专业英语课后翻译参考(二班)
公共事业管理专业英语(42520)部分中文翻译
2.2 The Essence of Classics in Public Administration 2.2.1 The Study of Administration1公共行政研究EssenceNecessity 必要性I suppose that no practical science is ever studied where there is no need to know it.我认为决没有任何一门实用科学，当还没有了解它的必要时，会有人对它进行研究。
Administration is the most obvious part of government; it is government in action; it is the executive, the operative, the most visible side of government, and is of course as old as government itself.行政是政府最明显的部分，它是行动中的政府；它是政府的执行者，是政府的操作者，是政府的最显著的方面，当然，它的历史也和政府一样悠久。
No one wrote systematically of administration as a branch of the science of government until the present century had passed its first youth and had begun to put forth its characteristic flower of systematic knowledge.在本世纪度过它最初的青春年华，并开始吐放它在系统知识方面独特的花朵之前，谁也没有从作为政府科学的一个分支的角度来系统地拟定过行政学著作。
The functions of government are every day becoming more complex and difficult.The idea of the state and the consequent ideal of its duty are undergoing noteworthy change; and “the idea of the state is the conscience of administration”.Seeing every day new things which the state ought to do, the next thing is to see clearly how it ought to do them.政府的职能在逐日变得更加复杂和更加艰难。
新标准英语3课后翻译
新标准英语3课后翻译New Standard English 3 After-class Translation。
Unit 1 Friendship。
Friendship is a very important part of our lives. A good friend can make us happy, give us help and share our sorrow. We should treasure friendship and learn to be a good friend.Unit 2 Hobbies。
Everyone has their own hobbies. Some people like singing, some like dancing, and some like playing sports. Hobbies can make our lives more colorful and interesting.Unit 3 Environment。
Protecting the environment is everyone's responsibility. We should reduce the use of plastic bags, recycle waste and plant more trees to make our planet a better place to live.Unit 4 Health。
Health is the most important thing in our lives. We should eat more fruits and vegetables, exercise regularly and keep a positive attitude to stay healthy.Unit 5 Travel。
高中英语必修二unit1cultural-relics课后练习汉译英
take sth. apart take apart sth. He took apart two old chairs in order to make a sofa.
.
4
4.约翰提到了几个法官的名字，他对他们评价不高。
Think highly of
John mentioned the names of a few judges. He did not think highly of the judges.
.
6
6.当时两个国家正在打仗，大批军队被派往前线（战斗）。
be at war troops of soldiers
When two countries were at war, troops of soldiers were sent to the front line to fight.
.
7
John mentioned the names of a few judges whom he did not think highly o续下去。
for those missing/lost culture relics
There is no doubt that the search will continue.
In search of 介词短语 search for 动词短语
Mr. Brown came to China in search of a better future.
Mr. Brown came to China to search for a better future.
.
3
3.他为了做沙发而拆掉了两把椅子。
英语必修二 Unit1 cultural relics
哈工程《船舶工程专业英语》翻译(全)
注：红字部分表示翻译可能有问题，有些地方翻译有不足之处，请谢谢大家指出。
第一章船舶设计第一课介绍翻译人员：1.1 定义‘基本设计’是专业术语，它决定船舶主要性能，影响船舶造价和功能。
因此，基本设计包括选择船型尺寸，船体形状，动力设备（数量和类型），初步布置船体机械设备和主要结构。
合适的选择方案能保证达到目标要求，比如良好的耐波性和操纵性，预期航速，续航力，货舱舱容和总载重量。
而且，包括校核使之达到货物装卸能力要求，舱室要求，各项宾馆服务标准，分舱要求，干舷和吨位丈量标准,所有这些都是盈利运输船舶，工业或服务系统用船，所必须考虑的部分因素。
基本设计包括概念设计和初步设计，它决定了船舶主要性能，为价格初步估计做了准备。
在整个设计过程中，基本设计完成后，就要进行合同设计和详细设计。
正如合同设计这名暗示的那样，它为船厂投标和承接合同订单数准备合适的合同计划和规范。
完整的合同计划和规范内容很清晰且足够详细，以避免发生代价高昂的偶发性事件，保护投标方免受模糊不清的描述要求的影响。
详细设计是进一步完善合同方案，它是船厂的责任。
合同方案需要为实际船舶建造准备施工图。
为了能够进行基本设计，每个人都必须了解整个设计流程。
这中的四个步骤用 Ecans 的 1959 年的设计螺旋循环方式图说明了，设计螺旋循环方式是一种含盖从目标需求到详细设计的迭代过程，如图 1.1。
下面将进一步详述这些步骤： a.概念设计。
概念设计是最开始的工作，是讲目标需求转换成造船工程参数。
一般来说，它包含技术可行性研究，来决定目标船舶的基本参数。
例如船厂，船宽，船深，吃水，丰满度，动力能源设备，或一些代用特性，所有这些都是为了满足达到设计航速，航区，货舱舱容和总载重量的要求。
它包括空船重量的初步估计，一般通过特性曲线，公式，或经验确定。
在该阶段，备选设计一般由参数研究法来分析，以确定最经济的设计方案或任何其他必须考虑的决定性因素。
所选择的概念设计用作今后获得建造费用的讨论文件，建造费用决定是否进展下一阶段工作：初步设计。
新职业英语通用版第二册课后习题及答案
The above-mentioned are some communication skills that are very useful in an office setting.
4. 我们有一个专业的团队来营销我们的产品。(professional)
8. 我们公司的一些年轻人可能会来寻求你的建议。(seek)
Some young people in our company may come to seek your advice
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Unit 3
1. 你得确保你已为未来的工作做好了准备。(ensure)
You need to ensure that you are fully prepared for your future job.
2. 在他们的帮助下，我们最后完成了我们的任务。(accomplish)
With their help, we accomplished our task in the end.
7. 他的新工作报酬不错，但要求也很高。(demanding)
His new job is well paid , but highly demanding.
8. 她每个月给家里寄500元钱。(remit)
She remits 500 yuan to her family every month.
