12年12月新闻文体学作业及答案
12年12月新闻文体学作业
及答案
-标准化文件发布号：（9456-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII
《新闻文体学》作业
本课程作业由两部分组成。第一部分为“客观题部分”，由15个选择题组成，每题1分，共15分。第二部分为“主观题部分”，由简答题和论述题组成，共15分。作业总分30分，将作为平时成绩记入课程总成绩。
客观题部分：
一、选择题（每题1
分，共15题）
1. 选择下面说法正确的（）
A、狭义的新闻，是指未在报刊上发表的新闻。
B、狭义的新闻，是指不包括新闻评论的新闻报道。
C、狭义的新闻，即等于消息这一文体。
2. 选择下面说法正确的（）
A、简讯，是不大重要的简单的新闻消息。
B、简讯，是与消息、通讯等同的新闻报道的典型体裁。
C、简讯不是新闻报道的典型体裁。
3. 选择下面说法正确的（）
A、运用某些属性相同的例子，推论出其他事物也可能有相同的属性的论证方法，叫例证法。
B、运用某些属性不同的例子，推论出其他事物也可能有相同的属性的论证方法，叫对比法。
C、运用某些属性相同的例子，推论出其他事物也可能有相同的属性的论证方法，叫类比法。
4．以下正确的是（）
A、新闻标题是在一篇文章前，将新闻的内容或主题加以概括以后单独出的简短文字。
B、新闻标题是在一篇或一组新闻本文前面，将新闻的内容或主题加以概括以后单独标出的简短文字。
C、新闻标题是在一篇或一组新闻的较前面，将新闻的内容加以概括以后单独标出的简短文字。
5．以下正确的是（）
A、新闻，是广大群众欲知、应知而未知的事实。
B、新闻，是新近发生的事实的报道。
C、新闻，是报道或评述最新的重要事实以影响舆论的特殊行为。
6．以下正确的是 ( )
A、“日本朋友×××见义勇为烟台挽救落水儿童”，是目的关系
B、“日本朋友×××见义勇为烟台挽救落水儿童”，是后续关系。
C、“日本朋友×××见义勇为烟台挽救落水儿童”，是因果关系。
7．以下正确的是（）
A、消息写作滞后的原因是没有向散文学习。
B、消息写作滞后的原因是消息不真实、不典型、审美性差。
C、消息写作滞后的原因是消息写得不及时、不够真实、不客观。
８．大众传播应具备的三要素不包括的是（）
A、传者（信息源）
B、媒介（通道）
C、受者（发布者）
9．以下正确的是（）
A、解释性报道，就是揭丑性或揭漏性报道。
B、解释性报道，就是分析性报道，回答为什么，关心“为何”。
C、解释性报道，就是大量提供背景材料，作者不带倾向，让受众自己去思考并得出结论。
10．选择下面说法正确的（）
A.我国最早的电视台叫北京电视台，1958年9月2日开播。
B.我国最早的电视台叫中央电视台，1958年9月2日开播。
C.我国最早的电视台叫北京电视台，1958年10月1日开播。
11. 选择下面说法正确的（）
A.新闻主体的人文修养，包括政治觉悟、道德水准、忧患意识。
B.新闻主体的人文修养，包括政治觉悟、道德水准、广博知识。
C.新闻主体的人文修养，包括政治觉悟、高尚人格、道德水准。
12. 以下正确的说法是（）
A、受众暗示心理要研究性别、地域、文化、爱好等的接近。
B、受众暗示心理要研究民族、政治、文化、爱好等的接近。
C、受众暗示心理要研究民族、国家、文化、爱好等的接近。
13. 以下正确的说法是（）
A、新闻，是广大群众欲知、应知而未知的事实的报道。
B、新闻，是报道或评述最新事实以影响舆论的特殊活动。
C、新闻，是最近发生的事实的报道。
14. 选择下面说法正确的（）
A、新闻主体需要有先进的意识，包括未来意识、政治意识、法律意识。
B、新闻主体需要有先进的意识，包括未来意识、忧患意识、法律意识。
C、新闻主体需要有先进的意识，包括进取意识、忧患意识、法律意识。15．选择下面说法正确的（）
A、消息的结构是典型的新闻结构。
B、消息的结构是指倒金字塔的结构形式。
C、消息的结构是指倒金字塔式，这是唯一的消息结构形式。
主观题部分：
一、简答题（第1-3小题每题4分，第4题为3分）
1、背景材料有什么作用用法有何要求
2、人物通讯有哪些写作要求？
3、深度报道的特点是什么这种文体产生的原因何在
4、“客观报道”的局限性是什么？
《新闻文体学》作业答案
客观题部分：
一、选择题（每题1分，共15题）
参考答案：
1.C
2.B
3.C
4.B
5.B
6.B
7.C
8.C
9.B 10.A
11. B 12.A 13.C 14.B 15.A
主观题部分：
一、简答题（每题2.5分，共4题）
1、背景材料有什么作用用法有何要求
作用：a、体现新闻的价值，决定消息的成立。
b、扩大和广延中心事件的意义。
c、加深中心事件的意义。
d、补充和丰富文章的内容，增加读者的知识，说明诠释。
用法要求： a、根据需要因文而异。
b、紧扣主题，显示新意。
c、材料宜精，文字宜省，不要堆砌数字、头衔、人名。
d、用得自然，能动感情。
2、人物通讯有哪些写作要求？
要求是：
ａ、选好典型，看出人物的时代精神、社会能力、宣传意义。
ｂ、处理好人与事的关系
ｃ、处理好人与人的关系
ｄ、写好人物的外貌、语言、动作、心理，注意适当的议论与抒情。
3、人物通讯有哪些写作要求？
①特点（要点）是：a、题材的重要性b、材料的详尽性c、内涵的深刻性d 题材的整合性e、述评的综合性
②产生的原因是：a、突破了孤立地表面地报道新闻事件的观念与作法b充分发挥记者的主动精神c、有利于同其它媒体展开竞争d、能满足读者在信息时代的需求。
4、“客观报道”的局限性是什么？
局限性a、孤立、表面地报道新闻事件，局限性明显，自主性不强。b、被动报道限制了记者的积极性，束缚记者手脚，c、这种办报思想在电子时代已经过时，不能与其他媒体竞争。
人教部编版三年级语文下册17文体阅读一专项训练卷(含答案)
17 文体阅读（一） 班级__________ 姓名__________ 得分__________ 时间：40分钟满分：100分 一、古诗阅读。(39分) 元日 爆竹声中一岁除，____________入屠苏。 千门万户曈曈日，总把______________。 1．补充诗句。(8分) 2．《元日》的作者是______代诗人________，诗中描写的节日是__________，即农历____________，俗称“_______ _”。 (10分) 3．诗中写了__________、__________、____________、___ _________等一系列的仪式，加之太阳灿烂，春风送暖， 渲染了一种____________的节日气氛。(10分) 4．给诗句中加点的字词选择正确的解释。(填字母，6分) (1)爆竹声中一岁除．( ) A．去掉。 B．过去。 C．表示不计算在内。 (2)千门万户曈曈日 ( ) A．形容太阳出来后天色渐亮的样子。 B．形容太阳落山后天色渐暗的样子。
