GIS专业英语词汇 2010

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GIS专业外语

Chapter Four Geospatial Data
Learning Objectives 1. Understanding the contents of geospatial data 2. Be familiar with data collection, uncertainty 3. Be familiar with terminology
GIS store and process data in two formats, vector and raster. In the vector data model, the world is represented as a mosaic of interconnecting lines and points representing the location and boundaries of geographical entities. In raster data models, the data are represented as: an array of cells, or pixels, to represent real world objects.

Notes and Phrases location 定位 attribute 属性 arcs (lines) 弧线 polygons (traversed areas) 多边形 points (labeled nodes) 点(标识节点) nodes (intersection points). 节点（交汇点） Data collection 数据采集 color aerial photograph 彩色航空照片

4.1.2 Secondary geographical data capture Geographical data capture from secondary sources is the process of creating raster and vector files and databases from maps, photographs, and other hard-copy documents. Scanning is used to capture raster data. Table digitizing, heads-up digitizing, stereo-photogrammetry are used for vector data.

地理信息系统英文专业名词

地理信息系统英文专业名词English:Geographic Information System (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present spatial or geographic data. It allows users to view, understand, question, interpret, and visualize data in many ways that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes, reports, and charts. Key components of a GIS include hardware, software, data, and people. Examples of geographic information system software include QGIS, ArcGIS, and Google Earth. GIS is widely used in various fields such as urban planning, environmental resource management, natural resource management, archaeology, and public health.中文翻译:地理信息系统（GIS）是一个旨在捕获、存储、操纵、分析、管理和呈现空间或地理数据的系统。

