高等写作思维训练大纲第一学期
大学生写作思维训练
大学生写作思维训练写作是大学生必备的一项重要能力，无论是在学术研究上，还是在职场生涯中，都会频繁用到写作。
很多大学生在写作能力上存在一些问题，比如缺乏观点的独立性、逻辑性不强、表达能力欠缺等等。
为了提高大学生的写作能力，需要进行一些思维训练，以培养其对问题的分析能力和批判性思维。
本文将从逻辑思维、观点表达和批判性思维三个方面，介绍一些关于大学生写作思维训练的方法和技巧。
一、逻辑思维逻辑思维在写作中是非常重要的，一篇好的文章必须具备清晰的逻辑结构，内容严谨、条理分明。
大学生在写作时，往往会出现逻辑混乱、跳跃性大等问题。
需要进行一些逻辑思维的训练，以提高大学生的写作能力。
1. 思维导图思维导图是一种用于组织思维、整理观点的技巧，可以帮助大学生将复杂的问题进行分解，找出问题的关键点。
在写作之前，可以先用思维导图将要写的内容进行整理，从整体上把握文章结构和脉络，提高文章的逻辑性。
2. 逻辑思维训练大学生可以通过一些逻辑思维的训练来提高自己的逻辑思维能力，比如做一些逻辑题、思维游戏等，这些训练能够帮助他们更好地理清思绪，提高自己的逻辑推理能力，从而在写作中能够更好地展现自己的观点和论证。
二、观点表达在写作中，观点表达是至关重要的，一篇文章的观点清晰、表达恰当，才能使读者更容易理解作者的意图。
很多大学生在写作时往往存在观点表达不清晰、语言表达能力不足等问题。
需要进行一些观点表达的训练，使大学生的写作观点更加清晰、精准。
1. 阅读素材在写作之前，大学生可以多读一些相关的素材，了解各种观点和观点的表达方式，通过模仿优秀文章的观点表达方式，提高自己的观点表达能力。
2. 独立观点训练为了培养大学生独立的观点，可以设计一些写作任务，让学生从多个角度思考并独立表达自己的观点。
在训练过程中，也可以通过点评指导，让学生更好地理解观点表达的重要性，并不断提高自己的写作能力。
三、批判性思维在写作中，批判性思维是非常重要的，能够使文章更有说服力、更有深度。
高中语文之写作思维能力训练
写作思维能力训练一、写作思路问题：要写文章的时候，就没有一个清晰的思路，很难将其系统化、准确而又全面地表达出来。
也就是写作思维的问题，组织架构整合谋篇布局的问题。
写作的过程就是思考的过程，将头脑中初步想法具体化、将杂乱零散的想法有序化，不断完善产生新的想法，增强文章的说服力二、运用语言文字准确地、有条理地反映客观事物特征来表达思想感情。
语言是思维的外衣，思维是语言的内核。
思维品质决定写作质量，良好的写作思维能力是写好作文的前提。
被誉为“中国当代写作学的一面镜子”的马正平教授认为，“提高学生写作思维能力应是写作教学的题中之义，并且是首要之义”。
那么，如何牵住作文训练的牛鼻子，培养和发展中学生写作思维能力呢?笔者认为可从以下两个方面进行培养训练。
三、逻辑思维7级：1级：定义技能——描述界定2级：划分技能——分解剖析3级：概括技能——抽象简化4级：判断技能——论证评估5级：推理技能——事理推演6级：假说技能——假设想象7级：体系技能——系统创建（摘自《柔性头脑修炼》）静态逻辑与动态逻辑当大自然赐予人类一个会思考的大脑时，同时也做了无形的制约，尽管平常我们感觉不到这种约束的存在，但每当人类想获得更高层次的智慧时，头脑中的这种制约就会像透明的玻璃天花板一样阻隔思维的触角，让人类对客观世界更高层次的认知处于一种可望而不可及的状态。
大千世界是以多维状态展示在人类的眼前，但人类对它的理性认识却只能是一维的，即在同一时间人们只能在一个维度上思考。
比如当人们看到一朵美丽的鲜花，对它的视觉感知是多维的，这包括花的形状、颜色、茎叶、花蕊等，但如果对它进行分析的时候，我们只能一条一条分别描述，不可能同时将花的形状、颜色、茎叶、花蕊等要素呈现出来。
这种一维的思考方式就是大自然对人类头脑的无形制约。
如果理解了这一点，我们也就会明白以形式逻辑学为代表的逻辑思维实质上就是在一维逻辑规则下的思维活动。
形式逻辑学清晰地将事物界定为非此即彼、非黑即白、非对即错，就是为了方便人们的思考和交流，如果在一维逻辑规则下出现同时亦此亦彼、亦黑亦白、亦对亦错的情况，大脑就会很难理解，思维就会陷入混乱，人们也将无法进行正常的交流。
高等写作思维训练大纲第一学期
《高等写作思维训练》课程大纲（第一学期）课程名称：高等写作思维训练英文名称：ADVANCED TRAING OF WRITING THOUGHTS课程编号：学时数及学分：13周，每周6课时，78学时，4学分。
教材名称及作者、出版社、出版时间：《高等文体写作训练教程》马正平，中国人民大学出版社，2002年。
（说明：本教材被进入教育部“面向21世纪课程教材”系列，已向全国高校推荐。
）本大纲主笔人：马正平一、课程性质、目的、要求和任务“高等写作思维训练”是中文系本科专业的写作课程的一部分。
本课程是将写作基本原理和写作实践训练进行紧密结合的一门“中介性”的课程：一方面，所讲授、训练的写作思维操作模型具有写作思维的基本原理、规律的性质，另一方面，这种写作思维操作模型、规律，又具有极强的思维操作性、技术性、实践性。
因此，对写作思维操作模型的训练、建构，是一般写作原理到文体写作实践的中介：对于一般的写作原理来讲，它是一种写作的基本能力；而对于具体的文体写作来讲，它又是一种写作能力的基础。
没有本课程的学习，具体的文体写作能力的训练都是不可能的。
因此，它是重要的写作学基础课。
通过本期课程的学习，应达到以下的教学目的和要求：1、建构起写作的写作主体性心灵背景。
即形成高品味的写作人格、创造性的个性、灵活性的写作智慧、以及生存竞争心态和事业理想意志，从而产生强烈写作行为的动力；2、从理性到感性地建构写作行为的写作思维操作、写作文化控制、写作策略控制、写作措辞的操作模型，实现写作原理、写作规律的技术化、操作化；3、建构起非构思写作行为过程——立意、行文、修改——的思维操作模型，生成真实有效的非构思写作过程能力。
为了达到以上的目的和要求，在教材内容和课程设置中应该注意以下问题：①关于“重点”本课程教学内容分为三大板块：一、写作思维操作模型的建构；二、写作思维主体性的建构；三、写作思维过程能力的建构。
本课程强调写作理论与写作实践的结合，要强调教学内容的可教性，而第二板块中的写作人格建构、写作心理动力建构、写作信息动力建构、数字化时代的写作意识，无法直接培养训练，也不具有可教性——人格是修炼的结合而不是教学的结果。
名校高级教师写作新思维高级课程讲义
名校高级教师写作新思维高级课程讲义第一章：句子概述 (一)（一）句子结构基本模式—两点定位，五步造句法Case 1: On a bright summer morning, Jeremy Goodfellow, a young man of simple means and honest intentions, left the quiet country town in which he’d been raised, and set off on the bold errand he’d been preparing for all his life.Case 2: One morning in 1905, or the 31th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of Qing Dynasty, two brothers, full of excitement and chatter, set out by boat from their hometown Boa-ah, a mountain hamlet in Fujian province on the southern coast of China, for the port city of Xiamen, some sixty miles away.主体部分Main Part.导入部分lead-in part从句Dependent Clause: , Maria went to sleep.分词短语Participial Phrase: , Maria went to sleep.形容词短语Adjectival phrase: , Maria went to sleep.同位语Appositive: , Maria went to sleep.插入部分in-between part附加部分add-on part练习一：翻译下列句子a)计算机带来变化b)工业破坏价值观1c)全球化的时代已到来d)问题在于e)学生接触社会come into contact with the worldf)影响学习interfere with studiesg)剥夺机会deprive …of the opportunityh)解释现象account for the phenomenoni)阻碍发展hamper / impede the developmentj)减轻压力alleviate the tension2k)促进发展accelerate the developmentl)控制人口增长curb the rapid grows of the population练习二：按照要求扩展句子a)加导入部分: "The storm roared across the countryside."答案Although it wasn't forecast, the storm roared across the countryside.b)加导入部分:"Paige listened to music."答案To forget about her boyfriend, Paige listened to music.c)加插入部分:"The horse rolled in the mud."答案The horse, a golden palomino, rolled in the mud.d)加插入部分:"Taylor ate the cookie."答案Taylor, a chubby six-year-old, ate the cookie.e)加附加部分:"Leaves are falling."答案Leaves are falling, coming down in dancing streams of gold and brown.3f)加附加部分:"The computer broke."答案The computer broke, leaving us all without a means of communicating.g)加附加部分:"She called her friend."答案She called her friend, hoping that he would be home, afraid that he would not be.h)加导入和附加部分:"The children laughed."答案In spite of the warning, the children laughed, ending the solemn atmosphere.i)加插入和附加部分:"The cat chased the mouse."答案The cat, a fat Cheshire, chased the mouse, pouncing on it with glee.j)加导入,插入和附加部分: "The wedding was approaching."答案Since it was September, the wedding, an extravagant affair, was approaching, sending the future bride into fits of apprehension.