“小兴安岭阔叶红松林生态系统对N 沉降增加的响应”(31170421);国家自然科学基金项目“气候变化背景下小兴安岭阔叶红松林土壤碳汇变化机理”(31070406);科技部基础性工作专项A 类项目“东北森林国家级保护区植物群落和土壤生物调查”(2014FY110600)。

用FACE研究全球变化

用FACE研究全球变化

用FACE研究全球变化作者:蒋高明来源:《百科知识》2014年第24期在全球变化研究中,有一个新名词进入了公众视野,这就是FACE(Free-air CO2 enrichment),直译为自由二氧化碳气体施肥实验平台。

由于国内普通读者对气候变化及其相关研究设施比较陌生,因此,有必要在这里简要介绍一下。

因何而生在介绍FACE之前,先要谈全球变化。

这是因为,FACE是为全球变化研究而产生的。

全球变化,也称全球气候变化,是指在全球范围内气候统计学意义上的改变或者持续较长一段时间的气候异常现象。

工业革命以来,大气中各种温室气体的浓度都在增加。

1750年之前,大气中二氧化碳浓度基本维持在280ppm。

随着人类活动加剧,尤其是不断消耗化石燃料(煤炭、石油等),大量砍伐森林,释放的二氧化碳远远高于固定的碳,大气中二氧化碳浓度逐渐上升,每年大约上升1.8ppm,其中人为排放约占增加部分的一半。

二氧化碳浓度升高造成的最大问题是气温升高及其引起的海平面上升。

按照政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)的评估,在过去的1个世纪,全球表面平均温度上升了0.3℃~0.6℃,全球海平面平均上升了10~25厘米。

许多学者预测,到本世纪中叶,世界能源消费的格局若不发生根本性变化,大气中二氧化碳浓度将达到560ppm,全球平均温度可能上升1.5℃~4℃。

上述变化引起了各国科学家的担忧,针对植物个体、群落、微生物以及动物等展开大量的模拟研究和实验,尤以植物实验最多。

人们通过采取人为提高二氧化碳浓度的方法并结合温度、养分、水分和光照等其他环境条件的变化进行模拟研究。

在这些方面,国外学者尝试了许多方法,FACE应运而生。

追本溯源1996年春天,笔者在美国生物圈二号做访问学者时,美国同事向笔者介绍了FACE实验,并带领笔者到现场参观。

回国后,笔者将FACE翻译为“自由二氧化碳气体施肥实验”,并将其介绍给国内同行。

FACE是在田间状态下由一圈垂直的管道直接将二氧化碳通入大田,由此形成一个高浓度的二氧化碳场,二氧化碳浓度通过计算机控制;其他环境条件,如温度、湿度、风速、光照等,基本不发生改变;但植物的生长空间相对于其他控制实验明显增大了。

二氧化碳浓度升高对农业的影响英文ppt

二氧化碳浓度升高对农业的影响英文ppt

Hope you can give me some suggestions, That`s all ! thank opment of the society ,because of the rapidly increase in population anf industry, carbon dioxide produced by coal, oil, natural gas combustion became more than before. Beside, a lot of farmland and forests were destoried to built cities and factories, the destruction of vegetation, reduced the carbon dioxide converted into organic matter. Even worse, the gradual reduction of surface waters, and the precipitation was greatly reduced, reducing the absorption of dissolved carbon dioxide.caused the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increased year by year. The total amount of carbon dioxide increased by about fifteen percent in the last century. But at present, the total amount of carbon dioxide increases by zero point four percent.

农田土壤固碳作用对温室气体减排的影响

农田土壤固碳作用对温室气体减排的影响

生态环境 2007, 16(6): 1775-1780 Ecology and Environment E-mail: editor@基金项目:国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)(2005CB121107)作者简介:王树涛(1978-),男, 博士, 主要从事土壤学、农田生态学研究。

Tel: +86-312-7528224; E-mail: wangst@ *通讯作者: 许皞,Tel :+86-312-7528206;E-mail: xuhao22003@ 农田土壤固碳作用对温室气体减排的影响王树涛1,门明新1,刘 微2,许 皞1*1. 河北农业大学资源与环境科学学院,河北 保定 071001;2. 浙江大学环境与资源学院环境工程系,浙江 杭州 310029摘要:温室气体排放引起的全球气候变暖和平流层臭氧空洞已成为当前人们关注的环境问题之一。

土壤碳库作为地表生态系统中最活跃的碳库之一,是甲烷、二氧化碳、一氧化二氮等温室气体的重要释放源,也是重要的吸收汇。

因此,寻找农田土壤系统碳管理的有效方法已经成为缓解温室效应的重要科学问题。

西方发达国家已将固碳农业作为环境管理的重要导向,应用颗粒分组13C NMR 或CPMAS-NMR 技术对土壤碳固定的机制研究指出微团聚体与矿物-粘粒复合体的相互作用是土壤有机碳稳定存在的主要方式,揭示了土壤有机碳的腐殖质转化及其与土壤矿物、金属氧化物结合的微观水平,且从土壤物理结构、化学组成和生物学特性等多学科交叉研究土壤有机碳的固定机理及其稳定机制。

