国际市场营销答案
国际市场营销试题及答案
国际市场营销试题及答案### 国际市场营销试题及答案#### 一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 国际市场营销中，以下哪项不是市场细分的依据？A. 地理位置B. 人口统计C. 心理特征D. 产品价格2. 在国际市场中，企业进行市场调研的主要目的是什么？A. 降低成本B. 了解消费者需求C. 提高生产效率D. 增加产品种类3. 以下哪个不是国际市场营销策略的一部分？A. 产品策略B. 价格策略C. 渠道策略D. 质量控制4. 跨国公司在进入一个新的国际市场时，通常采用哪种市场进入模式？A. 直接出口B. 合资企业C. 完全收购D. 所有选项都是5. 国际市场营销中的“4P”营销组合不包括以下哪一项？A. 产品（Product）B. 价格（Price）C. 地点（Place）D. 人员（Personnel）6. 以下哪个因素不属于国际市场营销中的文化因素？A. 语言B. 宗教C. 法律D. 价值观7. 在国际市场营销中，以下哪个不是消费者行为的影响因素？A. 个人因素B. 心理因素C. 社会文化因素D. 产品成本8. 国际品牌在不同国家市场中的定位策略通常是什么？A. 统一定位B. 根据当地文化调整定位C. 根据价格调整定位D. 根据产品功能调整定位9. 在国际市场中，以下哪个不是企业进行市场细分的目的？A. 更好地满足消费者需求B. 提高市场竞争力C. 降低市场风险D. 增加产品线10. 国际市场营销中，以下哪个不是市场调研的方法？A. 调查问卷B. 观察法C. 实验法D. 经验判断#### 二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述国际市场营销与国内市场营销的主要区别。
2. 描述国际市场营销中文化适应策略的重要性。
3. 解释国际市场营销中产品生命周期的概念及其对企业策略的影响。
#### 三、案例分析题（每题25分，共50分）1. 假设你是一家国际手机制造商的市场经理，你计划进入一个新的亚洲市场。
国际市场营销学习题及答案
精心整理一、单项选择题（本大题共 15小题，每小题 1 分，共 15分）在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。
1.跨国营销是国际营销的发展阶段之一，一般认为该阶段始于（ ?）A.20 世纪 50 年代B.20 世纪 60年代C.20世纪 70年代D.20 世纪80年代2.服务可分为要素性和非要素性两类，下列各项中属于要素性服务的是（?）A. 运输B.保险C.劳动力D.咨询3.政府在经济发展中扮演的角色是（ ?）A. 参与者与管理者B.参与者与决策者C.参与者、管理者、决策者D.管理者与决策者4.企业为了明确市场机会或为了明确某一问题的性质、情况和原因等而进行的研究属于（ ?）A. 探索性研究B.描述性研究C.因果性研究D.预测性研究5.在选择目标市场的策略中，不追求在整体市场上占据最大市场份额的精心整理策略为（?）A. 无差异性营销策略B.差异性营销策略C.集中性营销策略D.分散性营销策略6.在产品生命周期各阶段中，企业需要侧重于加强成本和质量控制，增强、维护产品和商标信誉的阶段是（ ?）A. 投入期B.成长期C.成熟期D.衰退期7.在波士顿矩阵分析法中，销量增长快、市场占有率低的产品称为（?）A. 金牛产品B.明星产品C.问题产品D.瘦狗产品8.企业在选择服务水平时，除了服务水平的适应性外，还要考虑的一个因素是服务水平的（ ?）A. 经济性B.选择性C.独创性D.竞争性9.在国际市场进入模式中，以 "新产品-新需求-国际市场 "为基本格局的是（ ?）A. 市场渗透型模式B.产品开发型模式C.市场开发型模式D.多种经营型模式10.按国际上的通常定义，下列项目中不属于服务产品的是（?）A. 保险B.运输C.旅游D.技术专利11.在商品价格构成要素中，最基本、最主要的因素是（ ?）A. 价值B.成本C.利润D.边际效用12.收购和创建是跨国公司对外投资的两种方式，与收购相比，创建这种方式的优点是（ ?）A. 有利于迅速进入市场B.有利于扩大经营范围C.有利于管理D.失败率低13.企业的定价目标的基本类型有（ ?）A. 利润目标、竞争目标、发展目标B.利润目标、市场目标、竞争目标C.利润目标、市场目标、发展目标D.利润目标、市场目标、发展目标14.国际促销的实质是信息沟通的过程，在这个过程中，接收和理解信息的环节是（?）A. 编码B.信息渠道C.解码D.反馈15.国内出口中间商类型很多、特点各异，其中不拥有产品所有权的出口中间商是（?）A. 国际贸易公司B.出口直运批发商C.出口经营商D.国外设在本国的常驻采购商精心整理二、多项选择题（本大题共 10小题，每小题 2 分，共 20分）在每小题列出的五个选项中有二至五个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。
国际市场营销学试题及答案
国际市场营销学试题及答案一、选择题1. 国际市场营销的核心理念是什么？A. 产品导向B. 顾客导向C. 竞争导向D. 价格导向答案：B2. 下列哪个不是国际市场细分的依据？A. 地理位置B. 人口统计C. 心理特征D. 产品类型答案：D3. 跨国市场进入策略中，哪一项通常风险最低？A. 出口ingB. 特许经营C. 合资企业D. 全资子公司答案：A4. 在国际市场营销中，文化差异可能导致什么问题？A. 产品设计障碍B. 广告传播障碍C. 价格策略障碍D. 所有以上问题答案：D5. 国际市场营销中的PEST分析是指什么？A. 政治、经济、社会、技术B. 产品、企业、销售、交易C. 人口、环境、战略、技术D. 公共关系、教育、战略、技术答案：A二、填空题1. ________ 是指企业将其产品或服务直接销售给国外市场的最终用户。
2. ________ 是一种国际市场进入策略，企业通过与外国公司合作，共同投资并分享所有权、控制权和利润。
3. ________ 是指企业调整其产品、营销组合以适应不同国家市场的需求和偏好。
4. 在进行国际市场调研时，________ 是指对特定国际市场或消费者群体的详尽研究，以了解其特定需求和行为模式。
5. ________ 是指企业在进入国际市场时，面临的来自当地企业或其他国际竞争者的竞争压力。
三、简答题1. 简述国际市场营销与国内市场营销的主要区别。
答：国际市场营销与国内市场营销的主要区别在于市场环境的复杂性和多样性。
国际市场营销需要考虑不同国家的法律、文化、经济和政治环境，以及货币汇率和国际贸易壁垒等因素。
此外，国际市场营销还需要对不同国家的消费者行为和偏好有深入的了解，并相应调整产品、价格、推广和渠道策略。
2. 阐述国际市场细分的作用及其对企业的意义。
答：国际市场细分的作用在于帮助企业更精确地识别和定位目标市场，通过对市场的细致划分，企业可以更有效地分配资源，针对不同细分市场制定差异化的营销策略。
国际市场营销学试题及答案
国际市场营销学试题及答案一、选择题1. 国际市场营销学是一门研究什么的学科？A. 国内市场营销B. 国际市场营销C. 国际贸易D. 国际商务答案：B2. 下列哪一项不是国际市场营销的基本原则？A. 市场导向B. 客户满意C. 产品多样化D. 价格竞争答案：D3. 国际市场营销中，哪个因素不属于宏观环境分析？A. 政治法律环境B. 经济环境C. 社会文化环境D. 竞争对手答案：D4. 以下哪个是国际市场细分的依据？A. 地理位置B. 人口统计C. 心理特征D. 所有上述选项答案：D5. 国际市场营销中的4Ps指的是什么？A. 产品、价格、地点、促销B. 产品、价格、促销、公共关系C. 产品、价格、地点、公共关系D. 产品、价格、地点、人员答案：A二、简答题1. 简述国际市场营销与国内市场营销的主要区别。
答案：国际市场营销与国内市场营销的主要区别在于市场范围、文化差异、法律环境、竞争程度和市场进入策略等方面。
国际市场营销需要考虑跨国的法律、文化、经济和政治因素，而国内市场营销通常只关注本国市场。
2. 描述国际市场调研的重要性及其主要步骤。
答案：国际市场调研对于企业了解目标市场的需求、偏好和竞争状况至关重要。
主要步骤包括确定调研目标、设计调研方案、收集数据、分析数据和报告结果。
三、案例分析题案例：某中国家电制造商计划进入欧洲市场，分析其可能面临的挑战及应对策略。
答案：该制造商可能面临的挑战包括文化差异、品牌认知度低、复杂的法律法规、激烈的市场竞争等。
应对策略可能包括进行市场细分、制定本土化的产品策略、建立品牌知名度、遵守当地法律法规、与当地分销商合作等。
四、论述题论述国际市场营销中的跨文化沟通的重要性及其策略。
答案：跨文化沟通在国际市场营销中至关重要，因为它有助于企业更好地理解不同文化背景下的消费者需求和偏好。
有效的跨文化沟通策略包括尊重当地文化、使用当地语言、了解文化禁忌、采用适当的沟通方式和建立良好的人际关系。
国际市场营销课后答案internationalmarketingplanessayque
国际市场营销课后答案internationalmarketingplanessayqueinternational marketing planDeveloping a Global Vision through Marketing ResearchEssay Questions100. (p. 216) Give the traditional definition for marketing research.Marketing research is traditionally defined as the systematic gathering, recording, and analyzing of data to provide information useful in marketing decision making.101. (p. 216) Discuss the differences between traditional marketing research and international marketing research. Although the research processes and methods are basically the same in traditional marketing research and international marketing research, international marketing research involves two additional plications. First, information must be municated across cultural boundaries. Second, the environments within which the research tools are applied are often different in foreign markets.102. (p. 217) International marketers often collect forms of information not normally collected by domestic marketing researchers. Unisys Corporation gives some guidance as to what forms of information need to be collected in theinternational environment. List and briefly discuss each of the five types of information suggested by the UnisysCorporation model.103. (p. 218 and major section titles for the six) List and briefly characterize the six steps in the research process.The steps are: (a) define the research problem and establish research objectives, (b) determine the sources of information to fulfill the research objectives, (c) consider the costs and benefits of the research effort, (d) gather the relevant data from secondary or primary sources, or both, (e) analyze, interpret, and summarize the results, and (f) effectively municate the results to decision makers. Summaries of the steps can be found in the major sections describing each of the six steps.104. (p. 220-223) There are four major problems with using secondary data in international marketing research. What are these four major problems? Briefly, characterize each problem.The four major problems are: (a) availability of data, (b)reliability of data, (c) parability of data, and (d) validating secondary data. For a brief summary see each of the section titles of the four problem areas.105. (p. 223) As a practical matter, the international marketing researcher should ask four questions to effectively judge the reliability (validating secondary data) of secondary data sources. List those four questions.The four questions are: (a) Who collected the data? Would there be any reason for purposely misrepresenting the facts? (b) For what purposes were the data collected? (c) How were the data collected? (methodology) (d) Are the data internally consistent and logical in light of known data sources or market factors?106. (p. 223-225) Demonstrate the difference between quantitative and qualitative research.In quantitative research, usually a large number of respondents are asked to reply either verbally or in writing to structured questions using a specific response format or to select a response from a set of choices. Questions are designed to obtain specific responses regarding aspects of the respondents' behavior, intentions, attitudes, motives, and demographic international marketing plancharacteristics. In qualitative research, if questions are asked they are almost always open-ended or in-depth, and unstructured responses that reflect the person's thoughts and feelings on the subject are sought.107. (p. 229) Discuss the differences between back translation and parallel translation in international marketing research. In back translation the questionnaire is translated from one language to another, and then a second party translates it back into the original. This process pinpoints misinterpretations and misunderstandings before they reach the public. Back translations may not always ensure an accurate translation because of monly used idioms in both languages. Parallel translation is used to e this problem. In this process, more than two translators are used for the back translation; the results are pared, differences discussed, and the most appropriate translation