西方文化史 课后习题
西方文化概论_课后习题参考答案
P241、如何认识古代希腊文明的时间跨度和空间范围？（1）、地域范围：古代希腊的概念是一个大希腊的概念，包括希腊本土、小亚细亚和西亚沿海地区、南意大利地区，甚至伊比利亚半岛和北非。
（2）、时间跨度：古代希腊文化包括三个发展阶段：A、克里特－迈锡尼时代的文化（公元前26－前12世纪）黑暗时代（公元前12－前8世纪）B、希腊城邦时代的文化（公元前8－前4世纪）C、希腊化时代的文化（公元前4－前2世纪）2、赫西俄德的《神谱》具有什么文化学意义？赫西俄德的《神谱》具有两方面的重要意义：它通过神系的生殖原则反映了一种朴素的宇宙起源论和自然演化论。
希腊神话的神谱不仅仅是神的家族史，同时也反映了希腊人的宇宙生成观和自然观，神的衍生和交替也就是自然过程的发生和演进。
这种通过神系的生殖原则来说明宇宙起源和自然演化过程的神话思维图景，构成了哲学和科学产生之前人们唯一的世界观。
它蕴涵着一种以自我否定为动力的社会进化思想。
以内在的自我否定作为神系延续和发展的契机是希腊神话的又一个基本特征。
这种维系神系更新和发展的自我否定机制使希腊神话表现出一种新陈代谢的社会进化思想，神权的替代和神系的更迭揭示了一种深刻的命运观。
这种通过“命运”来实现的神系神系的更迭和自然进化的思想，构成了希腊神话中最深刻的思想，同时也成为整个西方文化在漫长的历史过程中不断实现自我否定和自我超越的形而上的动力。
P602.希腊神话的“神人同形同性的特点”反映了什么样的文化精神？A、神人同形－－希腊人的自然崇拜和感觉主义，崇尚完美的形体。
B、神人同性－－神与人一样具有七情六欲、喜怒哀乐，像人一样会犯错误，经常到人间来滋生是非、拈花惹草。
由此导致了希腊神话和整个希腊文化的和谐之美的基本特点。
在希腊宗教和希腊文化中，自然崇拜和感觉主义构成了最基本特征。
肉体与精神的原始和谐，使整个希腊文化呈现出一种田园诗般纯净悠扬的意境。
4.希腊自然哲学与形而上学是如何产生和发展的？A、自然哲学－发展从泰勒斯到原子论者－强调质料或具象性的元素当希腊“哲学之父”泰勒斯宣称万物都是从水中产生时，他用一种新的形式——哲学形式表述了神话中的内容。
西方文化导论 课后习题答案(优.选)
(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship”and “courage”.Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic”which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity. Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West.Chapter 21. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. According to Greek culture and others’ culture; they created their own gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements,Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developed a new kind.2. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture.,religion, philosophy and literature. In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture.Chapter 31. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification? The major explanation for the development of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures.From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and small population .2．Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value.Chapter 41. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?