化学及化工专业词汇英语翻译(P-Z)
化学及化工专业词汇英语翻译(P-Z)package 包装packed absorption tower 填充吸收塔packed column 填充塔packed dyeing 填充染色packed reaction column 填充反应塔packed rectification tower 填充精馏塔packed tower 填充塔packing 填充物packing density 填充密度packing paper 包装纸padding 表面染色paddle agitator 桨式混合机paddle mixer 桨式混合机paint 涂料paint hardner 镀金粘料paint remover 油漆去除剂paint stripper 油漆去除剂pair annihilation 对湮没pair creation 正负电子对产生pair ion 离子对pale crepe 苍铍胶palladium 钯palladium asbestos 钯石棉palladium black 钯黑palladium chloride 氯化钯palladium nitrate 硝酸钯palladium oxide 氧化钯palladium sponge 海绵钯palm kernel oil 棕榈仁油palm oil 棕榈油palmarosa oil 掌玫油palmitate 棕榈酸盐palmitic acid 棕榈酸palmitin 棕榈精palmitone 棕榈酮pan mill 碾磨盘panchromatic film 全色胶片panchromatic plate 全色干片pancreatin 胰酶pancreozymin 肠促胰酶素pangamic acid 潘氨酸pantothenic acid 泛酸papain 木瓜酶papaverine 罂粟碱paper chromatography 纸色谱分析法paper electrophoresis 纸电泳paper filter 纸滤器paper industry 造纸工业paper machine 造纸机paper pulp 纸浆paper stencilling 刻花纸paper yarn 纸绳para aminohippuric acid 对氨基马尿酸para hydrogen 仲氢para isomer 对位异构体para molecule 仲分子para position 对位para red 对位红para rubber 三叶橡胶paraaldehyde 仲醛parabanic acid 仲班酸parabola 抛物线paracasein 副酪朊parachor 等张比容paraconic acid 仲康酸paracyanogen 仲氰paraffin 石蜡paraffin base crude 石蜡基原油paraffin hydrocarbon 烷属烃paraffin oil 石蜡油paraffin stock 石蜡原油paraffin wax 石蜡paraformaldehyde 仲甲醛parafuchsine 副品红paragenesis 共生paragonite 钠云母paraldol 仲醛醇parallel flow 并流平行流parallel reaction 平行反应paralysis 麻痹paralyzer 麻痹药paramagnetic resonance 顺磁共振paramagnetic substance 顺磁质paramagnetism 顺磁性parameter 参数paramine 对胺paramorphism 同质异晶paranitroaniline red 对位红pararosaniline 副蔷薇胺parastrophe 对位取代化合物parathion 硝苯硫磷酯paraxanthine 副黄嘌呤paraxylene 对二甲苯parchment 羊皮纸parchment paper 仿羊皮纸parent name 母体名parent substance 母体parinol 苯吡醇paris green 巴黎绿paris white 巴黎胡粉白parity 奇偶性parkerizing 磷化处理parpon 帕尔庞partial combustion 部分燃烧partial condensation 部分冷凝partial condenser 分馏柱partial molar quantity 偏摩尔数量partial molar volume 偏摩尔体积partial pressure 分压partial reaction 部分反应partial valence 余价participation of neighboring group 邻基参与particle 粒子particle counting 粒子计数法particle diameter 颗粒直径particle electrophoresis 粒子电泳particle induced x ray emission 粒子诱导 x 射线发射particle scattering factor 粒子散射因数particle size 粒度particle size analysis 粒径分析particle thickness technique 质点厚度测量技术parting 分离parting agent 分离剂partition 配分partition chromatography 配分色层法partition coefficient 配分系数partition function 配分函数partition wall 隔墙passivation 钝化酌passivation potential 钝化电势passive state 钝态passivity 钝态paste 糊剂paste mixer 惮机paste paint 厚漆paste resin 糊状尸pasteboard 纸板pasted plate 涂浆的板pasteurization 巴氏杀菌pasteurizer 巴氏灭菌器pasting 糊化patchouli oil 绿叶油patent 专利pattern 图样pattern recognition 模式辫认peak 峰值peak inverse voltage 最大反向电压peak load 峰值负荷peak potential 顶点电位peanut oil 花生油pearl 珍珠pearl ash 珍珠灰pearl essence 珍珠粉pearl polymerization 成珠聚合pearl white 锌钡白pearlite 珍珠岩peat 泥炭peat tar 泥煤焦油pebble mill 砾磨机pectic acid 果胶酸pectic substances 果胶质pectin 果胶pectinase 果胶酶pectization 凝结pectocellulose 果胶纤维素peeling 剥落peep hole 窥孔pegmatite 伟晶岩pelargonaldehyde 壬醛pelargonic acid 正壬酸pelargonidin 花葵素pellet 粒状pellet cooler 颗粒冷却器pelletizer 造粒机pellotine 佩落碱pendulum mill 摆旋式研磨机penetrability 穿透性penetrant 渗透剂penetrating agent 渗透剂penetration 穿透;渗入度penetration complex 透入配合物penetration test 贯入度试验penetrator 针入度计penetrometer 透度计penicillase 青霉素酶penicillin 青霉素pentacarbonyl iron 五羰基铁pentacene 并五苯pentachlorophenol 五氯酚pentadiene 戊二烯pentaerythritol 季戊四醇pentaerythritol tetranitrate 季戊四醇四硝酸酯pentamethylene 环戊烷pentamethylenediamine 戊甲撑二胺pentane 戊烷pentane thermometer 戊烷温度计pentanol 戊醇pentasol 成氯醇pentene 戊烯penthrit 季戊四醇四硝酸酯pentlandite 镍黄铁矿pentobarbital 戊巴比妥pentosan 多缩戊糖pentose 戊糖pentose phosphate cycle 戊糖磷酸循环pentose phosphate pathway 戊糖磷酸途径pentyl alcohol 戊醇pentyne 戊炔peppermint 薄荷peppermint oil 薄荷油pepsin 胃蛋白酶pepsinogen 胃蛋白酶原peptidase 肽酶peptide 肽peptide bond 肽键peptide linkage 肽键peptide synthetase 肽合成酶peptidoglycan 肽聚糖peptization 胶溶酌peptized fuel 胶溶燃料peptizer 胶溶剂peptizing agent 胶溶剂peptone 胨peracetic acid 过乙酸peracid 过酸peralcohol 过醇perbenzoic acid 过苯酸perborate 过硼酸盐perboric acid 过硼酸perbromate 过溴酸盐perbromic acid 过溴酸percarbonate 过碳酸盐percent grafting 接枝率perchlorate 高氯酸盐perchloric acid 高氯酸perchloride 高氯化物perchloroethane 六氯乙烷percolation 沥滤percolator 渗滤器percussion cap 雷管percussion powder 雷管火药perfect analysis 完全分析perfect black body 完全黑体perfect combustion 完全燃烧perfect crystal 完整晶体perfect elasticity 完全弹性perfect fluid 理想铃perfect gas 完美气体perfect mixing 完全混合perfect solution 完美溶液perfluorocyclobutane 过氟化环丁烷perforated pipe distributor 喷淋器多孔管分布器perforated plate 多孔板perforated plate distillation 多孔板蒸馏perforated plate tower 