selected.108. (p. 232) It has been suggested that there are at least seven different uses for the Internet in international research.Assume that you are a marketing director for Ty Beanie Babies and are interested in expanding your pany's phenomenal growth into Asia. What are the seven uses suggested in the textand which of the seven would you propose to use to plish your objective?The seven uses are (a) online surveys and buyer panels, (b) online focus groups, (c) Web visitor tracking, (d) advertising measurement, (e) customer identification systems, (f) e-mail marketing lists, and (g) embedded research. The students could make a case for any or all of the above, therefore, the intent of the question is to get the students to first list and then creatively think about options. Discussion of the seven uses may be found on page 232. If the instructor would like to place additional suggestions or parameters on the question, be sure to do so before assigning the question to students.109. (p. 239, Exhibit 8.3) The text suggests four kinds of pany-agency-customer relationships for managing the cultural barrier in international marketing research. Describe or characterize each of these kinds of relationships and designate which one(s) are better suited for managing the cultural barrier across the chain of munication.The four options are: Option A (pany--agency--customers); Option B (pany--agency--local agency--customers); Option C (pany--subsidiary--agency--customers); and, Option D (pany--foreign agency--customers). The text suggests that Options B and C are best for managing the cultural barrier.Global Marketing Management: Planning and Organization Essay Questions101. (p. 310-312) Briefly, explain the benefits of global marketing.When large market segments can be identified, economies of scale in production and marketing can be important petitive advantages of global panies. Other benefits include: (a) a transfer of experience and know-how across countries through improved coordination and integration of marketing activities, (b) ensures access to the toughest customers, and (c) diversity of markets served carries with it additional financial benefits.102. (p. 311-313) Demonstrate the differences among corporate, strategic, and tactical planning.Corporate planning is essentially long term, incorporating generalized goals for the enterprise as a whole. Strategic planning is conducted at the highest levels of management and deals with products, capital, and research, and long- and short-term goals of the pany. Tactical planning pertains to specific actions and tothe allocation of resources used to implement strategic planning goals in specific markets. Tactical plans are made at the local level and address marketing and advertising questions.international marketing plan103. (p. 315, Exhibit 11.1) List and briefly characterize the four phases of the international planning process.The four phases are: (a) Phase 1--Preliminary analysis and screening (matching pany/country needs); (b) Phase 2--Adapting the marketing mix to target markets; (c) Phase 3--Developing the marketing plan; and, (d) Phase 4--Implementation and control.104. (p. 319, Exhibit 11.2) A pany has four different modes of foreign market entry from which to select. List and briefly characterize each of these modes.The modes are exporting, contractual agreements, strategic alliances, and direct foreign investment. Brief characterizations may be found on page 319 in Exhibit 11.2. More detailed descriptions of each mode may be found in the associated sections found on pages 318-330.105. (p. 32-322) Describe the two basic contractual agreements that most panies follow in their attempt to enter aforeign market.Contractual agreements generally involve the transfer of technology, processes, trademarks, or human skills. The two basic forms of contractual agreements are licensing and franchising. Licensing is associated with patent rights, trademark rights, and the rights to use technological processes in foreign markets. It is a favorite strategy for small and medium-sized panies. Franchising involves offering a standard package of products, systems, and management services.106. (p. 323-324) What is a strategic international alliance (SIA)?A SIA is a business relationship established by two or more panies to cooperate out of mutual need and to share risk in achieving a mon objective. SIAs are sought as a way to shore up weaknesses and increase petitive strengths.107. (p. 325-328) Explain the differences between a joint venture and consortia.A joint venture is differentiated from other types of strategic alliances or collaborative relationships in that a joint venture is a partnership of two or more participating panies that join forces to create a separate legal entity. Consortia are similar to jointventures but have two distinguishing characteristics: (a) they typically involve a large number of participants and (b) they frequently operate in a country or market in which none of the participants is currently active.108. (p. 328-329) You have just been hired as a consultant by Apple Computer to advise them on how to enter the South African market. You have decided that direct foreign investment would be the best mode for Apple to follow at this point in time. Write a one-paragraph memo that outlines the benefits of direct foreign investment in a country.Companies that manufacture locally can capitalize on low-cost labor, avoid high import taxes, reduce the high cost of transportation to market, gain access to raw materials, and gain advantages by being perceived as making an investment in the market (as a way to gain entry).109. (p. 331, Exhibit 11.4) With respect to organizational structures used in international marketing, panies are usually structured around one of three alternatives. Assuming that you were a consultant for ATT who desired to create an organization that was able to merge your organization's expertise and skills with that of Sony's cell phone division so that your new jointventure could enter the Scandinavian market, which of the organizational structure alternatives would make most sense? Comment on why the structure might be a good one to use.international marketing planThe three structures are product, geographic, and a matrix approach. Students could select any of the three options, however, the text suggests that the matrix form is preferable in today's market place. A matrix structure permits management to respond to the conflicts that arise between functional activity, product, and geography. Since the new venture will be a joint venture, the matrix structure might allow both of the panies to bring separate expertise to the table. Since a matrixstructure encourages sharing of experience, resources, expertise, technology, and information, it seem to be a natural in this situation.Products and Services for ConsumersEssay Questions107. (p. 337) Discuss the two dimensions of quality.The two dimensions of quality are market-perceived quality and performance quality. Simply, one dimension deals with how consumers believe the pany, product, or service matches toexpectations of quality. The other dimension, which can be measured, deals with how the product, pany, or service actually performs.108. (p. 339) Describe the process called product homologation.Product homologation is used to describe the changes mandated by local product and service standards. A product may have to change in a number of ways to meet the physical or mandatory requirements of a new market.109. (p. 344-347) Everett Rogers notes that four crucial elements impact the diffusion of new ideas. What are those elements?The elements are (a) an innovation, (b) which is municated through certain channels, (c) over time, and (d) among the members of a social system.110. (p. 350, Exhibit 12.1) Draw and correctly label the product ponent model shown in the text.The model is shown on page 350 (see Exhibit 12.1). Students should include the