它允许用户以多种方式查看、了解、提问、解释和可视化数据，揭示地图、地球仪、报告和图表形式上的关系、模式和趋势。

地理信息系统的关键组成部分包括硬件、软件、数据和人员。

地理信息系统软件的例子包括QGIS、ArcGIS和Google Earth。

地质工程专业常用英文词汇

阐述expound(explain), state引入introduce into相应的corresponding概念conception概论overview概率probability概念化conceptualize宏观的macroscopic补充complement规划plan证明demonstrate, certify, attest证实confirmation补偿compensate, make up, imburse算法algorithm判别式discriminant有限元方法finite element method(FEM)样本单元法sample element method(SEM)赤平投影法stereographic projection method(SPM)赤平投影stereographic projection干扰位移法interference displacement method(IDM) 干扰能量法interference energy method(IEM)条分法method of slices极限平衡法limit equilibrium method界面元法boundary element method模拟simulate计算程序computer program数值分析numerical analysis计算工作量calculation load解的唯一性uniqueness of solution多层结构模型laminated model非线性nonlinear横观各向同性lateral isotropy各向同性isotropy各向异性anisotropy非均质性heterogeneity边界条件boundary condition本构方程constitutive equation初始条件initial condition初始状态rest condition岩土工程geotechnical engineering,土木工程civil engineering基础工程foundation engineering最不利滑面the most dangerous slip surface交替alternate控制论cybernetics大量现场调查mass field surveys组合式combined type相互作用interaction稳定性评价stability evaluation均质性homogeneity介质medium层layer, stratum组构fabric1地形地貌geographic and geomorphic工程地质条件engineering geological conditions地形地貌条件geographic and geomorphic conditions地形land form地貌geomorphology, relief微地貌microrelief地貌单元landform unit, geomorphic unit坡度grade地形图relief map河谷river valley河道river course河床river bed(channel)冲沟gully, gulley, erosion gully, stream(brook) 河漫滩floodplain(valley flat)阶地terrace冲积平原alluvial plain三角洲delta古河道fossil river course, fossil stream channel 冲积扇alluvial fan洪积扇diluvial fan坡积裙talus apron分水岭divide盆地basin岩溶地貌karst land feature, karst landform溶洞solution cave, karst cave落水洞sinkhole土洞Karstic earth cave2地层岩性地层geostrome (stratum, strata)岩性lithologic character, rock property岩体rock mass岩层bed stratum岩层layer, rock stratum母岩matrix, parent rock相变facies change硬质岩strong rock, film软质岩weak rock硬质的competent软质的incompetent基岩bedrock岩组petrofabric覆盖层overburden交错层理cross bedding层面bedding plane片理schistosity层理bedding板理（叶理）foliation波痕ripple-mark泥痕mud crack雨痕raindrop imprints造岩矿物rock-forming minerals粘土矿物clay mineral高岭土kaolinite蒙脱石montmorillonite伊利石illite云母mica白云母muscovite黑云母biotite石英quartz长石feldspar正长石orthoclase斜长石plagioclase辉石pyroxene, picrite角闪石hornblende方解石calcite构造structure结构texture组构fabric(tissue)矿物组成mineral composition结晶质crystalline非晶质amorphous产状attitude火成岩igneous岩浆岩magmatic rock火山岩（熔岩）lava火山volcano侵入岩intrusive(invade) rock喷出岩effusive rock深成岩plutonic rock浅成岩pypabysal rock酸性岩acid rock中性岩inter-mediate rock基性岩basic rock超基性岩ultrabasic rock岩基rock base (batholith)岩脉（墙）dike岩株rock stock岩流rock flow岩盖rock laccolith (laccolite) 岩盆rock lopolith岩墙rock dike岩床rock sill岩脉vein dyke花岗岩granite斑岩porphyry玢岩porphyrite流纹岩rhyolite正长岩syenite粗面岩trachyte闪长岩diorite安山岩andesite辉长岩gabbro玄武岩basalt细晶岩aplite伟晶岩pegmatite煌斑岩lamprophyre辉绿岩diabase橄榄岩dunite黑曜岩obsidian浮岩pumice火山角砾岩vulcanic breccia火山集块岩volcanic agglomerate凝灰岩tuff沉积岩sedimentary rock碎屑岩clastic rock粘土岩clay rock粉砂质粘土岩silty claystone化学岩chemical rock生物岩biolith砾岩conglomerate角砾岩breccia砂岩sandstone石英砂岩quartz sandstone粉砂岩siltstone钙质粉砂岩calcareous siltstone泥岩mudstone页岩shale盐岩saline石灰岩limestone白云岩dolomite泥灰岩marl泥钙岩argillo-calcareous泥砂岩argillo-arenaceous砂质arenaceous泥质argillaceous硅质的siliceous有机质organic matter粗粒coarse grain中粒medium-grained沉积物sediment (deposit)漂石、顽石boulder卵石cobble砾石gravel砂sand粉土silt粘土clay 粘粒clay grain砂质粘土sandy clay粘质砂土clayey sand壤土、亚粘土loam砂壤土、亚砂土轻亚粘土sandy loam浮土、表土regolith (topsoil)黄土loess红土laterite泥灰peat软泥ooze淤泥mire, oozed mud, sludge, warp clay 冲积物（层）alluvion冲积的alluvial洪积物（层）proluvium, diluvium, diluvion洪积的diluvial坡积物（层）deluvium残积物（层）eluvium残积的eluvial风积物（层）eolian deposits湖积物（层）lake deposits海积物（层）marine deposits冰川沉积物（层）glacier (drift)deposits崩积物（层）colluvial deposits, colluvium残积粘土residual clay变质岩metamorphic rock板岩slate千枚岩phyllite片岩schist片麻岩gneiss石英岩quartzite大理岩marble糜棱岩mylonite混合岩migmatite碎裂岩cataclasite3地质构造地质构造geologic structure结构构造structural texture大地构造geotectonic构造运动tectogenesis造山运动orogeny升降运动vertical movement水平运动horizontal movement完整性perfection(integrity)起伏度waviness尺寸效应size effect围压效应confining pressure effect产状要素elements of attitude产状attitude, orientation走向strike倾向dip倾角dip angle, angle of dip褶皱fold褶曲fold单斜monocline向斜syncline背斜anticline穹隆dome挤压squeeze上盘upper section下盘bottom wall, footwall, lower wall 断距separation相交intersect断层fault正断层normal fault逆断层reversed fault平移断层parallel fault层理bedding, stratification微层理light stratification地堑graben地垒horst, fault ridge断层泥gouge, pug, selvage, fault gouge 擦痕stria, striation断裂fracture破碎带fracture zone节理joint节理组joint set裂隙fissure, crack微裂隙fine fissure, microscopic fissure 劈理cleavage原生裂隙original joint次生裂隙epigenetic joint张裂隙tension joint剪裂隙shear joint卸荷裂隙relief crack裂隙率fracture porosity结构类型structural pattern岩体结构rock mass structure岩块block mass结构体structural element块度blockness结构面structural plane软弱结构面weak plane临空面free face碎裂结构cataclastic texture板状结构platy structure薄板状lamellose块状的lumpy, massive层状的laminated巨厚层giant thick-laminated薄层状的finely laminated软弱夹层weak intercalated layer夹层inter bedding,intercalated bed, interlayer, intermediate layer 夹泥层clayey intercalation夹泥inter-clay连通性connectivity切层insequent影响带affecting zone完整性integrity n.Integrate v. & a.degree of integrality破碎crumble胶结cement泥化argillization尖灭taper-out错动diastrophism错动层面faulted bedding plane断续的intermittent破碎crumble共轭节理conjugated joint散状loose透镜状的lens-shaped a.岩石碎片crag岩屑cuttings, debris薄膜membrane, film层理stratification高角度high dip angle缓倾角low dip angle反倾anti-dip互层interbed v.Interbedding n.起伏的unplanar波状起伏的undulate, undulating 粒径particle size构造层tectonosphere挤压compression均一的homogeneous剪切错动面shear faulted, bedding zone切割dissection切割的dissected致密close, compact构造岩tectonite糜棱岩mylonite断层角砾岩fault breccia方解石脉calcite vein碎块岩clastic rock角砾breccia岩粉rock powder岩屑debris, debry固结consolidation定向排列oriented spread构造应力tectonic stress残余应力residual stress4水文地质条件hydrogeological conditions水文循环hydrologic cycle大气圈atmosphere水圈hydrosphere岩石圈geosphere地表径流surface runoff地下径流subsurface runoff流域valley, drainage basin流域面积drainage area, river basin area汇水面积catchment area地下水ground water, subsurface water地表水surface water大气水atmospheric water气态水aqueous (vapour) water液态水liquid water固态水solid water上层滞水perched water潜水phreatic water承压水confined water吸着水hygroscopic (adsorptive) water介质medium空隙void孔隙水压力pore water pressure渗透压力osmotic pressure, seepage force 扬压力uplift pressure静水压力hydrostaticpressure外静水压力external hydrostatic pressure动水压力hydrodynamic pressure渗透力seepage pressure外水压力external water pressure内水压力internal water pressure水力联系hydraulic interrelation水力折减系数hydraulic reduction coefficient水头损失water head loss渗透途径filtration path, seepage path渗透系数penetration coefficient潜水位watertable level水位water level, stage level水头water head含水层aquifer弱含水层（弱透水层）aquitard滞水层aquiclude透水层permeable layer, pervious layer不透水层（隔水层）aquifuge, impervious layer,impermeable layer, aquiclude 潜水含水层phreatic aquifer承压含水层confined aquifer, artesian aquifer承压面bearing surface潜水面phreatic surface, water table浸润线phreatic curve不透水边界impervious boundary地下分水岭groundwater ridge粘滞性viscosity富水性abundance透水性（渗透性）permeability淋滤（溶滤作用）lixiviation, leaching反滤层inverted gravel filter水锈incrustation渗滴seep饱和saturation, saturated潜水位变化带zone of variable phreatic level气象因素meteorological factor饱水带zone of saturation包气带aeration zone, zone of aeration包气带水aeration zone water上层滞水perched water孔隙水pore water裂隙水fissure water岩溶水karstic water结合水bound water, combined water吸着水hydroscopic water薄膜水pellicular water毛细水capillary water重力水gravitational water凝结水condensation water地下水埋藏条件condition of groundwater occurrence 地下水埋藏深度depth of groundwater occurrence压水试验packer permeability test抽水试验pumping test5物理力学性质物理力学physical mechanics n.Physico-mechanical a.屈服准则yield criteria米赛斯屈服准则Von Mises yield criteria朗肯土压力理论Ranking’s earth pressure theory剑桥模型Cambridge model, Cam-model邓肯-张模型Duncan-chang model本构方程constitutive equation局部剪切破坏local shear failure整体剪切破坏general shear failure岩体完整性指数intactness index of rock mass安全系数factor of safety埋深embedment depth试件coupons挠度deflection里氏震级Richter scale设计烈度design intensity基本烈度basic intensity场地烈度site intensity地震烈度seismic intensity, intensity scale卓越周期predominant period持力层sustained yield超载surcharge围岩压力surrounding rock stress附加压力superimposed stress应力松弛stress relaxation应力路迳stress path卸荷unload渗透率specific permeability饱和度degree of saturation含水量moisture content平均粒径mean diameter 颗粒grain, granule, particle颗粒级配distribution of grain-size,grain composition, size distribution级配graduation,grain-size distribution, gradation, grading粒度coarseness grain size, granularity, lump不均匀系数coefficient of non-uniformity,variation coefficient, variation factor颗粒分级gradation, size grading孔隙水pore water孔隙比void ratio (ration)空隙率air voids孔隙率porosity裂隙率crackity溶隙率karstity密度density重度unit weight, bulk weight浮重度buoyant unit weight折减系数reduction factor压力消散dissipation of pressure抗力系数coefficient of resistance软化系数softening coefficient含水量water content稠度consistency塑限plastic limit液限liquid limit塑性指数plasticity index液性指数liquidity index流变rheological蠕变creep塑性plastic脆性brittleness(fragility)粘性stickness刚性rigidity弹性的elastic粘弹性viso-elasticity弹塑性elasto-plasticity压缩性compressibility均质性homogeneity非均质性nonhomogeneity (heterogeneity)各向同性isotropy各向异性anisotropy总应力total stress有效应力effective stress超孔隙水压力excess pore pressure孔隙水压力pore water pressure抗压强度compressive strength抗拉强度tensile strength抗剪强度shear strength不排水抗剪强度undrained shear strenght峰值抗剪强度peak share strength长期抗剪强度long-term shear strength残余抗剪强度residual shear strength负摩擦力negative skin friction, dragdown摩擦角angle of friction内摩擦角angle of internal friction外摩擦角angle of external friction内聚力cohesion粘聚力cohesion假凝聚力pseudo-cohesion粘着力adhesion摩尔圆Mohr’s circle包络线envelope休止角angle of repose,angle of friction(repose, rest), repose angle峰值peak模量modulus弹性模量modulus of elasticity，Young’s modulus, elastic modulus压缩模量modulus of compressibility变形模量modulus of deformation卸荷模量unloading modulus切线模量tangent modulus剪切模量shear modulus割线模量secant modulus旁压模量pressurmeter modulus泊松比poisson’s ration固结consolidation固结系数coefficient of consolidation固结度degree of consolidation超固结比over consolidation ration应变strain压缩比compressibility ratio压缩系数coefficient of compressibility压缩指数compression index初始曲线virgin curve正常固结土normally consolidated soil欠固结土under-consolidated soil超固结土over-consolidated soil被动土压力passive earth pressure主动土压力active earth pressure静止土压力earth pressure at rest覆盖压力overburden pressure初始应力initial stress地应力场ground(geostatic) stress field 有效应力effective stress动应力dynamic stress动荷载dynamic load偏心荷载eccentric loads循环荷载inclined loads地应力ground stress, geostatic stress初始应力initial stress应力场stress field纵波longitudinal wave液化势liquefaction potential液化指数liquefaction index交角angular岩石抗力系数coefficient of rock resistance 容许承载力allowable bearing capacity临塑压力critical pressure接触压力contact pressure6工程地质问题工程地质问题engineering geological problem 定性评价qualitative estimate定量评价quantitative estimate极限平衡法limit equilibrium method不良地质现象unfavorable geological condition 风化weathering变形deformation位移displacement不均匀位移differential movement相对位移relative displacement沉陷settlement山崩avalanche, toppling崩塌toppling, toppling collapse滑坡、地滑creep, slide切层滑坡insequent landslide深层滑坡deep slide浅层滑坡shallow slide顺层滑坡consequent landslide滑动面sliding surface, sliding plane, slip surface 滑动带sliding zone滑床slide bed滑坡体slide(sliding) mass古滑坡fossil landslide推移式滑坡slumping slide牵引式滑坡retrogressive slide管涌piping, internal erosion渗漏leakage流砂quicksand渗流seepage液化liquefaction7工程勘察engineering investigation工程地质勘察engineering geology investigation 岩土工程勘察geotechnical investigation工程地质条件engineering geological condition 工程地质评价engineering geological evaluation 勘测survey岩芯采取率core recovery, core extraction岩芯获得率RQD（岩石质量指标）rock quality designation程序（步骤）procedure勘察阶段investigational stage选点踏勘reconnaissance初步设计primary design初步规划preliminary scheme初步勘探preliminary prospecting初步踏勘ground reconnaissance可行性研究阶段feasibility stage初步设计阶段preliminary stage施工阶段construction sage踏勘reconnaissance, inspection地质测绘geological survey工程地质测绘engineering geological mapping钻探borehole operation, boring物探geophysical exploration洞探exploratory adits钎探rod sounding坑探exploring mining槽探trenching天然建材调查natural materials surveying (examination) 岩土工程勘察报告geotechnical investigation report 鉴定identification, appraisal鉴定书expertise report鉴定人identifier, surveyor校核verification总监chief inspector比例proportion地形图geographic map地貌图geomorphological map地质图geological map工程地质图engineering geological map实测地质剖面图field-acquired geological profile(section) 构造地质图geological structure map第四纪地质图quarternary geological map地质详图detail map of geology地质柱状图geologic columnar section, geologic log 钻孔柱状图logs of bore hole纵剖面图longitudinalsection横剖面图cross section展示图reveal detail map节理玫瑰图rose of joints基岩等高线bed rock contour层底等高线contour of stratum bottom岩层界线strata boundary岩面高程elevation of bed rock surface坐标coordinate分层bed separation地质点geological observation point勘探点exploratory point (spot)勘探线exploratory line勘探孔exploration hole平洞adit竖井riser, shaft, vertical shaft探槽exploratory trench探井exploratory pit钻孔borehole, drill hole机钻孔ordinary drill hole套钻孔sleeve drill hole管钻孔pipe drill hole岩芯core岩芯钻探core drilling回转钻探（进）rotary drilling冲击钻探churn drilling, percussion drilling 钢砂钻探shot drilling铁砂钻进iron shot drilling跟管钻进follow-down drilling振动钻进vibro-boring, vibro-drilling泥浆钻探mud flush drilling金刚石钻进diamond drilling单动式single acting双层double layer空气钻探air flush drilling钻机drilling rig钻头drill