孔板塔performance testing 性能试验performic acid 过甲酸perfume 香料perfume extracting solvent 香料抽出溶剂perfume industry 香料工业perhydride 过氢化物perhydrol 强双氧水periclase 方镁石perilla oil 紫苏子油period 周期periodate 高碘酸盐periodic acid 高碘酸periodic law 周期律periodic precipitation 间歇沉淀periodic reaction 周期反应periodic system of elements 元素周期系periodic table 周期表periodide 高碘化物periphery 边界periplogenin 杠柳甙元perissad 奇价元素peritectic 包晶peritectic point 包晶点perkin reaction 佩金反应permanence 持久性permanent current 持恒电流permanent dipole 永久偶极子permanent expansion 永久膨胀permanent gas 永久气体permanent hardness 永久硬度permanent magnet 永磁铁permanent set 永久变形permanganate 高锰酸盐permanganate bleaching 高锰酸盐漂白permanganate titration 高锰酸盐滴定法permanganic acid 高锰酸permanganometry 高锰酸盐滴定法permeability 渗透性permeable membrane 可透膜permeameter 渗透计permeametry 渗透测定法permeation 渗透permissible error 容许误差permissible explosive 安全炸药permitted explosive 安全炸药permselective membrane 选择性渗透膜permselectivity 选择渗透性permutation 置换permutite 人造沸石perovskite 钙钛矿peroxidase 过氧物酶peroxide 过氧化peroxide effect 过氧化物效应peroxide index 过氧化值peroxide number 过氧化值peroxo acid 过氧基酸peroxy acid 过酸peroxydisulfuric acid 过硫酸perpetual motion 永久运动perphenazine 佩吩嗪perrhenate 高铼酸盐perrhenic acid 高铼酸perruthenate 过钌酸盐persalt 过酸盐persian red 铬红persistent current 持恒电流personal error 人为误差persorption 吸混酌persulfate 过硫酸盐persulfide 过硫化物persulfuric acid 过硫酸peru balsam 秘鲁香脂pesticide 杀虫剂pestle 杵棒pethidine 哌替啶pethidine hydrochloride 盐酸哌替啶petri dish 陪替氏培养皿petrochemical industry 石油化学工业petrochemical reaction 石油化学反应petrochemicals 石油化学产品petrochemistry 石油化学petrolatum 矿脂petroleum 石油petroleum acid 石油酸petroleum asphalt 石油沥青petroleum benzine 石油醚petroleum chemicals 石油化学产品petroleum chemistry 石油化学petroleum coke 石油焦炭petroleum distillation 石油蒸馏petroleum emulsion 石油乳剂petroleum ether 石油醚petroleum gas 石油气体petroleum grease 石油润滑脂petroleum industry 石油工业petroleum isomerization process 石油异构化过程petroleum jelly 矿脂petroleum pitch 石油沥青petroleum pitch coke 石油沥青焦炭petroleum product 石油产品petroleum refinery 石油加工厂petroleum refining 石油提炼petroleum refining industry 石油炼制工业petroleum resin 石油尸petroleum wax 石油蜡ph 氢指数ph electrode ph 电极ph indicator ph 指示剂ph meter ph 计ph standard solution ph 标准溶液ph test paper ph 试验纸ph value ph 值phanerocrystalline 显晶质pharmaceutical chemistry 药物化学pharmaceutics 制药学pharmacology 药理学pharmacy 药学phase 相phase average 相平均phase boundary 相界phase boundary potential 相界电位phase change 相转移phase contrast microscope 相差显微镜phase diagram 相图phase equilibrium 相平衡phase modulation 相位灯phase rule 相律phase sensitive detection 相敏检波phase separation 相分离phase shifter 移相器phase solubility 相溶解度phase solubility analysis 相溶度分析phase space 相空间phase titration 相滴定phase trajectory 相位轨道phase transfer catalyst 相转移催化剂phase transition 相转移phellandren 菲兰烯phenacetin 非那巍phenacite 硅铍石phenacyl alcohol 苯甲酰甲醇phenacyl bromide 苯甲酰甲基溴phenadon 非那酮phenamine 非那明phenanthrene 菲phenanthrenequinone 菲醌phenanthroline 二氮杂菲phenanthroline indicator 菲绕啉指示剂phenazine 吩嗪phenetidin 氨基苯乙醚phenetidine 氨基苯乙醚phenetole 苯乙醚phenobarbital 苯巴比妥phenocryst 斑晶phenol 酚phenol ether 苯酚醚phenol formaldehyde resin 苯酚甲醛尸phenol lignin 苯酚木素phenol red 酚红phenolase 酚酶phenolate 酚盐phenolic acid 酚酸phenolic resin 酚尸phenolic resin varnish 酚醛清漆phenolphthalein 酚酞phenolsulfonic acid 苯酚磺酸phenoplast 酚醛塑料phenosafranine 酚藏花红phenothiazine 吩噻嗪phenoxazine 吩恶phenoxide 酚盐phenoxyacetic acid 苯氧基乙酸phenyl acetate 醋酸苯酯phenyl ether 苯基醚phenyl isocyanate 异氰酸苯酯phenyl salicylate 萨罗phenylacetaldehyde 苯乙醛phenylacetamide 苯乙酰胺phenylacrylic acid 苯基丙烯酸phenylalanine 苯丙氨酸phenylbutazone 苯基丁氮酮phenylcinchonic acid 辛可芬phenylene 苯撑phenylenediamine 撑二氨phenylethyl acetate 醋酸苯乙酯phenylethyl alcohol 苯基乙醇phenylethyl isobutyrate 异丁酸苯乙酯phenylethyl propionate 丙酸苯乙酯phenylethylacetic acid 苯乙基醋酸phenylhydrazine 苯肼phenylmagnesium bromide 溴化苯镁phenylmagnesium chloride 氯化苯镁phenylmagnesium halide 卤化苯镁phenylmagnesium iodide 碘化苯镁phenylmercuric acetate 核酸汞phenylmercuric chloride 氯化苯汞phenylmorpholine 苯替吗啉phenylphenol 苯基苯酚phenylpiperazine 苯基哌嗪pheromone 信息素phlogiston 燃素phlorizin 根皮甙phloroglucinol 根皮山梨醇phonochemistry 声化学phonon 声子phorone 佛尔酮phosgene 光气phosphamide 磷酰胺phosphamidon 磷酰胺酮phosphatase 磷酸酶phosphate 磷酸盐phosphate glass 磷酸盐玻璃phosphatic ferfilizer 磷肥phosphatidic acid 磷脂酸phosphatizing 磷酸盐处理phosphide 磷化物phosphine 磷化氢phosphite 亚磷酸盐phosphocreatine 磷酸肌酸phosphoenolpyruvate 磷酸烯醇丙酮酸phospholipid 磷脂phosphomolybdate 磷钼酸盐phosphomolybdic acid 磷钼酸phosphomonoesterase 磷酸单酯酶phosphoprotein 磷蛋白phosphor 磷光体phosphor bronze 磷青铜phosphor salt 磷盐phosphorescence 磷光phosphoretted hydrogen 磷化氢phosphoric acid 磷酸phosphoric acid anhydride 磷酐phosphorimetric analysis 磷光分析phosphorimetry 磷光分析phosphorite 磷钙土phosphoro organic