练习三：找出下列句子的导入部分a)N OW IF NATURE SHOULD INTERMIT（中断）HER COURSE and leave altogether, though it were but for awhile, the observation of her ownlaws; if those principal and mother elements of the world, whereof (of whom)all things in this lower world are made, should lose the qualities which now they have; if the frame of that heavenly arch erected over our heads should loosen and dissolve(溶解，衰减)itself; if celestial(天体的)spheres should forget their wonted motions(惯常运动), and by irregular volubility(流利)turn themselves any way as it might happen; if the prince of the lights of heaven which now as a giant doth run his unwearied course, should, as it were through a 4languishing(凋萎, 衰退)faintness, begin to stand and to rest himself; if the moon should wander from her beaten way, the times and seasons of the year blend themselves by disordered and confused mixture, the winds breathe out their last gasp, the clouds yield(生产)no rain, the earth be defeated of heavenly influence, the fruits of the earth pine away(消瘦, 憔悴)as children at the withered breasts of their mother no longer able to yield them relief — what would become of man himself, whom these things now do all serve?—from Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polityb)But, if this world is not merely a bad joke, life a vulgar flare amid the cool radiance of the stars, and existence an empty laugh brayingacross the mysteries; if these intimations of a something behind and beyond are not evil humor born of indigestion, or whimsies sent by the devil to mock and madden us, if, in a word, beauty means something, yet we must not seek to interpret the meaning.c)If, instead of listening to the war-mongers of the military-industrial establishment, the politicians had only listened to what people hadbeen writing in their letters and in the newspaper columns, if they had only listened to what the demonstrators had been shouting in the streets and on the campuses, if they had only listened to what was in their hearts, the war would have ended long ago.d)For small pieces of weather -- and to a global forecaster, small can mean thunderstorms and blizzards -- any prediction deterioratesrapidly.e)As she emerged from her drifting cloud of gun smoke with the water churned to foam beneath her bow, her flags flying, pennantswaving, sails filling in the breeze, and the red and gold of her superstructure ablaze with colour, she presented a more majestic spectacle than Stockholmers had ever seen before.f)Moreover, unlike some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the harm to us or our belongings.g)Unlike most of his contemporaries in Hollywood, Hart actually knew something of the old West.h)Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular, Alpine village tended to be5impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains.i)For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home, the change to the Alps must havevery hard indeed.j)But as soon as a the question of prestige arises, as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are aroused.k)So, faced with the Danish advance, Alfred did not risk open battle but harried the enemy.l)As the time and cost of making a chip drop to a few days and a few hundred dollars, engineers may soon be free to let their imaginations soar without being penalized by expensive failures.m)But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble.n)Living in a world in which undeclared aggression, war, hypocrisy, chicanery, anarchy and impending immolation are part of our daily lives, we all want a code to live by.o)In the breaking and remaking, in the timing, interweaving, beginning afresh, the writer comes to discern things in his material which were not consciously in his mind when he began.p)And if this something else is rightly chosen, if it is really attended by the illumination of another field of interest, gradually, and often quite swiftly, the old undue grip relaxes and the process of recuperation and repair begins.q)As for the unfortunate people who can command everything they want, who can gratify every caprice and lay their hands on almost 6every object of desire -- for them a new pleasure, a new excitement is only an additional satiation.r)But, contrary to a popular assumption, it is far from being the only one, or even the greatest.练习四：找出下列句子的插入部分a)Chickens slaughtered in the United States, claim officials in Brussels, are not fit to grace European tables.b)Carver Mead, a pioneer in integrated circuits and a professor of computer science at the California Institute of Technology, notes thereare now work-stations that enable engineers to design, test and produce chips right on their desks, much the way an editor creates a newsletter on a Macintosh.c)For instance, Alex Au, a Stanford Ph. D. from Hong Kong, has set up a Taiwan factory to challenge Japan's near lock on thememory-chip market.d)But a bank customer, unlike, say, a buyer of goods, cannot complain that the law is loaded against him.e) A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances deprived of one of the greatesttwentieth-century opportunities.f)Ironically, Europe, which had bequeathed the rabbit as a pest to Australia, acquired this man-made disease as a pestilence.g)'Rest', in terms of muscle relaxation and so on, can be achieved by a brief period lying, or even sitting down.h)Over the periods their saliva, a mild, digestive