英语四级写作方法.doc

英语四级写作方法.doc
英语四级写作方法.doc

Writing

Section A Composition (35 minutes)

(一)写作题的性质

写作是人们表达思想的一种重要手段,我们称之为comprehensive test的综合测试,体现的是学生综合运用语言的能力。因为它不仅考核考生对词汇的掌握、对语法的应用,同时也考查了学生的表达能力、思维的逻辑性和条理性。我们知道,学习英语需掌握四种技能:听、说、读、写。

(二) 考试大纲对英语写作的要求和规定

测试目的:按照基础阶段英语教学大纲的要求,检查学生在基础阶段末期的英语写作能力。

测试要求:

作文。要求根据所给的题目和列出的写作提纲或图表、数字统计表等(也附有写作提纲) 写一篇200词的短文,能做到内容切题、完整,条理清楚,文章结构严谨,语法正确,语言通顺恰当。作文的类别有说明文、议论文或记叙文。考试时间为35分钟。

(三)英语四级写作的评分标准

(1)文章内容切题、丰富,文章通顺,表达清楚。

(2)行文流畅。

(3)组织严密,逻辑性强。

(4)句型多样化,句法结构正确。

(5)用词得体、恰当、丰富。

(6)语法正确。

(7)拼写及标点正确,书写整洁。

很多学习者翻开作文书籍,就如同想打开一本武功秘籍,只希望看到5个字母trick(技巧) 。技巧固然十分重要,但在应试准备中,常常需要70%的基础和30%的技巧。这里要提醒大家的是,不可高估技巧的作用,犹如在武打片中,要想得到某某宝典和剑法,是需要付出惨痛的代价的。

Writing techniques

Master A:

从文章的形式结构看,一篇文章通常可分为引言(introduction),正文(body)和结束语(conclusion)。引言和结束语,简单扼要,正文具体而明

晰,把要论的论清楚。

引言可以是一句话,也可以是一段话,目的是引出文章的话题,要谈论何人何事、何种观点等,在全文中起了开宗明义即“启”的作用,是全文的主题所在。

正文,一般分为一段或若干段,每段都有自己的主题句,同时要注意每一段只讲一件事情,文章内容要有一致性(unity)、连贯性(coherence),在文章中起“承”和“转”的作用。

结束语,作用是概括全文内容,进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想,用以加深印象,在文章中起到了“合”的作用。

正如汉语文章一样,都讲究语篇的“启、承、转、合”,其中“转”根据文章的发展可以没有。

从文章的内容,即体裁的深层发展逻辑看,一般可以归纳为这样一

段落是语篇的基础,写好段落是短文写作的基石。

段落是英语作文的基本结构单位,是“谋篇”的重要组成部分。如果一段文章内容连贯流畅、条理分明、合乎逻辑,并按主题句所在的范围展开,文章也就成功了。段落由句子组成,每个段落都有一个反映事情中心思想的主题句(topic sentence)。主题句由扩

展句支撑(development sentence)用来说明或叙述段落的中心思想,段落结束时,可以用结尾句(concluding sentence)总结段落。这也恰如文章的结构一样为三段式,同样也是“启、承、转、合”的关系。

A.主题句(topic sentence)

主题句即“启”。主题句反映段落的中心思想,是英文段落的典型特点,是整个段的出发点,其中有核心词(key words)所表示的主导思想,围绕核心词去构思,有助于紧扣段落的中心思想进行推展。

主题句由话题(topic)和主导思想(controlling idea)两部分构成。话题是指一段文章要提及的事件、人物、问题等。主导思想说

明话题,用以确定段落发展的方向,主导思想大致可以表示:地点(place)、时间(time)、方面(aspect)、异同(similarities or differences)、打算(intention)、原因和结果(cause and effect)。

主题句的位置:主题句通常位于段落的开始,即段首句开门见山,有助于确定段落的主线,使段内各字紧紧围绕段落的主题思想自然展开。例如:

Americans make no distinction in greeting friends, acquaintances, elders, or superiors. When Americans see someone they know only by sight, they are likely to say “Hi” in all cases. This does not mean that they have no more regard

for friends than for casual acquaintances. It only means that “Hi” serves as greeting for both.

有时也可放在段中,当对两种事物或某种事物的两个方面进行对比时,主题句常在段落中间,这种段落通常是提出一个观点并稍加发挥,接着出现主题句,提出不同的或相反的论点,然后展开争论,论述的中心一般是二者之间的异同点,段中主题句具有过渡作用。例如:

Californians and New Englanders are both American. They speak the same language and abide by the same federal laws. But they are very different in

their ways of life. Mobility —both physical and psychological — has made a great impression on the culture of Californians; lack of mobility is the mark of the customs and morality of New Englanders.