insecticide 磷有机杀虫剂phosphorolysis 磷酸解phosphoroscope 磷光计phosphorous acid 亚磷酸phosphorous anhydride 亚磷酸酐phosphorus 磷phosphorus chloride 氯化磷phosphorus nitride 氮化磷phosphorus oxychloride 磷酰氯phosphorus pentabromide 五溴化磷phosphorus pentachloride 五氯化磷phosphorus pentasulfide 五硫化二磷phosphorus sesquisulfide 三硫化四磷phosphorus tribromide 三溴化磷phosphorus trichloride 三氯化磷phosphorus trifluoride 三氟化磷phosphorus triiodide 三碘化磷phosphoryl chloride 磷酰氯phosphorylase 磷酸化酶phosphotungstic acid 磷钨酸photobiochemistry 光生物化学photocatalysis 光催化酌photocell 光电池photochemical catalysis 光催化photochemical equilibrium 光化学平衡photochemical reaction 光化反应photochemistry 光化学photochromic reaction 彩色反应photochromism 光致变色现象photochromy 彩色照相术photoconductor 光电导体photocurrent 光电流photodetachment 光致分离photodimerization 光二聚酌photodissociation 光解酌photodosimetry 照相剂量学photoelasticity 光弹性photoelectric cell 光电池photoelectric color comparator 比色仪photoelectric colorimeter 光电比色计photoelectric colorimetry 光电比色法photoelectric effect 光电效应photoelectric fraction collector 光电分级收集器photoelectric pyrometer 光电高温计photoelectric spectrophotometer 光电分光光度计photoelectric tube 光电管photoelectrochemistry 光电化学photoelectron 光电子photoemission 光电发射photofission 光致裂变photogel 摄影煤photographic characteristic curve 照相特性曲线photographic chemistry 照相化学photographic contrast 照相对比度photographic densitometer 照相密度计photographic density 照相底片密度photographic developer 显象剂photographic development 照相显相photographic emulsion 照相乳胶photographic emulsion layer 感光层photographic film 胶片photographic material 照相材料photographic negative 照相底片photographic paper 印相纸photographic plate 照相底片photographic positive 照相正片photographic process 照相法photography 照相photogyration 照相底片photohomolysis 光同种溶解photoionization 光致电离photoisomer 光异构体photolithography 照相平版印刷photoluminescence 光致发光photolysis 光分解photomeson 光介子photometer 光度计photometric titration 光度滴定photon 光子photonuclear reaction 光致核反应photooxidation 光氧化photophoresis 光泳现象photophosphorylation 光磷酸化photopigment 光色素photopolymer 光聚合物photopolymerization 光聚合photoreactive chlorophyll 光反应性叶绿素photoreduction 光致还原photorespiration 光呼吸photosensitive glass 光敏玻璃photosensitive polymer 光敏聚合物photosensitive resin 感光尸photosensitivity 光敏性photostructural transformation 光结构转变photosynthesis 光合酌phototropy 光致变色现象phototube 光电管phthalaldehyde 酞醛phthalaldehydic acid 苯醛酸phthalamide 酞酰胺phthalate 邻苯二甲酸盐phthalazine 酞嗪phthalein 酞phthalein dye 酞类染料phthalic acid 酞酸phthalic anhydride 酞酐phthalide 苯酞phthalimide 酞亚胺phthalocyanine 酞菁phthalocyanine blue 酞菁蓝phthalonic acid 酞酮酸phthalonitrile 酞腈phthalyl chloride 酞酰氯phthalylsulfathiazole 邻苯二甲酰基磺胺噻唑phylloquinone 叶绿醌physical adsorption 物理吸附physical chemistry 物理化学physical chemistry of high polymer 高聚物物理化学physical development 物理显影physical property 物理性质physical ripening 物理成熟physico chemical analysis 物理化学分析法physiological acidic fertilizer 生理酸性肥料physiological chemistry 生理化学physiological salt solution 生理盐溶液physiological solution 生理溶液physisorption 物理吸附physostigmine 毒扁豆碱phytase 植酸酶phytic acid 肌醇六磷酸phytin 非汀phytochemistry 植物化学phytochrome 光敏素phytol 植醇phytosterol 植物甾醇phytotoxin 植物毒素picene 二萘品苯picoline 皮考啉picolinic acid 皮考啉酸picral 苦醛腐蚀溶液picramic acid 苦氨酸picrate 苦味酸盐picric acid 苦味酸picrolonate 苦酮酸盐picrolonic acid 苦酮酸picrotoxin 苦毒piezochemistry 高压化学piezoelectric effect 压电效应piezoelectric vibrator 压电振子piezoelectricity 压电piezometer 压力计pig iron 生铁pigment 颜料pigmentation 着色pilocarpine 匹鲁卡品pilot cell 领示电池pilot ion 领示离子pilot plant 中间工厂pimaric acid 海松酸pimaricin 匹马菌素pimelic acid 庚二酸pimple 小突起pinacol 频哪醇pinacolin 特己酮pinacolin rearrangement 邻二叔醇重排酌pinacone 频哪醇pinane 蒎烷pincette 小钳子pinch cock 弹簧夹pinch effect 夹紧效应pine oil 松释pine resin 松脂pine tar oil 松焦油pinene 蒎烯pinic acid 蒎酸pink salt 锡盐pinoline 松香烃pipe furnace 管式炉pipe line 管路pipe still 管式蒸馏装置pipecoline 哌可啉piperazine 哌嗪piperic acid 胡椒酸piperidine 氮己烷piperine 胡椒碱piperonal 胡椒醛piperonylic acid 胡椒基酸piperylene 戊间二稀pipet 吸移管pipet support 吸移管架pisang wax 香蕉蜡pisanite 铜绿矾piston compressor 活塞压缩机piston pump 活塞泵pitch 沥青pitch coke 沥青焦炭pitchblende 沥青铀矿pitot tube 皮托管pitting 点腐蚀pivalic acid 特戊酸placer gold 砂金plain water 淡水planck's constant 普朗克常数planck's law of radiation 普朗克辐射定律planckian radiator 完全黑体plane curve 平面曲线plane of polarization 偏光面plane of symmetry 对称面plant base 植物盐基plant chemistry 植物化学plant fermentation 植物发酵plant growth regulator 植物生长第剂plant sterol 植物甾醇plasma 等离子体;血浆plasma chemistry 等离子体化学plaster of paris 烧石膏plasterboard 石膏板plastic clay 塑粘上plastic deformation 塑性变形plastic flow 塑性怜plastic refractory 耐火塑料plastic state 塑性状态plasticator 塑炼机plasticity 可塑度plasticizer 增塑剂plasticizing efficiency 可塑效率plasticizing oil 增塑油plastics 塑料plastification 增塑plastigel 塑性凝胶plastisol 