juice like our own, was converted into a poison that defies analysis even today.7i)King Gustavus Adolphus, 'The Northern Hurricane', then at the height of his military success in the Thirty Years' War, had dictated hermeasurements and armament.j)In 1953, a former electronics engineer in his fifties, Christopher Cockerell, who had turned to boat-building on the Norfolk Broads, suggested an idea on which he had been working for many years to the British Government and industrial circles.k)But a closer study of the evidence, supported by a deeper sense of the period, and particularly by a new consciousness of the philosophical undercurrents in the scientific revolution, has profoundly modified this view of Galileo.l)The adolescent, with his passion for sincerity, always respects a parent who admits that he is wrong, or ignorant, or even that he has been unfair or unjust.m)One, to my certain knowledge, spent nine months on a novel about Kashmir, then reset the whole thing in the Scottish Highlands.n)Professor Ronald Bracewell, a leading American radio astronomer, argued in Nature that such a superior civilization, on a visit to our own solar system, may have left an automatic messenger behind to await the possible awakening of an advanced civilization.o)As a reasonable guess, they might, on an average, be 100 light years away.p)Similarly, our own present primitive chemical rockets, though good enough to orbit men, have no chance of transporting us to the nearest other star, four light years away, let alone distances of tens or hundreds of light years.q)Custom, we have a way of thinking, is behaviour at its most commonplace.r)Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behaviour more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how aberrant.8s)Competition between our selves, person against person, community against community, still persists, however; and it is as fierce as it ever was.t)Insularity and self-containment, it is argued, go hand in hand.练习五：找出下列句子的附加部分a)I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of theworld could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield.b)One can tell the difference almost at a glance, for a spider always has eight legs and insect never more than six.c)They are hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day.d)The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top, because the summit was the prize they sought, especially if it and never beenattained before.e)The food was simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old, all washed down with coarse wine.f)Alfred the Great acted his own spy, visiting Danish camps disguised as a minstrel.g)Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature of the object.h)I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of theworld could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield.9i)But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators: and, behind the spectators, of the nations whowork themselves into furies over these absurd contests, and seriously believe -- at any rate for short periods -- that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.j)For this reason there is no risk to the customer in the practice, adopted by banks, of printing the customer's name on his cheques.k)An individual human existence should be like a river -- small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls.l)I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.m)Errors and uncertainties multiply, cascading upward through a chain of turbulent features, from dust devils and squalls up to continent-size eddies that only satellites can see.n)It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who run the machines, and without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory.o)This rabbit had no natural enemies in the Antipodes, so that it multiplied with that promiscuous abandon characteristic of rabbits.p)It was Hart who created the basic formula of the Western film, and devised the protagonist he played in every film he made, the good-had man, the accidental-noble outlaw, or the honest-but-framed cowboy, or the sheriff made suspect by vicious gossip; in short, the individual in conflict with himself and his frontier environment.q)The albatross is the king of the gliders, the class of fliers which harness the air to their purpose, but must yield to its opposition.10r)It tires not, nor does it boast of its power; but belongs to the air, travelling it may be six thousand miles to and from its northern nesting home, feeding its flown young as it flies, and slipping through a medium that seems to help its passage even when the wind is adverse.s)Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft.t)the railway of the future may well be the 'hovertrain', riding on its air cushion over a single rail, which it never touches, at speeds up to 300 m.p.h.u)For the same reason, writers talk interminably about their own books, winkling out hidden meanings, super-imposing new ones, begging response from those around them.v)For this reason also the writer, like any other artist, has no resting place, no crowd or movement in which he may take comfort, no judgment from outside which can replace the judgment from within.w)Yet their (Morocco and California) present development is wholly different, not so much because of different people even, but because of the different thoughts that exist in the minds of their inhabitants.x)Imagine the effect on a reasonably advanced technological society, one that still does not possess the bomb, of making it aware of the possibility, of supplying sufficient details to enable the thing to be constructed.