(1)The main components of Christianity are ：1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture;Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity:(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:1).For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role.2). It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance.3). The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification,4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and propertycould thus be secured in the changed circumstances.2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First is the different image of God.Second is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .Chapter 61.Tell simply the background and development of the Renaissance.It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs of capitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes.(2) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.最新文件---------------- 仅供参考--------------------已改成word文本--------------------- 方便更改。
西方文化概论课后题部分答案
西方文化概论1。
、如何认识古代希腊文明的时间跨度和空间跨度?（24页）地域范围：古代希腊的概念是一个大希腊的概念，包括希腊本土、小亚细亚和西亚沿海地区、南意大利地区，甚至伊比利亚半岛和北非。
时间跨度: 古代希腊文化包括三个发展阶段:A、克里特－迈锡尼时代的文化(公元前26－前12世纪）黑暗时代（公元前12－前8世纪)B、希腊城邦时代的文化（公元前8－前4世纪）C、希腊化时代的文化（公元前4－前2世纪)2。
赫西俄德的《神谱》具有什么文化学意义？（24页)第一，它通过神系的生殖原则反映了一种朴素的宇宙起源论和自然演化观.从这方面看，希腊神话的神谱不仅仅是神的家族史，同时也反映了希腊人的宇宙生城观和自然观,神的衍生和交替也就是自然过程的发生和演进。
第二，它蕴含着一种以自我否定为动力的社会进化思想.这方面看，以内在的自我否定作为神系延续和发展的锲机是神话的有一个特征。
3。
希腊神话的“神人同形同性”特点反映了什么样的文化精神？(60页）第一,反映了对现实生活的珍视，这是希腊宗教和希腊文化的一个显著特点.希腊人的神是人性的神，希腊人的宗教是人性的宗教.使得希腊人带有很强烈的人文主义精神。
第二,自然崇拜和感觉主义构成了最基本的特征。
自然崇拜主要表现对人的自然形体的崇拜，感觉主义则主要表现对美的事物和现实生活的热爱。
第三,”神人同形同性”特点反映了希腊和谐之美的文化精神,这一精神成为西方人心中失落而难以复返的精神家园,滋润着被种种功利要求、上帝呼唤和道德命令折磨得疲惫不堪的灵魂的清纯之泉.4. 希腊悲剧“命运"的主题具有什么深刻寓意？（60页）首先，希腊悲剧不是善与恶这两种对立的自由意志，而是自由意志与潜藏在它背后的决定论；不是一个人对另一个人的否定，而是自己对自己的否定.其次,“命运”作为感性的现象世界背后的一种抽象的本质或规律,作为一种普遍性的东西，是建立在形象思维基础之上的希腊神话和悲剧所无法真正把握的，因而对于希腊人来说是一种不可理解也无法改变的宿命。
西方文化史课后习题
西方文化史课后习题1、如何认识古代希腊文明的时间跨度和空间范围？（1）、地域范围：古代希腊的概念是一个大希腊的概念，包括希腊本土、小亚细亚和西亚沿海地区、南意大利地区，甚至伊比利亚半岛和北非。