bit, drilling bit螺旋钻头auger勺钻spoon bit冲击钻头percussion bit, chopping bit桶式钻头bucket auger钻杆drill rod套管casing岩芯管core barrel冲洗掖flush fluid正循环冲洗direct circulation反循环冲洗reverse circulation泥浆mud, slurry泥皮mud cake护壁dado止水seal, water seal扫孔cleaning bottom of hole钻进drilling平硐adit竖井shaft钻探drilling boring8工程地质试验击实试验compaction test压缩试验compression test固结试验consolidation test单轴试验uniaxial compression test现场剪切试验in-situ shear test单剪试验simple shear test直剪试验direct shear test慢剪试验slow test单剪试验simple shear test快剪试验quick test三轴剪切试验triaxial shear test三轴压缩试验triaxial compression test动三轴试验dynamic triaxial test不固结不排水剪试验unconsolidated undrained test(quick test)固结不排水剪试验consolidated undrained test(consolidated quick test) 固结排水试验consolidated drained test(slow test)原位测试in-situ test现场监测on-site(in-site) monitoring现场检测on-site (in-site) inspection观测孔observation borehole静力触探试验cone penetration test,static penetration test, static cone test标贯试验standard penetration test十字板剪切试验vane shear test, vane test检层法up-hole method, borehole method旁压试验pressuremeter test动力触探试验dynamic penetration test, dynamic sounding 点荷载试验point load test岩石试验rock test应力解除法stress relief method应力恢复法stress recovery method套孔法over-coring method9岩土体加固掌子面breast, driving face,heading face, tunnel face顶拱vault底拱invert洞室开挖excavation超挖overbreak风钻pneumatic drill开挖断面excavated section塌落slump细骨料混凝土concrete made with fine aggregate细骨料fine aggregate, fine adjustment料场stock ground土料earth material矿渣cinder, mineral water residue, scoria, slag性能function, performance, property, nature凝结coagulate, congeal, congealment, coagulation合格qualified, on test, up to standard初凝initial set初凝时间initial setting time终凝final set配合比mix proportion塌落度slump水化热heat of hydration,hydration heat, setting heat水灰比water-cement ratio粉煤灰fly ash梅花状quincuncial pattern喷射shotcrete浇注pouring钢筋网coiremesh加固reinforce锚杆anchored bar, rock bolt锚索anchored cable锚紧端anchor station锚桩anchored peg采石场rock quarry开挖excavation清基cleanup foundation明挖open-cut爆破explosion光面爆破smooth blasting预裂法presplitting10 水工概论坝址toe of dam坝踵heel坝段monolith坝顶crest坝肩shoulders左坝肩left dam abutment副坝saddle dam三坝址the third dam site标高height mark上游水位headwater正常库水位normal reservoir level地下洞室underground opening (tunnel)压力隧洞pressure tunnel无压隧洞gravity tunnel交通洞access tunnel灌浆洞grouting tunnel明流洞free-flow tunnel孔板洞orifice tunnel排砂洞sediment tunnel尾水洞tailrace tunnel排水洞drainage tunnel导流洞diversion tunnel隧道tunnel围岩surrounding rock, ambient rock 围岩应力secondary stress static应力集中stress concentrate覆盖层over burden冒顶cave in, roof fall底鼓bottom heave回弹rebound岩爆rock burst冻结法freezing method超载over break衬砌lining围堰cofferdam堤dike近坝岸坡abutments施工（收缩）缝construction joint心墙core截水墙cutoff wall防渗墙diaphragm wall排水井drainage wells排水幕drainage curtain减压井relief wells反滤层filter zone灌浆材料grout水力劈裂hydraulic fracturing帷幔线curtain line上游围堰upstream cofferdam混凝土防渗墙concrete cutoff wall截流interim completion导水墙channel training wall正常溢洪道渠首工程service spillway headwork 消力塘lined plunge pool隔墙divider walls混凝土护坦concrete apron副厂房auxiliary power house闸门室gate chamber中闸室mid gate chamber开关站switch yard电梯井elevator shaft尾水渠tail race非常溢洪道emergency spillway11桥梁及基础工程江阴大桥Jiangyin Bridge悬索桥suspension bridge锚碇anchorage重力式嵌岩锚gravity socketed anchorage 北锚碇前（后）锚面front(back) surface of northern anchorage塔墩tower墩pier散索鞍splay saddle猫道footbridge主缆main cable索股cable strand主鞍main saddle, tower saddle主跨main span边跨side span引桥approach钢箱梁steel box main girder埋深embedment depth北塔墩基础north tower base基础foundation, footing浅基础shallow foundation深基础deep foundation联合基础combined footing筏形基础raft(mat) foundation钢模steel form桩pile基桩foundation pile群桩pile groups桩基础pile foundation桩承台pile cap高桩承台high-rise pile cap低桩承台buried pile cap摩擦桩friction pile端承桩end bearing pile嵌岩桩socketed pile板桩sheet pile旋喷桩jet-grouted pile灌注桩cast-in-place pile沉管灌注桩driven cast-in-place pile支护桩soldier piles, tangent piles刚性桩rigid pile柔性桩flexible pile侧向受荷桩laterally loaded pile轴向受荷桩axially loaded pile预制桩precast concrete pile振动打桩vibratory pile driving振动钻进vibratory drilling沉箱caisson沉井（沉箱）(open) caisson地下连续墙diaphragm wall, slurry wall支撑bracing超载surcharge接触应力contact pressure井点降水well-point dewatering桩极限承载力ultimate bearing capacity of pile承载力bearing capacity阻力resistance桩端阻力end resistance表面摩擦力skin friction粘着系数adhesion factor负摩擦力negative skin friction安全系数factor of safety压缩层compressed layer附加应力additional stress, superimposed stress 持力层bearing layer, sustaining layer地基土foundation soil, subsoil临塑压力critical pressure剪切破坏shear failure地基失效foundation failure冲剪破坏punching failure渐进破坏progressive failure容许荷载allowable load极限承载力ultimate bearing capacity沉降settlement沉降差differential settlement尾部倾斜angular distortion倾斜tilting坑底隆起bottom heave静止土压力earth pressure at rest稳定数stability number路堤embankment地基处理ground treatment soil improvement垫层cushion加固stabilization注浆injection灌浆guniting帷幕curtain挡土墙retaining wall锚固anchoring喷浆guniting锚杆earth anchor盲沟French drain振冲法vibro jet12监测仪器观测孔observation bore/hole仪器观测instrumentation读数装置readout device传感器transducer探头probe压力盒pressure cell振弦式应变计vibrating wire strain gauge伸长计、变位计extension meter板式沉降仪foundation base/pate测斜仪inclinometer测压计，渗压计piezometer垂线plumb垂直度plumbness13安全监控可靠性检查reliability checking监控模型monitoring and prediction model监测monitoring资料datum, data可靠性reliability稳定性stability安全safety评估evaluation, appraise评定assessment, assess, rate评价准则criterion灾害hazard, calamity确定性方法论Deterministic methodology应急行动计划EAP(emergency action plan)事故accident紧急状态emergency紧急检查emergency inspection灾情等级hazard classification灾害评价hazard evaluation风险评估risk assessment静力（Static Analysis）动力（Dynamic Analysis）蠕变（Creep Material Model）渗流（Fluid-mechanical Interaction）热力学（Thermal Option）headward erosion溯源侵蚀scouring of levee or bank淘刷strongly weatheredsiliceous rock mass with quasi-lamellar weakly weathered siliceous rock mass with quasi-lamellar of continually aftershocks of 7 or 8-degree intensityEvidently 明显的Correspondingly adv.相应地; 相关地; 相同地the hanging wall of triggering seismic faultoblique~bedding bank slope专业外语(为方便记忆,跟上面稍有重复) 一．综合类1.geotechnical engineering岩土工程2.foundation engineering基础工程3.soil, earth土4.soil mechanics土力学cyclic loading周期荷载unloading卸载reloading再加载viscoelastic found粘弹性地基viscous damping粘滞阻尼shear modulus剪切模量5.soil dynamics土动力学6.stress path应力路径二．土的分类1.residual soil残积土groundwaterlevel地下水位2.groundwater 地下水groundwater table地下水位3.clay minerals粘土矿物4.secondary minerals次生矿物ndslides滑坡6.bore hole columnar section钻孔柱状图7.engineering geologic investigation工程地质勘察8.boulder漂石9.cobble卵石10.gravel砂石11.gravelly sand砾砂12.coarse sand粗砂13.medium sand中砂14.fine sand细砂15.silty sand粉土16.clayey soil粘性土17.clay粘土18.silty clay粉质粘土19.silt粉土20.sandy silt砂质粉土21.clayey silt粘质粉土22.saturated soil饱和土23.unsaturated soil非饱和土24.fill (soil)填土三．土的基本物理力学性质1.c c Compression index2.c u undrained shear strength3.c u/p0 ratio of undrained strength c u toeffective overburden stress p0(c u/p0)NC ,(c u/p0)oc subscripts NC and OC designatednormally consolidated andoverconsolidated, respectively 4.c vane cohesive strength from vanetest5.e0 natural void ratio6.I p plasticity index7.K0 coefficient of“at-rest ”pressure ,for total stressesσ 1 andσ2 8.K0’ do main for effective stressesσ 1 ‘ andσ2’9.K0n K0 for normally consolidatedstate10.K0u K0 coefficient under rapidcontinuous loading ,simulating instantaneous loading or an undrained condition11.K0d K0coefficient under cyclic loading (frequency less than 1 Hz),as a pseudo-dynamic test for K0 coefficient12.k h ,k v permeability in horizontal andvertical directions, respectively13.N blow count ,standardpenetration test14.OCR over-consolidation ratio15.p c preconsolidation pressure ,fromoedemeter test16.p0 effective overburden pressure17.p s specific cone penetrationresistance ,from static cone test18.q u unconfined compressivestrengt h19.U,U m degree ofconsolidation ,subscript m denotes mean valueof a specimen20.u ,u b ,u m pore pressure, subscripts b andm denote bottom of specimen and mean value,respectively21.w0 w L w p natural water content, liquid andplastic limits, respectively22.σ1,σ 2 principal stresses,σ 1 ‘ andσ2’denote effective principal stresses四．渗透性和渗流1.Darcy’s law 达西定律2.piping管涌3.flowing soil流土4.sand boiling砂沸5.flow net流网6.seepage渗透（流）7.leakage渗流8.seepage (force) pressure渗透压力9.permeability渗透性10.hydraulic gradient水力梯度11.coefficient of permeability渗透系数五．地基应力和变形1.soft soil软土2.(negative) skin friction of driven pile打入桩（负）摩阻力3.effective stress有效应力total stress总应力4.field vane shear strength十字板抗剪强度5.low activity低活性6.sensitivity灵敏度7.triaxial test三轴试验8.foundation design基础设计9.recompaction再压缩10.bearing capacity承载力11.soil mass土体12.contact pressure接触应力13.concentrated load集中荷载14. a semi-infinite elastic solid半无限弹性体15.homogeneous均质16.isotropic各向同性17.strip footing条基18.square spread footing方形独立基础19.underlying soil (stratum ,strata)下卧层（土）20.dead load =sustained load恒载持续荷载21.live load活载22.short –term transient load短期瞬时荷载23.long-term transient load长期荷载24.reduced load折算荷载25.settlement沉降deformation变形26.casing套管27.dike=dyke堤（防）28.clay fraction粘粒粒组29.physical properties物理性质30.subgrade路基31.well-graded soil级配良好土32.poorly-graded soil级配不良土33.sieve筛子34.Mohr-Coulomb failure condition摩尔-库仑破坏条件35.FEM=finite element method有限元法36.limit equilibrium method极限平衡法37.pore water pressure孔隙水压力38.preconsolidation pressure先期固结压力39.modulus of compressibility压缩模量40.coefficent of compressibility压缩系数pressionindex压缩指数42.swelling index回弹指数43.geostatic stress自重应力44.additional stress附加应力45.total stress总应力46.final settlement最终沉降47.slip line滑动线六．基坑开挖与降水1.excavation开挖（挖方）2.dewatering（基坑）降水3.failure of foundation基坑失稳4.bracing of foundation pit基坑围护5.bottom heave=basal heave （基坑）底隆起6.retaining wall挡土墙7.pore-pressure distribution孔压分布8.dewatering method降低地下水位法9.well point system井点系统（轻型）10.deep well point深井点11.vacuum well point真空井点12.braced cuts支撑围护braced excavation支撑开挖braced sheeting支撑挡板七．深基础deep foundation1.pile foundation桩基础1)cast –in-place灌注桩diving casting cast-in-place pile沉管灌注桩bored pile钻孔桩special-shaped cast-in-place pile机控异型灌注桩piles set into rock嵌岩灌注桩rammed bulb pile夯扩桩2)belled pier foundation钻孔墩基础drilled-pier foundation钻孔扩底墩under-reamed bored pier3)precast concrete pile预制混凝土桩4)steel pile钢桩steel pipe pile钢管桩steel sheet pile钢板桩5)prestressed concrete pile预应力混凝土桩prestressed concrete pipe pile预应力混凝土管桩2.caisson foundation沉井（箱）3.diaphragm wall地下连续墙截水墙4.friction pile摩擦桩end-bearing pile端承桩5.(pile)shaft桩身6.wave equation analysis波动方程分析7.pile caps承台（桩帽）8.bearing capacity of single pile单桩承载力teral pile load test单桩横向载荷试验10.ultimate lateral resistance of single pile单桩横向极限承载力11.static load test of pile单桩竖向静荷载试验12.vertical allowable load capacity单桩竖向容许承载力13.low pile cap低桩承台14.high-rise pile cap高桩承台15.vertical ultimate uplift resistance of single pile单桩抗拔极限承载力16.silent piling静力压桩17.uplift pile抗拔桩18.anti-slide pile抗滑桩19.pile groups群桩20.efficiency factor of pile groups群桩效率系数（η）21.efficiency of pile groups群桩效应22.dynamic pile testing桩基动测技术23.final set最后贯入度24.dynamic load test of pile桩动荷载试验25.pile integrity test桩的完整性试验26.pile head=butt桩头27.pile tip=pile point=pile toe桩端（头）28.pile spacing桩距29.pile plan桩位布置图30.arrangement of piles =pile layout桩的布置31.group action群桩作用32.end bearing=tip resistance桩端阻33.skin(side) friction=shaft resistance桩侧阻34.pile cushion桩垫35.pile driving(by vibration) 打桩（振动）36.pile pulling test拔桩试验37.pile shoe桩靴38.pile noise打桩噪音39.pile rig打桩机八．地基处理（ground treatment）1.technical code for ground treatment of building建筑地基处理技术规范2.cushion垫层法3.preloading预压法4.dynamic compaction强夯法5.dynamic compaction replacement强夯置换法6.vibroflotation method振冲法7.sand-gravel pile砂石桩pile-stone column砂石桩8.cement-flyash-gravel pile(CFG)水泥粉煤灰碎石桩9.cement mixing method水泥土搅拌桩10.cement column水泥桩11.lime pile (lime column)石灰桩12.jet grouting高压喷射注浆法13.rammed-cement-soil pile夯实水泥土桩法14.lime-soil compaction pile 灰土挤密桩lime-soil compacted column灰土挤密桩lime soil pile灰土挤密桩15.chemical stabilization化学加固法16.surface compaction 表层压实法17.surcharge preloading超载预压法vacuum preloading真空预压法18.sand wick袋装砂井19.geofabric ,geotextile土工织物posite foundation复合地基21.reinforcement method加筋法22.dewatering method降低地下水固结法23.freezing and heating冷热处理法24.expansive ground treatment膨胀土地基处理25.ground treatment in mountain area山区地基处理26.collapsible loess treatment湿陷性黄土地基处理27.artificial foundation人工地基natural foundation天然地基28.pillow褥垫29.soft clay ground软土地基30.sand drain砂井31.root pile树根桩32.plastic drain塑料排水带33.stone column碎石桩gravel pile碎石桩34.replacement ratio（复合地基）置换率九．固结consolidation1.Terzzaghi’s consolidation theory太沙基固结理论2.Barraon’s consolidation theory巴隆固结理论3.Biot’s consolidation theory比奥固结理论4.over consolidation ration (OCR)超固结比5.overconsolidation soil超固结土6.excess pore water pressure超孔压力7.multi-dimensional consolidation多维固结8.one-dimensional consolidation一维固结9.primary consolidation主固结10.secondary consolidation次固结11.degree of consolidation固结度12.consolidation test固结试验13.consolidation curve固结曲线14.time factor T v时间因子15.coefficient of consolidation固结系数16.preconsolidation pressure前期固结压力17.principle of effective stress有效应力原理18.consolidation under K0 condition K0固结十．抗剪强度shear strength1.undrained shear strength不排水抗剪强度2.residual strength残余强度3.long-term strength长期强度4.peak strength峰值强度5.shear strain rate剪切应变强度6.dilatation剪胀7.effective stress approach of shear strength 剪胀抗剪强度有效应力法8.total stress approach of shear strength抗剪强度总应力法9.Mohr-Coulomb theory莫尔－库仑理论10.angle of internal friction内摩擦角11.cohesion粘聚力12.failure criterion破坏准则13.vane strength十字板抗剪强度14.unconfined compression无侧限抗压强度15.effective stress failure envelop有效应力破坏包线16.effective stress strength parameter。