塑溶胶plastomer 塑料plastometer 塑性计plastometry 塑性测定法plate 板plate efficiency 板效率plate glass 板玻璃plate rectification column 板极整六plate theory 塔板理论platelet 血小板plating 镀锌platinized asbestos 披铂石棉platinocyanide 铂化物platinum 铂platinum black 铂黑platinum chloride 氯化铂platinum dish 白金碟platinum electrode 铂电极platinum foil 铂箔platinum oxide 氧化铂platinum plating 镀铂platinum rhodium 铂铑合金platinum sponge 铂棉platinum tetrachloride 四氯化铂platinum wire 铂丝platinzation 镀铂pleochroism 多色性pleomorphism 多形现象plexiglass 普列克斯玻璃plumbate 铅酸盐plumbism 铅中毒plumbite 亚铅酸盐plumbite process 铅酸钠精制过程plumbite solution 博士溶液plunger 柱塞plunger pump 柱塞泵plus strand 正链plutonium 钚plutonium bromide 溴化钚plutonium hydride 氢化钚plutonium oxide 氧化钚plutonium reactor 钚反应堆ply 层plywood 层板pneumatic conveying 气动输送pneumatic conveying drying 气辽燥pneumatic conveyor 气动输送机pneumatic drier 气辽燥器pneumatic separation 气力分选pneumatic stirring 气动搅拌podophyllin 足叶草硷point charge 点电荷point group 点群point of neutralization 中和点poise 泊poiseuille's law 泊肃叶定律poison 毒poison gas 毒气poisoning 中毒poisson's coefficient 泊松系数poisson's distribution 泊松分布poisson's ratio 泊松比polar adsorption 极性吸附polar axis 极轴polar bond 极性键polar compound 极性化合物polar coordinates 极坐标polar molecule 极性分子polar solvent 极性溶剂polarimeter 偏光计polarimetric analysis 旋光分析polarimetry 旋光分析polarity 极性polarizability 极化率polarization 极化polarization analysis 偏光解析polarization capacity 极化额polarization colorimeter 偏光比色计polarization curve 极化曲线polarization potential 极化电势polarization resistance 极化阻力polarized light 偏光polarizer 起偏器polarizing microscope 偏光显微镜polarogram 极谱图polarograph 极谱仪polarographic analysis 极谱分析polarographic cell 极谱池polarographic maximum 极谱极大polarographic wave 极谱波polarography 极谱法pole 极polishing 磨光pollution 沾污pollution load 污染负荷polonium 钋poly 聚polyacid 缩多酸polyacidic base 多价碱polyacrylamide 聚丙烯酰胺polyacrylate 聚丙烯酸酯polyacrylic acid 聚丙烯酸polyacrylonitrile 聚丙烯腈polyaddition reaction 加聚合反应polyalcohol 多元醇polyallomer 聚异质同晶体polyamide 聚酰胺polyamino acid 聚氨基酸polyampholyte 聚两性电解质polyatom 多原子polyatomic molecule 多原子分子polyazo dye 多偶氮染料polybasic acid 多元酸polybutadiene 聚丁二烯polybutadiene rubber 聚丁二烯橡胶polycarbonate 聚碳酸酯polychloroprene 聚氯丁二烯polycondensate 缩聚物polycondensation 缩聚polycrystal 多晶体polycyclic 多环的polycyclic compound 多环化合物polycyclic hydrocarbon 多环烃polydisperse sol 多分散胶polydispersity 多分散性polyelectrolyte 聚合电解质polyene 多烯polyester 聚酯polyester fiber 聚酯纤维polyester resin 聚酯尸polyether 聚醚polyethylene 聚乙烯polyethylene glycol 聚乙二醇polyethylene oxide 聚氧化乙烯polyethylene terephthalate 聚乙烯对苯二甲酸酯polyformaldehyde 聚甲醛polyfunctionality 多功能性polyglycol 聚乙二醇polyhalide 多卤化物polyhalogenide 多卤化物polyhexamethylene adipamide 聚己二酰己二胺polyhydric alcohol 多元醇polyisobutylene 聚异丁烯polyisoprene 聚异戊二烯polymer 聚合物polymer analogue 聚合物系类polymer blend 共混聚合物polymer gasoline 聚合汽油polymer homologue 同系聚合物polymer isomer 聚合物异构体polymeric plasticizer 高分子增塑剂polymerization 聚合polymerization accelerator 聚合促进剂polymerization degree 聚合度polymerization inhibitor 聚合抑制剂polymerization initiator 聚合引发剂polymerization retarder 聚合抑制剂polymerized oil 聚合油polymery 聚合现象polymethacrylate 聚甲基丙烯酸酯polymethyl methacrylate 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯polymethylene 聚甲烯polymorphic transition 多形转变polymorphism 多形现象polynaphthene 多环烷polynitroethylene 聚硝基乙烯polynuclear complex 多核配合物polynuclear hydrocarbon 多环烃polynucleotide 多核甙酸polyolefin 聚烯烃polyolefine 聚烯烃polyoxyethylene 聚乙二醇polyoxymethylene 聚氧化甲烯polypeptide 多肽polyphase equilibrium 多相平衡polyphenol 多元酚polyphosphate 多聚磷酸酯polypropylene 聚丙烯polypropylene oxide 聚环氧丙烷polyprotic base 多价碱polysaccharide 多糖polystyrene 聚苯乙烯polystyrol 聚苯乙烯polysulfide 多硫化合物polysulfide rubber 聚硫橡胶polysulfonamide 聚磺酰胺polysulfone 聚砜polyterpene 聚萜烯polytetrafluoroethylene 聚四氟乙烯polythene 聚乙烯polythionic acid 连多硫酸polythiourea 聚硫脲polyurea 聚脲polyurethane 聚氨酯polyurethane foam 聚氨酯泡沫体polyurethane resin 聚氨酯尸polyvinyl acetate 聚醋酸乙烯酯polyvinyl alcohol 聚乙烯醇polyvinyl butyral 聚乙烯醇缩丁醛polyvinyl carbazole 聚乙烯咔唑polyvinyl chloride 聚氯乙烯polyvinyl chloroacetate 聚氯醋酸乙烯酯polyvinyl ether 聚乙烯醚polyvinyl fluoride 聚氟乙烯polyvinylamine 聚乙烯胺poppy seed oil 罂粟油population 群体population inversion 粒子数反转porcelain 瓷器porcelain clay 瓷土porcelain crucible 瓷坩埚porcelain earth 瓷土porcelain enamel 搪瓷porcelain glaze 瓷釉porcelain mortar 瓷乳钵pore 微孔porosity 多孔性porous ion exchange resin 多孔离子交换尸porous pot 素瓷器素烧瓶porphin 卟吩porphyrin 卟啉portland cement 波特兰水泥position representation 位置表象positional isomer 位置异构物positive catalyst 正催化剂positive displacement meter 正排量计positive displacement pump 正排量泵positive electrode 阳电极positive ion 阳离子positive lens 会聚透镜positive maximum 正极大positive plate 阳极板positive valency 正化合价positron 阳电子postignition 后点火postprecipitation 