练习六：分析下列句子结构,找出导入,插入和附加部分a)When anyone opens a current account at a bank, he is lending the bank money, repayment of which he may demand at any time, either incash or by drawing a cheque in favour of another person.11b)Primarily, the banker-customer relationship is that of debtor and creditor -- who is which depending on whether the customer's account is incredit or is overdrawn.c)With the invention of writing, a great advance was made, for knowledge could then be not only communicated but also stored.d)Knowing that millions of people around the world would be watching in person and on television and expecting great things from him — atleast one more gold medal for America, if not another world record — during this, his fourth and surely his last appearance in the World Olympics, and realizing that his legs could no longer carry him down the runway with the same blazing speed and confidence in making a huge, eye-popping leap that they were capable of a few years ago when he set world records in the 100-meter dash and in the 400-meter relay and won a silver medal in the long jump, the renowned sprinter and track-and-field personality Carl Lewis, who had known pressure from fans and media before but never, even as a professional runner, this kind of pressure, made only a few appearances in races during the few months before the Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, partly because he was afraid of raising expectations even higher and he did not want to be distracted by interviews and adoring fans who would follow him into stores and restaurants demanding autographs and photo-opportunities, but mostly because he wanted to conserve his energies and concentrate, like a martial arts expert, on the job at hand: winning his favorite competition, the long jump, and bringing home another Gold Medal for the United States, the most fitting conclusion to his brilliant career in track and field.e)On the occasions when they have pushed to shore an unconscious human being they have much more likely done it out of curiosity or forsport, as in riding the bow waves of a ship.f)If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuablepowers of observation and independent judgment, they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.12(二) 句子内容确定记者提问法– journalists’ questionsquestion 1 : Whoquestion 2 : what13question 3 : when14question 4 : where15question 5 : how16question 6 : why171819202122参考文字练习一参考文字child missingFive days ago, after school was over, a fat six-year-old schoolboy, in sneakers and red T-shirt, and speaking with strong Sichuan accent, turned up missing and has not returned home ever since. Please contact us if anyone should happen to know the child’s whereabouts. Our telephone number is …练习二参考文字complaint about a dogI am an overseas student who moved here several months ago and I am now writing to complain about two little dogs in our neighborhood. These dogs, bought by my neighbor one month ago, have been haunting our beautiful public garden ever since, causing lots of inconveniences to both residents and passers-by.Most of the neighbors and I can hardly put up with them and hope that the department concerned will look into this matter. I shall be very grateful if you could deal with it as soon as possible.练习三参考文字Donation to Disaster Area –tsunamiOn December 26, 2004, the earthquakes and resulting tsunamis in the Indian Ocean caused tremendous suffering to a large number of countries in Southeast Asia and beyond, killing tens of thousands of people, destroying their infrastructures and properties and plunging the survivors into desperate shortage of money needed for rehabilitation and livelihood. Whoever in this residential area wishes to donate money to the needy is requested to send his or her donation to the office of the Neighborhood Committee within 3 days.练习四参考文字women seeking men28 YO, , single mother, OHAC, genuine, active WLTM reliable, affectionate, family-oriented professional gent with similar attributes, n/s, GSOH, 30-45, for a long term relationship.练习五参考文字Notice – Lecture to be heldUnder the auspices of the Student Union, a lecture will be given on “How Entry into WTO Will Affect China’s Market” by professor David Yang at Classroom 203 of the Main Building on Friday, March 04, 2005 at 3:00 p.m.23练习六参考文字Gratitude for the medical help you get from the nursesIt was your kindness and comforts that saw me through the tough period and helped me stand up to the pains during my medical treatment at your Hospital. Without your cards, flowers, smiling faces and your encouragement I could not have recovered so soon.