5．“总把新桃换旧符”，在今天也就是更换春联。请你写一副对联，愿新的一年会给农民带来吉祥和好运。(5分) _______________________________________________ ____ _______________________________________________ ____ 二、说明类文章阅读。(27分) 动物的语言 动物也有自己的语言。有些动物是以动作作为联系信号的。 在某一个海滩上，有一种蟹，雄的只有一只大螯，在寻求配偶时，便高举这只大螯，频频挥动，一旦发觉雌蟹走来，就更加起劲地挥舞着大螯，直到雌蟹伴随着一同回到大海。 有一种鹿是靠尾巴报信的。平安无事时，它的尾巴就垂下不动；尾巴半抬起来，表示正处于警戒状态；如果发现有危险，尾巴便完全竖直。 蜜蜂的________可算是登峰造极的了，它能用独特的舞蹈动作向自己的伙伴报告食物(蜜源)的方向和距离。蜜源的距离不同，在一定时间内完成的舞蹈次数也不一样。有人在此提出了一个诱人的设想：派人造的电子蜂打入蜜蜂之中，指挥蜜蜂活动。这样，不但可以按人的需要收获不同的蜂蜜，还可以帮助植物传粉，真是一举两得。 1．填入文中横线上的词语最恰当的一项是( )(5分)
12年12月新闻文体学作业及答案
12年12月新闻文体学作业 及答案 -标准化文件发布号：（9456-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII
《新闻文体学》作业 本课程作业由两部分组成。第一部分为“客观题部分”，由15个选择题组成，每题1分，共15分。第二部分为“主观题部分”，由简答题和论述题组成，共15分。作业总分30分，将作为平时成绩记入课程总成绩。 客观题部分： 一、选择题（每题1 分，共15题） 1. 选择下面说法正确的（） A、狭义的新闻，是指未在报刊上发表的新闻。 B、狭义的新闻，是指不包括新闻评论的新闻报道。 C、狭义的新闻，即等于消息这一文体。 2. 选择下面说法正确的（） A、简讯，是不大重要的简单的新闻消息。 B、简讯，是与消息、通讯等同的新闻报道的典型体裁。 C、简讯不是新闻报道的典型体裁。 3. 选择下面说法正确的（） A、运用某些属性相同的例子，推论出其他事物也可能有相同的属性的论证方法，叫例证法。 B、运用某些属性不同的例子，推论出其他事物也可能有相同的属性的论证方法，叫对比法。 C、运用某些属性相同的例子，推论出其他事物也可能有相同的属性的论证方法，叫类比法。 4．以下正确的是（） A、新闻标题是在一篇文章前，将新闻的内容或主题加以概括以后单独出的简短文字。 B、新闻标题是在一篇或一组新闻本文前面，将新闻的内容或主题加以概括以后单独标出的简短文字。
C、新闻标题是在一篇或一组新闻的较前面，将新闻的内容加以概括以后单独标出的简短文字。 5．以下正确的是（） A、新闻，是广大群众欲知、应知而未知的事实。 B、新闻，是新近发生的事实的报道。 C、新闻，是报道或评述最新的重要事实以影响舆论的特殊行为。 6．以下正确的是 ( ) A、“日本朋友×××见义勇为烟台挽救落水儿童”，是目的关系 B、“日本朋友×××见义勇为烟台挽救落水儿童”，是后续关系。 C、“日本朋友×××见义勇为烟台挽救落水儿童”，是因果关系。 7．以下正确的是（） A、消息写作滞后的原因是没有向散文学习。 B、消息写作滞后的原因是消息不真实、不典型、审美性差。 C、消息写作滞后的原因是消息写得不及时、不够真实、不客观。 ８．大众传播应具备的三要素不包括的是（） A、传者（信息源） B、媒介（通道） C、受者（发布者） 9．以下正确的是（） A、解释性报道，就是揭丑性或揭漏性报道。 B、解释性报道，就是分析性报道，回答为什么，关心“为何”。 C、解释性报道，就是大量提供背景材料，作者不带倾向，让受众自己去思考并得出结论。 10．选择下面说法正确的（） A.我国最早的电视台叫北京电视台，1958年9月2日开播。 B.我国最早的电视台叫中央电视台，1958年9月2日开播。 C.我国最早的电视台叫北京电视台，1958年10月1日开播。 11. 选择下面说法正确的（） A.新闻主体的人文修养，包括政治觉悟、道德水准、忧患意识。 B.新闻主体的人文修养，包括政治觉悟、道德水准、广博知识。
英语文体学教程
Chapter1 1, what is style in your opinion according to what we have studied in this chapter? Anwser1 , from the perspective of the content, the events and activities described ,style is saying different things in different ways ;from the perspective of the ways of expression used ,styled is same thing in different ways; from the perspective of the users of language ,style is different speakers using language in different ways; and from the perspective of the text ,style is the functions of texts for different purposes. Anwser2, the definition of style is the concept of style as choice .this definition can have at least too interpretations .one is that first we have a pre-existing thought ,and then we choice the appropriate type of expression to express it in language. The chosen expression is the style .another is that the choice refers to the choice of meaning. The choice of language is at the same time a choice of meaning and a choice of style . 2,what is the significance of studying the style of language in learning and teaching English? Anwser, the answer is that if we want to use language appropriately in different situations , we need to study style .as foreign language learners, if we disregard the rules of using what variety of language in what occasion , or fail to obey them through ignorance , language can become instead a barrier to successful communication . Therefore its necessary to have a clear awareness of how language should be used in different types of situations especially in unfamiliar situations. 