长期传统的土地利用方式和管理措施所导致的土壤有机碳含量、密度及垂直分布的变化是造成土壤碳库损失的主要原因,为了增加农业生态系统土壤有机碳的含量,土地利用方式和农业管理措施应该从增加有机碳输入量和减少有机碳矿化两方面着手,加强对农业土壤固碳潜力和土壤碳库稳定性影响因素的多角度研究。

关键词:有机碳;土壤;CO 2;碳固定中图分类号:X144 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1672-2175(2007)06-1775-06工农业生产的发展,人类活动的加剧,促进了温室气体浓度升高,目前大气中CO 2、CH 4和N 2O 的浓度分别为365 µmol mol -1,1.745 µmol mol -1和0.314 µmol mol -1,比工业革命前分别增加了28.6%、149%和9.5%[1,2]。

关于环保减碳的英语作文

关于环保减碳的英语作文

关于环保减碳的英语作文Title: Embracing Sustainability: A Call for Environmental Protection and Carbon Reduction。

In today's world, the imperative of environmental protection and carbon reduction stands as one of the most pressing issues of our time. As we witness the alarming effects of climate change and environmental degradation, it becomes increasingly evident that urgent action is neededto mitigate these challenges and secure a sustainablefuture for generations to come.First and foremost, it is crucial to recognize the interconnectedness of human activities and their impact on the environment. From industrial emissions to deforestation, our actions significantly contribute to the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, resulting in global warming and climate instability. Therefore, adopting eco-friendly practices and reducing carbon emissions are paramount in mitigating these adverse effects.One effective strategy to combat climate change is transitioning to renewable energy sources. By harnessing the power of solar, wind, and hydroelectric energy, we can reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and decrease carbon emissions. Additionally, investing in clean energy technologies not only mitigates environmental damage but also stimulates economic growth and creates job opportunities in the renewable energy sector.Furthermore, promoting energy efficiency across various sectors is essential in reducing carbon emissions. Through initiatives such as energy-efficient building designs,fuel-efficient transportation systems, and sustainable agricultural practices, we can significantly decrease our carbon footprint while conserving resources and minimizing waste. Education and awareness campaigns play a vital role in encouraging individuals and organizations to adopt energy-efficient practices and embrace a more sustainable lifestyle.In addition to mitigating carbon emissions, protectingand restoring natural ecosystems is crucial for maintaining ecological balance and biodiversity. Forest conservation, marine protection, and reforestation efforts are essential in sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and preserving invaluable habitats for countless plant and animal species. Furthermore, sustainable land management practices, such as agroforestry and permaculture, can enhance soil health, water retention, and crop resilience while reducing carbon emissions from land-use change and deforestation.Moreover, fostering international cooperation and collaboration is indispensable in addressing global environmental challenges. By forging partnerships and sharing knowledge and resources, nations can collectively develop and implement effective strategies for carbon reduction, climate adaptation, and sustainable development. Platforms such as the Paris Agreement provide a framework for multilateral action and commitment to limiting global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius.Individual actions also play a significant role in thefight against climate change and environmental degradation. By making simple yet impactful lifestyle changes, such as reducing energy consumption, minimizing waste, and choosing sustainable products, each person can contribute to a more sustainable future. Moreover, advocating for environmental policies and supporting green initiatives can amplify collective efforts towards achieving environmental sustainability and carbon neutrality.In conclusion, environmental protection and carbon reduction are paramount in addressing the challenges of climate change and safeguarding the planet for future generations. By embracing renewable energy, promoting energy efficiency, conserving natural ecosystems, fostering international cooperation, and taking individual actions, we can collectively transition towards a more sustainable and resilient future. Now is the time for bold and decisive action to combat climate change and preserve the integrity of our planet for generations to come.。

CO2浓度增加对水稻生长发育和产量的影响

CO2浓度增加对水稻生长发育和产量的影响

CO2浓度增加对水稻生长发育和产量的影响一、研究目的和意义近几十年来,由于人类消耗的能源急剧增加,煤、石油等矿物燃料燃烧、森林等绿色植被遭到破坏,使大气中的CO2浓度不断上升[1-7]。

CO2的显著特征之一就是其具有温室效应[8-11],能引起全球气候变暖。

目前公认的能引起温室效应的有CO2、CH4、N2O、CFC S、O3等气体,他们可能造成全球性的大气升温及其随之而来的一系列变化。

其中CO2被认为是温室气体中对温室效应贡献最大的气体,已经引起人们的高度重视。

目前大气中的CO2浓度已由19世纪工业革命时的260-280μmol.mol-1上升到350μmol.mol-1,并继续以每年1-2μmol.mol-1的速度增长[12]。