core, packaging, and support services ponents and the sub-parts of each for full credit.111. (p. 353-355) Consumer services are distinguished byfour unique characteristics. List and characterize each of these four unique characteristics.The characteristics are (a) intangibility--services cannot be touched, (b) inseparability--the service cannot be separated from its consumption, (c) heterogeneous--it is individually produced and is thus virtually unique, and (d) perishability--once created it cannot be stored but must be consumed simultaneously with its creation.112. (p. 356-358) Consumer services face four kinds of barriers as these services are presented to the global market. What are these barriers?The barriers are (a) protectionism, (b) controls on transborder data flows, (c) protection of intellectual property, and (d) cultural requirements for adaptation.113. (p. 358-359, Exhibit 12.2) A successful brand is the most valuable resource a pany has. Comment on why this is true and create an example to illustrate.international marketing planUsing the material on pages 358-359 and including Exhibit 12.2, students should be able to make a case for the value of a brand. To summarize, the brand name passes the years ofadvertising, good will, quality evaluation, productexperience, and other beneficial attributes the market associates with the product. Students may use whatever example they wish, however, it still needs to be appropriate to the material above.114. (p. 363-364) Assuming that you were a new marketing manager for Nike and that your first task was to launch a renewed effort to gain market share in Europe, an Adidas stronghold. Describe the impact that the country-of-origin effect might have on your chances of success.The country-of-origin effect can be defined as any influence that the country of manufacture, assembly, or design has on a consumer's positive or negative perception of a product. Students could discuss stereotypes in the example, mention the difficulties that the U.S. has had with France, the general opinion of American-made products, Nike's publicity as asweatshop broker, or how a home-based rival such as Adidas might react to Nike. If you, as an instructor, would like to set additional parameters for this question, please do so before the exam.International Marketing ChannelsEssay Questions101. (p. 396) Characterize a distribution process.A distribution process includes the physical handling and distribution of goods, the passage of ownership (title), and the buying and selling negotiations between producers and middlemen and between middlemen and customers.102. (p. 397) The Japanese distribution system has four distinguishing characteristics. What are these characteristics? The characteristics are (a) a structure dominated by many small middlemen dealing with many small retailers, (b) channel control by manufacturers, (c) a business philosophy shaped by a unique culture, and (d) laws that protect the foundation of the system--the small retailer.103. (p. 399) How does a manufacturer attempt to control the distribution channel?The manufacturer attempts to control the distribution channel through (a) inventory financing, (b) cumulative rebates, (c) merchandise returns, and (d) promotional support.104. (p. 404) Discuss the impact of the trend from traditional to modern channel structures.The impact of these trends will change traditionaldistribution and marketing systems. While retailing revolution remains in flux, new retailing and middle-men systems will be invented, and established panies will experiment, seeking ways to maintain their petitive edge. Moreover, it is ing more dangerous to think of petitors in terms of individual panies―in international business generally, and distribution systems particularly, a networks perspective is increasingly required. That is, firms must be understood in the context of the mercial networks of which they are a part. These changes will resonate throughout the distribution chain before new concepts are established and the system stabilizes.105. (p. 408) Characterize the difference(s) between agent middlemen and merchant middlemen.The primary difference is that agent middlemen do not take title to the goods they process and the merchant middleman does. Additionally, the merchant middleman normally performs more work tasks that are often general in nature whereas the agent middleman may be more of a specialist.international marketing plan106. (p. 412) Steve Smith has been assigned the task of choosing a foreign market channel that would be mostappropriate for his pany. Assuming that his pany was an automobile pany and he wished to enter the Spanish market, list the four points that were identified in the text as starting places for making the channel selection decision. Be specific with your wording of the points.The points are: (a) identify specific target markets within and across countries; (b) specify marketing goals in terms of volume, market share, and profit margin requirements, (c) specify financial and personnel mitments to the development of international distribution, and (d) identify control, length of channels, terms of sale, and channel ownership.107. (p. 419-421) Channel strategy is thought to have six specific strategic goals. If you were to list these goals for a strategic planner, what would be the six specific goals that the planner should consider?The six Cs of channel strategy are: (a) cost, (b) capital, (c) control, (d) coverage, (e) character, and (f) continuity.108. (p. 396-424) Name and briefly define/describe the five basic points involved in making channel decisions.1. channel decisions - producer's choice of a distribution structure through which goods pass from producer to user. Everycountry market has a distribution structure through which goods pass form producer to user. This structure may have a variety of possible middlmen.2. distribution patterns - the variety of possible distribution paths and distribution channel length through which a product may pass from producer to customer.3. available alternative middlemen - the external middlemen from which specific intermediaries are selected. The middlemen e the means of building and developing the channels for international distribution.4. factors affecting choice of channels - identifying target markets, specifying marketing goals, specifying financial and personnel needs, and identifying control, length of channels, terms of sales, and channel ownership.5. locating, selecting, motivating, terminating, and controlling middlemen - the process of building international distribution requires as a first step locationg prospective middlemen. Selection involves determining which ones can performsatisfactorily. Motivating middlemen may involve financial rewards, psychological rewards, munications, pany support, andcorporate report. Termination is the dismissal of middlemen that have not performed up to standard. Controlling middlemen involves control of the distribution network and includes middlemen meeting standards of performance to insure that product is flowing through desired middlemen.Integrated Marketing Communications and International AdvertisingEssay Questions100. (p. 464) Describe the ponents of integrated marketing munications (IMC).IMC are posed of advertising, sales promotions, trade shows, personal selling, direct selling, and public relations.101. (p. 464) What are sales promotions?Sales promotions are marketing activities that stimulate consumer purchases and improve retailer or middleman effectiveness and cooperation.102. (p. 465) Describe the role of public relations.Creating good relationships with the popular press and other media to help panies municate messages to their publics--customers, the general public, and government regulators--is the role of public relations.international marketing plan103. (p. 470-471) List the seven steps in creating an international advertising campaign.The steps are: (a) perform marketing research, (b) specify