3, what factors can result in differences in style ? Answer , 1, the different types of vocabulary create different images of the events in the rea der’s mind, so they can result in different styles.2,people living in different periods of time in history will also speak differently ,and that will result in a different style. Chapter2 1, explain the following terms 1),foregrounding: the stylistically significant features have to be prominent and motivated ,that is ,foregrounded. 2),incongruity: the linguistic features depart from the normal use of language ,breaking the rules grammar ,spelling ,pronunciation. 3)deflection : the linguistic features don’t depart from the established grammatical, lexical and logical rules and principles ,but have an unexpected high frequency of occurrence. 4),field; its concerned with what is happening ,including the subject matter,the events happenings,going-ons, the content ,etc 5)tenor: its concerned with who is taking part in the exchange of meaning ----the relationship between the speaker and the listener ,their relative status,their attitude,and their role relations . 6)mode: its concerned with how the interaction is conducted ,that is whether it is written or spoken ,or whether it is expressed by phonic substance or graphic substance. 2,question for discussion 2)in rhetorical series,the number of items can influence the stylistic effect.try to analyze the causes on the basis of social culture. Answer :different numbers of words can produce different stylistic effects in the appropriate contexts. Two items express assertion ,that is ,it is just this ,not that .In appropriate situations three items can produce ethic ,persuasive, and representative effect. Four or more items in a series
文体学答案
文体学答案 集团文件版本号：（M928-T898-M248-WU2669-I2896-DQ586-M1988）
文体学课后题 1、2单元 1Identify and classify patterns of sound repetition in the following examples. 1）Words and phrases shilly-shally = pararhyme super-duper = rhyme high and mighty = assonance fair and square = rhyme kith and kin = reverse rhyme toil and moil = rhyme part and parcel = reverse rhyme by hook or by crook = rhyme 2）Pride and Prejudice = alliteration The Love’s labour Lost = alliteration Of Mice and Man = alliteration Bill Rogers, Marvelous Marathon Man = alliteration Father in a Fix = alliteration Witch Watch = alliteration The Wonder of Waterfall = alliteration 3)Advertisements --Drinka Pinta Milka Day = sound elision --Extra Pintas Warma Winta = sound elision --Be different daily. Be dreamy or dramatic. Experiment, but still economise. Be bold and be beautiful—but don’t break the bank. = (in order) alliteration; alliteration; reverse rhyme; alliteration 2 The underlined word(s) in each of the following examples 1)Nim Chimpsky sounds like Noam Chompsky, who believes that man has a language learning device in the mind, which enables the child to learn the language however badly it is taught. This makes man different from animal, which does not have such a device. That is why chimpanzee (who is considered to be the most intelligent animal) can never learn the language however hard it is taught. 