练习七参考文字Invitation to dinnerThe secretary of State for education and Mrs. Smith request the pleasure of the company of Mr. G. Johnson at dinner on the 4th March , 2005 at 8:00 p.m. to meet His excellency Mr. Liu Mingsheng Minister of Education of P. R. China at Buckingham. R.S.V.P.组合句子练习练习1.1.Hartford is the capital of Connecticut. It is the second largest city in the state.答案The capital of Connecticut, Hartford is the second largest city in the state.OR, better yet: Hartford, the capital of Connecticut, is the second largest city in the state. OR: Hartford, the secondlargest city in the state, is the capital of Connecticut.242.Hartford was once known as an industrial center.It was the home of several manufacturers.They made firearms, typewriters, bicycles, and even cars.答案Once known as an industrial center, Hartford was the home of manufacturers of firearms, typewriters,bicycles, and even cars.3.Today, though, several insurance companies make Hartford their home.Aetna, the Travelers, the Hartford, and Cigna are in Hartford.Their home offices are within miles of one another.25答案Today, though, several insurance companies -- Aetna, the Travelers, the Hartford, and Cigna -- have homeoffices in Hartford within miles of one another.One writer prefers this version: "Today, several insurance companies, Aetna, the Travelers, the Hartford, and Cigna, whose home offices are within miles of each other, make Hartford their home.Still another writer prefers this rendering: "Today in Hartford, though, the insurance companies of Aetna, the Travelers, the Hartford and Cigna all have home offices within miles of one another."4.Manufacturers once took advantage of Hartford's access to the Connecticut River.They also enjoyed Hartford's well-educated workforce.答案Manufacturers once took advantage of Hartford's access to the Connecticut River and the city'swell-educated workforce.5.Eventually, cheap labor in the southern states lured manufacturing away from Hartford.Large empty factories were all that was left of Hartford's industrial past.26答案Eventually, after cheap labor in the southern states lured manufacturing away from Hartford, large emptyfactory buildings were all that was left of Hartford's industrial past.OR, a definite improvement suggested by Gerald E. Smyth: Eventually, cheap labor in the southern states lured manufacturing away from Hartford, leaving large empty factories as the only remnants of Hartford's industrialpast.6.Some of these factories have been torn down.Some of them have been converted to artists' studios.答案Some of these factories have been torn down, others converted to artists' studios.OR -- as Sandy Weiss suggests: "Some of the factories have been torn down or converted to artists' studios."7.Today, great wealth abounds in Hartford.The wealth is centered in the insurance industry.However, few manufacturing jobs are still available.27答案Although there is much wealth centered in Hartford's insurance industry today, there are fewmanufacturing jobs available.练习2.1. Mark Twain is the author of Huckleberry Finn.Huckleberry Finn is a classic American novel.Mark Twain's real name was Samuel L. Clemens.He lived in Hartford for several years.答案The author of the classic American novel Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain, whose real name was Samuel L. Clemens, lived in Hartford for several years.2. Mark Twain's house was very elaborate and elegant.It was on Farmington Avenue.It was in an area called Nook Farm.He was a neighbor of Harriet Beecher Stowe.Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin.28答案Mark Twain's elaborate and elegant house on Farmington Avenue was in an area called Nook Farm, where he was aneighbor of Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of Uncle Tom's Cabin.3. Mark Twain's home has a large side porch.Windows and a balcony overlook the porch.Today, people say the windows and balcony remind them of a steamboat.In his youth, Twain piloted steamboats on the Mississippi.答案Today, people say that the balcony and windows overlooking the large side porch on Twain's home remindthem of a steamboat, the kind of Mississippi steamboat young Mark Twain used to pilot.4. Mark Twain was one of the first three people in Hartford to own a telephone.The telephone was first used commercially in nearby New Haven.There was practically no one to talk to.Mark Twain never really liked this newfangled gadget.29答案Although there was practically no one else to talk to in Hartford and he never really liked the newfangledgadget, Mark Twain was one of the first three people in Hartford to own a telephone, a device first usedcommercially in nearby New Haven.5. Mark Twain loved industrial inventions.He lost a fortune investing in them.One of these inventions was the elaborate Paige typesetter.Unfortunately for Twain, this machine was developed at the same time as the Linotype.The Linotype machine was much simpler and less expensive.答案Mark Twain loved industrial inventions and lost a fortune investing in machines such as the elaborate Paige typesetter -- which, unfortunately for Twain, was developed at the same time as the much simpler and less expensive Linotype machine.6. Mark Twain's beloved daughter, Susy, died in the Hartford home.She died of spinal meningitis.Twain never felt the same about the house again.He soon left the house and Hartford.30He returned only once.He came back for the funeral of his friend, Charles Dudley Warner.