（2）、时间跨度：古代希腊文化包括三个发展阶段：A、克里特－迈锡尼时代的文化（公元前26－前12世纪）黑暗时代（公元前12－前8世纪）B、希腊城邦时代的文化（公元前8－前4世纪）C、希腊化时代的文化（公元前4－前2世纪）2、赫西俄德的《神谱》具有什么文化学意义？赫西俄德的《神谱》具有两方面的重要意义：它通过神系的生殖原则反映了一种朴素的宇宙起源论和自然演化论。
希腊神话的神谱不仅仅是神的家族史，同时也反映了希腊人的宇宙生成观和自然观，神的衍生和交替也就是自然过程的发生和演进。
这种通过神系的生殖原则来说明宇宙起源和自然演化过程的神话思维图景，构成了哲学和科学产生之前人们唯一的世界观。
它蕴涵着一种以自我否定为动力的社会进化思想。
以内在的自我否定作为神系延续和发展的契机是希腊神话的又一个基本特征。
这种维系神系更新和发展的自我否定机制使希腊神话表现出一种新陈代谢的社会进化思想，神权的替代和神系的更迭揭示了一种深刻的命运观。
这种通过“命运”来实现的神系神系的更迭和自然进化的思想，构成了希腊神话中最深刻的思想，同时也成为整个西方文化在漫长的历史过程中不断实现自我否定和自我超越的形而上的动力。
3.希腊神话的“神人同形同性的特点”反映了什么样的文化精神？A、神人同形－－希腊人的自然崇拜和感觉主义，崇尚完美的形体。
B、神人同性－－神与人一样具有七情六欲、喜怒哀乐，像人一样会犯错误，经常到人间来滋生是非、拈花惹草。
由此导致了希腊神话和整个希腊文化的和谐之美的基本特点。
在希腊宗教和希腊文化中，自然崇拜和感觉主义构成了最基本特征。
肉体与精神的原始和谐，使整个希腊文化呈现出一种田园诗般纯净悠扬的意境。
4.希腊自然哲学与形而上学是如何产生和发展的？A、自然哲学－发展从泰勒斯到原子论者－强调质料或具象性的元素当希腊“哲学之父”泰勒斯宣称万物都是从水中产生时，他用一种新的形式——哲学形式表述了神话中的内容。
西方文化史练习题
西方文化习题一、选择题1．古代埃及人发明象形文字，并且不断（）和完善。
A发展B促进C加以改进D发扬2．古代埃及在建筑方面取得了举世瞩目的成就尤其是（）的建造，至今仍是一个不解之迷。
A古塔B金字塔C斜塔D三角塔3．《旧约圣经》是犹太教的经典，但这一名称是（）才有的。
A犹太教的兴起B基督教兴起之后C宗教兴起D古代犹太教兴起4．“荷马史诗”是我们研究“黑暗时代”希腊社会的惟一文字史料，因此“黑暗时代”又称为（）。
A史诗时代B荷马时代C时代晚期D时代的代表5．梭伦（约公元前638-前559）不仅是雅典著名的政治家和改革，也是希腊（）哀歌诗人。
A杰出的B卓越的C领先的D伟大的6．近代自然学的开端事件是（）。
A哥白尼创立太阳中心说B开普勒提出开普勒定律C牛顿创立微积分数学D威兼·哈维确立血液循环学说7．产业革命时期，有“钢琴诗人”之称的音乐家是（）。
A贝多芬B肖邦C舒伯特D李斯特8．爱因斯坦在世界科技史上的最大贡献是（）。
A量子力学理论B相对论C量子统计理论D万有引力定律9．俄国伟大作家托尔斯泰的《复活》是一部（）的代表作。
A浪漫主义文学B新古典主义文学C批判现实主义文学D无产阶级文学10．用立体评论方法结合象征寓言方法创作了著名油画《格尔尼卡》，揭露法西斯侵略暴行的画家是（）。
A康定斯基B爱德华·蒙克 C亨利·马蒂斯 D毕加索11．萨福（）是抒情时代著名的女诗人以独唱琴歌著称。
A公元前602~？B公元前612~？C公元前621~？D公元前610~？12．古代雅典的物质生活贫乏，却有着丰富的（）生活。
A文化B精神C精神文化D物质13．苏格拉底（公元前469-前399）是雅典著名的（）哲学家。
A唯物主义B唯心主义C个人主义D相以主义14．苏格拉底在批判智者学派的相对主义时，提出了“（）的命题”。
A艺术即知识B道德即知识C美德即知识D哲学即知识15．《形而上学》是亚里士多德的主要哲学著作，是关于宇宙本体（实体）的学说，亚里士多德称之为“（）”。
(0560)《西方文化史》网上作业题及答案
（0560）《西方文化史》网上作业题及答
案
1：《西方文化史》第一次作业
2：《西方文化史》第二次作业
3：《西方文化史》第三次作业
4：《西方文化史》第四次作业
5：《西方文化史》第五次作业
6：《西方文化史》第六次作业
1：[论述题]
1．简述马克思主义劳动价值论与剩余价值论的主要内容。
2．简述马克思主义唯物史观的主要内容。
3．简述尼采的哲学思想。
4．简述精神分析学说的主要内容。
参考答案：
1：[论述题]
1. 简述德国宗教改革的历史背景和影响。
2. 卢梭《社会契约论》的主要观点及其意义。
3. 简述巴洛克艺术的主要特点。