2）Romeow is a word imitating the sound made by a cat and shares the same pronunciation with the main character in Shakespeare’s tragedy Romeo and Juliet. Romeo has deep love for Juliet. It indicates that Romeow the cat has affection for the master. 3) Record shop named Moby Disc, which implies it is a huge shop of its kind, for it reminds one of the Moby Dick, a book which depicts people hunt a huge whole called Moby Dick. 3 1)phonological devices in the following extract. A creak of hinges...aisle. In this passage the authors uses alliteration high-heeled, assonance tiled surface of the central aisle. What is more conspicuous is the use of onomatopoeic words such as creak, booming thud, flutter, tiptap, which present the different kinds of noises heard in the church. The use of such words help the reader share the same experience of the writer and make the description vivid and believable. 2）Read the following extract from the novel Adventures of Tom 3）Sawyer and comment on the graphological forms. “TOM!” No answer. ...--Mark Twai This is one episode of the novel Adventures of Tom Sawyer, depicting how Granny is looking for Tom, who is naughty and hiding under the bed. The different form of letters with punctuation marks indicates how Granny speaks. When we read it, we have the feeling of watching Granny on a stage play. For example, “TOM!” is said louder than “Tom!”. “Y-o-u-u, Tom!” indicates Granny drawls her voice and with unusual loudness so as to be heard far away. The exclamation marks “!” show her emotion, and the dash “— “ impl ies her sudden stop. The italicized through emphasizes the contrast with “over” and “under”, humorously implying her glasses are intended for ornament rather than practical use. In the whole passage, we see the only character Granny, who is speaking to herself. It is very much like a stage monologue. After reading, we have a vivid image of Granny in our mind. And there is a touch of humour all through. 3单元 1 What are thethree ways of clause classification classification according to constituents, verb phrase and functions. By constituents clauses can be grouped into SV(A), SVO(A), SVC, SVOO, SVOC. By verb phrase we have finite clause, non-finite clause and verbless clause. By functions clauses can be categorized either as independent clause or dependent clause. 2 how do we distinguish situation types By according to meaning or sense of the verb. 3 Name the participant roles in action types The participant roles in action types are: agentive role (doer of the action), external force (causer of the action), intrumental role (tool to do the action with), recipient role (receiver of the action) and objective role (the affected or the result of the action). 4 What is a simple sentence What is a multiple sentence Directly/indirectly A simple sentence conforms to the basic clause structure SV(O) (C) (A). A multiple sentence consists of more than one clause. It may be either a compound sentence,a complex sentence, or a mixed sentence. D :nominal clauses function as S O C .I:relative clauses function as modified in NP and comparative c f as m in NP ADJP 5 What is the difference between a minor sentence and an incomplete sentence