有时也可放在段尾,段尾主题句具有结论作用,是对前面句子的归纳总结,在此种段落中,先讲述细节,段尾予以归纳,得出中心结论。例如:

Give students a chance to grow. Do not mold them from one of a thousand patterns. Let them seek knowledge, but do not find it for them. Let them learn patience, do not force it on them. Let them take their own

time to grow; do not set rigid time schedules. Experience cannot be taught; it must come slowly through personal search. 有时主题句在段首提出,然后在段尾重述,此种安排可以准确地把握思想、观点,并预测下一段的内容。

B.推展句:(developer/development sentences)

推展句在段落中起着“承、转”的作用,主题句只是给出段落的主题思想,需要发展句加以拓展。证明或支持段落主题思想的句子即为发展句,通过说明、描写、论述、阐述来支持主题思想,可谓“承”。在写作过程中,有时也需要转变意思表达或描述的角度,把这种转变

明确地表示出来,可谓“转”,因此,推展句也可分为发展句和转折句。

C.结论句(conclusion)

结论句即“合”,结论句位于段尾,是对全段内容进行总结、归纳或提出结论性观念的句子,结论句的作用不仅在于重复段落主题句提出的段落主题,更重要的是用来强调其中心思想。结论句的结构形式往往与主题句不同,但所表达的意思必须与主题句的语义中心保持一致,此外并非每个段落都需要结论句,一般描述性的段落可以不使用结论句。

一个段落的结构可以用图文表示出来:

主题句启

推展句

结论句合

例如:

There are mainly two opinions on the relationship between man and machines.Some people believe that it will be possible for automatic machines, especially electronic

computers, to replace man completely in the future. Others, however, argue that man is the decisive factor in production. I think the potential of man’s intelligence is practically unlimited.

在段落的过渡中,按文章的“启、承、转、合”使用过渡词(transitional words/connectives)会使段落文章条理清楚,连贯流畅,过渡词可以分以下四类:

a)表达“启”的常用词语。

用于引导主题句或用于主题句的后面,引导第一个发展句:Firstly, at first, first of all, in the beginning, in the first

place, at present, to begin with, currently, to start with, lately, for one thing, now, recently, on the one hand, in general, generally speaking, in recent years, comparatively speaking, nowadays, in a sense, in a way, in my opinion, obviously, undoubtedly, etc. b)表达“承”的过渡词语。

用于主题句或第一个(或前一个)发展句:secondly, thirdly, besides, in addition, furthermore, more over, what is more, for another, for example, for instance, as an example, as another example, namely, then, in other words, in particular, in the same way, after that,

afterwards, (after a few days, after a while) from now on, later, just as similarly, meanwhile, at the same time, by this time, soon, of course, for this purpose, equally, surely, obviously, especially, indeed, still, in fact, in plain terms, in practice, for the most part, no doubt, etc.

c)表示“转”的过渡词语。

表示不同或相反的情况:after all, But, yet, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, conversely, though, although, despite, in spite of, on the contrary, in contrast, unlike, whereas, on the other hand, all the same, unfortunately, still,

in fact, as a matter of fact, in any case, at any rate, otherwise, or else, instead, etc.

d)表示“合”的过渡词语。

用于总结段落中上下文的内容,引导一个发展句或结论句,也可用于文章的结论等:finally, hence, in brief, in conclusion, in short, in summary, therefore, thus, to sum up, to conclude, to summarize, briefly, above all, as a consequence, as a result, for this reason, as has been noted, as I have said, at last, at length, by and large, consequently, eventually, accordingly, so, after all, in general, in a word, on the whole, etc.

Master B:

介绍(introduction) 介绍部分是一篇文章的“地图”,用来提纲挈领。文章好的开头会引人如胜,激发阅卷老师的阅读兴趣。一般说来,这一段落不宜太长,要写得简明扼要,主要可以采用以下三种方法:

1.引用法。文章开头引用名人名言、谚语或有代表性的看法见解来引出文章要展开讨论的一种观点,并明确自己的立场。

[Sample] On Making Friends As a proverb goes,a life without a friend is a life without the sun.It is true that everybody needs friends。so I find it quite necessary to make friends.

2.现象法。对于某种社会现象、倾向或社会问题进行剖析的文章通常在文章的开始首先引出这种现象或问题,然后进行评论并提出考生自己的观点。

[Sample] On Children’s Education

Chinese families are traditionally known for valuing the education of their children.Most parents are trying to offer their children the best education,regarding it as their most important duty. It seems to me that there are three reasons for this,all of which are concerned with demands of modern life..

3.对立法。文章开头首先引出人们对要讨论的问题的不同看法,然后提出考生自己的看法,或偏向的那个看法。此方法多用于有争议性的主题。

万能作文

作文篇

[Sample] I Prefer to Live in a Big City

Different people have different ideas about where to live. Some people like to live in big cities.Others prefer to live in the countryside. I think both of the lives have their advantagesand disadvantages.If l am to make a choice,1 will not hesitate to choose the former.

主体(body) 主体部分段首通常有一个/若干主题句(topic sentence),加若干development sentences)来完成。

3*3/3*4/4*3

文章应包含二到三个要点,用以支持主题句。考生可以通过例证、引证、对比、因果论证及反证等方法逐步论述各个要点。阅卷老师在看文章时也许会通过某些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构严谨,条理清晰,因此要在每一个要点前加入表示顺序的词汇,如:to begin with,first and fore—most;then,furthermore,besides;finally,last but not least.

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