the goals of the munication, (c) develop the most effective message(s) for the market segments selected, (d) select effective media, (e) pose and secure a budget, (f) execute the campaign, and (g) evaluate the campaign relative to the goals specified.104. (p. 476) List and describe the steps (stages) in the international munication process.The steps are (a) an information source, (b) encoding, (c) a message channel, (d) decoding, (e) receiver, (f) feedback, and (g) noise. See page 479 for details on each stage.105. (p. 486-493)advertising: newspapers, magazines, radio, television, or direct mail.See pages 486-493 for summaries of each of the mass media forms mentioned. If you wish to give additional instructions for answering this question or set question limits, please do so before assigning the question.106. (p. 470-471) Assume that you are the munications manager for a pany that is seeking to begin amunications process with buyers in a foreign market. Take the steps in the international munications process, list them, and indicate which of the steps will probably present the greatest challenge with respect to munication.The steps are: (a) perform marketing research, (b) specify the goals of the munication, (c) develop the most effective message(s) for the market segments selected, (d) select effective media, (e) pose and secure a budget, (f) execute the campaign, and (g) evaluate the campaign relative to the goals specified. Students should build a case for what they perceive to be the most challenging step. See pages 473 for additional aid.107. (p. 491) Belinda is considering Internet advertising to support her pany's international marketing campaign. She knows the Internet has some limitations as an advertising vehicle. What are the current limitations associated with Internet advertising?In many markets the Internet is limited in its penetration of households. Also, there is petition among Internet marketers for Web surfers.Pricing for International MarketsEssay Questions100. (p. 529) Explain the process called parallel importing.Parallel importing occurs when importers buy products from distributors in one country and sell them in another to distributors who are not part of the manufacturer's regular distribution system. For more information and illustrations see page 531, Exhibit 18.1.101. (p. 532) What is the difference between variable-cost pricing and full-cost pricing.In variable-cost pricing, the firm is concerned only with the marginal or incremental cost of producing goods to be sold in overseas markets. In full-cost pricing, the philosophy insists that no unit of a similar product is different from any other unit in terms of cost and that each unit must bear its full share of the total fixed and variable cost.international marketing plan102. (p. 544) There are two distinct views of what constitutes dumping. Explain each of these views.One approach classifies international shipments as dumped if the products are sold below their cost of production. The other approach characterizes dumping as selling goods in a foreign market below the price of the same goods in the home market.103. (p. 545-549) List and briefly characterize the four formsof countertrade.The four forms are (a) barter--the direct exchange of goods between two parties in a transaction, (b) pensation deal--involves payments in goods and cash, (c) counterpurchase--the seller agrees to sell a product at a set price to a buyer and receives payment in cash; however, a second contract stipulates that the original seller will in turn purchase a like amount of goods from the buyer (or a similar arrangement), and (d) product buy-back agreement--the seller may agree to accept partial payment in manufactured goods from the buyer or the seller can accept full payment in manufactured goods. For additional information and examples see pages 545-549.104. (p. 549) What are the benefits of transfer pricing?The benefits are (a) lowering duty costs by shipping goods into high-tariff countries at minimal transfer prices so that duty base and duty are low, (b) reducing e taxes in high-tax countries by overpricing goods transferred to units in such countries, and (c) facilitating dividend repatriation when dividend repatriation is curtailed by government policy.105. (p. 542) A reasonable price for goods in the home market may more than double in the foreign market. How doeschannel length and transportation costs contribute to the price increase?Channel length is determined by the number of middlemen. Middlemen may increase the price of goods to covertransportation costs and to increase their margins; there is little opportunity for a manufacturer to control retail prices in a foreign country. In addition, transportation costs also contribute to the increase in product costs. Transportation costs include insurance, packing, handling, and shipping charges. Such costs are added to the price of goods to determine the landed cost which es the basis of import tariffs. These costs add to the inflation of the final price of goods.106. (p. 551-553) Discuss the meaning of and nature of cartels. Are these groups beneficial or not? Create an example to illustrate your stance.A cartel exists when various panies producing similar products or services work together to control markets for the types of goods and services they produce. The cartel association may use formal agreements to set prices, establish levels of production and sales for the participating panies, allocate territories, and even redistribute profits. The economic role ofcartels is debatable, but their proponents argue that they eliminate cutthroat petition and rationalize business, permitting greater technical progress and lower prices to consumers. Many do not agree with this view. See the text on pages 551-553 for additional information and examples.。
国际市场营销学课后答案
单项选择题1.国际市场营销与国内市场营销相比，其表现为：(两者的理论来源和基础相同)2.( C .市场营销观念)是企业经营思想上的一次根本性的变革，被认为是现代市场营销学的“第一次革命”。
3.美国福特汽车公司创办人享利·福特曾说：不管顾客需要什么颜色，我的汽车就是黑色的。
这句话体现的是企业营销的( A 生产观念)。
4.( A《巴黎公约)的保护对象是工业产权，包括发明、实用新型、外观设计等。
5．大多数国家都热衷于“奖出限入”，原因很简单，净出口（出口减进口）是一国国内生产总值的重要组成部分。
另外，出口是很多国家外汇收入的主要来源，有利于保持良好的国际收支，维持本币币值的稳定。
主要的鼓励出口措施有（B 本币升值）6.(B人均国民收入)在一定程度上反映一国的经济发展水平和现代化程度，以及健康、教育、社会福利状况，对评估耐用消费品、奢侈消费品、休闲旅游产品和娱乐产品的市场规模具有重要的作用。
7.( . D交通设施)不属于自然环境因素。
8.以下四项中，( B居民市场)不属于组织市场。
9.人们对商品的品牌、包装、款式、特性等提出的需求属于( A心理需求)。
10.(经济因素)是影响购买这一经济行为的最基本因素。
1.( Ｃ. 抽样调研)就是从被调研对象的总体中，抽取一部分样本单位进行调研，用以推算总体。
它适用于一些使用量大、涉及面广的产品。
2.(Ａ内部报告系统)是企业最基本的信息系统，它以内部会计系统为主，辅之以销售信息系统而组成。
这是一个报导订单、存货水平、销售额、成本、利润、现金流量、应收帐款及应付帐款等等的系统，其中“订单、发货、帐单”的循环是该系统的核心，即销售人员把顾客的订单送至企业，负责管理订单的机构把有关订单的信息送至企业内部的有关部门，然后企业把帐单和货物一并送至购买者手中。
3.(Ｂ国际营销情报系统)是国际市场信息系统的最根本的组成因素，其主要作用是向营销管理人员及时提供外部环境发展变化的有关信息，从而给企业提供改革的动力，、为企业更好地适应外界环境提供基础。
自考国际市场营销简答题答案
202101四、简答题(本大题共4小题，每题10分，共40分)26.简述国际政治风险的评估方法。
2-78答：国际政治风险的评估方法主要有两类：主观评估法和数量分析法。
〔1〕专家调查法,专家调查法是一种运用相关专家集体智慧进行评估的系统性方法。
该法是邀请相关专家单独接受调查，反复屡次征询意见，最后得到的专家意见根本一致时就结束调查。
该法一般适用于资料比拟缺乏的目标市场国的政治风险预测上。
〔2〕实地考察法:实地考察法是指企业派一个考察小组进入目标市场国的市场进行考察访问。
该方法由于考察时间短，难以深入调查，收集的信息是外表上的、浅薄的，但考察小组能看到一个真实的市场状况，这有助于企业对该国政治风险有一个初步的感性认识。
〔3〕利用驻外专家调查法:利用驻外专家调查法是指企业利用本国在目标市场国的专家进行调查。
企业可以利用本国在目标市场国的使馆、新闻机构、金融机构、先期进入目标市场国的企业派出机构等有关专家和人员。
〔4〕利用国际咨询机构法:国际咨询机构是向各国企业、政府和个人提供信息咨询效劳的机构。
企业利用国际咨询机构对目标市场国的政治风险进行预测，准确性比拟高，但费用高昂。
〔5〕政治体制稳定指数〔PSSI〕法;该法是由黑戴尔、弗斯特和麦都在1974年提出的，是一种研究政治不稳定的定量模型，主要分析客观因素，求出政治体制稳定指数，在此根底上作出判断。
该模型适用于对目标市场国政治风险的初步判断。
该模型是由三个重要指数构成的：社会经济特征指数、社会动乱指数、社会统治秩序指数。
而社会动乱指数分为社会不安定指数，国内暴乱指数和高压统治潜在危机三项指数。
27.简述国际货币市场的构成及作用。
4-134答：一、国际货币市场的构成1、短期信贷市场:主要指银行间的市场，该市场提供一年或一年以内的短期贷款，目的在于解决临时性的资金需求和进行头寸调剂。
贷款的期限最短为一天，最长为一年，此外，也提供三天、一周、一个月、三个月、半年等期限的资金；贷款利率通常以伦敦银行同业投放利率〔 London Inter-Bank Offered Rate，LIBOR〕为基准；交易通常以批发形式进行，少那么几十万美元，多那么几百万、几千万美元；交易简便，不需担保相抵押，完全凭信誉；使用、电传进行。
国际市场营销 全球营销学每章课后习题答案