0164新闻文体学
《新闻文体学》作业 本课程作业由两部分组成。第一部分为“客观题部分”，由15个选择题组成，每题1分，共15分。第二部分为“主观题部分”，由简答题和论述题组成，共15分。作业总分30分，将作为平时成绩记入课程总成绩。 客观题部分： 一、选择题（每题1分，共15题） 1. 选择下面说法正确的（） A、狭义的新闻，是指未在报刊上发表的新闻。 B、狭义的新闻，是指不包括新闻评论的新闻报道。 C、狭义的新闻，即等于消息这一文体。 2. 选择下面说法正确的（） A、简讯，是不大重要的简单的新闻消息。 B、简讯，是与消息、通讯等同的新闻报道的典型体裁。 C、简讯不是新闻报道的典型体裁。 3. 选择下面说法正确的（） A、运用某些属性相同的例子，推论出其他事物也可能有相同的属性的论证方法，叫例证法。 B、运用某些属性不同的例子，推论出其他事物也可能有相同的属性的论证方法，叫对比法。 C、运用某些属性相同的例子，推论出其他事物也可能有相同的属性的论证方法，叫类比法。4．以下正确的是（） A、新闻标题是在一篇文章前，将新闻的内容或主题加以概括以后单独出的简短文字。 B、新闻标题是在一篇或一组新闻本文前面，将新闻的内容或主题加以概括以后单独标出的简短文字。 C、新闻标题是在一篇或一组新闻的较前面，将新闻的内容加以概括以后单独标出的简短文字。 5．以下正确的是（） A、新闻，是广大群众欲知、应知而未知的事实。
B、新闻，是新近发生的事实的报道。 C、新闻，是报道或评述最新的重要事实以影响舆论的特殊行为。 6．以下正确的是 ( ) A、“日本朋友×××见义勇为烟台挽救落水儿童”，是目的关系 B、“日本朋友×××见义勇为烟台挽救落水儿童”，是后续关系。 C、“日本朋友×××见义勇为烟台挽救落水儿童”，是因果关系。 7．以下正确的是（） A、消息写作滞后的原因是没有向散文学习。 B、消息写作滞后的原因是消息不真实、不典型、审美性差。 C、消息写作滞后的原因是消息写得不及时、不够真实、不客观。 ８．大众传播应具备的三要素不包括的是（） A、传者（信息源） B、媒介（通道） C、受者（发布者） 9．以下正确的是（） A、解释性报道，就是揭丑性或揭漏性报道。 B、解释性报道，就是分析性报道，回答为什么，关心“为何”。 C、解释性报道，就是大量提供背景材料，作者不带倾向，让受众自己去思考并得出结论。10．选择下面说法正确的（） A.我国最早的电视台叫北京电视台，1958年9月2日开播。 B.我国最早的电视台叫中央电视台，1958年9月2日开播。 C.我国最早的电视台叫北京电视台，1958年10月1日开播。 11.选择下面说法正确的（） A.新闻主体的人文修养，包括政治觉悟、道德水准、忧患意识。 B.新闻主体的人文修养，包括政治觉悟、道德水准、广博知识。 C.新闻主体的人文修养，包括政治觉悟、高尚人格、道德水准。 12.以下正确的说法是（） A、受众暗示心理要研究性别、地域、文化、爱好等的接近。 B、受众暗示心理要研究民族、政治、文化、爱好等的接近。
整理文体学答案
文体学课后题1、2单元 1Identify and classify patterns of sound repetition in the following examples. 1）Words and phrases shilly-shally = pararhyme super-duper = rhyme high and mighty = assonance fair and square = rhyme kith and kin = reverse rhyme toil and moil = rhyme part and parcel = reverse rhyme by hook or by crook = rhyme 2）Pride and Prejudice = alliteration The Love’s labour Lost = alliteration Of Mice and Man = alliteration Bill Rogers, Marvelous Marathon Man = alliteration Father in a Fix = alliteration Witch Watch = alliteration The Wonder of Waterfall = alliteration 3)Advertisements --Drinka Pinta Milka Day = sound elision --Extra Pintas Warma Winta = sound elision --Be different daily. Be dreamy or dramatic. Experiment, but still economise. Be bold and be beautiful—but don’t break the bank. = (in order) alliteration; alliteration; reverse rhyme; alliteration 2 The underlined word(s) in each of the following examples 1)Nim Chimpsky sounds like Noam Chompsky, who believes that man has a language learning device in the mind, which enables the child to learn the language however badly it is taught. This makes man different from animal, which does not have such a device. That is why chimpanzee (who is considered to be the most intelligent animal) can never learn the language however hard it is taught. 2）Romeow is a word imitating the sound made by a cat and shares the same pronunciation with the main character in Shakespeare’s tragedy Romeo and Juliet. Romeo has deep love for Juliet. It indicates that Romeow the cat has affection for the master. 