地理信息系统专业词汇[1]

地理信息系统专业词汇[1]地理信息系统（GIS）词汇表Accreditation, 委派Accuracy, 准确度Acquisition, 获取activity patterns, 活动模式added value, 附加值adjacency,邻接Aeolian,风的, 风蚀的Age of Discovery, 发现的年代Aggregation,聚合ambiguity ,不明确analytical cartography, 分析制图application programming interfaces(APIs), 应用编程接口Association of Geographic Information (AGI) ,地理信息协会attribute data, 属性数据attributive geographic data 属性地理数据autocorrelation 自相关Automated mapping/facility management(AM/FM) systems 自动绘图/设备管理系统facilities 设备A VIRIS 机载可见光/红外成像光谱仪azimuthal projections 方位投影batch vectorization 批量矢量化beer consumption 啤酒消费benchmarking 基准Berry, Brian best fit line 最优线binary counting system 二进制计算系统binomial distribution 二项式分布bivariate Gaussian distribution 二元高斯分布block encoding 块编码buffering 缓冲区分析business drivers 业务驱动Cartesian coordinate system笛卡尔坐标系Cartograms 统计地图cartographic generalization 制图综合cartographic modeling 地图建模cartometric transformations 量图变换catalog view of database 数据库目录视图census data人口普查数据Census of Population 人口普查central Place Theory 中心区位论central point rule 中点规则central tendency 中心倾向centroid 质心choropleth mapping分区制图class 类别classification generalization 分类综合client 客户端client-server C/S结构客户端-服务器cluster analysis 聚类分析clutter 混乱coastline weave 海岸线codified knowledge 编码知识COGO data 坐标几何数据COGO editing tools 坐标几何编辑工具Collaboration 协作Local level 地方级National level 国家级Collection-level metadata 获取级元数据Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) systems 成熟的商业化系统Competition 竞争Component GIS 组件地理信息系统Component object model (COM) 组件对象模型Computer assisted mass appraisal (CAMA) 辅助大量估价Computer-aided design (CAD)-based GIS 基于计算机辅助制图的地理信息系统Models 数据模型Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tool 计算机辅助软件工程工具Concatenation 串联Confidence limits 置信界限Conflation 异文合并Conformal property 等角特性Confusion matrix 混淆矩阵Conic projections 圆锥投影Connectivity 连接性Consolidation 巩固Constant term 常数项Contagious diffusion 传染扩散Continuing professional development (CPD) 持续专业发展Coordinates 坐标Copyright 版权Corridor 走廊Cost-benefit analysis 成本效益分析Cost-effectiveness evaluation 成本效率评估Counting method 计算方法Cylindrical Equidistant Projection 圆柱等距投影Cylindrical projections 圆柱投影dasymetric mapping 分区密度制图data 数据automation 自动化capture costs 获取代价capture project 获取工程collection workflow 采集工作流compression 压缩conversion 转换definition 定义geographic, nature of 地理数据，数据的性质GIS 地理信息系统industry 产业integration 集成mining 挖掘transfer 迁移translation 转化data model 数据模型definition 定义levels of abstraction 提取等级in practice 实际上types 类型database 数据库definition 定义design 设计generalization 综合global 全球的index 索引multi-user editing 多用户编辑structuring 结构database management system (DBMS) 数据库管理系统capabilities 能力data storage 数据存储geographic extensions 地理扩展types 类型Dayton Accord 达顿协定，1995年12月达顿协定(DA YTON ACCORD)签订,巴尔干和平已经实现,波斯尼亚(包括黑塞哥维那)再被分解成两个国家decision support 决策支持deductive reasoning 演绎推理definitions of GIS 地理信息系统的各种定义degrees of freedom 自由度density estimation 密度估算dependence in space 空间依赖desktop GIS 桌面地理信息系统desktop paradigms 桌面范例Digital Chart of the World (DCW) 世界数字化图digital divide 数字鸿沟Digital Earth 数字地球Digital elevation models (DEMs) 数字高程模型Digital line graph (DLG) 数字线划图Digital raster graphic (DRG) 数字影像图Digital representation 数字表现Digital terrain models 数字地形模型Digitizing 数字化DIME (Dual Independent Map Encoding) program 美国人口调查局建立的双重独立地图编码系统Discrete objects 离散对象Douglas-Poiker algorithm 道格拉斯-普克算法，一种矢量数据抽稀算法Dublin Core metadata standard 都柏林核心元数据标准Dynamic segmentation 动态分割Dynamic simulation models 动态仿真模型Easting 朝东方Ecological fallacy 生态谬误e-commerce 电子商业editing 编辑education 教育electromagnetic spectrum 电磁光谱ellipsoids 偏振光椭圆率测量仪of rotation 旋转的emergency evacuation 应急撤退encapsulation 封装environmental applications 环境应用environmental impact 环境影响epidemiology 流行病学equal area property 等面积特性Equator 赤道EROS Data Center 地球资源观测系统数据中心(美国) Errors 误差Measurement of 误差测量Propagation 传播e-tailers 电子零售商evacuation vulnerabilityevidence, definition 根据，定义exploration 探索exploratory spatial data analysis 探测空间数据分析external validation 外部检验features 要素fields 领域finger-printing 指纹First Law of Geography (Tobler) 地理学第一法则Fly-bys 飞行Dimension 维数Geometry 几何体Fragmentation 分裂FRAGSTATS 一种景观结构分析软件Frequency 频率Frequentist interpretations 频率论解释Friction values 摩擦力值FSA (Forward Sortation Areas) 由加拿大邮政编码前三位符号确定的地理范围Fuzzy approaches 模糊方法Fuzzy data analysis 模糊数据分析Fuzzy membership 模糊隶属Gap analysis 缝隙分析Gaussian distribution 高斯分布Gazetteer 地名辞典Generalization 综合Forms of 形式Measuring degree of 测量度Methods of 方法Genetic algorithms 遗传算法Geodemographics 地理人口统计Geographic data formats 地理数据格式Geographic Data T echnology 地理数据技术Geographic database types 地理数据库类型Geographic individual 地理个体Geographic information (GI) 地理信息Availability and accessibility 可用性和可获取性Classification 分类Consistency and quality 一致性和质量Half life 半衰期Types and sources 类型和来源Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) 地理名称信息系统Geographic problems 地理问题Geographic query and analysis 地理查询和分析Geographic representation 地理表现Geographical Analysis Machine (GAM) 地理分析机Geography Network 地理网络Geography, GIS and 地理，地理信息系统和Geoinformatics 地理信息学Geoinformation engineering 地理信息学工程Geolibraries 数位博物馆Geopolitics 地缘政治学Georeference 地理参考Converting 转换Systems 系统Geoschematic visualization 地理视觉表现Geospatial, definition 地理空间，定义Geostationary orbit 与地球位置相对不变的轨道Geostatistics 地理统计学GeoTIFF 一种图像格式GeoWorld 地理世界GIS application servers 地理信息系统应用服务器GIS Day 地理信息系统日GIS innovation diffusion 地理信息系统产品渗透GIS product families 地理信息系统产品家族GIS projects, life cycle stages 地理信息系统项目，生命周期阶段GIS strategy 地理信息系统战略GIS viewers 地理信息系统阅览器GIScience 地理信息科学GIService 地理信息服务GIS-T 交通地理信息系统GIStudies 地理信息学习GISystems 地理信息系统Global Positioning System (GPS) 全球定位系统Global Spatial Data Infrastructure (GSDI) 全球空间数据基础设施Globalization, GIS and 全球化，地理信息系统和GLONASS 俄罗斯的导航卫星Government as trader in information 政府在信息行业充当商业角色Graphic symbols 图形符号Graphical data models 图形数据模型Graphical user interface (GUI) 图形用户界面Great circle 大圆Grid index 网格索引Ground surveying 大地测量Hardening 硬化Hardware 硬件Hierarchical diffusion 层级扩散Histogram 柱状图Hurricane Floyd 佛洛伊德飓风Hurricane Mitch 飓风米奇Hypothesis testing 假设检验idiographic 独特的Image GIS data models 地理信息系统影像数据模型Implementation of GIS 地理信息系统的实现Indicator Kriging 克利金法Indicators 指示器Inductive reasoning 归纳推理Information ownership 信息所有权Information, definition 信息，定义Inheritance 继承Intangible objectives 非明确目的Integer 整数Integrated development environment (IDE) 集成开发环境Intercept term 拦截期限Internal validation 内在验证International Map of the World (IMW) 世界国际地图International Steering Committee for Global Mapping (ISCGM) 全球制图指导委员会Paradigms 范例Interpretation 解译Intersection 交集Interval attributes 间隔属性Interval/ratio case 间隔/比率Intranets 企业内部互联网Inverse distance weighting (IDW) 反距离权重法Isochrones 等时线Isohyets 等雨量线Isopleth (isoline) maps 等值线地图Isotropic effects 等方性效果Iteration 反复Kappa index 卡帕索引Kernel function 内核函数Knowledge, definition 知识，定义Knowledge Economy 知识经济Knowledge of form 知识形式Kruger National Park 克鲁格国家公园Lambert Conformal Conic projection 兰勃特等角圆锥投影Land information system 土地信息系统Landmark Information system 地标信息系统Landsat Thematic Mapper sensor 陆地卫星Largest share rule 最大共享法则Latitude 纬度Lifestyles data 生活方式数据Light metadata 轻量级元数据Linear distance decay 线性距离衰退Linear referencing systems 线性参考系统Local Area Networks (LANs) 局域网Local government 地方政府Applications 应用In tax assessment 征税估价Location-allocation problems 位置分配问题Location-based service 基于位置的服务Logical positivism 逻辑实证Logistics 后勤学Longitude 经度Loxodrome 斜航线Macros 宏命令Management 管理Importance 重要性Manual digitizing 手动数字化Map view of dataset 数据集的地图浏览Attribute representation and transformation 属性表现和转换Classification procedures 分类过程Spatial object representation and transformation 空间对象表现和转换mapquest 地图请求Market area analysis 市场区域分析Market penetration 市场渗透Mean distance from the centroid 到质心的平均距离measurement error 测量误差measurement scales 量测尺度median 中央的Medieval art preservation 中世纪艺术保留Mercator projection 墨卡托投影Merging 融合Meridian 子午线Meta-analysis, definition 元分析，定义Metadata 元数据Metric 公制的，米制的Metric georeferences 公制地理参考Military maps 军用地图Military satellites 军用卫星Minimum aggregate travel (MA T) 最小旅行距离和Minimum bounding rectangle (MBR) 最小外包矩形Minimum mapping unit 最小制图单元mixelMode 模式Modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) 可变区域单元问题Moran index 莫然索引MOSAIC Metal-Oxide-Silicon Active Integrated Circuit 金属-氧化物-硅有源集成电路Move set 移动装置MrSID (Multiresolution Seamless Image Database) 多分辨率无缝的影像数据库Multicollinearity 多重共线性Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) 多标准决策支持Multiple objectives 多重目标Multivariate mapping 多元制图Napster Napster公司文件交换软件National Gap Analysis Program 国家缝隙分析计划National Grid of Great Britain 大不列颠国家网格National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) 国家空间数据基础设施Navigation Technologies (NavTech) 导航技术Negative autocorrelation 负自相关Neighbor 邻居Network 网络Network data model 网络数据模型Nominal attributes 名词属性Nominal case 名词格Nominal data 名词数据Normative uses of GIS 地理信息系统使用的标准化North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83) 北美1983大地基准Northing 向北Nugget 贵金属块Null hypothesis 虚假设Object 对象Data model 数据模型Database management systems (ODBMS) 数据库管理系统Databases 数据库Object Management Group (OMG) 对象管理组织Object-level metadata (OLM) 对象级元数据Object-relational database management systems (ORDBMS) 对象关系型数据库管理系统Object Store 对象存储Operational decisions 操作决策Operational Navigation Chart (ONC) 操作导航图Optimistic versioning 乐观版本化Optimum paths 最优路径Ordinal attributes 顺序属性Ordinary least squares (OLS) 最小二乘法Orienteering problem 定向运动问题Orthophotoquads 正射影象图Overlay 叠置Ownership of information 信息所有权Paper maps 纸质地图Parallel 平行的Patenting 登记专利Percent correctly classified (PCC) 按正确率分类Periodicity 周期Per-pixel accuracy 像元精度Per-point accuracy 点精度Pessimistic locking 悲观锁定Photogrammetry 摄影测量Pie charts 饼图Pilot study 飞行员学习Pixels 像素Planar projections 平面投影Planimeter method 测面计方法Planning Assistance for Superintendent Scheduling (PASS) Planning information system 规划信息系统Plate Carreep-median problem P-中量问题point in polygon 多边形内的点point pattern analysis 点模式分析political power, GIS and 政治权利，地理信息系统和polygon 多边形polygon overlay 多边形叠置polyline 折线polymorphism 多态现象positional error 定位误差positive autocorrelation 正自相关positive uses of GIS 地理信息系统的正面使用post codes 邮政编码postal addresses 邮政地址precision 精度predictor variables 预报变量pricing of geographical information 地理信息的定价Prince’s Trust 王子的信任Process knowledge 过程知识Processes 过程Professional GIS 专业地理信息系统Projections 投影Prototyping 原型化Publishing industry 出版业Quadtree indexes 四叉树索引Quadtrees 四叉树Quality of life 生活质量Queries 查询Range 范围Raster-based GIS 基于栅格的地理信息系统Raster compression techniques 栅格压缩技术Raster data capture 栅格数据获取Using scanners 使用扫描仪Raster data model 栅格数据模型Raster overlay 栅格叠置Rasters 栅格Ratio attributes 比率属性Rationalization 合理化Reasoning 推理Regression parameters 衰退参数Relational database management systems (RDBMS) 关系数据库管理系统Relational databases 关系型数据库Relient Energy 可靠性能源Remote sensing 遥感Representative fraction (scale) 典型的分形Request for proposals (RFP) 请求提议Resampling 重采样Residual 剩余的Response variable 响应变量Risk 风险Rook’s case Root mean square error (RMSE) 均方根误差Routing problems 路径问题R-tree indexes R-树索引Rubber-sheeting 弹性伸缩Rule sets 规则集Run-length encoding 行程长度编码Salge, FrancoisSample frame 采样桢Sampling interval 采样间隔Sampling, spatial 采样，空间的Satellite images 卫星影像Scale 尺度Measurement 量测Scale dependence 尺度依赖Scanners 扫描仪Scatterplot 散点图Scatterplot view of database 数据库散点图视图Scripts 脚本Secant projections 切割投影Selective availability 选择可用性Self-similarity 自相似性semivariogram 半变异元Shape 形状sill 岩床Slope 斜坡Small circle 小圆Architecture 体系结构Data models and customization 数据模型和自定义Industry 工业Types 类型Usage 使用Soil erosion, NSW 土地侵蚀，新南威尔士Spa Marketing Systems 温泉市场系统Space Imaging 空间成像Spaghetti 意大利面条Spatial 空间的Analysis 分析Definition 定义Types 类型Uncertainty and 不确定性和Autocorrelation 自相关Measuring distance effects as 测量距离效果作为Decision support system 决策支持系统Dependence 依赖性Heterogeneity 异构Information science 信息科学Interaction modeling 交互模型Interpolation 插值Objects, types 对象，类型Querying 查询Resolution 分辨率Restructuring 重构Sampling 采样Structure 结构Of errors 误差的Uncertainty 不确定性Spatial, definition 空间的，定义Species range maps 种类范围图Species richness maps 种类丰富图Specification, map 规范，地图Spectral resolution 光谱分辨率Spheroid 球状体Splines 样条Spurious polygon 乱真多边形Standard deviation 标准偏差Standard Query Language (SQL) 标准查询语言State Plane Coordinates (SPC) 美国平面坐标Statistical inference 统计推论Strategic decisions 战略决策Street centerline files 街道中心线文件Stripped-down metadata 分拆式元数据Subjectivist interpretations 主观解译SWOT analysis 优势(Strength)、弱点(Weakness)、机会(Opportunities)、危机(Threat)四点分析Symbolization generalization 符号综合Table view of dataset 数据集的表视图tacit knowledge 默许知识tactical decisions 战术决策Tangent 相切的Tangible objectives 切实目标Tax assessment 估税Temporal autocorrelation 时间自相关Temporal resolution 时间分辨率Terrain nominal 地形名词terraserver 鸟瞰(微软服务器)tessellation 镶嵌式方格Theft of information 信息偷窃Three-tier architecture 三层体系结构TIGER (Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing) files 集成图形地理编码参照文件Time geography 时间地理Time-space geography (Hagerstrand) 时空地理（哈格斯特朗）First Law of Geography 地理学第一法则Tolerance 容差Topographic Quadrangle Maps 地形地图方格Topologic creation 拓扑建立Topologic dimension 拓扑维数Topologic properties 拓扑属性Topology 拓扑Training 训练Transactional databases 事务数据库Transactions 事务Transportation 交通Transverse Mercator Projection 横向墨卡托投影Traveling salesman problem (TSP) 旅行销售员问题Triangulated irregular network (TIN) 不规则三角网Data model 数据模型Uncertainty 不确定性Definition 定义Living with 伴随…Unified Modeling Language (UML) 统一建模语言Universal Polar Stereographic projection (UPS) 通用横球面投影Universal Soil Loss Equation 全球土地流失方程Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection 全球横向墨卡托(UTM)投影University Consortium for Geographic Information Science (UCGIS) 地理信息系统大学委员会Unobserved predictor variables 未观测预报变量Unprojected projection 非预料投影Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) 联邦地理数据协调委员会Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM) 数字地球空间元数据目录标准Geological Survey 地质测量Geological Survey and Defense Mapping Agency 地质测量和防卫制图机构National Geospatial Data Clearinghouse (美国) 国家地球空间数据中心National Map Accuracy Standard 国家地图精度标准National Mapping Program (NMP) 国家制图计划Public Land Survey System (PLSS) 公共土地测量系统User interaction 用户交互V agueness 模糊V alidation 验证V alue adding 增值V ariance 变迁V ector data capture 矢量数据获取V ector data model 矢量数据模型V ectorization 矢量化V ectors 矢量V ersioning 版本化V ertices 顶点Virtual reality (VR) 虚拟现实Visualization in scientific computing (ViSC) 科学计算可视化Visualization, scientific 可视化，科学的Water facility object data model 水设施对象数据模型Watermarking 水印Wavelength 波长Wavelet compression 小波压缩WGS84 (World Geodetic System of 1984) 1984世界测量系统Wide area networks (WANs) 广域网World Wide Web 万维网Worst-case scenario 最差情况Zero autocorrelation 零次自相关ZIP codes ZIP编码Zoning 分区制。