全球营销学第四版每章课后习题答案第一章Introduction to Global Marketing1.What are the basic goals of marketing? Are these goals relevant to globalmarketing?P31、Surpass the competition at the task of creating perceived value for customers2、The Guide line is the value equation –Value = Benefits/Price (Money, Time, Effort, Etc.)P42.What is mean by “global localization”?（全球本土化策略）Is Coca-Cola a globalproduct? Explain.The phrase “global localization” represents an attempt to capture the spirit of the rallying cry for o rganizations in the 21st century, namely, “think globally, act locally.”Most people will agree that Coca-Cola is a global product by virtue of the fact that it is available in more than 195 countries in red cans bearing the distinctive signature style. It must be noted, however, that customer service efforts are adapted to the needs of particular markets, e.g., vending machines in Japan. Thus, Coca-Cola is both global and local.3.Describe some of the global marketing strategies available to companies. Giveexamples of companies that use the different strategies.Global marketing strategies: 1. global market participation is the extent to which a company has operations in major world markets; 2. standardization versus adaptation is the extent to which each marketing mix element can be standardized or adapted in various country markets; 3. concentration of marketing activities is the extent to which activities related to marketing mix are performed in one or a few country locations; 4. coordination of marketing activities is the extent to which activities related to marketing mix are performed interdependently around the globe; 5. integration of competitive moves is the extent to which a firm’s competitive marketing tactics in different parts of world are interdependent.Examples: 1. Coke is the best-known, strongest brand, as the Coca-Cola Company, supporting its Coke, Fanta, and Powerade brands with marketing mix elements both that are globe and local, is adept at adapting sales promotion, distribution, and customer service efforts to local needs;2. Mcdonald’s business model is a restaurant system that can be set up virtually anywhere in the world and offers core menu items-hamburgers, French fries, and soft drinks-in most countries, and the company also customizes menu offerings according to local eating customs.4.How do the global marketing strategies of Harley-Davidson and Toyota differ?Harley-Davidson motorcycles are known the world over as “the” all-American motorcycle. Harley’s mystique and heritag e are associated with the USA. The company backs up this positioning with exports from two U.S. manufacturing locations. By contrast, Toyota builds some models (e.g., Camry and Avalon) for the U.S. market in the U.S., a fact that Toyota stresses in its American ad. Thus, Harley-Davidson serves global markets while sourcing locally, while Toyota’s strategy calls for serving world markets and using the world as a source of supply.5.Describe the difference between ethnocentric, polycontric, regiocentric, andgeocentric management orientations.The premise of an ethnocentric orientation is that home country products and management processes are superior. An ethnocentric company that neither sources inputs from, nor seeks market opportunities in the world outside the home country may be classified as an domestic company. A company that does business abroad while still presuming the superiority of the home country may be classified as an international company. Such a company would rely on an extension strategy whereby it would export, without adaptation, products designed for the domestic market.The polycentric orientation that predominates at a multinational company leads to aview of the world in which each country markets is different from the others. Local country managers operating with a high degree of autonomy adapt the marketing mix in a polycentric, multinational company. Managers who are regiocentric or geocentric in their orientations recognize both similarities and differences in world markets. Market opportunities are pursued using both extension and adaptation strategies. The regiocentric and geocentric orientations are characteristic of global transnational companies.OrEthnocentric orientation: home country is superior to the rest of the world, sees similarities in foreign countries，leads to a standardized or extension approach; Polycentric orientation: the opposite of ethnocentrism, each country in which a company does business is unique, sees differences in foreign countries, leads to localized or adaption approach; Regiocentric orientation: a region becomes the relevant geographic unit; management`s goal is to develop an integrated regional strategy; Geocentric orientation：views the entire world as a potential market and strives to develop integrated world market strategies.6.Identify and briefly describe some of the forces that have resulted in increased globalintegration and the growing importance of global marketing.P21+Driving Forces：Regional economic agreements、Market needs and wants、TechnologyTransportation and communication improvements、Product development costs、Quality、World economic trends、LeverageRestraining Forces：Management myopia、Organizational culture、National controls 7.Define leverage and explain the different types of leverage utilized by companieswith global operations.Define leverage：P25第二章The Global Economic Environment1.Explain the difference between market capitalism, centrally planned capitalism,centrally planned socialism, and market socialism. Give an example of a country that illustrates each types of system.Market capitalism is an economic system in which individuals and firms allocate resources and production resources are privately owned. (England).Centrally planned capitalism is an economic system in which command resource allocation is utilized extensively in an environment of private resource ownership. (Sweden)Centrally planned socialism, in this type of economic system, the state has broad powers to serve the public interest as it sees fit. (Former Soviet Union)Market socialism, in such a system, market allocation policies are permitted within an overall environment of state ownership. (China)2.What is a BEM? Identify the BEMs according to their respective stages of economicdevelopment.P53P56-583. A manufacture of satellite dishes is assessing the world market potential for hisproducts. He asks you if he should consider developing countries as potential markets.How would you advise him?Despite the difficult economic conditions in parts of developing countries, many nations will involve into attractive markets.One of marketing’s roles in developing countries is to focus resources on the task of creating and delivering products that are best suited to local needs and incomes. The role of marketing to indentify people’s needs and wants is the same in all countries, irrespective of level of economic development. It is also an opportunity to help developing countries join the information age.And P654.Turn to the Index of Economic Freedom (Table 2-1) and identify where the BEMs areranked. What does the result tell you in terms of the relevance of the index to global marketers?P52第三章Social and Cultural Environments1.What are some of the elements that make up culture? How do these find expression inyour native culture?Culture is a collection of Values, beliefs, behaviors, customs, and attitudes that distinguish one society from another.Culture is acted out in social institutions, such as, family, education, religion, government, business.2.What is the difference between a low-context culture and a high-context culture?Give an example of a country that is an example of each type and provide evidence for your answer.PPT 第四章4-63.How can Hofstede’s cultural typologies help Western marketers better understandAsian culture?P874.Explain the self-reference criterion(自我参照准则). Go to the library and findexamples of product failures that might have been avoided through the application of the SRC.Unconscious reference to one’s own cultural values; creates cultural myopia5.Briefly explain the social research of Everrtt Rogers regarding diffusion ofinnovations,……P94pare and contrast USA and Japan in terms of traditions and organizationalbehavior and norms.