3) Record shop named Moby Disc, which implies it is a huge shop of its kind, for it reminds one of the Moby Dick, a book which depicts people hunt a huge whole called Moby Dick. 3 1)phonological devices in the following extract. A creak of hinges...aisle. In this passage the authors uses alliteration high-heeled, assonance tiled surface of the central aisle. What is more conspicuous is the use of onomatopoeic words such as creak, booming thud, flutter, tiptap, which present the different kinds of noises heard in the church. The use of such words help the reader share the same experience of the writer and make the description vivid and believable. 2）Read the following extract from the novel Adventures of Tom 3）Sawyer and comment on the graphological forms. “TOM!” No answer. ...--Mark Twai This is one episode of the novel Adventures of Tom Sawyer, depicting how Granny is looking for Tom, who is naughty and hiding under the bed. The different form of letters with punctuation marks indicates how Granny speaks. When we read it, we have the feeling of watching Granny on a stage play. For example, “TOM!” is said louder than “Tom!”. “Y-o-u-u, Tom!” indicates Granny drawls her voice and with unusual loudness so as to be heard far away. The exclamation marks “!” show her emotio n, and the dash “—“ implies her sudden stop. The italicized through emphasizes the contrast with “over” and “under”, humorously implying her glasses are intended for ornament rather than practical use. In the whole passage, we see the only character Granny, who is speaking to herself. It is very much like a stage monologue. After reading, we have a vivid image of Granny in our mind. And there is a touch of humour all through. 3单元 1 What are thethree ways of clause classification? classification according to constituents, verb phrase and functions. By constituents clauses can be grouped into SV(A), SVO(A), SVC, SVOO, SVOC. By verb phrase we have finite clause, non-finite clause and verbless clause. By functions clauses can be categorized either as independent clause or dependent clause. 2 how do we distinguish situation types? By according to meaning or sense of the verb. 3 Name the participant roles in action types? The participant roles in action types are: agentive role (doer of the action), external force (causer of the action), intrumental role (tool to do the action with), recipient role (receiver of the action) and objective role (the affected or the result of the action). 4What is a simple sentence? What is a multiple sentence? Directly/indirectly A simple sentence conforms to the basic clause structure SV(O) (C) (A). A multiple sentence consists of more than one clause. It may be either a compound sentence,a complex sentence, or a mixed sentence. D :nominal clauses function as S O C .I:relative clauses function as modified in NP and comparative c f as m in NP ADJP 5 What is the difference between a minor sentence and an incomplete sentence? Neither type conforms to the basic clause structure. But a minor sentence is supposed to be “complete” in the s ense that it is finished. An incomplete sentence never comes to its end because of sudden interruption or other reasons. For example, (1) Attention, please. (2) Help! (3) Going to the lecture? (4) Why are you late? Because I—Of the four sentences, (1) (2) (3) are minor sentences whereas (4) is an incomplete. 