后沉淀pot 罐pot life 可用时间potash 草碱potash alum 茂potash bulb 钾球potash fusion 钾熔化potash glass 钾玻璃potash lye 钾碱液potash mica 钾云母potash soap 钾皂potassic fertilizer 钾肥料potassium 钾potassium acetate 醋酸钾potassium alum 茂potassium aluminate 铝酸钾potassium antimonyl tartrate 酒石酸氧锑钾potassium arsenate 砷酸钾potassium arsenite 亚砷酸钾potassium bicarbonate 碳酸氢钾potassium bisulfate 硫酸氢钾potassium bisulfite 亚硫酸氢钾potassium bromate 溴酸钾potassium bromide 溴化钾potassium carbonate 碳酸钾potassium chlorate 氯酸钾potassium chloride 氯化钾potassium chromate 铬酸钾potassium dichromate 重铬酸钾potassium dihydrogenphosphate 磷酸二氢钾potassium feldspar 钾长石potassium ferricyanide 铁氰化钾potassium ferrocyanide 亚铁氰化钾potassium fluoride 氟化钾potassium hexacyanoferrate 亚铁氰化钾potassium hydrogen oxalate 草酸氢钾potassium hydrogen phthalate 氢酞酸钾potassium hydroxide 氢氧化钾potassium hypochlorite 次氯酸钾potassium iodate 碘酸钾potassium iodide 碘化钾potassium nitrate 硝酸钾potassium nitrite 亚硝酸钾potassium perchlorate 高氯酸钾potassium periodate 高碘酸钾potassium permanganate 过锰酸钾potassium peroxodisulfate 过硫酸钾potassium persulfate 过硫酸钾potassium phosphate 磷酸钾potassium polysulfide 多硫化钾potassium primary phosphate 磷酸二氢钾potassium pyroantimonate 焦锑酸钾potassium pyrophosphate 焦磷酸钾potassium pyrosulfate 焦硫酸钾potassium rhodanide 硫氰酸钾potassium silicate 硅酸钾potassium sodium carbonate 碳酸钠钾potassium sodium tartrate 罗谢尔盐potassium sulfate 硫酸钾potassium sulfide 硫化钾potassium sulfite 亚硫酸钾potassium tartrate 酒石酸钾potassium thiocyanate 硫氰酸钾potassium thiosulfate 硫代硫酸钾potassium xanthate 黄原酸钾potato starch 马铃薯淀粉potential 势potential barrier 势垒potential difference 电势差potential energy 位能potential gradient 电势梯度potential well 势阱potentiometer 电势计potentiometric analysis 电势分析potentiometric cell 电位滴定池potentiometric titration 电势滴定potentiostatic electrolysis 静电位电解potter's clay 塑粘上pottery 陶器potting 浇灌pour point 怜点pour point depressant 降凝剂powder 粉powder metallurgy 粉末冶金powdered catalyst 粉状催化剂powdered coal 粉煤powdery yeast 粉状酵母power 力power consumption 功率消耗power factor 功率因数pozzolanic cement 火山灰水泥practical units 实用单位prandtl number 普朗特数praseodymium 镨praseodymium acetate 醋酸镨praseodymium bromate 溴酸镨praseodymium bromide 溴化镨praseodymium carbonate 碳酸镨praseodymium chloride 氯化镨praseodymium hydroxide 氢氧化镨praseodymium molybdate 钼酸镨praseodymium nitrate 硝酸镨praseodymium oxalate 草酸镨praseodymium oxychloride 氯氧化镨praseodymium selenate 硒酸镨praseodymium sesquioxide 二氧化二镨praseodymium sulfate 硫酸镨praseodymium sulfide 硫化镨precious metal 贵金属precious stone 宝石precipitability 沉淀性precipitant 沉淀剂precipitate 沉淀物precipitated barium carbonate 沉淀碳酸钡precipitated sulfur 沉淀硫precipitating agent 沉淀剂precipitation 沉淀;降水precipitation agent 沉淀剂precipitation analysis 沉淀分析precipitation membrane 沉淀膜precipitation reaction 沉降反应precipitation titration 沉淀滴定precipitation value 沉淀值precipitator 沉淀器precision 精度precision balance 精密天平precision instrument 精密仪器precleaning 预净化precooling 预冷却precure 早期硫化precursor 前驱物质predissociation 预离解predrying 预干燥pregnenolone 孕烯醇酮preheater 预热器preheating 预热preheating furnace 预热炉preheating oven 预热炉preliminary cleaning 预净化preliminary drying 预干燥preparation 制法preparation of a surface 表面处理preparative gas chromatography 制备级气相色谱法prepared paint 低涂料prepolymer 预聚合物preservation 保存preservatives 保存剂preserve hydrogen with rare earths 用稀土金属储存氢press 压机press cake 滤饼press cure 加压硫化press filter 压滤机press vulcanization 加压硫化pressed glass 压制玻璃pressed yeast 压缩酵母pressing 压制pressure 压力pressure base factor 基压系数pressure distillation 加压蒸馏pressure filtration 加压过滤pressure gage 压力计pressure loss 压力损失pressure medium 压力介质pressure regulator 压力第器pressure sensitive adhesive 压敏粘着剂pressure sensitive dye 压敏色素pressure still 加压蒸馏器pressure tank 压力罐pretreatment 预处理prevulcanization 早期硫化primary air 一次空气primary alcohol 伯醇primary amine 伯胺primary carbon atom 伯碳原子primary cell 原电池primary phase 初晶相primary salt 一代盐primary winding 初级线圈prime coat 底涂primer 底层涂料primidone 普里米酮priming coat 底涂priming paint 底层涂料priming tube 雷管primitive cell 初基胞primitive lattice 初基点阵principal axis of inertia 惯性轴principal component 知组分principal fermentation 知发酵酌principal quantum number 挚子数principal reaction 知反应principal series 值列principal valence 汁子价principle of corresponding states 对应状态原理principle of energy dissipation 能量耗散原理principle of least action 最小酌原理principle of maximum overlapping 最大重迭原则principle of superposition 迭加原理prins reaction 普林斯反应printing 印刷printing ink 印刷墨printing paper 印刷纸prism 棱镜prism for infrared ray 红外线棱镜prism spectrograph 棱镜光谱仪prismatic spectrum 棱镜光谱pristane 姥鲛烷probability 概率probability amplitude 概率幅probability density 概率密度probability distribution 概率分布probability space 概率空间probable error 概率误差procainamide 