4. 简述空想社会主义的主要人物及思想活动。
5. 试论中世纪西欧的世俗文学。
6. 论科学社会主义理论产生的根源。
参考答案：
1：[论述题]
1.文艺复兴时期主要文学成就。
2.马基雅维利的主要著作及观点。
3.文艺复兴时期主要科学家及其成就。
4.文艺复兴时期主要艺术成就。
参考答案：
1：[论述题]
1. 简述犹太教的主要教义？
2. 基督教对中世纪西欧文化的影响。
3. 简述中世纪欧洲的骑士精神。
参考答案：
1：[论述题]
1.古罗马文化的主要成就。
2.罗马法的主要内容及影响。
参考答案：
1：[论述题]
1. 人类主要经历哪些婚姻形态？
2. 古希腊主要文学家及其著作。
3. 古希腊主要哲学家和史学家及其著作。
参考答案：。
(完整word版)外国文学史课后习题
外国文学史课后习题第一章．古代文学1、古代希腊罗马文学经历了那些发展阶段？每一个阶段的主要成就和主要特点是什么？有哪些代表性的作家和作品？希腊第一时期(由氏族社会向奴隶社会过渡时期)史称“荷马时代”（BC11-BC9）主要成就：神话、史诗赫西俄德（教谕诗《工作与时日》、叙事诗《神谱》）荷马《伊利亚特》《奥德赛》等二时期(希腊奴隶制城邦国家形成和繁荣时期)史称“城邦国家形成期”(BC8-BC5)主要成就：抒情诗，寓言。
抒情诗中琴歌成就重大：独唱琴歌代表诗人：阿那克瑞翁：创造“阿那克瑞翁体”。
萨福：柏拉图称她为“第十位文艺女神”。
合唱琴歌代表诗人：品达：代表作《胜利颂》寓言：伊索《伊索寓言》(散文体)第三时期（希腊奴隶制的全盛时期）史称“古典时期”(BC6-BC4)主要成就：戏剧、散文和文艺理论全盛时期欧洲文学史上著名的三大悲剧诗人埃斯库罗斯：《俄瑞斯忒亚》三部曲（《阿伽门农》《祭酒人》《报仇神》）《被缚的普罗米修斯》索福克勒斯：《俄狄浦斯王》欧里庇得斯：《美狄亚》《特洛伊妇女》喜剧诗人：阿里斯托芬《阿卡奈人》《鸟》《蛙》文艺理论家：柏拉图《文艺对话集》“影子说”“伤风败俗说”。
亚里士多德：《诗学》第三时期(奴隶制衰亡时期)史称“希腊化时期”（BC4末-BC2中）主要成就：成就不大，只有新戏剧对后世文学有一定影响。
新喜剧：米南德(雅典人)《恨世者》《萨摩斯女子》田园诗：忒奥克里托斯“牧歌”罗马第一阶段：早期罗马文学“共和时期”（BC3-BC2）主要成就：戏剧继承古希腊“新喜剧”的传统，主要是世态喜剧。
普劳图斯《吹牛的军人》《孪生兄弟》《一罐金子》泰伦斯《婆母》《两兄弟》第二阶段：中期罗马文学“共和晚期和奥古斯都时期”“黄金时代”（BC1-AC1）主要成就;散文，诗歌，文学理论。
（共和晚期）散文家，演说家：西塞罗诗人，哲学家：卢克莱修抒情诗人：卡图卢斯（奥古都斯）维吉尔《牧歌》《农事诗》《埃涅阿斯纪》贺拉斯《诗艺》“寓教于乐”“合式”原则奥维德《恋歌》《变形记》《哀怨集》第三阶段：“帝国时期”（AC1-AC5中）主要成就：讽刺诗和小说讽刺诗：马尔提阿利斯、尤维纳利斯小说：阿普列尤斯《变形记》2．希腊神话包括哪两方面的内容？它的主要特点是什么？为什么说他是希腊艺术的“武库”和土壤？希腊神话包括：神的故事英雄传说主要特点：一、以艺术的方式反映了希腊氏族社会的本质和面貌。
西方文化导论-课后习题答案
(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship”and “courage”.Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic”which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity. Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West.Chapter 21. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as aredemonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. According to Greek culture and others’ culture; they created their o wn gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements,Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developed a new kind.2. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture.,religion, philosophy and literature. In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture.Chapter 31. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification? The major explanation for the development of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures.From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and small population .2．Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value.Chapter 41. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?(1)The main components of Christianity are ：1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture;Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity:(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:1).For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role.2). It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance.3). The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification,4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and property could thus be secured in the changed circumstances.2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First is the different image of God.Second is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .Chapter 61.Tell simply the background and development of the Renaissance.It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs of capitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes.(2) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.。
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西方文化史课后习题1、如何认识古代希腊文明的时间跨度和空间范围？（1）、地域范围：古代希腊的概念是一个大希腊的概念，包括希腊本土、小亚细亚和西亚沿海地区、南意大利地区，甚至伊比利亚半岛和北非。
（2）、时间跨度：古代希腊文化包括三个发展阶段：A、克里特－迈锡尼时代的文化（公元前26－前12世纪）黑暗时代（公元前12－前8世纪）B、希腊城邦时代的文化（公元前8－前4世纪）C、希腊化时代的文化（公元前4－前2世纪）2、赫西俄德的《神谱》具有什么文化学意义？赫西俄德的《神谱》具有两方面的重要意义：它通过神系的生殖原则反映了一种朴素的宇宙起源论和自然演化论。
希腊神话的神谱不仅仅是神的家族史，同时也反映了希腊人的宇宙生成观和自然观，神的衍生和交替也就是自然过程的发生和演进。
这种通过神系的生殖原则来说明宇宙起源和自然演化过程的神话思维图景，构成了哲学和科学产生之前人们唯一的世界观。
它蕴涵着一种以自我否定为动力的社会进化思想。
以内在的自我否定作为神系延续和发展的契机是希腊神话的又一个基本特征。
这种维系神系更新和发展的自我否定机制使希腊神话表现出一种新陈代谢的社会进化思想，神权的替代和神系的更迭揭示了一种深刻的命运观。