6 What are the major components of a noun phrase?What is the use of pre-modification? What is the function of post-modification? A complete noun phrase consists of four constituents: determiner, pre-modifier, head and post-modifier. The determiner can be an article, numerals, numeral pronouns; all the words between the determinative and the head are pre-modifier, whatever part of speech they belong to; the head can be a noun or a pronoun; the post-modifier is usually a prepositional phrase, a noun phrase, a non-finite clause, a relative clause, etc. Frequent use of pre-modification in newspaper headlines can economize space, and arouse the reader’s interest as well because pre-modification is usually short, thus cannot spell out details. This keeps the reader in suspense and kicks up their eagerness to find out. Pre-modification tends to be informal and appears in less formal style. Post-modification can be very long and complicated. Using post-modification can give enough room for details and for further information. Therefore, it is frequently used in more formal contexts, for instance, written language. Written legal English prefers post-modification in noun phrases, because the composer of a legal document must ensure that it conveys meaning exactly and explicitly, guarding against any possible misinterpretation. 7 What are the three basic factors in the formation of written texts? For effective presentation of information and language processing on the part of the reader, we usually attach importance to sequence, segmentation and salience in the formation of texts, both spoken and written. 8 Which type of branching is common in informal speech? Which type of branching is preferred in written styles? Right-branching is common in speech, in relaxed and informal presentation of ideas.A writer may favor right-branching and use short, simple sentences to represent a narrative style of simplicity, directness and intensity. Left-branching, however, is better adapted to writing because it is structurally more compact and logical, and it is usually more formal. Since subordinate ideas are presented first, postponing the main idea, readers often feel in suspense and try to read on to obtain the main idea towards the end of the sentence. 9 What is the basic phrase order?What are the stylistic effects of fronting and postponement? The basic phrase order in an English declarative clause is more or less fixed: SV(O)(C)(A), with A being mobile in position. The change of the order can make a particular language unit more salient. Fronting refers the movement of a sentential element from its usual position to the front, and postponement refers the movement of a linguistic unit from its normal place towards the end of the sentence. In both cases the elements moved are highlighted. For example, (1) Talent Mr. Micawber has, capital Mr. Micawber has not. (fronting talent and capital for emphasis) (2) A car stopped and out stepped the President of the University. (Postponing President of the University again for emphasis) 10 What is syntactic parallelism and its function?