答案After Mark Twain's beloved daughter, Susy, died of spinal meningitis in the Hartford home, he never felt the same about the house again and soon left the house and Hartford, to return only once, for the funeral of his friend, CharlesDudley Warner.练习31.One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is a novel written by Ken Kesey.Its protagonist is Randall Patrick McMurphy.He pretends to be insane to escape a work farm.He discovers he is now trapped in an asylum.He shows other characters the truth of their situation.答案The protagonist of Ken Kesey's novel, "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest," Randall Patrick McMurphy, escapes a31work farm by pretending insanity but then becomes trapped in an asylum, where he shows other characters their true situation.2.Tiger Woods is the name of a young American golfer.He set a record in the 1997 Master's Tournament.He surprised all the veterans.He was 22 at the time.答案An American golfer, Tiger Woods, was only 22 when he surprised all the veterans and set a record in the 1977 Master's Tournament.OR (suggested by a reader from New Brunswick, NJ)At the age of 22, Tiger Woods, the young American golfer, surprised all the veterans when he set the record in the 1997 Master's Tournament.OR (suggested by a reader from Vancouver)Twenty-two-year-old American golfer Tiger Woods surprised all veterans when he set a record in the 1997 Master's Tournament.3.Ramonita Espinoza used to coach at Notre Dame University.She now works at UConn.She is the new soccer coach.32答案Ramonita Espinoza, the new soccer coach at UConn, was formerly a coach at Notre Dame University.4.Ronald E. Pepin is a well known translator of medieval texts.He has two honorary degrees from Fordham University.He recently published his fourth book on ancient medical practices.He was only forty-four years old at the time.答案Ronald E Pepin, a well known translator of medieval texts and a recipient of two honorary degrees from Fordham University, recently published his fourth book on ancient medical practices when he was only forty-four years old.5.John F. Kennedy was inaugurated into office in January of 1961.He was assassinated in November of 1963.He spent only 1000 days in office.答案John F. Kennedy spent only 1000 days in office between his inauguration in January 1961 and the assassination ofNovember 1963.33。
大学生写作思维训练
大学生写作思维训练
1.拓展词汇量
写作需要丰富的词汇储备，可以通过阅读提高自己的词汇量。
可以选择阅读文学作品、报纸、杂志、博客等丰富多样的文本。
同时，可以利用词典、单词记忆软件等辅助工具进
行词汇积累。
2.建立思维框架
在写作时，建立一个清晰的思维框架可以帮助我们更好地组织语言，使文章更有条理。
可以先列出提纲，确定文章的主题、结构和要点，再在此基础上进行写作。
3.练习分类思维
分类思维可以帮助我们将不同的事物或概念归类，进行比较和分析。
例如，在写一篇
比较文章时，可以将两个或多个事物进行分类，分别进行比较和分析。
在平时生活中，也
可以练习分类思维，如对家具进行分类、对电影进行分类，提高我们的分类辨别能力。
4.锻炼逻辑思维
逻辑思维是写作中重要的思维方式。
可以通过学习逻辑学知识、解决数学题、思考复
杂问题等方式，提高逻辑思维能力。
在写作中，需要理清思路，构建严密的逻辑关系，使
文章更有说服力。
5.模仿名家作品
模仿名家作品是提高写作能力的有效方法之一。
可以选择自己喜欢的作者，仔细研读
他们的作品，看看他们是如何构建语言、表达思想的。
在写作时，也可以尝试模仿他们的
写作风格和技巧，从中学习和吸取经验。
总之，写作思维训练需要坚持长期学习和实践。
只有不断积累和尝试，才能够提高我
们的写作能力，写出更优秀的文章。
大学生写作思维训练
大学生写作思维训练1. 思考问题的深度在写作之前，首先要深刻思考问题，探索其内部的因果关系和特定背景下的意义，以便选择性地加以描述和分析。
如果我们在对问题的思考中循序渐进，对问题的每一个方面都进行深入的探讨，那么我们在写作的时候就可以更加清晰地了解问题的本质，并能更好地表达自己的观点。
2. 扩大知识面丰富的知识面是写作的关键。
扩大知识面，让自己更加熟悉不同学科的概念和理论，这可以帮助我们在写作过程中举例和引用另外的研究成果，从而更加完整地表达观点。
在学习和探索新知识时，我们还应该注意分类和组织学科知识，这能够让我们在写作时快速找到需要的信息，更加精准地进行表达。
3. 善于思考问题的不同方向写作的关键是进行有深度的思考，这就要求我们善于思考问题的不同方向，透彻地了解问题所涉及的各种因素，从而加深我们的思考。
我们应该避免空洞的文章和片面的文章，真正探讨问题的核心，提出创新的观点和见解，这是写作的核心。
4. 马上将想法付诸笔端在大学生活中，我们经常会看到老师发下一篇文章或者论文，让我们在一定的时间之内完成写作。
在这种情况下，我们往往会觉得自己有很多的时间和空间来思考和准备，但实际上，如果我们太过于拖延，可能会失去很多宝贵的时间。
因此，当我们有好的想法时，最好立即将其付诸笔端，这样可以更好地保证思路的连贯性和文章的整体性。
5. 从不同角度思考问题在写作时，我们可以从不同的角度来思考同一个问题。
例如，我们可以从历史，法律，经济等不同角度入手，来展开对同一问题的探讨。
这样可以使文章更加全面，更具思考深度，更有说服力。
6. 总结归纳走过每一步，都应该留下记录，总结归纳自己的想法和经验。
这样可以很好的检查自己的工作量和工作成果，并且有助于在以后的学术写作过程中更好的避免一些错误，提高学术写作成果的水平。
综上所述，大学生在学术写作时思维的训练十分重要。
通过深入思考问题、扩大知识面、善于思考问题的不同方向、马上将想法付诸笔端、从不同角度思考问题以及总结归纳自己的思考过程经验，可以提高产量的质量和效率，以达到更好的学术写作的成果。
1高等写作 导论
例如，在文学文体写作中，
诗歌文体的主题、立意，主要是情感、意 境或哲理等“诗情”； 散文文体的主题、立意则主要是一种自由 的心态、自由的感知、自由的情感； 小说文体的主题更多的是类和个体的生存 状态、命运等人生体验、感悟； 在新闻文体写作中，消息文体的主题、立 意主要是新闻事实的新闻价值，通讯的主 题、立意主要是人物内心世界、事件的关 联性，而深度报道的主题、立意主要是新 闻事件的背景、本质等深层信息，新闻评 论的主题、立意主要是代表大多数人的利 益对新闻事件进行评价议论，如此等等。 这样，各种文体写作的文章主题、立意的特征 性、具体性、个性化就充分凸显出来了。因此， 所谓主题选择上的文体思维，就是面对各种具
本教材认为，写作教学的最终目的就是要培养学生
较强的具体文体思维能力，走向非构思主义的文体 思维的写作艺术境界。
文体思维与 文体思维学
一、文体思维的概念与构成
（一）文体思维的概念
文体思维，即文体写作思维的简称， 它是一般写作思维在具体文体写作环境下的落实化、特征化、个性化， 即写者面对具体文体写作处境时对一般写作思维的思维意向、指向、侧重、选择、操作。
欣赏《前赤壁赋》选段
苏子愀然，正襟危坐，而问客曰：“何为其然 也？”客曰：“‘月明星稀，乌鹊南飞。’此非 曹孟德之诗乎？西望夏口，东望武昌，山川相缪， 郁乎苍苍，此非孟德之困于周郎者乎？方其破荆 州，下江陵，顺流而东也，舳舻千里，旌旗蔽空， 酾酒临江，横槊赋诗，固一世之雄也，而今安在 哉？况吾与子渔樵于江渚之上，侣鱼虾而友麋鹿， 驾一叶之扁舟，举匏尊以相属。寄蜉蝣于天地， 渺沧海之一粟。哀吾生之须臾，羡长江之无穷。 挟飞仙以遨游，抱明月而长终。知不可乎骤得， 托遗响于悲风。”
体的文体写作时，能直觉地、下意识地想到该
高等写作思维训练-写作思维过程能力训练
不知道爷的爷的名字，却依然在为爷的爷传宗 接代，而文革呢，一切真的就过去了吗？为什么 影视上都可以表现着清以前的各个朝代，而不触 及文革，这是在做不能忘却的忘却吗？我在五十 多岁后动不动就眼前浮出少年的经历，记忆汪汪 如水，别的人难道不往事涌上心头？那个佝偻了 腰的曾经当过一派大头的老人在独自喝酒，寂寞 的晚年里他应该咀嚼着什么下酒吧。
六、胚胎生成中的写作文化意识训练
（一）生存态度与胚胎生成 文章的价值体现在作者所表现的感觉的新 颖、感情的真挚以及认识的深刻、高远和 精妙，而这些在文章胚胎阶段就奠定了。 较高的精神追求是生成较高价值文章胚胎 的重要条件。
一个人的态度，一个人的品德，或者说一个人的精 神存在层次，对于他认识的宇宙万物来说，有极为 深刻的影响。人生价值定得太低，不仅会影响他的 认识过程和观点也可能得到某种错误 的证明。
写作感思练习
1.听乐曲《回家》和顺子的歌曲《回家》, 你想到些什么? 如果要把你想的东西写成文章, 会怎么 写呢?
2.仔细观察以下图片, 你想到些什么?
