促进大学生身心健康的方法

促进大学生身心健康的方法一学校健康教育的重要意义健康是学生将学到的文化知识和自己的聪明才智贡献社会的唯一保证,失去健康将失去一切.追求高质量的健康生活,是人类发展的必然.高校体育教育,应使学生深刻领悟健康的重要性.通过健康教育,帮助并鼓励学生树立追求健康状态的理念,了解并掌握达到健康的途径,把健康教育理论应用到具体的教学活动中去,使学生从意识上、行为上对健康概念重新加以塑造和认识.目前,健康教育已逐渐成为我国学者密切关注的问题,在第五届中日学校体育研讨会上,我国学者认为应该确立“学生身心健康为本”的思想.身心健康,从某种意义上来讲,近乎于抽象的概念,不象考试成绩那么直观,当身心及精神的疾患积累到一定量时,就会产生质的变化,给人造成无法挽回的后果.据最近调查资料反映,北京中关村地区知识分子的平均寿命,从10年前的58.52岁降到53.34岁,比全国第二次人口普查的北京平均寿命75.73岁低22.79岁.另据调查,影响我国中高级知识分子健康的主要因素,除了工作和家庭负担重、经济拮据、生活条件差之外,更重要的是缺乏对体育的正确认识,缺乏长期的独立锻炼身体的习惯和体育卫生保健知识.至今,全国1000多所高校已有30%的大学设立了心理咨询机构,江苏省27所高校联合成立了“大学生心理专业委员会”协调负责省内各高校的心理咨询服务工作,尽管如此,有些情况仍然不容乐观,大学生心理障碍的比例仍然较高,心理学家认为,人的成功要素中,智商约占20%,其他因素占80%,其中情商约占60%.“情商”(EQ),是一种洞察及控制个人与他人的感受和情绪的能力,是克服心理矛盾冲突、协调和平衡情绪的技巧,是驾驭人生在顺境与逆境都能自如通行的智慧.情商较低的人,则容易产生心理障碍,体育教学和锻炼是重塑心理素质和弥补心理障碍的重要途径之一.现代社会对人才的需求可以归纳为健康的体魄,高超的智能,良好的心理素质,良好的职业道德和协作精神[1].而一味的埋头苦学,从而导致的身体虚弱,高度近视,神经衰弱等疾病,以及较差的适应各种复杂环境的心理状态,已远远落后于时代的要求.二中国与日本、前苏联、美国体育课程目标的对比1．中国:①全面锻炼学生身体,增强体质;②加强体育和卫生保健基础知识的教学,帮助学生养成健身习惯与兴趣;③进行爱国主义教育,注重学生个性发展.2．日本:①通过各种合理的运动实践,在提高运动技能的同时,使学生能体验运动乐趣,培养明朗、健全的生活态度;②通过进行各种适当的运动,在培养强健体魄的同时,培养坚强的意志;通过运动中竞争及合作的体验,培养公正的态度和自觉遵守规则相互合作的态度;③培养注意健康和安全地参加运动的态度.3．前苏联:①提高运动训练的水平,增进学生的身体健康,学习和达到一定水平的能力;②培养基本的运动素质,教给学生重要的活动技能和技巧,并在各种复杂条件下运用它们的有效手段;③培养高尚的道德品质,培养参加体育锻炼的兴趣,力求达到身心完美.4．美国:①使学生都喜爱体育,培养他们参加体育活动的兴趣,并在体育活动中获得愉快的享受;②使学生懂得合作和竞争的意义,促进个性的形成,同时,培养良好的体育道德;③使学生掌握有关身体的知识,以便更好地控制自己的身体,更好地适应所处的各种环境.5．德国:①让学生学会进行与自己能力相吻合的创造性活动并提高这种能力;②通过身体活动掌握运动和游戏进行的方法;③将体育课中学习的东西应用到校外,使学生喜爱体育运动.由此可见,国外的体育课程目标有以下特点:①运动实践的合理性;②身体素质与心理素质的双重性;③体育课的内容与生活实践的统一性;④强调运动过程中愉快的体验.以美国的体育课程特点为例,通过对美国不同洲的体育教学内容的研究发现,内容多,项目杂,有较大的选择性;重视舞蹈、韵律体操和娱乐活动———可能与终身体育教育思想有关,注重学生身心的个体差异,以此来选择教学内容,竞技体育项目所占比重相对较少,约30%左右.三我国体育课的现状、原因分析及对策1 体育课现状以教师、课堂、教材为中心,学生是被动的参与,学生对学期末考试存在恐惧心理.体育课以传授运动技术为主,而运动技术又较单一,传授的项目不能与今后的实际生活密切联系,缺乏体育理论的系统讲座,学生在大学期间两年体育的收获,捉襟见肘,身体素质略有提高,而心理素质或某种心理障碍没有得到重塑或校正,运动技能似懂非懂,不懂得自我保健及锻炼,体育竞赛的观赏水平也无法得到提高,更不利于养成体育锻炼的习惯以及树立终身体育的意识和理念.2 体育课现状的原因由于长期以来学校体育受应试教育的影响,课堂教学重视“三基”,忽视学生的参与,尽管学生参与了,也多数是被动的接受,尽管我们也在呼吁双边教学,以学生为主体,而客观的教学过程,我们必须服从教学大纲,按部就班地按教学进度进行,否则学生将无法应付学期末的考试,而考试分数又直接影响学生的奖学金及就业分配.由于单一的评分体制的存在,所以除技术及身体素质之外的其它传授,就显得多余而苍白无力了,因为对于学生来讲,考什么就练什么,天经地义.3 关于体育课教学有效促进大学生身心健康的对策改革教学大纲内容,建立起一整套系统的、全面的促进学生身心健康发展的教学体系,是目前亟待解决的现实问题.体育教学大纲应当真正做到以学生为主体,开展多种体育项目及技能的基础性教学,并且能充分调动学生的学习积极性和能动性,注重这些体育项目及技能在学生今后社会生活中使用价值的可持续性,例如:太极拳、散打、健美操、篮球、花样跳绳、羽毛球、踢毽子、沙包游戏、游泳等体育项目.教学方式也应当采用多种授课形式,除校内外堂课示范性教学外,还应当组织学生观赏各种比赛,教师在期间介绍比赛规则,使学生领会竞技精神,掌握技能的技巧,同时亦喻教于乐.另外,应开展内堂课教学,充分利用多煤体教学系统,举办理论课讲座,传授体育文史,体育卫生保健,如何制定运动处方等知识,使学生了解体育,热爱体育.组织野外授课,给学生设置些困难,鼓舞和引导学生勇敢地去克服,锻炼其意志品质,使其智力与体质有机的结合.培养学生的自控能力、挑战的能力和应变的能力.采用多种组织形式,例如分组教学,将技能娴熟的学生和技能生疏的学生分在一组,通过教师的指导和同学的互助,锻炼其协作能力,最终实现学生整体技能的全面提高,使其充分体会到互助的价值,增强其自信心和进一步学习的欲望,实现体育教学的良性循环.通过这一系列的多形式,多渠道和多层次的全方位立体教学模式,使学生获得高层次的学习与锻炼的心理体验,达到身心健康的统一.四课外活动的现状、原因及其分析1 高校传统教育理念对课外体育活动的忽视高等教育在传统理念上比较重视专业术科知识和技能的培养,在当前市场经济条件下,又形成了高等教育产业化的新理念,因而更加重视应用性人才的塑造.近些年来,高校教育虽然比较重视学生的政治理论学习和德育教育,但是存在着弱化基础理论学科教育的倾向,更加轻视体育教育和美育教育.目前,大多数高校下午一般安排2~4节常规课,甚至有些学校晚上也安排了加课、选修课以及公共课,或者其他讲座课,学生课外体育活动的时间不足.这样不利于学生广泛性、多样性和规律性的课外体育活动的形成和发展,更不利于学生整体素质的全面塑造.2 社会转型时期就业环境对课外体育活动的冲击我们国家目前正处于经济转型的过渡时期,社会及价值的多元化,深刻影响着高校学生的行为,人力资源结构以及经济发展模式对大学生的学习与就业带来很大的冲击.学生们要面对各种各样的等级考试、就业考试、硕士、博士研究生考试.另外,就业尝试、勤工俭学、青年志愿者活动、社会调查以及各种各样的社会实践活动也深深影响着常规的大学生活.这种社会活动的不合理配置也会影响课外体育活动,种种短期行为并不能真正实现学生整体素质的全面培养,更不能替代科学合理的体育教育和美育教育.3 大学生体育知识的匮乏及对体育的偏见学生尽管从小学直到大学,一直在接受体育教育,然而却对体育知识了解得少而甚少,更没有养成科学的体育锻炼的习惯和正确的健康体育的理念.长期以来受到来自社会、学校、家庭“重文轻体”的影响,视体育为蹦蹦跳跳的游戏,专业术科知识以外的学习是可有可无的东西.4 缺乏必要的科学指导以及运动场地和器材的充分保障大多数高校没有体育部门对课外活动进行统一的组织及监督.这样就对那些本身对体育活动存在着惰性的学生失去了外部的督促制约;而另一部分学生有参加课外活动的欲望却无法进行.原因是没有足够的活动场地,借不到必要的运动器材,也缺乏高水平专业教师的指导与训练.五通过强化课外活动有效促进大学生身心健康及对策1 以促进大学生身心健康为根本出发点全民健康“一二一”启动工程实施方案中强调,“学校要保证学生每天参加一小时体育活动[2].”根据素质教育全体性的特征,全民健身要面向所有学生,使每个学生都能够健康成长.近几年来,快乐体育正成为我国体育学者们研究的热点问题.在全面提高体育课教学整体水平的基础上,重视学生课外体育活动,通过教师有组织的科学指导,使其个人兴趣与体能差异有机结合,充分发挥其自身的积极性和主动性,不仅增强了学生体质,而且愉悦了其精神,提高了其情商指数,实现大学生整体素质的全面塑造.2 为学生提供各种课外体育活动的渠道大学体育教学部门在体能和技能达标教学的基础上,除保留以往教学模式中的篮球、排球、足球、乒乓球、田径等传统项目外,还应增开体育选修课:通过内堂课教学讲授运动生理学、运动训练学、运动心理学以及运动生物力学、医务监督等方面的基本理论知识;通过户外课教学传授一些娱乐性较强、提高和增加学生运动兴趣和体育技能,便于学生毕业后保持终身体育锻炼,受益终生的专项体育运动项目.例如体育游戏、游泳、跳水、健美及健美操、体育舞蹈、台球、羽毛球、攀岩、越野、武术等.另外,学校在改革传统体育教学理念和教学模式的前提下,还要大力加强体育场地、设施和器械的建设,为学生课内体育教学和课外体育活动提供充分的物质保证,完成大学教育环节中所应具备的培养学生牢固掌握基本的体育理论知识和一定的专业技能,增强体质的同时,了解体育、热爱体育.