第四章The Legal and Regulatory Environments of Global Marketing1.What is sovereignty? What is it an important consideration in the politicalenvironment of global marketing?sovereignty2.Describe some of the sources of political risk. Specially, what forms can political risktake?Tension between aspirations and realityPrimarily occurs in lower and lower-middle income countries–Indonesia and economic crisisWhen political risk occurs in high income countries, it is generally due to a long-standing conflict–Northern IrelandP1423.Briefly describe some of the differences between the legal environment of a countrythat embraces common law and one that observes civil law.4.Global marketers can avoid legal conflicts by understanding the reasons conflictsarise in the first place. Identify and describe several legal issues that relate to global commerce.Intellectual PropertyAntitrustContractualLicensing and Trade Secrets5.“See you in court” is one way to respond when legal issues arise. What otherapproaches are possible?LitigationFormal arbitration–Settles disputes outside of court–Groups agree to abide by panel’s decision1958 United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards–Most important treaty regarding international arbitration第五章Global Information Systems and Market Research1.Explain two information technology puts powerful tools in the hands of globalmarketers.Modern IT tools provide the means for a company's marketing information system and research functions to provide relevant information in a timely, cost –efficient, and actionable manner.Electronic data interchange (EDI) allows business units to submit orders, to issue invoices, to conduct business electronically, Wal-Mart legendary for its EDI, save time and money, enables retailers to improve inventory management. Transaction formats are universalEfficient Consumer Response (ECR) This is in addition to EDI, an effort for retailers and vendors to work closely on stock replenishment(补充). ECR can be defined as a joint initiative by members of a supply chain to work toward improving and optimizing(最优化) aspects of the supply chain to benefit customersIntranet, Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS), Data Warehouses are also helping businesses improve their ability to target consumers and increase loyalty.2.What are the different modes of information acquisition? Which is the most importantfor gathering strategic information?3.4、Outline the basic steps of the market research process.5、What is the difference between existing, latent, and incipient demand? How mightthese differences affect the design of a marketing research project?Demand and profit potential, in turn, depend in part on whether the market being studied can be classifieds existing or potential. Existing markets are those in which customer needs are already being served by one or more companies. In some instances, there is no existing market to research and. information may be readily available. A latent market is in essence, an und iscovered segment .It’s a market in which demand would materialize if an appropriate product were made available. An incipient market is a market that will emerge if particular economic demographic, political, or sociocultural trend continues. A company is not likely to achieve satisfactory results if it offers a product in an incipient market before the trends have taken root.Market growth, brand loyalty, market segment, product, sales promotion, pricing, distribution, will be different in marketing research project.6.Describe some of the analytical techniques used by global marketers. When is it appropriate to use each technique?A number of techniques are available for analyzing survey data.Factor analysis can be used to transform large amount of data into manageable units. It is useful in psychographic segmentation studies or creating perceptual maps; cluster analysis allows the researchers to group variables into clusters that maximize within-group similarities and between-group differences. It can be used to do global marketing research, to perform benefit segmentation, and to identify new product opportunities. Multi dimensional scaling is another technique for creating perceptual maps which is particular useful when there are many product to choose and consumers have difficulty in verbalizing their conceptions. Conjoint analysis is used to gain insights into the combination of features that will be the most attractive to consumers. It is useful when determines the values and utilities of the various levels of product features and plots them graphically.第六章Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning1.differentiate the five basic segmentation strategies. Give an example of a companythat has used each one.P170-P1831、IncomePopulationsAge distributionGenderEducationOccupation2、Grouping people according to attitudes, value, and lifestyles3、4、Benefit segmentation focuses on the value equation–Value = Benefits / Price5、The population of many countries includes ethnic groups of significant size2.Explain the difference between segmenting and targeting.P200pare and contrast standardized, concentrated, and differentiated global marketing.Illustrate each strategy with an example from a global company.Standardized global marketing is mass marketing on a global scale with undifferentiated target marketing (Revlon International)Concentrated global marketing, involves devising a marketing mix to reach a niche. A niche is simply a single segment of the global market. (Germany`s Winter halter) Differentiated global marketing, represents a more ambitious approach than concentrated target marketing with multi-segment targeting and two or more distinct markets (Rover)4.5.What is positioning? Identify the different positioning strategies presented in thechapter and give examples of companies or products that illustrate each.Locating a brand in consumers’minds over and against competitors in terms of attributes and benefits that the brand does and does not offer.P192-1956.What is global consumer culture positioning? What other strategic positioningchoices do global marketers have?Identifies the brand as a symbol of a particular global culture or segment.P1967.What is high-touch product? Explain the difference between high-tech productpositioning and high-touch product positioning. Can some products be positioned using both strategies? Explain.High-tech products are sophisticated technologically complex, and/or difficult to explain or understand, and frequently evaluated in terms of their performance against established objective standards. High-tech global consumer positioning also works well for special interest products associated with leisure of recreation.High-touch products, consumers are generally energized by emotional motives rather than rational ones, and frequently evaluated in terms of their performance against established subjective, aesthetic terms.Some products can be positioned using both strategies, with both satisfying buyers’ rational criteria and evoking an emotional response. Nokia, for example, combines technical performance with a fashion orientation.