如果不采取有效的措施,CO2浓度的增加速度将进一步加快。

预计到2050年空气中CO2浓度将达到550μmol.mol-1,21世纪末大气中CO2浓度将加倍,达到600-1000μmol.mol-1[13-15]。

到22世纪末将达到2000μmol·mol-1[16、17]。

大气中CO2占温室效应气体总量的60%-70%,CO2浓度升高将引起全球温度、降雨量、雨量分布等气候因子发生明显变化[18],破坏全球的碳素、氮素的循环及其平衡,严重破坏人类赖以生存的生态系统[19]。

这些方面的变化必将对农业生产产生深远影响。

水稻是人类重要的粮食作物,世界上约有50%的人口以稻米为主食。

我国是世界上最大的水稻生产国和最大的稻米消费国[20]。

因此,水稻生产的发展在全世界倍受重视,而在中国更是被放在特别重要的位置上。

近些年来,我国水稻生产在保证人民生活需要,促进经济建设方面发挥了重要作用。

但是,随着全球大气CO2浓度的日益升高,水稻生产将会发生什么变化?如何应对这些变化?这些都是迫切需要回答的重要科学问题。

深入开展研究,不仅可以明确全球大气CO2浓度升高对我国稻麦轮作生态系统水稻生产的影响这一关系到国计民生的重要科学问题,还可推动探索大气高CO2浓度下提高水稻单产和改善稻米品质的机理、途径和方法等方面的研究,为解决全球大气CO2浓度升高后发展水稻生产、改善稻米品质,满足人民生活和市场需要,以及为我国稻麦轮作生态系统的水稻生产及早做好应对全球大气CO2浓度变化的技术和物质准备提供实践和科学依据,为国家制订21世纪的粮食安全保障对策、社会经济发展战略提供科学依据。

对于温室效应大学生减少碳排放作文作文英语

对于温室效应大学生减少碳排放作文作文英语

对于温室效应大学生减少碳排放作文作文英语Title: Reducing Carbon Emissions among University Students in the Face of Global WarmingIntroduction:In recent years, the issue of global warming and its adverse effects on our planet has gained significant attention. The greenhouse effect, caused primarily by human activities, has led to an increase in carbon emissions and subsequent climate change. As responsible members of society, it is crucial for university students to actively participate in reducing their carbon footprint. This essay aims to explore effective strategies that can be adopted by university students to mitigate the greenhouse effect and contribute to a more sustainable future.Body:1. Raising awareness:A fundamental step towards reducing carbon emissions amonguniversity students is raising awareness about the impact of their daily choices on the environment. Engaging in campaigns, seminars, and workshops that address issues related to climate change will help students understand the urgency of taking action.2. Sustainable transportation:An effective way for university students to reduce their carbon emissions is by adopting sustainable transportation methods. Encouraging cycling or walking instead of driving short distances can significantly decrease vehicle emissions. Additionally, carpooling or using public transport can further contribute towards lowering carbon footprints.3. Energy conservation:University campuses consume vast amounts of energy daily. Implementing energy-saving practices such as turning off lights when leaving rooms, utilizing natural light whenever possible, and maximizing the use of energy-efficient appliances can collectively make a significant impact in reducing carbon emissions.4. Waste reduction and recycling:Students should actively participate in waste reduction and recycling programs within campus premises and even extend these practices to their personal lives. Emphasizing the importance of segregating waste into recyclable, organic, and non-recyclable categories while promoting reusable products will help minimize landfill accumulation.5. Sustainable dietary choices:A largely underestimated contributor to carbon emissions is our dietary habits. Promoting plant-based diets among university students not only leads to healthier lifestyles but also plays a vital role in mitigating environmental degradation caused by industrial livestock farming.6. Utilizing renewable sources:Encouraging universities to invest in renewable energy sources such as solar panels or wind turbines can provide sustainable power alternatives that significantly reduce reliance on fossil fuels.7. Green spaces on campus:Creating green spaces on university campuses promotes biodiversity while acting as natural air purifiers that absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.Conclusion:In conclusion, university students have a pivotal role in reducing their carbon emissions and combatting global warming through conscious efforts toward sustainability. By raising awareness, adopting sustainable transportation methods, conserving energy, reducing waste, making sustainable dietary choices, utilizing renewable sources, and establishing green spaces on campuses—the collective impact can be substantial.As responsible global citizens equipped with knowledge and resources at hand, it is imperative that each student takes an active part in safeguarding our planet's future against the detrimental effects of climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions.(Word count: 442)。

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