学会自我锻炼与保健,并在锻炼过程中培养良好的心理素质,塑造健康向上的精神风貌,养成良好的体育锻炼的习惯,全面提高整体素质,直至终身受益.Promoting college students' physical and mental health methodsA school health education significanceHealth is the student will learn the cultural knowledge and their contributions to the society only guarantee one's ability and cleverness, losing health will lose everything . The pursuit of high quality of healthy life, is the inevitable human development . The university physical education, should make students understand the importance of health. Through health education, help and encourage students to establish healthy state concept, understand and master the way to health, the health education theory is applied to the specific teaching activities, so that students from consciousness, behavior of the concept of health to be shaped and understanding. At present, health education has gradually become China's scholars pay close attention to the issue, the Fifth China-Japan Symposium on school sports our country scholar thinks, should establish " physical and mental health of students of the " idea ". The physical and mental health, in a sense, akin to abstract concepts, not like exams so intuitive physical and mental disorders, when accumulated toa certain amount, it will produce qualitative change, to cause irreparable consequences according to a recent survey data. To reflect the Beijing intellectuals in Zhongguancun, the average life expectancy of 10 years ago, from 58.52 years down to 53.34 years old, more than second national population census of the North The average life expectancy of 75.73 years, 22.79 years. According to another survey, affecting our country senior intellectuals' health is the main factor, in addition to the work and family burden is heavy, economic constraints, the living conditions of the poor, more important is the lack of correct understanding of sports, the lack of long-term independent habit of physical exercise and physical health care knowledge.So far, more than 1000 national universities have 30% University set up psychological counseling agencies, 27 colleges and universities in Jiangsu Province jointly established a " College Students' psychological professional committee is responsible for the province of " coordination of college psychological consultation service, nevertheless, there is still not optimistic, mental obstacles of college students is still relatively high proportion, psychologists, human factors of success, IQ accounted for about 20%, other factors accounted for 80%, wherein the EQ accounts for approximately 60%. "emotional intelligence " ( EQ ), is a kind of insight and control individuals and others' feelings and emotional competence, is to overcome the psychological conflicts, coordination and balance of emotional skills, is controls the life in good times and bad can freely pass wisdom EQ low, is easy to have the psychological obstacle, the sports teaching and psychological quality training is remodeling and compensate for mental disorder is one of the important ways. The modern society to talented person's demand can be traced to the healthy body, superb intelligence, good psychological quality, good occupation morals and spirit of collaboration [1]. but constantly grinding away, which leads to the weak, high myopia, neurasthenia and other diseases, as well as the poor adapt various complex environmental psychology, has far Behind the requirements of the times.The two China and Japan, the United States, the former Soviet Union sports curriculum target contrastThe 1 China:①the comprehensive exercise the student body, enhance a constitution; the strengthening of sports and health care basic knowledge teaching, help students develop fitness habits and interests; the patriotic education, pay attention to the students' individuality development.The 2 Japan:①through various reasonable sports practice in improving motor skills, at the same time, so that the students can experience the sport training, clear, perfect life attitude;② through various proper motion, in the training of fitness at the same time, cultivate a strong