第七章Global Market Entry Strategies:1.What are the advantages and disadvantages of using licensing as a market entry tool?Give examples of companies from different countries that use licensing as a global marketing strategy.Advantages to LicensingProvides additional profitability with little initial investmentProvides method of circumventing tariffs, quotas, and other export barriersAttractive ROILow costs to implementDisadvantages to LicensingLimited participationReturns may be lostLack of controlLicensee may become competitorLicensee may exploit company resourcesP2062.What is foreign direct investment? What forms can FDI take?P209Partial or full ownership of operations outside of home countryForms:Joint ventures–Minority or majority equity stakes–Outright acquisition3.Do you agree with Ford’s decision to acquire Jaguar? What was more valuable toFord---the physical assets or the name?P2154.What is meant by the phrase global strategic partnership? In what ways does this formof market entry strategy differ from more traditional forms such as joint ventures? Participants remain independent following formation of the allianceParticipants share benefits of alliance as well as control over performance of assigned tasksParticipants make ongoing contributions in technology, products, and other key strategic areasPPT3055.What are Keiretsu? How does this form of industrial structure affect companies thatcompete with Japan or that are trying to enter the Japanese market?PPT307书P2276.Which Strategic options for market entry or expansion would a small company belikely to pursue? A large company?StrategiesCompanies must decide to expand by:–Seeking new markets in existing countries–Seeking new country markets for already identified and served market segments第八章Product and Brand Decisions1.What is the difference between a product and a brand?A product is a good, service, or ideaBrandsBundle of images and experiences in the customer’s mindA promise made by a particular company about a particular productA quality certificationDifferentiation between competing productsThe sum of impressions about a brand is the Brand ImageThe added value that accrues to a product as a result of investments in the marketing of the brandAn asset that represents the value created by the relationship between the brand and customer over time2.How do local, international, and global products differ? Cite examplesLocal Product is one that has achieved success in a single national market and represents the lifeblood of domestic companies. （Coca-cola, ginseng beverage only in Japan）International product is offered in several markets in a particular region (Euro-product, only in euro zone)Global product meets the wants and needs of a global market and is offered in all world regions (personal stereos)3.What are some of the elements that make up a brand? Are these elements tangible orintangible?IntangibleP2414.What criteria should global marketers consider when making product designdecisions?In many instances, packaging is an integral element of product-related design decisions. Packaging is designed to protect or contain the product during shipping；Labeling provides consumers with various types of information; Aesthetics differ around the world. Global marketers must understand the importance of visual aesthetics; Product Warranties is a written guarantee that assures the buyer is getting what they paid for or provides a remedy in case of a product failure. Warranties can be used as a competitive tool5.How can buyer at titudes about a product’s country of origin affect marketing strategy?买家对于原产国的态度对营销策略有什么影响？Perceptions about and attitudes toward particular countries often extend to products and brands known to originate in those countries–Japan–Germany–France–ItalyP252-2546.Identify several global brands. What are some of the reasons for the global success ofthe brands you chose?Both products and brand are good……7.Briefly describe various combinations of product-communication strategies availableto global marketers. When is it appropriate to use each?Product-communication extension (dual extension) is a strategy selling the same product with the same promotional appeals used in domestically when pursuing opportunities outside the home market. It used frequently with industrial (business to business) products.Product extension-communication adaptation strategy is a relatively low cost of implementation because the physical product is unchanged, and the main costs are associated with market research and revising promotional appeals. It used frequently when consumer conceptions outside the home market are very different from domestic marketProduct adaptation-communication extension is an approach to global product planning is to extend, without change, the basic home-market communications strategy while adapting the product to local use or preference conditions. It used frequently when natural conditions outside the home market are very different from domestic market Product-communication adaptation (dual adaptation) strateg y is an approach used both the different product serves and advertising appeals to consumer receptivity when comparing a new geographic market to the home market, environmental conditions or consumer preferences differ;第九章Pricing Decisions1.What are the basic factors that affect price in any market? What considerations enterinto the pricing decision?In global marketing, the task of setting prices is complicated by fluctuating exchange rates. Currency fluctuations can create significant problems and opportunities for the classic international company that exports from the home country.Inflation, or a persistent upward change in price levels, is a problem in many country markets. It can be caused by an increase in the money supply and currency devaluation. Governmental policies and regulations that affect pricing decisions include dumping legislation, resale price maintenance legislation, price ceilings, and general reviews of price levels.Pricing decisions are bounded not only by cost and nature of demand but also by competitive action.Competitive Behavior: If competitors do not adjust their prices in response to rising costs it is difficult to adjust your price to maintain operating margins; If competitors are manufacturing or sourcing I a lower-cost country, it may be necessary to cut prices to stay competitiveThe global marketer has several options for addressing the problem of price escalation orthe environmental factors described in the last section.2.Define the various types of pricing strategies and objectives available to globalmarketers.Market Skimming and Financial Objectives: Market Skimming charges a premium price which may occur at the introduction stage of product life cyclePenetration Pricing and Non-Financial Objectives: Penetration Pricing charges a low price in order to penetrate market quickly which appropriates to saturate market prior to imitation by competitors3.Identify some of the environmental constraints on global pricing decisions. Currency FluctuationsInflationary EnvironmentGovernment Controls, Subsidies, RegulationsCompetitive BehaviorSourcing4.Why do price differences in world markets often lead to gray marketing?Because price differences in world markets lead to trademarked products are exported from one country to another where they are sold by unauthorized persons or organizationsGray marketing occurs when product is in short supply, when producers use skimming strategies in some markets, and when goods are subject to substantial mark-ups 5.What is dumping? Why was dumping such an important issue during the UruguayRound of GATT negotiations?Sale of an imported product at a price lower than that normally charged in a domestic market or country of origin.P2966.What is transfer price? Why is it an important issue for companies with foreignaffiliates(外国子公司)? Why did transfer pricing in Europe take on increased importance in 1999?The transfer price is that Pricing of goods, services, and intangible property bought and sold by operating units or divisions of a company doing business with an affiliate in another jurisdiction.P2997.What is the difference between ethnocentric, polycontric, and geocentric pricingstrategies? Which one would you recommend to a company that has global market aspirations?P291-292 PPT240-242pare and contrast the different forms of countertrade.Countertrade occurs when payment is made in some form other than moneyOptions–BarterThe least complex and oldest form of bilateral, non-monetary counter-tradeA direct exchange of goods or services between two parties–Counter-purchase P303-304–Offset–Compensation trading–Cooperation agreements–Switch trading第十章Global Marketing Channels and Physical Distribution1.In what ways can channel intermediaries create utility for buyers?ObjectivesMarketing