这种通过“命运”来实现的神系神系的更迭和自然进化的思想，构成了希腊神话中最深刻的思想，同时也成为整个西方文化在漫长的历史过程中不断实现自我否定和自我超越的形而上的动力。
3.希腊神话的“神人同形同性的特点”反映了什么样的文化精神？A、神人同形－－希腊人的自然崇拜和感觉主义，崇尚完美的形体。
B、神人同性－－神与人一样具有七情六欲、喜怒哀乐，像人一样会犯错误，经常到人间来滋生是非、拈花惹草。
由此导致了希腊神话和整个希腊文化的和谐之美的基本特点。
在希腊宗教和希腊文化中，自然崇拜和感觉主义构成了最基本特征。
肉体与精神的原始和谐，使整个希腊文化呈现出一种田园诗般纯净悠扬的意境。
4.希腊自然哲学与形而上学是如何产生和发展的？A、自然哲学－发展从泰勒斯到原子论者－强调质料或具象性的元素当希腊“哲学之父”泰勒斯宣称万物都是从水中产生时，他用一种新的形式——哲学形式表述了神话中的内容。
在以后的希腊哲学中，米利都学派的“水”、“气”等自然形态的物质概念进一步发展为赫拉克利特的“火”，恩培多克勒的“四根”（火、气、水、土）和阿那克萨哥拉的“种子”，最终以还原的形式表现为留基波和德谟克利特的超越了现象性的物质概念“原子”。
在希腊自然哲学的这个发展过程中，我们可以看到神话的影响呈逐渐减弱之势，而抽象的理性思维能力则不断提高。
B、形而上学－发展从毕达哥拉斯到柏拉图－强调形式或抽象性的本质、实体。
构成了希腊哲学乃至整个西方哲学的主流希腊第一个具有形而上学倾向的哲学家是克罗顿城邦的毕达哥拉斯，他是奥尔弗斯宗教的一个改革者。
毕达哥拉斯把万物的本原说成是一种超自然形态的东西——“数”。
“数”，与奥林匹斯宗教的“命运”、“定数”以及奥尔弗斯神秘祭所强调的“亚男克”（Ananke，即“必然”或“强制”）有着一定的内在联系。
毕达哥拉斯的“数”在赫拉克利特那里就被表述为一个更加哲学化和抽象化的概念——“逻各斯”（logos）。
奥尔弗斯宗教的灵魂与肉体的直观对立到巴门尼德那里演化为“存在”与“非存在”的抽象对立，后来又进一步发展为柏拉图的“理念世界”与“感觉世界”的对立。
至于希腊最重要的思想家苏格拉底和柏拉图，其哲学思想中已经明显地表现出一种与希腊的感性直观宗教截然相反的形而上学特点，并且把奥尔弗斯宗教中的唯灵主义倾向和灵肉对立思想推向了极端，从而成为希腊多神教向基督教转化的重要理论中介。
到亚里斯多德那里，一个充满了理性色彩的形而上学体系和自然物质世界成为人们所面对的唯一真实的思想背景和生活世界。
5.如何理解希腊化时期东西方之间的交流?所谓希腊化是指亚历山大大帝东征(公元前334-前323年)后的三个世纪里，古希腊文明和小亚细亚、叙利亚、美索不达米亚、埃及以及印度的古老文明相融合的一种进程。
时间范围通常认为开始于公元前323年亚历山大去世到公元前30年罗马吞并最后一个希腊化国家托勒密王朝为止。
其重要性是成为西方文化的基础。
公元前334年，亚历山大以希腊—马其顿联军统帅的身份开始了对波斯帝国的征服。
十年征战，亚历山大不仅将原来波斯帝国的版图据为己有，而且有所扩大。
从地中海到印度河，从黑海、里海、咸海到阿拉伯海、波斯湾、红海，几乎被囊括在亚历山大的帝国之下。
虽然亚历山大于公元前323年突然病逝，他的帝国迅即崩溃，被他的部将们瓜分一空，但希腊—马其顿人对当地民族的统治格局并没有改变。
希腊文化成为凌驾于当地文化之上的强势文化，希腊化的进程加快了，与东方文化的交流融合日益广泛深入。
希腊化世界的形成，大大便利和促进了各希腊化王国之间以及它们与周边地区的交往。
由于经济、文化的交流往往大大超出政治统治的区域，在希腊化世界及其周边地区实际上形成了以西亚为中心、以地中海和中亚印度为两端的新的交通体系。
在张骞到达中亚之前的公元前2世纪中后期，后来丝绸之路的西段（自帕米尔以西）实际上已经开通。
而且此时距亚历山大东征已经有两个世纪之久，东部希腊化世界的政治格局和文化面貌也发生了巨大变化。
在希腊人控制与影响的地区，已逐渐形成了一种以希腊文化因素为主，同时融合其他东方文化因素的多元混合文化，即近代学术界所称的“希腊化文化”或“希腊化文明”。
希腊化时期包括两个阶段：第一个阶段是政治、文化、哲学和科学方面的扩展和创造阶段；第二阶段是创造冲动消耗殆尽，在物质和精神方面都表现了东方对西方的反动阶段。
希腊化对于文明的传播起到了不可估量的作用，对后世的影响不容忽视。
这一时期，不得不说到一个人：伊壁鸠鲁。
著名的特洛伊战争发生在这一文明阶段的后期（公元前十二世纪初）。
战争结束后，迈锡尼文明衰落。
希腊社会在经历了一段时期的历史倒退后，继而进入主要以雅典为中心的新的文明发展时期，取得前所未有的辉煌成就，成为古希腊文明发展的古典时期。