普鲁卡因胺procaine 普鲁卡因procaine base 普鲁卡因碱process 工程process analyzer 工程分析计process monitoring 工程监视process steam 加工蒸汽process variable 工艺变量processing 加工processing aid of textile 织物加工助剂producer 发生炉producer gas 发生炉煤气producer gas reaction 发生炉气体反应product 产品product of distillation 蒸馏产物production 生产production of pairs 正负电子对产生proflavine 前黄素progesterone 孕酮prolactin 促乳泌素prolamin 醇溶朊prolidase 脯肽酶proline 脯氨酸promazine 普马嗪promedol 二甲哌替啶promethazine 普鲁米近promethium 钜prominence 日珥promotor 促进剂pronamide 拿草特propadiene 丙二烯propagation 增长反应propagation rate 传播速率propanal 丙醛propane 丙烷propanoic acid 丙酸propanol 丙醇propargyl alcohol 炔丙醇propargyl bromide 炔丙基溴propargylic acid 丙炔酸propeller 螺旋桨propeller agitator 螺旋桨式搅拌器propeller stirrer 螺旋桨式搅拌器propene 丙烯proper value 本盏proper vibration 固有振动propiolic acid 丙炔酸propionaldehyde 丙醛propionamide 丙酰胺propionic acid 丙酸propionic anhydride 丙酸酐propionitrile 丙腈propiophenone 苯丙酮propolis 蜂巢腊胶proportion 比例proportional counter 正比计数管proportional intensification 比例加强proportional limit 比例极限proportional reduction 比例缩减proportioning pump 计量泵propyl acetate 醋酸丙酯propyl alcohol 丙醇propyl aldehyde 丙醛propyl bromide 丙基溴propyl chloride 丙基氯propyl gallate 没食子酸丙酯propyl mercaptan 丙硫醇propyl propionate 丙酸丙酯propyl sulfide 二丙硫propylamine 丙胺propylbenzene 丙基苯propylene 丙烯propylene glycol 丙二醇propylene oxide 环氧丙烷propylidene 亚丙烷propyliodone 丙碘酮propylthiouracil 丙硫氧嘧啶propyne 丙炔prosthetic group 辅基protactinium 镤protamine 精蛋白protease 朊酶protease inhibitor 蛋白酶抑制剂protection 保护。
医学专业英语翻译牙齿
学号：201209072108 班级：口腔二班姓名：陆小凯Oral cavity Dentists use special terms to describe the surfaces of teeth. The labial surface(labi/o means “lip”), for incisor and canine teeth, is nearest the lips. The buccal surface(bucc/o means cheek), for premolar and molar teeth, lies adjacent to cheek, as illustrated in Figure 5-2. Dentists refer to both the labial and the buccal surfaces as the facial surface(faci/o means face). Opposite to the facial surface, all teeth have a lingual surface(lingu/o means tongue). The mesial surface of a tooth lies nearest to the median line and the distal surface, farthest from the medialline. Premolars and molars have an additional occlusal surface that comes in contact with a corresponding tooth in the oppsing arch. The incisors and canines have a sharp incisal edge.Figure 5-3 shows the inner anatomy of a tooth. label it as you read the following description: A tooth consists of a crown, which shows above the gumline, and a root, which lies within the bony tooth socket. The outermost protective layer of the crown, the enamel, protects the tooth. Enamel is a dense, hard, white substance-the hardest substance in the body. Dentin, the main substance of the tooth, lies beneath the enamel and extends throughout the crown. Yellow in color, dentin is composed of bony tissue that is softer than enamel. The cementum covers, protects, and supports the dentin in the root. A periodontal membrane surrounds the cementum and holds the tooth in place in the tooth socket. The pulp lies underneath the dentin. This soft and delicate tissue fills the center of the tooth. Blood vessels, nerve endings, connective tissue, and lymphatic vessels are within the pulp canal. Root canal therapy is often necessary when disease or abscess occurs in the pulp canal. A dentist opens the tooth fromabove and cleans the canal of infection, nerves, and blood vessels. The canal is then disinfected and filled with material to prevent the entrance of microorganisms and decay. Three pairs of salivary glands surround the oral cavity. These exocrine glands produce saliva that contains important digestive enzymes. Saaliva is released from the parotid gland, submandibular gland, and sublingual gland on each side of the mouth. Narrow ducts carry saliva into the oral cavity.口腔牙医使用特殊的术语来描述牙齿表面。
机车车辆专业英语翻译
The German EMS maglev design,Transrapid(TR07),was certified for operation by the German Government in December 1881.A maglev line between Hamburg and Berlin is under consideration in Germany with private financing and potentially with additional support from individual states in northern Germany along the proposed route.The line would connect with the high -speed Intercity Express(ICE) train as well as conventional trains.The TR07 has been tested extensively in Germany,and is the only high-speed maglev system in the world ready for revenue（国家的收入；收益，税收） service.The TR07 is planned for implementation in Orlando,Florida. 德国Transrapid(TR07）电磁悬浮磁悬浮列车的设计被证实是 由德国政府在1881年12月开始实斲的。一条由德国私人筹资，并 丏可能得到计划线路沿线德国北部各州的额外支持的，贯穿于汉 堡和柏林之间的磁悬浮列车线在德国正在考虑之中。这条线实现 了高速城际特快列车和普通列车的连接。TR07在德国已经通过了 各种测试，它是丐界上唯一一个准备投入商业运营的高速磁悬浮 系统。TR07计划在奥兰多，佛罗里达投入使用。