channels exist to create utility for customers–Place utility -availability of a product or service in a location that is convenient to a potential customer–Time utility -availability of a product or service when desired by a customer–Form utility -availability of the product processed, prepared, in proper condition and/or ready to use–information utility -availability of answers to questions and general communicationabout useful product features and benefits2.What factors influence the channel structures and strategies available to globalmarketers?B2CThe characters of both buyers and products have an important influence on channel design.The number of individual buyers and their geographic distribution, income, shopping habits and different channel approaches.Products characters such as degree of standardization, perishability, bulk, service requirements, and unit price have an impact as well.Channels tends to be longer as the number of consumers to be served increases and the price per unit decreases. Bulky products usually require channel arrangements that minimize the shipping distances and the number of times products change hands before they reach the ultimate customer.B2BAs is true with consumer channels, product and consumer characteristics have an impact on channel structure. Three basic elements are involved: the manufacture's sales force, distributors or agents and wholesalers.Channel strategy in a global marketing program must fit the company's competitive position and overall marketing objectives in each national market.market factors: consumer profiles, market size and location of country.3.What is cherry picking? What approaches can be used to deal with this problem?P323pare and contrast the typical channel structures for consumer products andindustrial products.P340 PPT252-2555.Identify the different forms of retailing and cite an example of each form. Identifyretailers from as many different countries as you can.PPT258-259 P3256.Identify the four retail market expansion strategies discussed in the text. What factorsdetermine the appropriable mode?Organic–Company uses its own resources to open a store on a green field site or acquire one or more existing retail facilitiesFranchise–Appropriate strategy when barriers to entry are low yet the market is culturally distant in terms of consumer behavior or retailing structuresChain Acquisition–A market entry strategy that entails purchasing a company with multiple existing outlets in a foreign countryJoint Venture–This strategy is advisable when culturally distant, difficult-to-enter markets are targeted 7.What special distribution challenges exist in Japan? What is the best way for anon-Japanese company to deal with these challenges?第十一章Global Marketing Communications Decisions:Advertising and Public Relations1.In what ways can global brands and global advertising campaigns benefit a company? P3482.How does the “standardized versus localized” debate apply to advertising?Four difficulties that compromise an organization’s communicat ion efforts–The message may not get through to the intended recipient.–The message may reach the target audience but may not be understood or may even be misunderstood.–The message may reach the target audience and may be understood but still may not induce the recipient to take the action desired by the sender.–The effectiveness of the message can be impaired by noise.。
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国际市场营销6月27日（三）18：30-20：00 327考试一、名词解释（每小题3分，共15分）•1．人均可支配收入，即家庭总收入扣除应缴税金、社会保障支出及其他记账补贴后剩余的部分，是家庭可用于最终消费支出、其他非义务性支出以及储蓄的收入。
•2．汇率是指用一国货币所表示的另一国货币的价格，或一国货币折算成另一国货币的比率。
•3．间接出口是指企业通过本国的中间商或其他企业实现的产品出口。
企业所作的努力不过是谈判和履行与国内订单相似的海外订单，此外不需要任何投入，不需要改变已有的生产系统和营销组织，不需要承担汇率损失，因此，风险也最小。
•4．本土化战略又可称为名族品牌策略，即在不同国家或地区，为产品树立不同的品牌。
•5．倾销是指出口产品在海外市场的销售价格低于国内市场销售价格的现象。
二、简述题（每小题9分，共45分）•1．国际营销是在两个以上国家或地区开展的营销活动，请分析国际营销与国内营销有哪些异同点？答：国际营销与国内营销的最大区别就是营销环境的差异。
国际营销的特殊性主要体现在三个方面：1、国际营销者在不同国家面临不同的营销环境；2、为了满足国际市场差异化的需求，需要对国际营销组合进行适应性调整；3、国际营销需要进行多国协调与控制。
国际市场营销需要做出的特殊战略决策有：关于是否进入国际市场的决策，关于进入国际市场范围的决策，关于进入国际市场方式的决策，关于国际营销组织模式的决策等。
•2．宗教是文化体系中深层次的构成要素，对消费者需求及购买行为有深刻影响。
请问，国际营销者应从哪些方面分析宗教对国际营销的影响？答：1、宗教的节日。
2、宗教特殊要求与禁忌。
3、宗教组织。
对于国际营销者来说，宗教组织有两方面的意义，一是宗教组织对外来产品或营销活动的态度对国际营销的成功十分关键。
二是宗教组织也是一类重要的机构购买者4、妇女在经济事务中的地位。
国别或区域不同，妇女在经济事务中的地位有很大的差异，这往往与宗教信仰、文化传统有直接关系。
5、宗教冲突。
宗教冲突是国际营销中政治风险的重要来源。
•3．人口和收入是决定一国市场容量大小的两个基本因素。
国际营销者如何分析一国人口及收入状况？答：要研究一国人口状况及其对国际营销的影响，可以从以下几方面下手：1、人口总量及其增长速度。
2、人口结够。
3、人口城乡分布和地理分布。
•4．您认为贴牌战略是中国企业进入国际市场的一种重要方式吗？为什么？答：贴牌战略是中国企业进入国际市场的重要方式。
因为品牌是企业无形资产的重要组成部分，是企业竞争力的综合现，也是企业国际竞争力的象征。
采取贴牌战略，主要有两方面的考虑，一是有利于发挥中国企业的成本优势。
丰富而廉价的劳动力是中国企业得天独厚的资源优势，这就决定了中国企业在生产制造方面具有巨大的发展空间。
所以围绕成本下功夫，走规模代道路，在自己所熟悉的生产制造领域做大、做强，是中国企业发挥自身比较优势、参与跨国公司全球产业结构调整的必然选择。
二是企业资源条件和现实能力的客观要求。
与国外拥有知名品牌的企业合作，是企业产品低成本、低风险走各国际市场的现实选择。
需要强调的是做“贴牌”并不是永久性战略，随着企业素质和实力的增强，以及国际市场经验的积累，企业完全可以改“贴牌”为自创品牌，甚至购买当地品牌。
•5．请描述标准化产品策略和差异化产品策略的基本思路及利弊。
国际营销者应如何处理二者的关系。
答：所谓标准化产品策略也就是无差异营销策略，是指营销者把整个国际市场都作为目标市场，并针对其共性，设计一个标准化的营销组合方案，并组织实施。
无差异营销策略的最大好处是通过大批量生产和标准化的营销活动，获取规模经济好处，降低生产和营销成本。
弊端就是消费者的需要可能得不到较好满足，并因此使企业易受到来自竞争对手发动的攻击。
差异化营销策略是指在根据一定因素将国际市场进行细分后，针对不同子市场的需求特征和营销环境，设计几乎独立的营销组合方案，并分别组织实施。
实施差异化营销的好处首先由于企业在不同子市场实施不同的营销方案，因此能够更好地满足差异化的市场需求，进而获得差异化竞争优势。
其次，由于企业比竞争对手更好地满足了市场需求，因此企业可以定高价，获取超额收益。
弊端：因为企业不同国际市场实施几乎独立的营销方案，所以研发、生产和营销等方面的成本明显上升。
如果成本太高，价格必然也要定的很高，那么可能造成消费者转移购买对象的结果。
•无差异营销策略偏重市场需求共性，而差异化营销策略偏重差异性。
因此，企业应在评价国际市场需求异质程度的基础上，做出目标营销策略决策。
在产品生命周期的不同阶段，产品技术成熟度和市场竞争激烈程度等方面存在差异，因此选择不同的营销策略。
对于处于投入期和成长期前期的新产品由于竞争者少，企业可以选择无差异营销策略；而已进入成熟期的产品，面对竞争的市场竞争，企业尽可能选择差异化营销策略或集中性营销策略，以维持原有市场地位，延长产品生命周期。
三、分析题（注：分析题没法全照书搬而且还要结合案例，所以很多是我自己的话结合书上的东西，各位不要全抄，自己也看看改改）第1题10分，2、3题各15分，共40分）•1.原产地效应成为中国企业国际化的重要障碍（10分）•原产地效应是指进口国消费者对外来产品的态度，可能是积极的也可能是消极的，往往会受其原产地的影响，进而影响品牌形象和产品在海外市场的销售和扩散。
对于来自发展中国家的企业来说，其提供产品的技术含量越高，国际营销和市场扩张就越困难，因为人家不相信你能开发和提供满足需要的高质量的产品。
所以这时，原产地效应就成为企业国际化的重要障碍。
例如，海尔在美国、西欧等发达国家市场上所走过的艰难道路，就说明了这一点。
•请分析：•（1）原产地效应与哪些因素有关？（5分）答：1.原产地效应与母国的传统优势有密切关系。
例如，丝绸的生产制造是中国几千年的传统优势，我们国家的丝绸做工讲究，品质优良的形象已经在全球范围内根深蒂固；而皮革制品长期以来是意大利人的优势。
2.原产地效应还与母国工业化进程有密切关系。
比如美国，德国，日本工业化程度高且技术领先，所以人们认为质量过硬就会购买。
但对于发展中国家或工业化初期的国家，人家不相信你能开发出技术高，质量过硬的产品，就不会购买了。
就像海尔产品，质量已经非常好，但发达国家消费者还是对它有所怀疑。
3.消费者由于民族情结（国货意识）、自身经历或道听途说也会对来自某些国家的产品持有成见。
•（2）中国企业如何克服原产地效应带来的不利影响？（5分）答：像中国这样的发展中国家的企业，一方面，企业要投入相当多的资金进行市场宣传、推广和渠道建设，要加强与当地企业的合作，以尽快获得更多人或组织的认同和支持。
另一方面，企业必须不断增强其研发能力，以开发出能够满足发达国家市场需要的产品。
而一旦市场熟悉了某种外来产品，不良的成见也就渐渐消失了。
•2. 国际战略联盟成为中国企业进入国际市场的重要方式（15分）•2004年8月，TCL集团旗下的TCL通讯公司与国际领先的通讯网络设备生产、应用及服务提供商法国的阿尔卡特公司合资成立了TCL—阿尔卡特移动电话有限公司。
阿尔卡特公司不仅技术领先，而且国际销售网络广泛。
通过建立国际战略联盟，TCL集团希望借助阿尔卡特公司的国际销售网络，使自己生产的产品能够更顺利地进入更多国际市场，并逐步成长为全球手机行业的领导者。
•（1）请从组织形式和价值链两方面分析，TCL集团与阿尔卡特建立的国际战略联盟属于哪一种类型？（5分）答：组织形式为TCL通讯公司与法国阿尔卡特公司合资成立了TCL—阿尔卡特移动电话有限公司，价值链是TCL希望借助阿尔卡特，使自己生产的手机进入国际市场。
所以，国际战略联盟属于的股权参与式联盟（生产/营销联盟）。
•（2）建立国际战略联盟能否给TCL集团带来好处?（5分）答：是的。
一是通过与当地企业结成战略联盟或合作，可使国外企业充分利用当地企业的销售网络和市场知识快速打开当地市场。
可利用对方与当地政府的良好关系及打交道的知识，为跨国经营创造良好的外部环境，促进跨国营销顺利进行。
二是有利于实现优势互补和风险共担，从而更快，更高质量的退出先进的产品。
三是可提高企业信誉度，增加企业在市场中的机会。
•（3）为什么说国际战略联盟是一种高风险的国际市场进入方式？（5分）答：同跨国并购一样，发展国际战略联盟也是往往有风险的，且从全球范围来看的失败比率非常高，主要原因有：因双方文化差异太大而不能有效融合，资源互补性不足导致积极性下降，给予联盟的承诺与信任不够而过分看重在联盟中的控制权，等等。
所以也需在更多方面做足功课。
•3. 全聚德国际化征途漫漫（15分）•全聚德的名号虽然驰名海内外，也有许多海外宾客享用过全聚德烤鸭，但在海外市场上，一直想弘扬中国传统饮食文化的全聚德却一直走的步履蹒跚。
截至2009年底，全聚德在海外一共只有5家分店在经营，海外业务收入在公司总收入中所占比重寥寥无几，全聚德早年在美国开的烤鸭店也早已关门。
•为什么全聚德的海外扩张这么慢、这么难呢？一些人认为，全聚德之所以难以走出国门，是因为中餐难以标准化、规模化生产。
全聚德100多年了，从来都是师傅从宰鸭子开始一直到把鸭子烤出来，烤鸭的味道、质量完全靠师傅的经验和能力，而这种经验和能力必须靠长期学习和知识积累才能够掌握。
由于主要靠经验，所以各种饮食产品的制作工艺难以标准化，产品质量也难以控制。
•一些人认为，产品标准化不是问题的关键，丢弃传统制作工艺更不可取，全聚德走不出去的关键原因是连锁经营管理体制不健全、管理不规范，以及服务质量满足不了外国人的需要。
还有人认为，是全聚德烤鸭的特性制约了其海外扩张。
此外，包括全聚德部分管理者在内的一些人认为，是原材料采购问题制约了其走出国门。
地道的全聚德烤鸭应以北京填鸭为原材料，但在海外市场扩张中，这种原材料的采购本身就存在很大的困难。
2007年底，全聚德向外界透露：传统的果木、炭火、悬挂的烤鸭制作方式将被“革命”，全聚德将使用智能电子烤炉来制作烤鸭。
如此，全聚德将能大批量、标准化生产，成本也将明显降低，技术转移和知识产权保护的问题似乎迎刃而解。
目前，全聚德国内开发的加盟店一律使用电烤炉，而且电烤炉只租不售，合同到期就把烤炉收回。
•消息一出，各种怀疑声、质疑声甚嚣尘上。
首先，有人质疑，用傻瓜电炉代替复杂的传统工艺烤出来的烤鸭还是原汁原味吗？更严厉的质疑：即使不考虑口味，采用电烤之后“全聚德”烤鸭的独特价值还在吗？众所周知，全聚德烤鸭的手工技艺经过百年传承，早已成为全聚德文化的一部分，如果烤鸭全部都以工业化流水线进行生产，显然其中蕴藏的文化内涵就会大打折扣。
•回答下列问题：•（1）哪些问题制约着全聚德的海外扩张？（5分）答：众所周知中国全聚德烤鸭的名声，但全聚德在进入国际化，也就是海外扩张以前，没有充分考虑到别国的客观情况和条件，比如说市场、环境、地理位置、原材料的进口、人们的喜好等等。