GIS术语

Aabsolute reference 绝对参考坐标系adjacency analysis相邻分析adjoining sheets邻接图幅agglomeration（制图分类中的）聚合方法aggregation聚合；聚集altitude tinting分层设色animated mapping动画制图animation动画applications package应用软件包application program应用程序Application Programming Interface(API)应用程序界面Applications Program Interface应用程序接口applications system应用系统applied cartography应用地图学auto-cartography自动制图automated cartography自动制图学automated data dictionary自动数据字典automated data processing自动数据处理Automated Digitizing System(ADS)自动数字化系统automated feature recognition自动特征识别azimuth coordinate system方位坐标系BB-spline b样条曲线B-tree 二叉树；二元树base map of topography 地形底图base map/cadastre 底图／地籍图Beijing geodetic coordinate system 1954 １９５４年北京坐标系block correction 区域改正block 数据块；信息组；程序块border figure 图廓数据border information 图廓注记border line 图廓线border matching 边缘匹配边缘；界限；边界线；邻接；图廓间borderC地籍测量cadastral surveycadaster 地政局；地籍图cadastral attribute 地籍特征cadastral data base 地籍数据库cadastral features 地籍特征cadastral information system 地籍信息系统cadastral information 地籍信息cadastral inventory 地籍调查cadastral layer 地籍信息层cadastral lists 地籍册cadastral management 地籍管理cadastral map 地籍图cadastral map series 地籍图册cadastral mapping 地籍制图carrier frequency(GPS) 载波频率（全球定位系统）cartographic analysis 地图分析cartographic classification 地图分类cartographic communication 地图传输cartographic data base management system 地图数据库管理系统cartographic data base 地图数据层cartographic data model 地图数据模型cartographic expert system 制图专家系统cartographic generalization 制图综合cartographic projection 地图投影cartographic(al) analysis 地图分析cartography 地图制图学；地图学chorographic map 时序图choropleth map 等值区域图class interval 分级间距；分类间距class list 分类清单class 分类，分级classification rule 分类规则cluster 聚类分析compaction 压缩completeness 完整性computer-graphics technology 计算机图形技术congruent image 叠合图象contour 等高线，等值线，轮廓contouring display 分层显示cover-ID 层标识符coverage ［GIS］图层Ddata 数据data access security 数据存取安全性data accessibility 数据可达性data acquisition 数据获取data analysis 数据分析data architecture 数据结构data attribute 数据特性data base；database 数据库data capture 数据采集data catalogue 数据目录data communications 数据通信data quality 数据质量data security 数据安全性data conversion 数据转换data definition 数据定义data editing 数据编辑data element 数据要素data encoding 数据编码data entry 数据输入Data Exchange Format 数据交换格式data extraction 数据提取data file 数据文件data handling 数据处理data item 数据项data layering 数据分层data manipulation 数据操作data model 数据模型data product 数据产品data quality 数据质量data reality 数据真实性data records 数据记录data reduction 数据整理data reduction；datacompression 数据压缩data redundancy 数据冗余度data representation 数据表示data retrieval 数据查询data schema 数据模式data security 数据安全性data sensitivity 数据灵敏性data set 数据集data set quality 数据集质量data smoothing 数据平滑data snooping 数据探测法data sources 数据源data storage 数据贮存data structure conversion 数据结构转换data structure 数据结构data transfer 数据传输data transmission 数据传输data type 数据类型data updating 数据更新data vectorization 数据矢量化datum transformation 基准变换deive data 描述数据desktop GIS 桌面地理信息系统differential Global Positioning System；DGPS 差分全球定位系统digital cartography 数字地图制图digital correlation 数字相关digital data collection 数字数据存贮系统Digital Data Communication Message Protocol 数字化数据通讯消息协议Digital Data System 数字化数据系统digital data 数据；数字资料Digital Elevation Matrix(DEM) 数字高程矩阵digital encoding 数字编码digital exchange format 数据转换标准Digital Field Update System 数字化外业更新系统digital files synchronization 数字化文件同步化Digital Geographic Information 数字化地理信息交换标准 Exchange Standard；DGIWG；NATOdigital image processing 数字图象处理digital image 数字影（图）象Digital Landscape Model 数字景观模型Digital Line Graph；DLG 数字线划图digital map registration 数字地图套合digital mapping 数字测图digital map 数字地图digital mosaic 数字镶嵌digital mosaicing 数字镶嵌digital number；DN 数字值digital orthoimagery 数字正射影象digital orthoimage 数字正射影象Digital Orthophotoquads；DOQ 数字正方形正射象片图digital orthophoto 数字正射影象digital photogrammetry 数字摄影测量digital process 数字化过程digital rectification 数字纠正digital simulation 数字模拟digital surface model；DSM 数字表面模型digital tablet 数字化板Digital Terrain Model；DTM 数字地面模型Digital to Analog Converter 数／模转换器digital tracing table 数控绘图桌digital value 数字化值digital voice 数字化声音digital-analog 数字模拟digitalyzer 模数转换器digital 数字的digitization 数字化digitize maps 数字化地图digitized data 数字化数据digitized file 数字化文件digitized image 数字化影象digitized terrain data 数字化地面数据digitized video 数字影（图）象digitizer accuracy 数字化仪精度digitizer resolution 数字化仪分辨率digitizer workstation 数字化工作站digitizer 数字化仪digitizing 数字化digitizing board 数字化板digigtizing cursor 数字化鼠标digitizing edit 数字化编辑digitizing table；tablet 数字化板digitizing threshold 数字化阀值digraph 有向图disk space 磁盘空间disk storage 磁盘存储diskette 软磁盘disk 磁盘distributed architecture 分布式体系结构Distributed Computing Environment 分布式计算环境Distributed Data Processing 分布式数据处理Distributed Database Management System,DDBMS 分布式数据管理系统Distributed Database ；DDB 分布式数据库distributed processing 分布式处理Distributed Relational 分布式关系数据库结构 Database Architecture(DRDA)districe coding 地区编码districting 分区（空间聚合）disturbed orbit 卫星轨道升交点document file 文档文件Document Image Peocessing(DIP) 文件影象处理document window 文档窗口document-file icon 文档文件图标document/page reader 光符识别仪器documentation drawing 二维绘图downloadable font 可传输字符download 文件（程序）传输（从中心机到个人微机）drafting scale 绘图比例尺drafting 绘制；绘图；草拟draft 草图；草案drainage map 水系图；流域图drainage pattern 水系类型；水网类型drainage 水系；水文要素；排水设备drape 两维数据在表面叠加产生透视图draping 两维数据叠加在透视图上drawing board 绘图板drawing entities 绘图实体Drawing Exchange Format 图形交换格式drawing extents 绘图范围drawing file 绘图文件drawing grid 绘图格网drawing interchange format 绘图交换格式drawing limits 绘图限制drawing registration 绘图对齐；绘图定位drawing sizes 图面大小；图幅尺寸drawing unit 绘图单元drawing 绘图drum plotter 滚筒式绘图机drum scanner 滚筒式扫描机duobinary coding 双二进制编码DX 90 水文地理数据格式dynamic-Link Library,DLL 动态链接库EE-R diagram E-R图earth gravity model 地球重利模型Earth Resources Information System；ERIS 地球资源信息系统EROS 地球资源观测系统earth satellite thematic sensing 地球卫星专题遥感earth shape；figure of the earth 地球形状Earth spheroid 地球椭球体Earth spherop 地球椭球面earth surface 地球表面earth synchronous orbit 地球同步轨道earth window 地球数据窗口Earth-centered ellipsoid 地心椭球Earth-fixed coordinate system 站心坐标系EarthResource Technology Satellite 地球资源技术卫星Earthwatch 地球监视卫星ecosystem 生态系统edge join 边缘匹配edge matching 边缘匹配edge of the format；map border 图廓Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) 电子数据交换edit 编辑；修改edit verification 编辑核实edit/display on input 输入编辑/显示edit/display on output 输出编辑/显示editing 编辑effective radius of the Earth 地球有效半径eigenvector analysis 特征向量分析eigenvector 特征向量EIS process 环境影响评价过程electric mail；e-mail 电子邮件electronic bearing 电测方位electronic chart 电子海图Electric Chart and Display 电子图形显示信息系统 Information System；SCDISelectronic chart data base；ECDB 电子海图数据库Electronic Data Collection 电子数据集合Electronic Data Interchange；EDI 电子数据交换electronic drawing tablet 电子绘图板electronic engraver 电子刻图机electronic imaging system 电子成像系统electronic line scanner 电子扫描机electronic map 电子地图electronic publishing system 电子印刷系统Embedded QUEL 内嵌式查询embedded SQL 镶嵌式查询语言emergency run 地图翻印encipher；encode；encoding 编码enclosing rectangle (最小)封闭四边形encoding code model 编码模型encoding scheme 编码方法End Of Line 文件结束标志End Of Text 行结束标志end points 文本结束标志end user participation 终端用户参与end user 终端用户ent-to-end data system 终端站间数据系统Enhanced graphics Adapter(EGA) 增强图形适配器enhanced imagery 增强图象enhanced mode 增强模式entity 实体entity classes 实体类entity classes 实体分类entity instance 实体样品entity object 实体对象entity point 实体定位点entity relationship data model 实体关系数据模型entity relationship diagram；ERD 实体关系图Entity Relationship Model；E-R Model 实体关系模型entity set model 实体集模型entity set 实体集entity subtype/supertype 实体子类型/母类型entity type 实体类型Entity-Relationship Approach E-R法entity 实体,组织,结构entropy coding 熵编码entropy 熵(平均信息量) environmental analysis 环境分析environmental assessment 环境评价environmental cadastre 环境地籍图environmental capacity 环境容量environmental data base 环境数据库environmental data/information 环境数据/信息environmental map 环境地图environmental mapping data 环境制图数据environmental overlays 环境图environmental planning 环境规划environmental quality assessment 环境质量评价environmental remote sensing 环境遥感Eclogically Sustainable Development 生态平衡的持续发展equation item 方程项European Transfer Format(ETF) 欧洲传输格式executable file 执行文件execution 执行(程序指令) extended color 扩展彩色Extended Graphics Adapter(EGA) 增强图形适配卡Extended Graphics Array 扩展图形矩阵Extensional Database 扩展数据库external attribute table 外部属性表external data storage 外部数据存储(相对于数据库) external database file 外部数据库文件external margin 外图廓external polygon 外部多边形external program 外部程序external schema 外部模式external storage 外部存储设备Ffacilities 设施；装备facility data 设施数据facility instrument 设施设备facility map 设施图facility network 设施网络facility splice 设施接合fast Fourier transform 快速傅立叶变换feature 特征Feature and Attribute Coding Catalogue 地物与属性编码目录feature attribute table 特征属性表feature bounded 边界标识地物feature class 特征分类feature codes menu 特征码清单feature codes 特征码feature coding 特征编码feature extraction 特征提取feature identifier 特征标识符feature ID 特征标识符feature instance 特征实例feature item 特征项feature marked 有标记特征feature number 特征标识符feature selection 特征选择feature separation 特征分类feature spanned 跨区特征feature supported 支持特征feature user-ID 特征用户标识码Federal Information Processing 联邦信息处理标准Standards(FIPS)Federal Information Processing Standards/ 联邦信息处理标准／空间数据转换标准Spatial Data Transfer Standard；FIPS/SDTSfield ［数据］域file ［计算机］文件file activity 文件活动file attribute 文件属性file compression 文件压缩file format 文件格式file fragmentation 文件分段存储file indexing 文件管理索引file integrity 文件完整性file name extension 文件扩展名file name 文件名file protection 文件保护file server protocol 文件服务器协议file server 文件服务器file set 文件集file specification 文件说明；文件说明表file structure 文件结构file system 文件系统File Transfer Protocol 文件传输协议file transfer 文件转换file-by-file compression 文件压缩filename extension 文件后缀名fill pattern 填充模式fixed length record format 定长记录格式flag 标志；特征flair point 识别点；明显地物点flap 叠置floppy disk；floppy 软盘form line 地表形态线format conversion 格式转换format line 格式行format model 格式模型format 格式formatted model 格式化模型formatting 格式化函数；格式编排formatting 格式化formfeed 换页；格式馈给forms interface 格式界面forms processing 表格处理fractal 分数的；分形；分数维fractional map scale 分数地图比例尺fractional scale 分数比例尺frequency band 频段；频带frequency bias 频偏frequency curve 频率曲线frequency demodulation 鉴频frequency distribution 频率分布full-resolution picture 全精度影（图）象，高分辨率影（图）象fully concatenated key 全连串码fully digital mapping 全数字化制图library 功能库al data base 功能数据库al mapping 功能制图al structure 功能结构fuzzy analysis 模糊分析fuzzy C-means 模糊聚类法fuzzy classifier method 模糊分类法fuzzy distance 模糊距离fuzzy intersection concept 模糊交叉概念fuzzy tolerance 模糊容限fuzzy 模糊的；失真的GGauss plane coordinate 高斯平面坐标Gauss-Kruger coordinate 高斯－克吕格坐标Gauss-Kruger grid 高斯－克吕格格网Gauss-Kruger map projection 高斯－克吕格地图投影Gaussian coordinate 高斯坐标gazetteer 地名录general scale 基本比例尺generic term 地理通名Geo Based Information System 基于地学的信息系统geo-analysis 地理分析geo-defined unit 地理定义单元geo-distribution 地理分布geo-politic data base 行政区划数据库geo-referenced information system 地理参考信息系统geobase system 地区系统geobased information system 地区信息系统geobase 地区库geobotanical cartography 地植物学制图geocartography 地理制图geocoded virtual map 地理编码虚拟图geocodes 地理编码geocode 地理编码geocoding system 地理编码系统geocoding 地理编码Geographer's Line 地理坐标网geographic aggregation 地理聚合Geographic Analysis and Display System(GADS) 地理分析显示系统Geographic Analysis Package(GAP) 地理分析软件geographic analysis/modeling capability 地理分析／模拟能力geographic analysis 地理分析geographic area boundaries 地理面积边界Geographic Area Code Index(GACI) 地理面积编码索引Geographic Base File(GBF) 地理基础文件Geographic Base File/Dual 地理底图基础文件／双重独立地图编码 Independent Map Encoding(GBF-DIME)Geographic Base Information System(GBIS) 地理基础信息系统Geographic Base System(GBS) 地理基础系统geographic boundaries 地理边界geographic boundary data 地理边界数据geographic calibration 地理标准geographic center 地理中心geographic classification 地理分类geographic codes 地理坐标码geographic coding 地理编码geographic coordinates 地理坐标geographic coordinate 地理坐标geographic coverage 地理层geographic data base 地理数据库geographic data set 地理数据集geographic data structure 地理数据结构Geographic Database 地理数据库geographic data 地理数据geographic display system 地理显示系统geographic entity 地理实体geographic feature data 地理特征数据geographic feature 地理特征geographic graticule 地理坐标网geographic grid 地理网格geographic identifiers 地理标识符geographic indexed file 地理索引文件geographic indexes 地理索引geographic information system 地理信息系统geographic inverse 地理位置反算geographic landscape 地理景观geographic latitude 地理纬度geographic location 地理位置geographic longitude 地理经度geographic meridian 地理子午线geographic modeling 地理模拟geographic name 地理名称geographic net 地理坐标格网geographic numbering system 地理编号系统geographic object 地理对象geographic pole 地极geographic position 地理位置geographic reference system 地理参考系统geographic reference 地理参考geographic referencing 地理参考过程geographic standardization 地理标准化geographic survey 地理测量geographic value 地理坐标值geographical coordinate 地理坐标geographical data base 地理数据库geographical general name 地理通名geographical map 地理图geographical mile 地理海哩geographical name index 地名索引tranion；geographical 地名注音法name transliterationgeographical name；place name 地名geographical network 地理格网geographical pole 地极geographical position 地理位置geographical reference system 地理坐标参考系geographical viewing distance 地理视距geographical zones 地理带geographical-exploration traverse 地理勘测路线geographical 地理的geographics limits 细线；内图廓线geographic 地理的；地理学的geography 地理学Geomatics （加拿大）地球信息学geometric rectification 几何校正geometric registration 几何配准geomorphic map 地貌类型图geomorphological mapping 地貌制图geomorphological map 地貌图geomorphology 地貌学geoprocessing application 地理处理应用geoprocessing approach 地理处理方法geoprocessing s 地理处理函数geoprocessing modeling 地理处理模拟geoprocessing operations 地理处理操作geoprocessing productivity 地理处理率geoprocessing system 地理处理系统geoprocessing virtual map system 地理处理虚拟图系统Geoprocessing(GP) 地理处理过程geoprocessor 地理处理器GEOREF coordinate system 世界地理坐标参考系GEOREF grid 世界地理坐标参考网格georeference system 地理坐标参考系georeference 地理坐标参考georeferenced 地理坐标参考的georeferencing 地理坐标参考过程GEOREF 世界地理坐标参考系georelational model 地理相关模型geosphere 地理圈geostatistics 地理统计GIS/LIS 地理信息系统／土地信息系统Global Environmental Monitoring System(UNEP) 全球环境监测系统（联合国环境项目）global land information system(GLIS) 全球土地信息系统Global Positioning System(GPS) 全球定位系统global positioning 全球定位global rediation 总辐射global satellite system 全球卫星系统Global Telecommunications System 全球远程通讯系统global 全球的graphic compose 图形合成graphic data base file 图形数据库文件graphic data base 图形数据库graphic data concept 图形数据概念graphic illustration 图解说明；图解例证graphic input procedure 图形输入法graphic input unit 图形输入设备Graphic Interchange Format 图形交换格式graphic interpolation 图解内插法graphic limits 图形边界graphic manipulation 图形维护graphic map features 图示地图特征graphic map manipulation 图示地图操作graphic map scale 图解地图比例尺graphic mapping control point 图解图根点graphic menu 图示菜单graphic modes 图示模式graphic object 图形对象graphic output unit 图形输出设备graphic overlay 图形叠加graphic plane 图示面graphic primitive 图形元素graphic presentation 图形显示graphic production 图形生成graphic product 图形产品graphic rectification 图形校正graphic representation 图形表示graphic scale 图解比例尺graphic sign 图形记号graphic superimposition 图形叠加graphic symbol 图形符号graphic symbols/symbology 图形符号／符号表示graphic system components 图形系统组成graphic tablet 图形数字化板graphic terminal 图形终端graphic text string 图形文本串graphic trace 图形跟踪graphic variable 图形变量graphical screen interface 图形屏幕界面graphical user interface(GUI) 图形用户界面graphics accelerator 图形加速卡graphics cursor 图形光标graphics display units 图形显示单元graphics inquiry 图形查询graphics languages 图形语言graphics mode 图形模式graphics page 图形页Graphics Performance Characterization(GPC) 图形工作特性graphics resolution 图形分辨率graphics screen 图形屏幕界面graphics software 图形软件graphics tablet 图形数字化板graphics 图形graphic 图形的；图示的graph 图；图形graticule 格网graticule 十字丝；地理坐标网grating 光栅grid 格网grid amplitude 格网幅度grid azimuth 坐标方位角grid bearing 坐标方位角grid cell 格网元素；网眼grid cell compositing 网眼组成grid cell data structure 网眼数据结构grid cell data 网眼数据结构grid cell lattice 三维网眼格数据结构grid cell map-record format 网眼地图记录格式grid cell map 网眼地图grid cell modeling 网眼模拟grid cell search 网眼搜寻grid convergence 坐标纵线收敛角grid coordinate system 格网坐标系grid coordinates 格网坐标系grid data 格网数据grid declination 格网真北偏角grid equator 格网赤道grid factor 格网因子grid format 格网格式grid interval 网格间距grid inverse 网格反算grid length 坐标网距grid lines/codes 格网线／码grid magnetic angle 格网磁偏角grid map 格网地图grid meridian 坐标网纵线grid method 格网法grid of neighboring zone 邻带方里网grid origin 坐标格网原点grid structure 网格结构grid system 格网系统grid tick 格网标记grid variation 格网磁偏角grid zone 坐标带grid 栅格，格网；坐标网grid-point method 网点板法grid/raster data 格网／栅格数据gridded data 格网数据gridiron layout 格网平面图gridiron pattern 格网图形gridsystem 直角坐标格网grips 数据转换程序Hhalftone screen 半色调屏幕header file 头文件header label 头标header line 标题行header record 首记录header 标题hextree 分级图象数据模型hidden attribute 隐含属性hidden file 隐含文件hidden line removal 隐线消除hidden surfaces 隐面hidden variable 隐含变量hierarchical data base 分级数据库hierarchical data 分级数据hierarchical data model 层次数据模型hierarchical data structure 分级数据结构hierarchical database 分层数据库hierarchical districts 层次分区hierarchical file structure 分级文件结构hierarchical file system 分级文件系统hierarchical model 分级模型hierarchical organization 等级结构hierarchical relationship 分级关系式（数据文件结构）hierarchical sequence 层次序列hierarchical spatial relationship 分级空间关系hierarchical storage 分级存储hierarchical structure 分级结构hierarchical 分级的；层次的hierarchization 分级High Level Data Link Control 高级数据连接控制High Memory Area 高位地址内存区histogram 直方图；柱状图；频率图history 命令记录Huffman code 霍夫编码hull TIN表面Human Computer Interaction 人机交互Human Computer Interface 人机界面hypertext 电子文本；超级文本II channel 同相信道；I通路I notation parameter 整数记号参数I-beam I指针I/O addresses 输入／输出地址I/O Character Recognition(I/O CR) 输入／输出字符识别I/O error 输入／输出错误I/O port 输入／输出端口image coding 图象编码image compression 影（图）象压缩image contrast 影象反差image coordinate 影象坐标image correlation 影象相关image data base 影象数据库image data collection 图象数据收集image data compaction 图象数据压缩image data retrieval 图象数据检索image data storage 图象数据存储image data 影（图）象数据image definition 影象清晰度（分辨力）image degradation 影（图）象退化；影（图）象衰减image deion 影象描绘image digitization 图象数字化image displacement 影象位移image distortion 影（图）象失真image integrator 图象综合image intensifier 影（图）象增强器；变象管；象亮化器image intensity 图象强度image interpretation 影象判读image magnification 影（图）象放大image matching 影象匹配image processing rectification 图象处理校正复原and restorationimage processing 图象处理校正复原image ray 象点投影线image recognition 影（图）象识别image reconstruction 影（图）象重建image reconstructor 影象再现装置image registration 图象配准image representation 影（图）象显示；影（图）象再现image resolution；ground resolution 影象分辨力image scale 影象比例尺image size 影（图）象尺寸；影（图）象范围image space coordinate system 象空间坐标系image space 象空间image stack 影（图）象栈image transform 影（图）象变换image transformation 图象变换image translator 影（图）象转换器image；imagery 影象image 象，象片；影象，图象；镜象图形imagery feature 影象特征index to Names 地名索引indexed sequential file 顺序索引文件indexed 索引化的indexing 索引；加下标；变址index 指标；指数；索引informatics 信息学information area 信息区information bit 信息位information center 信息中心information collection 信息采集information content 信息量information explosion 信息爆炸information extraction 信息提取information float 信息浮动information format 信息格式information management 信息管理information network 信息网information overlays 信息叠加information rate 信息传输速率Information requirement(IR) 请求信息information revolution 信息革命information science 信息科学information system 信息系统information technology(IT) 信息技术information theory 信息论information window 信息窗口infowmation 信息input area 输入区input data 输入数据input device 输入设备input image(inimage) 输入影（图）象input/output analysis 输入／输出分析input/outpu model 输入／输出模型Input/Output(I/O) 输入／输出input 输入inquiry 查询insert 插入；嵌入integrated data base 集成数据库integrated data layer 集成数据层Integrated Geographical Information System 集成化地理信息系统integrated GIS/technologies 综合地理信息系统／技术integrated information system 综合信息系统integrated spatial system 综合空间信息系统integrated system 综合系统interactive 交互式interactive digitizing 人机交互数字化interactive display 人机交互显示interactive drafting 交互式绘图interactive editing 交互式编辑Interactive Graphics and Retrieval System 交互图形与恢复系统Interactive Graphics Design System 交互式图形设计系统Interactive Graphics System/Interactive 交互式制图系统／交互式制图子系统Graphics Subsystem；IGS/IGSSinteractive graphics 交互式制图interactive image processing system 人机对话影（图）象处理系统interactive mode 交互式模式Interactive Multimedia 交互式多媒体interactive processing mode 人机交互模式interactive processing 人机交互处理interactive processing 交互式处理interactive restoration 人机对话复原Interactive Surface Modeling 交互式地表建摸interactive topology 交互式拓扑Interactive Volume Modeling 交互式立体模型intercell plot 单元间图（或文件）interchange format 交换格式interchange modeling 交换模拟interchange model 交换模型internal data model 内部数据模型internal data structure 内部数据结构（只在处理过程中保持的）internal database file 内部数据库文件interrecord data structures 交互记录的数据结构inverse fast Fourier transform 快速傅立叶变换isoline 等值线isolith 等厚度线isolong 等经度改正线isomagnetic chart 等磁力线图isometric coordinate 等量坐标isometric design 等角投影isometric latitued 等量纬度isometric map projection 等量地图投影isometric mapping 等量制图isoperimetric map projection 等量地图投影isoplane 等平面isopleth mapping 等值线制图isopleth map 等值线图isoplethic mapping 等值线制图isoplethic map 等值线图isopleth 等值线Kkey 关键字key attributes 关键属性key bed 标准层key entry 键盘输入key feedback area 码反馈区key field 关键字段key file 关键文件key horizon 标志层key identifiers 关键标识符key map 索引图；总图key pad 键座key value dictionary 关键值索引key variable indexing 关键变量索引keyboard buffer 键盘缓冲keyboard equivalent key 键盘等价命令键keyboard shortcut 键盘快捷命令keyboard 键盘Lland evaluation 土地评价Land Information System(LIS) 土地信息系统Land Information Technology(LIT) 土地信息技术land types 土地类型land unit 土地单元land use 土地利用landform 地表形态landscape drawings 景观绘图landscape map 景观地图layer file 层文件layer index 图层索引layer index 层索引layer system 分层设色法layer-tinted map 分层设色地图layered style map 分层设色地图layered style 分层设色表示法layering 分层；层化layers 层次layer 层layover 覆盖；遮蔽（雷达影像）Leaf Area Index 叶区域索引leaf level 叶层次league 里格leaking polygon 未闭合多边形legend 图例lettering 地图注记lineage 数据说明line element 线状要素line feature 线状特征line follower 线跟踪器（量测转换边界）line generalization 趋势线概化line graph 线状图line in polygon calculation 多边形内线判断计算line in polygon retrieval 多边形内线判断查询line intersection 线段交叉line map 线画图line of nodes 交轨线line symbologics 线状符号表达法line symbol 线状符号local database 局域数据库local datum 局部定标数据logical block 逻辑块logical channel number 逻辑通道号码logical consistency 逻辑一致性logical contouring 逻辑恒直线logical data base(LDB) 逻辑数据库logical data model 逻辑数据模型logical data structure 逻辑数据结构logical decision 逻辑判定logical design 逻辑设计logical exclusive operation of image 影象逻辑异运算logical expression 逻辑表达logical links 逻辑连接logical mounting 逻辑安装logical name 逻辑名字logical operation 逻辑运算logical operator 逻辑运算符logical order 逻辑指令logical overlap 逻辑重叠logical record 逻辑记录logical security 逻辑安全性logical selection 逻辑选择logical storage structure 逻辑存储结构logical unit 逻辑单元logic 逻辑login (=logon)注册lot and block 地块与街段lot dimensions 地块尺寸lot line 地块边界lot of record 地块记录lot 地块LPT port 并行口LU pooling 逻辑单元合并Mmachine bias 机器偏差machine code 机器码machine encoding 机器编码machine language 机器语言machine processable 机器可处理的man-machine interface 人机接口manager access 管理者存取manual digitizer 手扶数字化器manual digitizing 人工数字化manual encoding 人工编码manual link 人工连接manual map enhancement 人工地图增强manu map 原图；稿图manu 原图many-to-one relate 多对一关系map accuracy (absolute) 绝对地图精度map accuracy (relative) 相对地图精度map accuracy level 地图精度水平map accuracy specifications 地图精度说明map accuracy standards 地图精度标准map adjustment 地图接边；图幅接边map algebra 地图代数Map and Chart Data Interchange 地图与图表间数据交换map appearance 地图整饰map average 地形特征地图map black clouds 地图数据密集区map border 图廓map chart 作战海图map clarity 地图清晰性map closure 地图闭合map code （１）地图代码；（２）变换码，印象码map collar data 地图边缘数据map color atlas 地图色谱map compilation 地图编绘map complexity 地图复杂性map composition 地图编制map computerization 地图计算机化map coverage 地图层map data base 地图数据库map data retrieval 地图数据查询map data structure 地图数据结构map data 地图数据map decoration 地图整饰map deformation 地图变形map deion 地图描述map digitization 地图数字化map digitizing 地图数字化map directory 地图目录map display 地图显示map distortion 地图畸变map distribution 地图供应map edge 图幅边缘map editing 地图编辑map extent 地图范围map face 图幅尺寸；图幅面积map feature 地图特征map files 地图文件map generalization 地图综合map graphics to text data linkage 图形－文本数据连接map graphics 图形－文本数据连接map grid 地图格网map information 地图信息map interpretation 地图判读map join 图幅连接map layer 图层map layout 图面配置map legibility 地图易读性map limits 图范围map linkage 图连接map load 地图负载量map making 制图map matching guidance 地图匹配导航map matching 地图匹配map measure 量图轨map miles 地图英里坐标系统map model system 地图模型系统map nadir 图面底点map name 地图名map of neotectonic strength 图上量算map origin 图坐标原点map overlay analysis 地图叠置分析map overlay modeling analysis 地图叠置模拟分析map overlay 地图叠置map parallel 图横线map perception 地图感受map plotting 填图map point 图上定位点；图面点map positional file 地图叠置文件map position 地图定位map projection system 地图投影系统map projection transformation 地图投影转换map projection 地图投影map projector 地图投影仪map quadrangle/map quad 地图标准图幅map query 地图查询map reading 读图map registration 地图对齐map representation file 地图表示文件map resolution 地图分辨率map revision 地图更新map scale number 地图比例尺数map scale 地图比例尺map scaling 地图比例变换map section 图区map series 系列地图map set miles 图集英里比例尺map sheet manipulation 图幅操作map sheet 图幅map shift 图幅移位map sliver 地图细小多边形map specifications 地图规范map standards 地图标准map substitute 临时版地图map symbolism 地图符号体系map symbol 地图符号map systematic errors 地图系统误差map test 地图检测map theme 地图专题map title 图名map tolerance 地图容限map transformation 地图转换map types 地图类型。