will; through sports competition and cooperation experience, culture fair attitude and abide by the rules of mutual cooperation attitude;③culture attention to health and safety, to take part in the sports attitude.3 former Soviet Union:①increasing training level, promotes the student physical health, learning and achieve a certain level of ability training; the basic movement quality, teach students the important skills and techniques, and in various complex conditions to use them effectively; the cultivation of moral character, training in sports the interest of physical exercise, and strive to achieve the perfect body.In 4 the United States of America:①that students are fond of sports, cultivating their interest in participating in sports activities, and in the sports activities in the enjoyment of pleasure;②make students understand the meaning of competition and cooperation, promote the formation ofpersonality, at the same time, to develop good sportsmanship;③make students grasp the relevant body of knowledge, in order to better control of his body, better adapted to the environment.5 Germany:①let students learn with their ability to coincide with the creative activity to improve this ability;② through physical activity exercise mastery and game playing method; the physical education learning things is applied to the outside, so that students are fond of sports. Therefore, the goal of physical education curriculum has the following characteristics: ①the movement practice rationality; the physical and mental quality of double sex;③the content of physical education and life practice of unity;④emphasizes movement during a pleasant experience . To the United States of America sports curriculum characteristics as an example, through to the United States of America different delta physical education teaching contents studies found, more content, project miscellaneous, have greater selectivity; attention to dance, rhythmic gymnastics and entertainment activities -- may and lifelong physical education thought, pay attention to students' individual differences, in order to choose the teaching content, the proportion of competitive sports is relatively less, about 30% or so.The three China sports course present situation, causes and Countermeasures1 PE teachers, classroom, present situation of teaching as the center, students are the passive participation at the end of the semester, students on the examination for the presence of fear. Sports class for imparting movement technology, and sports technique is single, imparted to the project and the actual living in close contact, lack of physical education theory system of lectures, students in the University during two years of physical harvest, stretched, physical quality and psychological quality improved slightly, or some psychological barriers have not been remodeling or correction, motor skills not fully understand, do not know self health care and exercise, athletic competition ornamental level can not be improved, to form the habit of physical training and lifelong sports consciousness and concept.2 Physical Education in school sports since the reason because of the long-term impact of examination-oriented education, classroom teaching pay attention to "Three Basics", ignoring students' participation, although students involved, most also is a passive acceptance, although we also called for in the bilateral teaching, take student as the main body, and the objective of the teaching process, we must obey the teaching outline, to follow the prescribed order according to the teaching schedule, or at the end of the semester students will be unable to cope with the examination, and examination scores and directly affect the student scholarships and employment distribution due to a single score system existence, so in addition to technical and physical quality besides imparting, has become redundant and feeble, as for the student, exam what is what to practice, as unalterable principles.3 on the PE teaching effectively promote the physical and mental health of college students the countermeasures to /post/143.html reform