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专业英语课后翻译参考Unit12、词组翻译（1）受弯构件（2）临界屈曲荷载（3）长细比（4）短柱（5）折减模量（6）effective length （7）residual stress（8）trial and error approach （9）radius of gyration（10）tangent modulus3、英译汉(1)This ideal state is never achieved in reality, however, and some eccentricity of the load is inevitable.在现实中,这种理想状态从来没有达到，然而，一些荷载偏心是不可避免的(2)In many instances the members are aslo called upon to resist bending, and in these cases the member is a beam-column.在许多情况下，需要构件能够抵抗弯矩，并在这些情况下，构件是梁柱。
(3)If the member is so slender that the stress just before buckling is below the proportional limit---that is, the member is still elastic---the critical buckling load is given by Q.如果该构件是是细长，则在屈曲前应力就低于比例限制---也就是说，该构件仍然是弹性---由公式Q 给出该临界屈曲荷载。
(4)The ratio L/r is the slenderness ratio and is the measure of a compression member’s slenderness, with large values corresponding to slender members.L/r 是长细比，是衡量受压构件的长细的一种方法，对于细长的构件它具有较大值。
(5)If the stress at which buckling occurs is greater than the proportional limit of the material, the relation between stress and strain is not linear,and the modulus of elasticity E can no longer be used.如果在构件发生屈曲时应力的大小超过了材料的比例极限，应力与应变之间的关系不是线性的，弹性模量E的不能再使用(6)If the member is more stocky, as the one in Fig.1.1b, a larger load will be required to bring the member to the point of instability.如果构件更为粗壮，就像图1.1b所示的，那么需要更大的荷载来使构件产生失稳。
(7)The tips of the flanges, for example, cool at a faster rate than the junction连接of the flange and the web. This uneven cooling induces stresses that remain permanently.例如，轮缘的尖部比轮缘的结合部以及中部冷却的速度更快。
这种不均匀冷却引起的应力会长久的存在。
(8)In 1947, F.R.Shanley resolved the apparent inconsistencies in the original theory, and today the tangent modulus formula, Eq.1.3, is accepted as the correct one for inelastic buckling. 1947年，FRShanley解决原有理论的明显的矛盾，所以现在切线模量计算公式 1.3，作为非弹性屈曲正确公式是被人所接受的。
(9)The composite curve, called a column strength curve, completely describes the stability of any column of a given material.复合曲线，称为柱强度曲线，完全描述了任何一个给定的材料柱的稳定性。
(10)Since it is virtually impossible to construct a frictionless pin connection, even this support condition can only be closely approximated at best.实际上几乎不可能设计一个无摩擦的连接，甚至此支撑条件也充其量只能达到近似。
5、汉译英（1）page1,pa1,line1 （2）page2,line4（3）page2,line8 （4）page3,line2（5）page3,line11Unit22、词组翻译（1）横截面（2）弯矩（3）活荷载（4）重力（5）建筑规范（6）functional design （7）nonstructural components （8）nonprofit organization （9）the Uniform Building Code （10）the Standard Building Code3、英译汉（1）The structural design of buildings ,whether of structural steel(结构钢) or reinforced concrete(钢筋混凝土),requires the determination of the overall proportions(整体比例) and dimensions of the supporting framework(支撑结构) and the selection of the cross sections of individual members.建筑的结构设计，不论是用结构钢还是用钢筋混凝土材料，都要决定其整体比例和支撑结构的大小，以及选择单个构件的截面尺寸。
（2）The architect decides how the building should look; the engineer must make sure that it doesn’t fall down.建筑师决定建筑物的外观，结构工程师必须保证它不会倒塌。
（3）A good design requires the evaluation of several framing plans(框架平面图)-that is, different arrangements of members and their connections.一个好的设计，要求要评估不同的框架平面图，也就是说，对构件和它们之间的连接可进行不同的布置。
（4）Before any analysis, however, a decision must be made on the building material to be used ;it will usually be reinforced concrete ,structural steel ,or both.然而，在做任何分析之前，必须决定建筑物的使用材料，通常可以是钢筋混凝土，结构钢，或者两者公用。
（5）All of the loads mentioned thus far(目前为止) are forces due to gravity and are referred to as gravity loads.目前为止所提到的荷载，均是由于重力而产生的，或者被当作是重力荷载。
（6）If the load is applied and removed many times over the life of the structure ,fatigue stress(疲劳应力) becomes a problem ,and we must account for its effects.若果荷载在结构寿命里被多次应用并撤除，则疲劳应力就会成为问题，我们必须考虑它的影响。
（7）Since lateral loads(侧向荷载) are most detrimental(对有害) to tall structures ,wind loads are usually not as important for low buildings, but uplift(浮托力) on light roof systems(屋顶体系) can be critical.由于侧向荷载对高层建筑物最有害，因此，对于低层建筑物风荷载通常都是不重要的，但是浮托力对屋顶体系却是至关重要的。
（8）A structural analysis of the effects of an earthquake requires an analysis of the structure’s response to the ground motion produced by the earthquake分析地震对结构的作用，需分析由于地震而引起的相应的地面运动。
（9）Other types of live load are often treated as separate categories ,such as hydrostatic pressure(液体静压力) and soil pressure其他类型的活载通常被当作独立的类别，例如液体静压力和土压力。
（10）Although some large cities write their own building codes ,many municipalities(自治市) will adopt a “model”(典型)building code and modify it to suit their particular needs.虽然有些大城市编写了自己的建筑规范，但是许多自治市仍然采用典型的建筑规范，即修改建筑规范以适应他们的特殊需求。