测绘工程专业英语词汇大全

absolute error 绝对误差absolute orientation 绝对定向absorptance 吸收active microwave sensors主动微波遥感传感器active remote sensing 主动式遥感addition constant加常数adjusted value 平差值adjustment of correlated observation 相关平差adjustment of observations, survey adjustment测量平差adjustment of typical figures典型图形平差aerial photogrammetry航空摄影测量aerial photography 航空摄影flight altitude 航高aerial triangulation空中三角测量airborne laser mapping机载激光测图airborne laser sounding机载激光探测airborne laser terrain mapping(ALTM)机载激光地形测图airborne sensor机载遥感器analogue photogrammetry 模拟摄影测量analytical aerotriangulation 解析空中三角测量analytical photogrammetry 解析摄影测量analytical plotter 解析测图仪angle closing error of traverse导线角度闭合差annexed leveling line 附和水准路线approximate adjustment近似平差argument of latitude 升交角距artificial earth satellite人造地球卫星ascending node 升交点astronomic positioning 天文定位atomic clock 原子钟attribute data 属性数据automatic aerial triangulation 自动空中三角测量automatic level，compensator level 自动安平水准仪automatic target recognition（ATR）目标自动识别average error 平均误差backsight(BS)后尺barometric leveling 气压水准测量block adjustment 区域网平差BM（benchmark）水准基点broadcast ephemeris 广播星历CCD camera CCD摄影机CCD(charge-coupled device)电荷耦合器件celestial body 天体circular encoders编码度盘clock error 钟差closed leveling line闭合水准路线closed loop traverse 闭合环导线closed traverse 闭合导线close-range photogrammetry近景摄影测量closing error in coordinate increment 坐标增量闭合差Coarse/Acquisition Code C/A码collimation line method 视准线法combined adjustment 联合平差command tracking station (CTS) 指令跟踪站computer graphics计算机图形学condition adjustment with parameters 附参数条件平差conditional adjustment 条件平差conditional equation 条件方程connecting traverse 附和导线constant error 常差control network 控制网control point控制点control segment 控制部分control survey 控制测量covariance function 协方差函数crust deformation measurement地壳变形观测crustal deformation 地壳变形crustal motion 地壳运动data capture 数据采集data classification 数据分类data compression 数据压缩data recorder 电子手簿data transfer 数据转换data transmission 数据转换deflection observation 挠度观测deformation monitoring(observation)变形监测depression angle 仰角detail survey 碎部测量differential correction 差分改正differential GPS (DGPS) 差分GPSdifferential interferometry差分干涉测量differential leveling微差水准测量digital elevation model(DEM)数字高程模型digital image processing 数字图像处理digital image数字图像digital orthoimage数字正射影像digital orthophoto map数字正射影像图digital photogrammetry数字摄影测量digital surface model(DSM) 数字表面模型digital terrain model(DTM)数字地面模型direct adjustment 直接平差direct leveling，spirit leveling 几何水准测量direct plummet observation 正垂线观测displacement observation 位移观测distance measurement 距离测量distance measuring instrument，rangefinder测距仪distance-measuring error 测距误差dual-frequency 双频earth tide 地球潮汐earth’s flattening 地球扁率EDM（electronic distance measurement）电子测距仪electromagnetic distance measuring instrument 电磁波测距仪electromagnetic radiation电磁辐射electromagnetic spectrum电磁波谱仪electronic level 电子水准仪electronic theodolite电子经纬仪electro-optical distance measuring instrument 光电测距仪elevation angle 高度角elevation difference 高差elevation of sight视线高程error distribution误差分布error ellipse误差椭圆error of closure，closing error，closure 闭合差error of focusing调焦误差error propagation，propagation of error 误差传播error test 误差检验ESA：European Space Agency 欧空局expectation，expected value 期望值figure of the earth 地球形状fissure observation 裂缝观测fixed error 固定误差foresight(FS)前尺forward intersection 前方交会full digital photogrammetry 全数字摄影测量functional model 函数模型GALILEO Control Center(GCC)伽利略控制中心GALILEO伽利略系统Gaussian distribution 高斯分布geodesy 大地测量学geodetic astronomy 大地天文学geodetic azimuth 大地方位角geodetic instrument 大地测量仪器geodetic network 大地网geodetic surveying 大地测量geodimeter 光速测距仪geographic information communication 地理信息传输geographic information system （GIS）geoidal undulation大地水准面高geological survey 地质测量geomatics 测绘学geometric geodesy 几何大地测量学geo-robot 测量机器人geo-synchronous satellite 地球同步卫星Global Navigational Satellite System(GNSS) 全球导航卫星系统global positioning system（GPS）GLONASS(global navigation satellite system) 全球导航卫星系统(俄)GPS constellation GPS星座GPS receiver GPS接收机gravimetric deflection 重力偏差gravimetric leveling 重力水准测量gravity field 重力场gray value 灰度值grey level 灰度级grid bearing 坐标方位角gross error detection粗差检验gross error 粗差ground-based control complex (GCC) 地面控制部分gyro azimuth 陀螺方位角gyroscopic theodolite 陀螺经纬仪height of instrument(HI)仪器高height of target(HT)目标高homologous points 同名点homologous ray 同名射线horizontal angle 水平角horizontal circle 水平度盘horizontal control network 平面控制网horizontal refraction error 水平折光误差horizontal survey 水平测量Huanghai vertical datum of 1956 1956黄海高程系统hydrographic survey水道测量image analysis 图像分析image coding 图像编码image correlation 影像相关image data 图像数据image description 图像描述image digitization图像数字化image enhancement 图像增强image fusion 影像融合image horizon 像地平线，合线image matching影像匹配image mosaicing 影像镶嵌image overlaying图像重合image point 像点image processing 图像处理image quality影像质量image recognition 图像识别image rectification影像纠正image resolution 图像分辨率image restoration图像复原image segmentation 图像分割image transformation 图像变换image understanding 图像理解inclination angle 倾角index error of vertical circle 竖盘指标差index of precision 精度指标indirect adjustment 间接平差inertial reference system惯性参考系统infrared EDM instrument 红外测距仪instrument of geomatics engineering 测绘仪器instrumental error 仪器误差intensity value 强度值interferogram fringe 相干条纹interferometry SAR 干涉雷达interferometry干涉测量internal orientation 内定向inverse of weight matrix 权逆阵inverse plummet observation 倒垂线观测ionospheric delay 电离层延迟land management 土地管理land survey （survey，boundary survey ，cadastral survey）地籍测量laser distance measuring instrument，laser ranger 激光测距仪laser level 激光水准仪laser transmitter激光发射器law of probability概率论least squares collocation最小二乘配置法least squares method 最小二乘法least-squares adjustment最小二乘平差level rod 水准尺level 水准仪LIDAR(Light Detection And Ranging)激光探测和测距limit error极限误差linear intersection边交会法linear-angular intersection边角交会法local navigation satellite system 区域导航卫星系统long-range EDM instrument 远程电子测距仪lunar laser ranging(LLR)激光测月magnetic azimuth 磁方位角marine survey 海洋测量master control station 主控站mean square error of a point点位中误差mean square error of angle observation 测角中误差mean square error of azimuth 方位角中误差mean square error of coordinate 坐标中误差mean square error of height高程中误差mean square error of side length 边长中误差mean square error(MSE)中误差Medium Earth Orbit(MEO)中地球轨道method by series，method of direction observation 方向观测法method in all combinations 全组合测角法method of laser alignment 激光准直法method of tension wire alignment 引张线法microwave distance measuring instrument 微波测距仪mine survey 矿山测量mining subsidence observation 开采沉陷观测minor angle method 小角度法monitor station 监控站most probable value(MPV)最或然值multipath effect 多路径效应multiplication constant 乘常数multiresolution 多分辨率multisensor 多传感器multispectral scanner 多谱段扫描仪multitemporal多时相national vertical datum of 1985 1985国家高程基准navy navigation satellite system(NNSS)海军导航卫星系统nominal accuracy 标准精度normal distribution正态分布normal equation 法方程normal error distribution curve 正态误差分布曲线normal random variable 正态随机变量oblique observation，tilt observation 倾斜观测observation equation 观测方程observation error 观测误差observation of slope stability 边坡稳定性观测open traverse 支导线optical image 光学影像optical level光学水准仪optical plummet光学对中器optical theodolite光学经纬仪orthophoto正射像片parameter adjustment with condition附条件间接平差parametric adjustment 参数平差passive microwave sensing 被动微波遥感passive positioning system 被动式定位系统passive remote sensing 被动式遥感personal error 人为误差phase unwrapping相位解缠photo tilt 像片倾斜photogrammetry摄影测量学photographic principal distance 摄影主距photographic scale 摄影比例尺physical geodesy 物理大地测量学picture element/pixel 像素pipe survey管道测量place-name database地名数据库plane surveying 平面测量plane table photogrammetry平板摄影测量planetary geodesy行星大地测量学polar motion 极移position and orientation system(POS)定位与定向系统positive positioning system 主动式定位系统post- processed differential correction 后处理差分改正precise alignment 精密准直precise code 精码precise ephemeris 精密星历precise positioning service(PPS) 精密定位服务precise ranging 精密测距probability density function 概率密度函数probable error 或然误差proportional error 比例误差pseudorange 伪码quasi-stable adjustment 拟稳平差radar altimeter 雷达测高仪radar overlay 雷达覆盖区radar remark 雷达指向标radar responder雷达感应器radiometer辐射计random error，accident error随机(偶然误差) rank defect adjustment秩亏平差raster data 栅格数据real-time differential correction 实时差分改正real-time kinematic(RTK)实时动态定位receiver antenna 接收机天线redundant observation 多余观测reference datum 参考基准面reference receiver 基准接收机reflectance反射reflecting stereoscope 反光立体镜refraction correction折光差改正relative error相对误差relative orientation相对定向remote controller远距离遥控器remote sensing 遥感remote sensor 遥感器resection 后方交会rigorous adjustment 严密平差river-crossing leveling跨河水准测量robotic (motorized) total station 智能型全站仪rotating mirror 旋镜route survey 路线测量roving receiver 流动接收机SAR(synthetic aperture radar)合成孔径雷达satellite clock 卫星钟satellite geodesy 卫星大地测量学satellite laser ranger 卫星激光测距仪satellite laser ranging(SLR)卫星激光测距satellite positioning 卫星定位satellite-to-satellite tracking 卫星跟踪卫星技术scatterometer 散射计scatterometry 散射测量Selective Availability(SA)选择可用性sequential adjustment 序贯平差servo motors 伺服马达settlement(subsidence) observation 沉陷观测side intersection 侧方交会side-looking airborne radar(SLAR)机载侧视雷达sighting distance视距space geodesy 空间大地测量学space segment 空间部分spatial analysis 空间分析spatial data infrastructure 空间数据基础设施spatial data transfer空间数据转换spatial database management空间数据库管理系统spectroradiometer分光辐射计spur leveling line支水准路线stadia addition constant 视距加常数stadia hair 视距丝stadia interval 视距间隔stadia multiplication constant 视距乘常数standard deviation标准差standard field of length 长度标准检定场standard positioning service(SPS) 标准定位服务stereo glasses 立体镜stereocomparator立体坐标测量仪stereopair，stereo photopair 立体像对stochastic model 随机模型survey specifications，specifications of surveys测量规范surveying and mapping 测绘system control center(SCC)系统控制中心systematic error 系统误差terrestrial photogrammetry 地形摄影测量texture analysis 纹理分析theory of error误差理论thermal imager 热像仪thermal infrared detector 红外探测器tolerance 限差topographic survey 地形测量topological relationship 拓扑关系total length closing error of traverse 导线全长闭合差total station 全站仪transmittance传播traverse angle导线折角traverse leg 导线边traverse network 导线网traverse network导线网traverse point 导线点traversing 导线测量triangular irregular network(TIN)不规则三角网triangulateration network边角网triangulation network 三角网triangulation 三角测量trigonometric leveling 三角高程测量trilateration network三边网trilateration 三边测量tropospheric delay 对流层延迟true error 真误差true north 真北two-color laser ranger 双色激光测距仪unbiased estimate无偏估计up-link station 注入站user segment 用户部分variance of unit weight 单位权方差variance-covariance matrix 方差-协方差阵variance-covariance propagation law方差-协方差传播率variance方差vector data 矢量数据vertical angle 竖直角vertical circle垂直度盘vertical control network 高程控制网vertical survey 高程测量very long baseline interferometry(VLBI)甚长基线干涉测量weight coefficient 权系数weight function 权函数weight matrix 权阵weight reciprocal of figure 图形权倒数zenith distance 天顶距。

地质学专业英语词汇

地质学专业英语词汇摘要地质学是一门研究地球的形成、结构、演化和动力学的科学，它涉及到许多专业术语和概念，对于地质学专业的学生和从事地质学相关工作的人员来说，掌握一些基本的地质学英语词汇是非常必要的。

本文从以下几个方面介绍了一些常见的地质学专业英语词汇：地球结构、板块构造、岩石和矿物、地貌和地理、气候变化和大气、自然资源和环境保护、地质灾害等。

每个方面都给出了一些中英文对照的表格，以便于读者对比和记忆。

本文旨在为地质学专业的英语学习提供一些参考和帮助。

1. 地球结构地球是由不同的层次组成的，从内到外分别是内核、外核、地幔和地壳。

不同层次之间有不同的物理性质和化学成分，对地球的演化和运动有重要的影响。

下表列出了一些与地球结构相关的英语词汇：中文英文地球Earth内核inner core外核outer core地幔mantle上地幔upper mantle下地幔lower mantle地壳crust大陆地壳continental crust海洋地壳oceanic crust岩石圈lithosphere滑动圈asthenosphere2. 板块构造板块构造是指地球表面由若干个相互移动的岩石板块组成，这些板块之间的相互作用导致了许多重要的地质现象，如大陆漂移、山脉形成、火山喷发、地震等。

下表列出了一些与板块构造相关的英语词汇：中文英文板块构造plate tectonics板块plate大陆板块continental plate海洋板块oceanic plate板块边界plate boundary构造带tectonic belt构造运动tectonic movement构造应力tectonic stress构造应变tectonic strain构造变形tectonic deformation构造断裂tectonic fracture构造缝合线tectonic suture大陆漂移continental drift大陆碰撞continental collision分裂边界divergent boundary汇聚边界convergent boundary滑动边界transform boundary俯冲带subduction zone3. 岩石和矿物岩石是由一个或多个矿物组成的自然固体物质，它们是地球最主要的组成部分。