teaching content, establish a set of system, comprehensively improve students' physical and mental health education system, is the real problem that solves urgently. PE teaching outline should really take the student as the main body, carry out a variety of sports programs and skill based teaching, and can fully mobilize students learning enthusiasm and initiative, pay /post/600.html attention to the sports items and skills in students' future social life value of sustainability, for example: Tai Chi Boxing, Sanda, aerobics, basketball, badminton, kick shuttlecock, rope skipping, sandbags, swimming and other sports game teaching method should be. Using a variety of teaching forms, except the school class demonstration teaching, also should organize students to watch a game,teachers in the introduced during the rules of the game, so that students understand the competitive spirit, master the skill skill, but also educating in a happy atmosphere . In addition, should begin from education, make full use of multimedia teaching system, hold theory class lecture, teach sports literature, sports and healthHealth care, how to develop the sports prescription of such knowledge, enable students to understand the sports, sports teaching to the student. Organizational field, set up some difficulties, encourage and guide the students to bravely overcome, exercise the will quality, make its intellectual and /a/shanalinduoshaoqian/ physical organic combination. The cultivation of students' self control ability, the ability and the strain capacity of challenge using a variety of organization forms, such as teaching, will be skilled students and skills of new students in a group, the teachers and students to exercise their ability of cooperation, mutual help, ultimately students overall skills improve, to fully appreciate the value of cooperation, enhance their self-confidence and further study desire, to realize the benign circulation of sports teaching. Through a series of much form, much channel and multi-level omnibearing stereoscopic teaching model, to enable students to obtain the high levels of learning and training of psychological experience, to achieve physical and mental health of unity.Four extracurricular activities, reason and analysis of current situation1 University of traditional education idea on extracurricular sports activities of higher education in the traditional concept of the neglect of more importance on specialty knowledge and skills training, under the condition of market economy, and the formation of the industrialization of higher education new concept, and pay more attention to practical talents training. In recent years, although pay more attention to the students' Education in Colleges and universities the study of political theory and moral education, but there exist weak basic theory education tendency, more contempt for physical education and aesthetic education. At present, most colleges and universities the afternoon general arrangement section 2~4 regular class, and even some school night is also arranged with courses, elective courses and public courses, or other lectures, the students' extracurricular sports activities lack of time. This is not conducive to students' universality, diversity and regularity of the formation and development of extracurricular sports activities, is not conducive to the overall quality of the students comprehensive training.2 during the period of social transformation, the employment environment of extra-curricular sports activities to impact our country present is being in the economic transition period, the society and the diversity of value, a profound impact on the university students' behavior, the structure of human resources and economic development model of College Students' learning and employment brings very big impact . The students have to face various grade examination the examination, employment, master, doctor graduate student have an exam . In addition, employment try, work-study program, youth volunteer activities, social investigation and various activities of social practice is also deeply influenced