中国特色标语
三、写作感思的功能
（一）一次具体写作行为的起始 1.价值评估、定位（值得写，高速、直觉） 2.演化方向 （二）文章胚胎的生成 （三）写作行为的动力
——老舍《我怎样写老张的哲学》
2.相应的触发信息（客体对象）
触发我写作冲动的往往是一些基本的
生活现象：一个场面，一个人，一个非
常具体的事件。
——苏叔阳
沈从文与夫人张兆和
由崂山“九水”溪边 取水的少女，想到湘西 的“起水”风俗
一次水边洗脸的不愉快遭 遇，竟然鬼使神差般使孙犁 写出美丽的《山地回 忆》……
那天太阳很暖和，村子里及其安静，我目睹着 风在巷道里旋起了一股，竟然像一根绳子在那里 游走。当年这里曾经多么惨烈的一场武斗啊，现 在，没有了血迹，没有了尸体，没有了一地的大 字报的纸屑和棍棒砖头，一切都没有了，往事就 如这风，一旋而悠悠远去。我问我的那些侄孙： 你们知道文化大革命吗？侄孙说：不知道。我又 问：你们知道你爷的爷的名字吗？侄孙说：不知 道。我说：哦，咋啥都不知道。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
《高等写作思维训练》课程大纲（第一学期）课程名称：高等写作思维训练英文名称：ADVANCED TRAING OF WRITING THOUGHTS课程编号：学时数及学分：13周，每周6课时，78学时，4学分。
教材名称及作者、出版社、出版时间：《高等文体写作训练教程》马正平，中国人民大学出版社，2002年。
（说明：本教材被进入教育部“面向21世纪课程教材”系列，已向全国高校推荐。
）本大纲主笔人：马正平一、课程性质、目的、要求和任务“高等写作思维训练”是中文系本科专业的写作课程的一部分。
本课程是将写作基本原理和写作实践训练进行紧密结合的一门“中介性”的课程：一方面，所讲授、训练的写作思维操作模型具有写作思维的基本原理、规律的性质，另一方面，这种写作思维操作模型、规律，又具有极强的思维操作性、技术性、实践性。
因此，对写作思维操作模型的训练、建构，是一般写作原理到文体写作实践的中介：对于一般的写作原理来讲，它是一种写作的基本能力；而对于具体的文体写作来讲，它又是一种写作能力的基础。
没有本课程的学习，具体的文体写作能力的训练都是不可能的。
因此，它是重要的写作学基础课。
通过本期课程的学习，应达到以下的教学目的和要求：1、建构起写作的写作主体性心灵背景。
即形成高品味的写作人格、创造性的个性、灵活性的写作智慧、以及生存竞争心态和事业理想意志，从而产生强烈写作行为的动力；2、从理性到感性地建构写作行为的写作思维操作、写作文化控制、写作策略控制、写作措辞的操作模型，实现写作原理、写作规律的技术化、操作化；3、建构起非构思写作行为过程——立意、行文、修改——的思维操作模型，生成真实有效的非构思写作过程能力。
为了达到以上的目的和要求，在教材内容和课程设置中应该注意以下问题：①关于“重点”本课程教学内容分为三大板块：一、写作思维操作模型的建构；二、写作思维主体性的建构；三、写作思维过程能力的建构。
本课程强调写作理论与写作实践的结合，要强调教学内容的可教性，而第二板块中的写作人格建构、写作心理动力建构、写作信息动力建构、数字化时代的写作意识，无法直接培养训练，也不具有可教性——人格是修炼的结合而不是教学的结果。
因此，这些内容无法作为教学和训练的重点，知识作为知识的了解。
而第二板块中写作美学、写作文化这二个问题又是直接制约控制写作行为的重要因素，且具有可操作性和可教性，因此，也应该作为本课程教学的重点对待。
因此，在本课程的教学内容的重点依次为：首先是写作思维模型的建构，其次是写作主体的写作美学、写作文化的建构，最后是写作思维过程能力的建构。
②关于“教法”本课程的教学要注意阐明基本的写作学概念、要通过具体文章分析来讲清楚某种思维操作模型的操作技术，老师最好通过随机的写作内容进行写作思维的操作演示向学生展示自己的写作思维操作模型运用的技术过程，让学生真切“看到”老师进行写作思维的操作过程，从而学会这种思维操作模型。
③关于“学法”首先是领会每个写作学概念的本质，其次，通过教师的文章写作思维分析和演示来理解掌握某种写作思维操作模型的原理、技术、程序；最后，要通过自己的写作实践——文章的写作思维分析、作文实战——将写作思维操作模型、写作美学理想、写作文化规范、写作策略模型肉身化，心灵化、心灵化、感觉化、习惯化——形成真实有效的写作思维操作能力。
④关于“作文”当代真实的写作能力、写作水平的提高，一方面以来于先进写作思维原理、规律的感性转化，另一方面，必须通过实践中提高实践的能力，所谓“从战争中学战争。
”必须大大加强学生的写作实践的数量。
没有作文数量的保障，写作质量是无法保障的。
因此，学生在本学期内引以为戒称各类大小作文、作业20篇。
教师要制定一种作文训练的“制度”，例如，把平时作文的次数，纳入期末写作课的成绩，以促使学生主动、被动完成全部作文实践任务。
⑤关于“作文批改”这样大的学生作文量，教师肯定是没有时间全批全改的，也不必如此。
学生的作文主要是通过学生自己改出来的。
为此，教材上已经设计了每种文体写作的《作文评改的细则》，供学生检查自批自改用。
教师，只按学校规定改的比例进行调查式、代表性、师范性的作文批改、评讲。
⑥关于“写作实习”学校还应安排一次学生的写作实习课，面向社会进行写作实战演习。
⑦关于“知识更新”任何知识都是发展着的，而且每个人对写作的体会也不同，因此，本课程应在不影响本教材知识和训练体系的完整性的条件下，应注意吸收当代写作实践和写作学界关于文体写作的和一般写作原理的新信息到讲授内容之中去，尤其欢迎教师把自己的写作经验结合到课堂教学之中去，以丰富教学内容，并使写作教学更加具有个性化。