英汉GIS词汇

英汉GIS词汇absolute reference frame 绝对参考坐标系adjacency analysis 相邻分析adjoining sheets 邻接图幅agglomeration （制图分类中的）聚合方法aggregation 聚合；聚集altitude tinting 分层设色animated mapping 动画制图animation 动画applications package 应用软件包application program 应用程序Application Programming Interface(API) 应用程序界面Applications Program Interface 应用程序接口applications system 应用系统applied cartography 应用地图学auto-cartography 自动制图automated cartography 自动制图学automated data dictionary 自动数据字典automated data processing 自动数据处理Automated Digitizing System(ADS) 自动数字化系统automated feature recognition 自动特征识别azimuth coordinate system 方位坐标系B-spline b样条曲线B-tree 二叉树；二元树base map of topography 地形底图base map/cadastre 底图／地籍图Beijing geodetic coordinate system 1954 １９５４年北京坐标系block correction 区域改正block 数据块；信息组；程序块border figure 图廓数据border information 图廓注记border line 图廓线border matching 边缘匹配border 边缘；界限；边界线；邻接；图廓间cadastral survey 地籍测量cadaster 地政局；地籍图cadastral attribute 地籍特征cadastral data base 地籍数据库cadastral features 地籍特征cadastral information system 地籍信息系统cadastral information 地籍信息cadastral inventory 地籍调查cadastral layer 地籍信息层cadastral lists 地籍册cadastral management 地籍管理cadastral map 地籍图cadastral map series 地籍图册cadastral mapping 地籍制图carrier frequency(GPS) 载波频率（全球定位系统）cartographic analysis 地图分析cartographic classification 地图分类cartographic communication 地图传输cartographic data base managem ent system 地图数据库管理系统cartographic data base 地图数据层cartographic data model 地图数据模型cartographic expert system 制图专家系统cartographic generalization 制图综合cartographic projection 地图投影cartographic(al) analysis 地图分析cartography 地图制图学；地图学chorographic map 时序图choropleth map 等值区域图class interval 分级间距；分类间距class list 分类清单class 分类，分级classification rule 分类规则cluster 聚类分析compaction 压缩completeness 完整性computer-graphics technology 计算机图形技术congruent image 叠合图象contour 等高线，等值线，轮廓contouring display 分层显示cover-ID 层标识符coverage ［GIS］图层data 数据data access security 数据存取安全性data accessibility 数据可达性data acquisition 数据获取data analysis 数据分析data architecture 数据结构data attribute 数据特性data base；database 数据库data capture 数据采集data catalogue 数据目录data communications 数据通信data quality 数据质量data security 数据安全性data conversion 数据转换data definition 数据定义data editing 数据编辑data element 数据要素data encoding 数据编码data entry 数据输入Data Exchange Format 数据交换格式data extraction 数据提取data file 数据文件data handling 数据处理data item 数据项data layering 数据分层data manipulation 数据操作data model 数据模型data product 数据产品data quality 数据质量data reality 数据真实性data records 数据记录data reduction 数据整理data reduction；datacompression 数据压缩data redundancy 数据冗余度data representation 数据表示data retrieval 数据查询data schema 数据模式data security 数据安全性data sensitivity 数据灵敏性data set 数据集data set quality 数据集质量data smoothing 数据平滑data snooping 数据探测法data sources 数据源data storage 数据贮存data structure conversion 数据结构转换data structure 数据结构data transfer 数据传输data transmission 数据传输data type 数据类型data updating 数据更新data vectorization 数据矢量化datum transformation 基准变换descriptive data 描述数据desktop GIS 桌面地理信息系统differential Global Positioning System；DGPS 差分全球定位系统digital cartography 数字地图制图digital correlation 数字相关digital data collection 数字数据存贮系统Digital Data Communication Message Protocol 数字化数据通讯消息协议Digital Data System 数字化数据系统digital data 数据；数字资料Digital Elevation Matrix(DEM) 数字高程矩阵digital encoding 数字编码digital exchange format 数据转换标准Digital Field Update System 数字化外业更新系统digital files synchronization 数字化文件同步化Digital Geographic Information数字化地理信息交换标准Exchange Standard；DGIWG；NATOdigital image processing 数字图象处理digital image 数字影（图）象Digital Landscape Model 数字景观模型Digital Line Graph；DLG 数字线划图digital map registration 数字地图套合digital mapping 数字测图digital map 数字地图digital mosaic 数字镶嵌digital mosaicing 数字镶嵌digital number；DN 数字值digital orthoimagery 数字正射影象digital orthoimage 数字正射影象Digital Orthophotoquads；DOQ 数字正方形正射象片图digital orthophoto 数字正射影象digital photogrammetry 数字摄影测量digital process 数字化过程digital rectification 数字纠正digital simulation 数字模拟digital surface model；DSM 数字表面模型digital tablet 数字化板Digital Terrain Model；DTM 数字地面模型Digital to Analog Converter 数／模转换器digital tracing table 数控绘图桌digital value 数字化值digital voice 数字化声音digital-analog 数字模拟digitalyzer 模数转换器digital 数字的digitization 数字化digitize maps 数字化地图digitized data 数字化数据digitized file 数字化文件digitized image 数字化影象digitized terrain data 数字化地面数据digitized video 数字影（图）象digitizer accuracy 数字化仪精度digitizer resolution 数字化仪分辨率digitizer workstation 数字化工作站digitizer 数字化仪digitizing 数字化digitizing board 数字化板digigtizing cursor 数字化鼠标digitizing edit 数字化编辑digitizing table；tablet 数字化板digitizing threshold 数字化阀值digraph 有向图disk space 磁盘空间disk storage 磁盘存储diskette 软磁盘disk 磁盘distributed architecture 分布式体系结构Distributed Computing Environment 分布式计算环境Distributed Data Processing 分布式数据处理Distributed Database ManagementSystem,DDBMS 分布式数据管理系统Distributed Database ；DDB 分布式数据库distributed processing 分布式处理Distributed Relational 分布式关系数据库结构Database Architecture(DRDA)districe coding 地区编码districting 分区（空间聚合）disturbed orbit 卫星轨道升交点docum ent file 文档文件Document Image Peocessing(DIP) 文件影象处理docum ent window 文档窗口docum ent-file icon 文档文件图标docum ent/page reader 光符识别仪器docum entation drawing 二维绘图downloadable font 可传输字符download 文件（程序）传输（从中心机到个人微机）drafting scale 绘图比例尺drafting 绘制；绘图；草拟draft 草图；草案drainage map 水系图；流域图drainage pattern 水系类型；水网类型drainage 水系；水文要素；排水设备drape 两维数据在表面叠加产生透视图draping 两维数据叠加在透视图上drawing board 绘图板drawing entities 绘图实体Drawing Exchange Format 图形交换格式drawing extents 绘图范围drawing file 绘图文件drawing grid 绘图格网drawing interchange format 绘图交换格式drawing limits 绘图限制drawing registration 绘图对齐；绘图定位drawing sizes 图面大小；图幅尺寸drawing unit 绘图单元drawing 绘图drum plotter 滚筒式绘图机drum scanner 滚筒式扫描机duobinary coding 双二进制编码DX 90 水文地理数据格式dynamic-Link Library,DLL 动态链接库E-R diagram E-R图earth gravity model 地球重利模型Earth Resources Information System；ERIS 地球资源信息系统EROS 地球资源观测系统earth satellite thematic sensing 地球卫星专题遥感earth shape；figure of the earth 地球形状Earth spheroid 地球椭球体Earth spherop 地球椭球面earth surface 地球表面earth synchronous orbit 地球同步轨道earth window 地球数据窗口Earth-centered ellipsoid 地心椭球Earth-fixed coordinate system 站心坐标系EarthResource Technology Satellite 地球资源技术卫星Earthwatch 地球监视卫星ecosystem 生态系统edge join 边缘匹配edge matching 边缘匹配edge of the format；map border 图廓Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) 电子数据交换edit 编辑；修改edit verification 编辑核实edit/display on input 输入编辑/显示edit/display on output 输出编辑/显示editing 编辑effective radius of the Earth 地球有效半径eigenvector analysis 特征向量分析eigenvector 特征向量EIS process 环境影响评价过程electric mail；e-mail 电子邮件electronic bearing 电测方位electronic chart 电子海图Electric Chart and Display 电子图形显示信息系统 Information System；SCDISelectronic chart data base；ECDB 电子海图数据库Electronic Data Collection 电子数据集合Electronic Data Interchange；EDI 电子数据交换electronic drawing tablet 电子绘图板electronic engraver 电子刻图机electronic imaging system 电子成像系统electronic line scanner 电子扫描机electronic map 电子地图electronic publishing system 电子印刷系统Embedded QUEL 内嵌式查询embedded SQL 镶嵌式查询语言emergency run 地图翻印encipher；encode；encoding 编码enclosing rectangle (最小)封闭四边形encoding code model 编码模型encoding schem e 编码方法End Of Line 文件结束标志End Of Text 行结束标志end points 文本结束标志end user participation 终端用户参与end user 终端用户ent-to-end data system 终端站间数据系统Enhanced graphics Adapter(EGA) 增强图形适配器enhanced imagery 增强图象enhanced mode 增强模式entity 实体entity classes 实体类entity classes 实体分类entity instance 实体样品entity object 实体对象entity point 实体定位点entity relationship data model 实体关系数据模型entity relationship diagram；ERD 实体关系图Entity Relationship Model；E-R Model 实体关系模型entity set model 实体集模型entity set 实体集entity subtype/supertype 实体子类型/母类型entity type 实体类型Entity-Relationship Approach E-R法entity 实体,组织,结构entropy coding 熵编码entropy 熵(平均信息量)environmental analysis 环境分析environmental assessment 环境评价environmental cadastre 环境地籍图environmental capacity 环境容量environmental data base 环境数据库environmental data/information 环境数据/信息environmental map 环境地图environmental mapping data 环境制图数据environmental overlays 环境图environmental planning 环境规划environmental quality assessment 环境质量评价environmental remote sensing 环境遥感Eclogically Sustainable Development 生态平衡的持续发展equation item 方程项European Transfer Format(ETF) 欧洲传输格式executable file 执行文件execution 执行(程序指令)extended color 扩展彩色Extended Graphics Adapter(EGA) 增强图形适配卡Extended Graphics Array 扩展图形矩阵Extensional Database 扩展数据库external attribute table 外部属性表external data storage 外部数据存储(相对于数据库) external database file 外部数据库文件external margin 外图廓external polygon 外部多边形external program 外部程序external schema 外部模式external storage 外部存储设备facilities 设施；装备facility data 设施数据facility instrument 设施设备facility map 设施图facility network 设施网络facility splice 设施接合fast Fourier transform 快速傅立叶变换feature 特征Feature and Attribute Coding Catalogue 地物与属性编码目录feature attribute table 特征属性表feature bounded 边界标识地物feature class 特征分类feature codes menu 特征码清单feature codes 特征码feature coding 特征编码feature extraction 特征提取feature identifier 特征标识符feature ID 特征标识符feature instance 特征实例feature item 特征项feature marked 有标记特征feature number 特征标识符feature selection 特征选择feature separation 特征分类feature spanned 跨区特征feature supported 支持特征feature user-ID 特征用户标识码Federal Information Processing 联邦信息处理标准 Standards(FIPS)Federal Information Processing Standards/ 联邦信息处理标准／空间数据转换标准Spatial Data Transfer Standard；FIPS/SDTS field ［数据］域file ［计算机］文件file activity 文件活动file attribute 文件属性file compression 文件压缩file format 文件格式file fragmentation 文件分段存储file indexing 文件管理索引file integrity 文件完整性file name extension 文件扩展名file name 文件名file protection 文件保护file server protocol 文件服务器协议file server 文件服务器file set 文件集file specification 文件说明；文件说明表file structure 文件结构file system 文件系统File Transfer Protocol 文件传输协议file transfer 文件转换file-by-file compression 文件压缩filename extension 文件后缀名fill pattern 填充模式fixed length record format 定长记录格式flag 标志；特征flair point 识别点；明显地物点flap 叠置floppy disk；floppy 软盘form line 地表形态线format conversion 格式转换format line 格式行format model 格式模型format 格式formatted model 格式化模型formatting function 格式化函数；格式编排formatting 格式化formfeed 换页；格式馈给forms interface 格式界面forms processing 表格处理fractal 分数的；分形；分数维fractional map scale 分数地图比例尺fractional scale 分数比例尺frequency band 频段；频带frequency bias 频偏frequency curve 频率曲线frequency demodulation 鉴频frequency distribution 频率分布full-resolution picture 全精度影（图）象，高分辨率影（图）象fully concatenated key 全连串码fully digital mapping 全数字化制图function library 功能库functional data base 功能数据库functional mapping 功能制图functional structure 功能结构fuzzy analysis 模糊分析fuzzy C-means 模糊聚类法fuzzy classifier method 模糊分类法fuzzy distance 模糊距离fuzzy intersection concept 模糊交叉概念fuzzy tolerance 模糊容限fuzzy 模糊的；失真的Gauss plane coordinate 高斯平面坐标Gauss-Kruger coordinate 高斯－克吕格坐标Gauss-Kruger grid 高斯－克吕格格网Gauss-Kruger map projection 高斯－克吕格地图投影Gaussian coordinate 高斯坐标gazetteer 地名录general scale 基本比例尺generic term 地理通名Geo Based Information System 基于地学的信息系统geo-analysis 地理分析geo-defined unit 地理定义单元geo-distribution 地理分布geo-politic data base 行政区划数据库geo-referenced information system 地理参考信息系统geobase system 地区系统geobased information system 地区信息系统geobase 地区库geobotanical cartography 地植物学制图geocartography 地理制图geocoded virtual map 地理编码虚拟图geocodes 地理编码geocode 地理编码geocoding system 地理编码系统geocoding 地理编码Geographer's Line 地理坐标网geographic aggregation 地理聚合Geographic Analysis and Display System(GADS) 地理分析显示系统Geographic Analysis Package(GAP) 地理分析软件geographic analysis/modeling capability 地理分析／模拟能力geographic analysis 地理分析geographic area boundaries 地理面积边界Geographic Area Code Index(GACI) 地理面积编码索引Geographic Base File(GBF) 地理基础文件Geographic Base File/Dual 地理底图基础文件／双重独立地图编码Independent Map Encoding(GBF-DIME) Geographic Base Information System(GBIS) 地理基础信息系统Geographic Base System(GBS) 地理基础系统geographic boundaries 地理边界geographic boundary data 地理边界数据geographic calibration 地理标准geographic center 地理中心geographic classification 地理分类geographic codes 地理坐标码geographic coding 地理编码geographic coordinates 地理坐标geographic coordinate 地理坐标geographic coverage 地理层geographic data base 地理数据库geographic data set 地理数据集geographic data structure 地理数据结构Geographic Database 地理数据库geographic data 地理数据geographic display system 地理显示系统geographic entity 地理实体geographic feature data 地理特征数据geographic feature 地理特征geographic graticule 地理坐标网geographic grid 地理网格geographic identifiers 地理标识符geographic indexed file 地理索引文件geographic indexes 地理索引geographic information system 地理信息系统geographic inverse 地理位置反算geographic landscape 地理景观geographic latitude 地理纬度geographic location 地理位置geographic longitude 地理经度geographic meridian 地理子午线geographic modeling 地理模拟geographic name 地理名称geographic net 地理坐标格网geographic numbering system 地理编号系统geographic object 地理对象geographic pole 地极geographic position 地理位置geographic reference system 地理参考系统geographic reference 地理参考geographic referencing 地理参考过程geographic standardization 地理标准化geographic survey 地理测量geographic value 地理坐标值geographical coordinate 地理坐标geographical data base 地理数据库geographical general name 地理通名geographical map 地理图geographical mile 地理海哩geographical name index 地名索引transcription；geographical 地名注音法name transliterationgeographical name；place name 地名geographical network 地理格网geographical pole 地极geographical position 地理位置geographical reference system 地理坐标参考系geographical viewing distance 地理视距geographical zones 地理带geographical-exploration traverse 地理勘测路线geographical 地理的geographics limits 细线；内图廓线geographic 地理的；地理学的geography 地理学Geomatics （加拿大）地球信息学geometric rectification 几何校正geometric registration 几何配准geomorphic map 地貌类型图geomorphological mapping 地貌制图geomorphological map地貌图geomorphology 地貌学geoprocessing application 地理处理应用geoprocessing approach 地理处理方法geoprocessing functions 地理处理函数geoprocessing modeling 地理处理模拟geoprocessing operations 地理处理操作geoprocessing productivity 地理处理率geoprocessing system 地理处理系统geoprocessing virtual map system 地理处理虚拟图系统Geoprocessing(GP) 地理处理过程geoprocessor 地理处理器GEOREF coordinate system 世界地理坐标参考系GEOREF grid 世界地理坐标参考网格georeference system 地理坐标参考系georeference 地理坐标参考georeferenced 地理坐标参考的georeferencing 地理坐标参考过程GEOREF 世界地理坐标参考系georelational model 地理相关模型geosphere 地理圈geostatistics 地理统计GIS/LIS 地理信息系统／土地信息系统Global Environm ental Monitoring System(UNEP) 全球环境监测系统（联合国环境项目）global land information system(GLIS) 全球土地信息系统Global Positioning System(GPS) 全球定位系统global positioning 全球定位global rediation 总辐射global satellite system 全球卫星系统Global T elecommunications System 全球远程通讯系统global 全球的graphic compose 图形合成graphic data base file 图形数据库文件graphic data base 图形数据库graphic data concept 图形数据概念graphic illustration 图解说明；图解例证graphic input procedure 图形输入法graphic input unit 图形输入设备Graphic Interchange Format 图形交换格式graphic interpolation 图解内插法graphic limits 图形边界graphic manipulation 图形维护graphic map features 图示地图特征graphic map manipulation 图示地图操作graphic map scale 图解地图比例尺graphic mapping control point 图解图根点graphic menu 图示菜单graphic modes 图示模式graphic object 图形对象graphic output unit 图形输出设备graphic overlay 图形叠加graphic plane 图示面graphic primitive 图形元素graphic presentation 图形显示graphic production 图形生成graphic product 图形产品graphic rectification 图形校正graphic representation 图形表示graphic scale 图解比例尺graphic sign 图形记号graphic superimposition 图形叠加graphic symbol 图形符号graphic symbols/symbology 图形符号／符号表示graphic system components 图形系统组成graphic tablet 图形数字化板graphic terminal 图形终端graphic text string 图形文本串graphic trace 图形跟踪graphic variable 图形变量graphical screen interface 图形屏幕界面graphical user interface(GUI) 图形用户界面graphics accelerator 图形加速卡graphics cursor 图形光标graphics display units 图形显示单元graphics inquiry 图形查询graphics languages 图形语言graphics mode 图形模式graphics page 图形页Graphics Performance Characterization(GPC) 图形工作特性graphics resolution 图形分辨率graphics screen 图形屏幕界面graphics software 图形软件graphics tablet 图形数字化板graphics 图形graphic 图形的；图示的graph 图；图形graticule 格网graticule 十字丝；地理坐标网grating 光栅grid 格网grid amplitude 格网幅度grid azimuth 坐标方位角grid bearing 坐标方位角grid cell 格网元素；网眼grid cell compositing 网眼组成grid cell data structure 网眼数据结构grid cell data 网眼数据结构grid cell lattice 三维网眼格数据结构grid cell map-record format 网眼地图记录格式grid cell map 网眼地图grid cell modeling 网眼模拟grid cell search 网眼搜寻grid convergence 坐标纵线收敛角grid coordinate system 格网坐标系grid coordinates 格网坐标系grid data 格网数据grid declination 格网真北偏角grid equator 格网赤道grid factor 格网因子grid format 格网格式grid interval 网格间距grid inverse 网格反算grid length 坐标网距grid lines/codes 格网线／码grid magnetic angle 格网磁偏角grid map 格网地图grid meridian 坐标网纵线grid method 格网法grid of neighboring zone 邻带方里网grid origin 坐标格网原点grid structure 网格结构grid system 格网系统grid tick 格网标记grid variation 格网磁偏角grid zone 坐标带grid 栅格，格网；坐标网grid-point method 网点板法grid/raster data 格网／栅格数据gridded data 格网数据gridiron layout 格网平面图gridiron pattern 格网图形gridsystem 直角坐标格网grips 数据转换程序halftone screen 半色调屏幕header file 头文件header label 头标header line 标题行header record 首记录header 标题hextree 分级图象数据模型hidden attribute 隐含属性hidden file 隐含文件hidden line removal 隐线消除hidden surfaces 隐面hidden variable 隐含变量hierarchical data base 分级数据库hierarchical data 分级数据hierarchical data model 层次数据模型hierarchical data structure 分级数据结构hierarchical database 分层数据库hierarchical districts 层次分区hierarchical file structure 分级文件结构hierarchical file system 分级文件系统hierarchical model 分级模型hierarchical organization 等级结构hierarchical relationship 分级关系式（数据文件结构）hierarchical sequence 层次序列hierarchical spatial relationship 分级空间关系hierarchical storage 分级存储hierarchical structure 分级结构hierarchical 分级的；层次的hierarchization 分级High Level Data Link Control 高级数据连接控制High Memory Area 高位地址内存区histogram 直方图；柱状图；频率图history 命令记录Huffman code 霍夫编码hull TIN表面Human Computer Interaction 人机交互Human Computer Interface 人机界面hypertext 电子文本；超级文本I channel 同相信道；I通路I notation parameter 整数记号参数I-beam I指针I/O addresses 输入／输出地址I/O Character Recognition(I/O CR) 输入／输出字符识别I/O error 输入／输出错误I/O port 输入／输出端口image coding 图象编码image compression 影（图）象压缩image contrast 影象反差image coordinate 影象坐标image correlation 影象相关image data base 影象数据库image data collection 图象数据收集image data compaction 图象数据压缩image data retrieval 图象数据检索image data storage 图象数据存储image data 影（图）象数据image definition 影象清晰度（分辨力）image degradation 影（图）象退化；影（图）象衰减image description 影象描绘image digitization 图象数字化image displacement 影象位移image distortion 影（图）象失真image integrator 图象综合image intensifier 影（图）象增强器；变象管；象亮化器image intensity 图象强度image interpretation 影象判读image magnification 影（图）象放大image matching 影象匹配image processing rectification 图象处理校正复原 and restorationimage processing 图象处理校正复原image ray 象点投影线image recognition 影（图）象识别image reconstruction 影（图）象重建image reconstructor 影象再现装置image registration 图象配准image representation 影（图）象显示；影（图）象再现image resolution；ground resolution 影象分辨力image scale 影象比例尺image size 影（图）象尺寸；影（图）象范围image space coordinate system 象空间坐标系image space 象空间image stack 影（图）象栈image transform 影（图）象变换image transformation 图象变换image translator 影（图）象转换器image；imagery 影象image 象，象片；影象，图象；镜象图形imagery feature 影象特征index to Names 地名索引indexed sequential file 顺序索引文件indexed 索引化的indexing 索引；加下标；变址index 指标；指数；索引informatics 信息学information area 信息区information bit 信息位information center 信息中心information collection 信息采集information content 信息量information explosion 信息爆炸information extraction 信息提取information float 信息浮动information format 信息格式information management 信息管理information network 信息网information overlays 信息叠加information rate 信息传输速率Information requirement(IR) 请求信息information revolution 信息革命information science 信息科学information system 信息系统information technology(IT) 信息技术information theory 信息论information window 信息窗口infowmation 信息input area 输入区input data 输入数据input device 输入设备input image(inimage) 输入影（图）象input/output analysis 输入／输出分析input/outpu model 输入／输出模型Input/Output(I/O) 输入／输出input 输入inquiry 查询insert 插入；嵌入integrated data base 集成数据库integrated data layer 集成数据层Integrated Geographical Information System 集成化地理信息系统integrated GIS/technologies 综合地理信息系统／技术integrated information system 综合信息系统integrated spatial system 综合空间信息系统integrated system 综合系统interactive 交互式interactive digitizing 人机交互数字化interactive display 人机交互显示interactive drafting 交互式绘图interactive editing 交互式编辑Interactive Graphics and Retrieval System 交互图形与恢复系统Interactive Graphics Design System 交互式图形设计系统Interactive Graphics System/Interactive 交互式制图系统／交互式制图子系统Graphics Subsystem；IGS/IGSSinteractive graphics 交互式制图interactive image processing system 人机对话影（图）象处理系统interactive mode 交互式模式Interactive Multimedia 交互式多媒体interactive processing mode 人机交互模式interactive processing 人机交互处理interactive processing 交互式处理interactive restoration 人机对话复原Interactive Surface Modeling 交互式地表建摸interactive topology 交互式拓扑Interactive Volume Modeling 交互式立体模型intercell plot 单元间图（或文件）interchange format 交换格式interchange modeling 交换模拟interchange model交换模型internal data model 内部数据模型internal data structure 内部数据结构（只在处理过程中保持的）internal database file 内部数据库文件interrecord data structures 交互记录的数据结构inverse fast Fourier transform 快速傅立叶变换isoline 等值线isolith 等厚度线isolong 等经度改正线isomagnetic chart 等磁力线图isometric coordinate 等量坐标isometric design 等角投影isometric latitued 等量纬度isometric map projection 等量地图投影isometric mapping 等量制图isoperimetric map projection 等量地图投影isoplane 等平面isopleth mapping 等值线制图isopleth map 等值线图isoplethic mapping 等值线制图isoplethic map 等值线图isopleth 等值线key 关键字key attributes 关键属性key bed 标准层key entry 键盘输入key feedback area 码反馈区key field 关键字段key file 关键文件key horizon 标志层key identifiers 关键标识符key map 索引图；总图key pad 键座key value dictionary 关键值索引key variable indexing 关键变量索引keyboard buffer 键盘缓冲keyboard equivalent key 键盘等价命令键keyboard shortcut 键盘快捷命令keyboard 键盘Land evaluation 土地评价Land Information System(LIS) 土地信息系统Land Information Technology(LIT) 土地信息技术land types 土地类型land unit 土地单元land use 土地利用landform 地表形态landscape drawings 景观绘图landscape map 景观地图layer file 层文件layer index 图层索引layer index 层索引layer system 分层设色法layer-tinted map 分层设色地图layered style map 分层设色地图layered style 分层设色表示法layering 分层；层化layers 层次layer 层layover 覆盖；遮蔽（雷达影像）Leaf Area Index 叶区域索引leaf level 叶层次league 里格leaking polygon 未闭合多边形legend 图例lettering 地图注记lineage 数据说明line element 线状要素line feature 线状特征line follower 线跟踪器（量测转换边界）line generalization 趋势线概化line graph 线状图line in polygon calculation 多边形内线判断计算line in polygon retrieval 多边形内线判断查询line intersection 线段交叉line map 线画图line of nodes 交轨线line symbologics 线状符号表达法line symbol线状符号local database 局域数据库local datum 局部定标数据logical block 逻辑块logical channel number 逻辑通道号码logical consistency 逻辑一致性logical contouring 逻辑恒直线logical data base(LDB) 逻辑数据库logical data model 逻辑数据模型logical data structure 逻辑数据结构logical decision 逻辑判定logical design 逻辑设计logical exclusive operation of image 影象逻辑异运算logical expression 逻辑表达logical links 逻辑连接logical mounting 逻辑安装logical name 逻辑名字logical operation 逻辑运算logical operator 逻辑运算符logical order 逻辑指令logical overlap 逻辑重叠logical record 逻辑记录logical security 逻辑安全性logical selection 逻辑选择logical storage structure 逻辑存储结构logical unit 逻辑单元logic 逻辑login (=logon)注册lot and block 地块与街段lot dimensions 地块尺寸lot line 地块边界lot of record 地块记录lot 地块LPT port 并行口LU pooling 逻辑单元合并machine bias 机器偏差machine code 机器码machine encoding 机器编码machine language 机器语言machine processable 机器可处理的man-machine interface 人机接口manager access 管理者存取manual digitizer 手扶数字化器manual digitizing 人工数字化manual encoding 人工编码manual link 人工连接manual map enhancement 人工地图增强manuscript map 原图；稿图manuscript 原图many-to-one relate 多对一关系map accuracy(absolute) 绝对地图精度map accuracy(relative) 相对地图精度map accuracy level 地图精度水平map accuracy specifications 地图精度说明map accuracy standards 地图精度标准map adjustment 地图接边；图幅接边map algebra 地图代数Map and Chart Data Interchange地图与图表间数据交换map appearance 地图整饰map average 地形特征地图map black clouds 地图数据密集区map border 图廓map chart 作战海图map clarity 地图清晰性map closure 地图闭合map code （１）地图代码；（２）变换码，印象码map collar data 地图边缘数据map color atlas 地图色谱map compilation 地图编绘map complexity 地图复杂性map composition 地图编制map computerization 地图计算机化map coverage 地图层map data base 地图数据库map data retrieval 地图数据查询map data structure 地图数据结构map data 地图数据map decoration 地图整饰map deformation 地图变形map description 地图描述map digitization 地图数字化map digitizing 地图数字化map directory 地图目录map display 地图显示map distortion 地图畸变map distribution 地图供应map edge 图幅边缘map editing 地图编辑map extent 地图范围map face 图幅尺寸；图幅面积map feature 地图特征map files 地图文件map generalization 地图综合map graphics to text data linkage 图形－文本数据连接map graphics 图形－文本数据连接map grid 地图格网map information 地图信息map interpretation 地图判读map join 图幅连接map layer 图层map layout 图面配置map legibility 地图易读性map limits 图范围map linkage 图连接map load 地图负载量map making 制图map matching guidance 地图匹配导航map matching 地图匹配map measure 量图轨map miles 地图英里坐标系统map model system 地图模型系统map nadir 图面底点map name 地图名map of neotectonic strength 图上量算map origin 图坐标原点map overlay analysis 地图叠置分析map overlay modeling analysis 地图叠置模拟分析map overlay 地图叠置map parallel 图横线map perception 地图感受map plotting 填图map point 图上定位点；图面点map positional file 地图叠置文件map position 地图定位map projection system 地图投影系统map projection transformation 地图投影转换map projection 地图投影map projector 地图投影仪map quadrangle/map quad 地图标准图幅map query 地图查询map reading 读图map registration 地图对齐map representation file 地图表示文件map resolution 地图分辨率map revision 地图更新map scale number 地图比例尺数map scale 地图比例尺map scaling 地图比例变换map section 图区map series 系列地图map set miles 图集英里比例尺map sheet manipulation 图幅操作map sheet 图幅map shift 图幅移位map sliver 地图细小多边形map specifications 地图规范map standards 地图标准map substitute 临时版地图map symbolism 地图符号体系map symbol 地图符号map systematic errors 地图系统误差map test 地图检测map theme 地图专题map title 图名。