the normal university life. The social activity of the unreasonable configuration will also affect the extracurricular sports activities, a variety of short-term behavior and can not really achieve the overall quality of students comprehensive training, more cannot replace the scientific and reasonable physical education and aesthetic education.3 college students lack of knowledge and to the sports bias from primary school students despiteuntil the University, has been in physical education, while the sports knowledge and less understood, but did not develop a scientific physical exercise habits and correct health sport concept. Since long receives from society, school, family, " re-light body ", as the sports for bouncing game, specialty knowledge learning is not essential things.4 lack of scientific guidance and sports venues and equipment to fully protect the majority of colleges and universities no sports department of extracurricular activities in unified organization and supervision. So to those itself on sports activities exist in inert students lost external supervise restrict; while some other students participate in any extracurricular activities desire cannot. The reason is not enough activity space, unable to borrow the necessary sports equipment, lack of high level professional teachers' guidance and training.Five through strengthening extracurricular activities effectively promote the physical and mental health of college students and Countermeasures1 to promote physical and mental health of college students is the basic starting point of national health " one two one " to start the project emphasizes, " schools should ensure that every student in one hour sports [2]. " according to quality education the characteristic, fitness to face all student, enables each student to grow up healthily . In recent years, happy sports in our country is becoming the hot issue in the study of sport scholars. In comprehensively enhances the sports teaching overall level based on, pay attention to the students' extracurricular sports activities, through the teachers organized scientific guidance, make its individual interest and physical differences between organic combination, give full play to their enthusiasm and initiative, not only enhanced the the student body, and the pleasure of its spirit, improve their emotional intelligence, the realization of students' overall quality of the overall shape.2 to provide students with a variety of extracurricular sports activities of university sports teaching departments channels in physical fitness and skill standards based on teaching, in addition to retain the previous teaching mode in basketball, volleyball, soccer, table tennis, athletics and other traditional project, till should add sports elective course: through the inside course teaching of exercise physiology, sports training, sports psychology and sports biomechanics, medical supervision and other aspects of the basic theory of knowledge; through outdoor teaching imparting some entertaining, improve and increase students' interests in sports and sports skills, convenient for students after graduation to maintain lifelong physical exercise, a lifetime of special sports. Such as sports games, swimming, diving, bodybuilding and aerobics, dance sport, billiards, badminton, climbing, cross-country, martial arts and so on. In addition, the school in the reform of traditional sports teaching idea and teaching mode under the premise, but also strengthen the sports venues, facilities and equipment construction, for the students in sports teaching and extracurricular sports activities to provide full material guarantee, finish university aspects of education in the cultivation of students a firm grasp of basic theory of sports knowledge and some college Industry skills, enhance physical fitness at the same time, understanding of sports, love sports. Learn self exercise and health care, and in the process of exercise training good psychological quality, to form a healthy spirit, form a good habit of physical training, improve the overall quality, until the end of life.。