公元前四世纪后期，希腊被新崛起的马其顿征服。
亚历山大东征促进了东西方经济的交流和文化的融合，古希腊文明进入“希腊化”时期，在东方各国文明的的影响下，在更为广泛的范围内得到新的发展。
古代希腊作为一个文明古国，曾经在科技、数学、医学、哲学、文学、戏剧、雕塑、绘画、建筑等方面做出巨大的贡献，成为后代欧洲文明发展的源头。
6.如何评价希腊化时期的文化精神？希腊化时期的文化随着亚历山大帝国的崩溃，进入了一个萎靡不正的时代，他们开始以一种消极颓废的姿态来对待生存的问题，以一种玩世不恭的行为方式和冷嘲冷风的口吻来揶揄生活中一切神圣的东西，希腊化时代的种“后现代”的文化氛围是与希腊城邦时代崇高典雅的悲剧精神背道而驰的。
从表面上看，希腊化时代是希腊文化在地狱上的推广和扩展，但从实质上看，希腊化时代却是希腊文化精神的颓废和没落。
希腊文化的辉雄壮丽、动人魂魄的悲剧时代结束了，接踵而来的是一个低吟浅唱、醉生梦死的平庸时代。
在政治方面，希腊的政治向着东方的专制主义、官僚主义的腐化堕落的方向发展，亚力山大帝国分裂成的三个帝国——希腊的马其顿王国、埃及的托勒密帝国、西亚的塞琉西帝国——陷入了无休无止和徒劳无功的冲突中；希腊的文化则向着繁缛华丽和虚浮无聊的方向发展，越来越多的融入了东方文化骄奢的成分。
在经济生活方面，希腊化世界的中心从希腊半岛移至西亚的安提阿和埃及的亚历山大里亚。
在公元前1世纪，那里不仅是经济中心，也是世界上最繁华的文化时期。
期间出过最著名的几何学家欧几里得等，还有伟大的物理学家阿基米德也在这里亚历山大里亚工作生活过。
在思想方面，希腊化时代产生了大儒主义、怀疑主义、伊壁鸠鲁主义等各种哲学派别，他们的主张各不相同。
后哲学堕落为伦理学，在宗教方面转向神秘主义。
奥林匹斯宗教衰落，或遭受东方宗教的排挤，更无处栖身。
尽管希腊的雕塑、戏剧和体育活动远远传播到埃及、西亚、中亚和印度。
但是希腊的文化精神却正在一点点的被东方根深蒂固的文化所侵蚀、渗透和替代。
下了城邦文化所独具有的那种和谐之美出现了裂痕，精神和肉体之间的原始同一被打破，从而产生明显的分裂和二元合一。
其结果一方面是疯狂的放纵和物欲，另一方面是悲观弃世的神秘，肉体和精神陷入到一种无可奈何的绝望之中，于是不得不向东方文化的阴影中去寻找解脱。
在这个融合过程中，一种神秘主义的和彼岸行的宗教正在悄然兴起。
他与希腊文化本身已丧失了意义，需要外来力量来给予一击。
这种力量充当两种宗教信仰或文化精神将希腊化世界那种不死不活的精神推入绝望，以否定的方式，为基督教文化最终确立创造条件。
7.“前三头同盟”与“后三头同盟”对于罗马政治制度有什么影响？“前三头同盟”对罗马政治制度主要的影响有三点。
第一，公开地表达了实际掌握政权的骑士阶层对徒有虚名的元老院权利的蔑视。
凯撒更是击溃了庞培与元老院的同盟，自任终身独裁官，集执政官、保民官和大祭司长之职于一身，把元老院降低为名存实亡的傀儡。
第二，“前三头同盟”中的凯撒亲自试探了罗马人所习惯的共和国原则，做出了罗马由共和国制度向专制帝国制度转变的第一步尝试，为后来屋大维的独裁以及帝国制度的最终形成初步奠定了基础。
第三，“|前三头同盟”中的凯撒所形成的个人关系网直接为“后三头同盟”提供了组织基础。
“后三头”中，屋大维是凯撒的甥孙、养子和继承人，马克安东尼和雷必达都是凯撒部下大将。
“后三头同盟”对罗马政治制度的影响主要有两点。
第一，“后三头”之间频繁的内战令罗马人怨声载道，他们希望变换一种“游戏规则”，他们渴望有一个强有力的领导人来取代终日争吵无所建树的元老院。
也就是说，“后三头”之间的争战，为罗马政治体制由共和国制转向帝国制提供了客观条件。
第二，“后三头”中的屋大维被封为“奥古斯都”，他将凯撒的尝试做了实质上的推进，为帝制的形成进一步奠定了基础。
8.罗马文化的基本特点是什么？罗马文化的基本特点有：一、哲学上，罗马的哲学思想是希腊哲学的余绪，其特点是把希腊的理性主义与东方的神秘主义相糅杂。
二、文学上，文字是受希腊文字影响形成的拉丁字母；文学内容主要是记录历史；情感上早期喜好歌功颂德，后期偏于描述现实、愤世嫉俗。
三、建筑上，深受希腊文化的影响，但主要表现为凯旋门、斗兽场、下水道系统等实用性的世俗作品。
雕塑上，具有明显的写实风格，多以人物雕像为主，通常以大理石为材料，同时也注重宏大建筑局部的精雕细琢。
罗马的艺术风格典型地表现了罗马民族功利、务实、凝重和恢弘的特点。
四、科学上，科学研究的目的主要是为实际应用服务。
9.罗马法的主要内容和范围包括什么？一、从内容上看罗马法已经广泛涉及民法、商法、刑法等诸多领域。
罗马的民法体系已经达到了相当完备的水平，它分为人法、财产法和程序法等三个部分。