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Alogrithm:算法；
Accuracy:准确度；
Application:应用；
Artificial Intelligence(AI):人工智能；Aspect:方位Attribute:属性；
Binary:二进制；
Boolean operation:布尔*作（逻辑*作）
Buffer:缓冲区；
Cartography:制图学；
Cell:单元；
Chain:链Continuous data:连续数据
Coordinate system:坐标系统
Database:数据库；
Database approach:数据库方法
Database management system(DBMS):数据库管理系统Data entry:数据输入；
Data set:数据集
Data standards:数据标准；
Data structure:数据结构
Data visualization:数据可视化；
Derived data:派生数据
Original data:原始数据；
Digitize:数字化；
Digitizer:数字化仪
Discrete data:离散数据；
Distributed system:分布式系统
Fractal:分形；
Geocoding:地理编码（地址编码）Georeferenced:地理参考；
Land information system(LIS):土地信息系统
Map algebra:地图代数；Map projection:地图投影Map scale:地图比例尺；
Metadata:元数据
Overlay:叠置；
Parcel:地块Peripherals:外设；
Pixel:像元
Plotter:绘图仪；
Polygon:多边形
Precision:精度；
Proximity analysis:邻近分析
Query:查询；
Recode:重编码
Relational database:关系数据库；
Site suitability analysis:位置适宜度分析
Spatial accuracy:空间准确度；
Spatial analysis:空间分析
Spatial precision:空间精度；
Spatial relationship:空间关系
Subset:子集；
Terrain analysis:地形分析
Thematic map:专题地图；
Topology:拓扑
Tracking GIS:动态GIS；
UTM(Universal Transverse Mercator)：通用横轴麦卡托投影Node:结点；
Vertex:节点
Viewshed:可视域
vector 矢量
merge 合并
slope溢出
terrain地形
infrastructure 基础设施
dynamic 动态的sequence 顺序cumulative积累
outline大纲
horizon视野
substantial真实的
paradigm范例
perceptions理解
integrated完整的
analog类似物
coherence 连贯的
impairing 削弱
tentative延伸的
holographic 透视的
currency 流行的
ultimate终极
utilities公共事业
tabular表格的
distribution 分配
a bar chart直方图
depicted描述scale比例尺
retrieval 检索
spatial空间的
census人口
puch assembled 集中的
configuration配置
cutting－edge 前沿
terrific 极端
overlay 叠加
accomplishment 技巧
thematic 主题
tremendously 非常的
multidisciplinary多学科的
holistic 整体的
hub轴心
dimensional 维数
peripheral外设
innovative创新的
interdisciplinary 交*学科competent 有能力的attribute属性
interchanged相互交换
reference参照物
constitute组成
sphere球core中心
identification区别
sample采样
proximity 相近的
latitude经度
longitude纬度
landscape 外观polygon多边形
scope范围
perimeter周长
trend surface趋势面
designate 描绘
discrete离散
unambiguous明确的
zones尺度
sparse 稀少
coordinate坐标
icon图标
configuration 参数
clustered 群聚的lunar crater火山口termed 术语为……
hydrologic水文的
function功能
buffer缓冲
temporal 暂时的
critical关键的
demographic 人口统计的vary改变
span跨度
eruption火山爆发
hazard灾难
frame结构
erosive侵蚀
animation动态
obsolete 荒废的
extrapolated推断的preliminary 预备的
address反映
spreadsheet电子表格
synergy协同
grid栅格
trait特点
cartography制图diverse不同的
magnitude数量
surveyed site测量点
statistical analysis 数据分析
query查询
filter过滤
descend下降
option选项
drag 拖
redundancy冗余
duplication复制
accommodate查询
decimal 十进制arbitrary 随意的
robust增强
dedicate致力于
even偶数
rectangular矩形
rasterization栅格化magnifictionfangda unaided eye肉眼coarse粗糙
resolution分辨率
crude粗糙
digitized数字化
linear直线
triangle 三角形adjacent临近的
ends端点
bends 拐点
vertice顶点
node节点
segment段
arc弧
view视图
inspected检查outline轮廓
hence从此以后
coordinate position坐标位置border边界
evolution发展
exaggerated 放大的
curve曲线
jagged锯齿状的plotter绘图仪demonstrate演示
relevant相关
moderate中等
stack大量
manipulate*作
cancel抵消，取消compensate补偿topology拓扑的
intuitive直觉
versus与……相对
seamless无缝的。