二、大纲的基本内容和学时分配（一）导论（2学时）说明：（1）通过对过去写作学与写作教学的反思，了解当代写作学的发展概况，着重阐明当代写作学的写作观：强调主体动力，强调主体思维，强调当下语境，即动力学生长论的非构思写作观。
（2）阐明通过写作主体性（动力）和写作思维操作模型的建构，从而生成鲜活并富于创造性的写作能力。
（3）阐明怎样进入非构思写作状态的学习方法。
（二）写作赋形思维（6）1、写作赋形思维的概念2、写作赋形思维的操作模型（一）：“重复”与“对比”3、写作赋形思维的操作模型（二）：“起、承、转、合”4、文章的写作赋形思维的分析与评论说明：（1）阐明写作赋形思维的概念、功能，指出赋形思维在写作过程中从写作主题立意到文章的文本的中介作用。
（2）着重阐明并演示“重复”与“对比”的赋形思维操作模型，（3）揭示中国古代写作学中的“起、承、转、合”章法论的思维基因是“重复”与“对比”的赋形思维的优化组合，消解“起、承、转、合”的八股僵化模式，将古典“起、承、转、合”章法理论推向现代化的转换。
（4）各进行一次文章的写作赋形思维分析与赋形思维的操作演示，使学生看老师和作家是怎样进行写作的赋形思维的。
（5）学生对文章进行写作赋形思维的分析与评论，并赋形思维运用到作文实践训练中去。
（三）写作路径思维(一——四，8学时）1、写作路径思维的概念2、写作路径思维（一）：因果思维操作模型（4）3、写作路径思维（二）：构成思维操作模型（4）4、写作路径思维（三）：过程思维操作模型（2）5、写作路径思维（四）：程度思维操作模型（2）（四）写作路径思维（五，4课时）相似思维操作模型（五）写作路径思维（六）：写作思维方法论（4）理想的（深刻性、灵活性、充分性）思维品质素养和联想想象能力的路径思维操作的本质文章的写作路径思维的分析与评论说明：（1）阐明写作路径思维的概念、功能，指出写作路径思维是从赋形思维到文本思维的中介作用；（2）着重阐明并演示六类18种具体赋形思维操作模型：Ａ.因果思维：1、原因分析与综合，2、背景分析与综合，3、功能分析与综合、4、措施分析与综合；Ｂ.构成思维：5、类型分析与综合，6、结构分析与综合，7、层次分析与综合，8、尺度分析与综合；Ｃ.过程分析与综合：9、历史分析与综合，10、环节分析与综合；Ｄ.程度分析：11、性质强度分与综合，12、空间广度分析与综合，Ｅ.相似思维：13、异类他相似思维，14、同类他相似思维，15、空间自相似思维，16、时间自相似思维。
Ｆ. 写作思维方法论：17、多角度分析与综合，18、多时机分析与综合。
（3）指出每种写作路径思维操作模型的写作思维功能；（4）在路径思维操作模型教学中，重点是因果思维和相似思维的操作模型的讲解分析，难点是构成思维的操作模型的讲解与分析。
（5）指出了理想性思维品质和联想想象思维能力的训练之途。
(二册教材第4章)（6）各进行一次文章的写作路径思维分析与路径思维的操作演示，使学生看老师和写作家是怎样进行写作的路径思维的。
（7）学生对文章进行写作路径思维的分析与评论，并将每种路径思维运用到作文实践训练中去。
（六）写作策略思维（2）1、写作策略思维的概念2、写作策略思维的操作模型：“协调”与“对抗”3、文章的写作策略思维的分析与评论说明：（1）阐明写作策略思维的概念、功能，指出策略思维在写作过程中从写作主题立意到文章的文本的作用；（2）着重阐明并演示“协调”与“对抗”的赋形思维操作模型；（3）各进行一次文章的写作策略思维分析与策略思维的操作演示，使学生看老师和作家是怎样进行写作策略思维的。
（4）学生对文章进行写作策略思维的分析与评论，并将策略思维运用到作文实践训练中去。
（七）写作文本思维（2）1、写作文本思维2、写作文本思维的操作模型（一）：“渐近”与“平列”3、文章的写作文本思维的分析与评论说明：（1）阐明写作文本思维的概念、功能，指出文本思维在写作行文过程过程中作用。
（2）着重阐明并演示“渐近”与“平列”的文本思维操作模型，（3）揭示写作行为思维中从赋形思维到文本思维的中介是路径思维这一本质。
（4）各进行一次文章的写作行文中的文本思维分析与写作行文中文本思维的操作演示，使学生看老师和作家是怎样进行写作行文的文本思维的。
（5）学生对文章进行写作文本思维的分析与评论，并将文本思维运用到作文行文措辞的实践训练中去。
（八）写作主体的心理动力建构（2）1、写作心理动力2、写作心理动力的生成途径：“写作兴趣”与“写作意志”3、“写作兴趣”与“写作意志”的生成途径说明：（1）阐明写作心理动力的概念，指出在写作过程中的激励性、推动性重要作用。
（2）阐述“写作兴趣”与“写作意志”生成的基本原理：着重向学生讲明“写作与生存”、“写作与人生”、“写作与就业”的紧密的内在联系，从而煽动、激发学生的强烈的写作兴趣和写作事业心。
要把写作与生活、写作与生存发展、写作与人生和未来融统起来；要把写作与认识提升、思想提炼、情感丰富、心灵纯化融统起来。
要实现此二者，最重要的是唤醒学生对写作课生重新认识，这就涉及到对写作的态度——对学业态度——对生活态度——对人生态度的矫正或改变的引导。
进行自我的生涯设计和综合生活素质、能力训练。
（3）要对学生进行正确的大学学习内容的性质、视野、深度的特点的教育，克服大一学生那种“高中多努力，大学就放松了”、“大学是人生奋斗的终点”、“大学该歇一歇”的休闲心理、懒散心理。
保持一种健康旺盛紧张的良好学习心态。
（4）向学生进行写作兴趣和写作意志对写作产生重要影响的写作经验，或向请作家学者向学生进行类似的报告会，让学生受到现身说法的启发作用。
（九）写作主体的人格动力建构（2）1、写作人格动力2、人格与文格的关系3、写作人格动力的生成途径：真、善、美人格心灵背景的建构说明：（1）阐明写作人格心灵动力的概念，阐明写作文格与作者的人格的异质同构性，指出在写作主体人格在写作过程中的控制性、选择性作用。
（2）阐述真、善、美人格心灵背景的建构途径：进行读书、自我修炼的人格、心灵的净化与提升训练。