GIS专业英语01 PPT课件
地信专业英语
Vector (矢量) Raster (栅格)
Image(影像)：Reflects pictures or photographs of the
landscape, very similar to raster data, however typically lacks the internal formats(格式) required for analysis and modeling(建模) of the data.
Professional English for Geographical Information System
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Part Ⅰ The Basic Concept of GIS
• 1. What is GIS? (L.1)
• 2. What kinds of functions does a GIS have? (L.2)
preprocesses spatial data from various sources.
2）A data storage and retrieval (/ri‟tri:vəl/)
subsystem that organizes the spatial data in a
manner that allows retrieval, updating, and editing.
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Part Ⅱ——1. GIS data models
3）Vector data formats
Vector storage implies the use of vectors (directional lines) to represent a geographic feature.
GIS基础知识 ppt课件
绝缘盆子 (Insulation Spacer) 4) 驱动机构
(Mechanism)： CB, E/DS, FES 5) 绝缘气体： (SF6 GAS)
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Thanks For Your Time!
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GIS基础知识 ppt课件
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GIS
70 222
(60×222) ÷14×70≈14(倍）
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GIS基础知识 ppt课件
Unit : m
AIS
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GIS在电力系统中位置
发3 电 厂 Power Plant 、
涡轮发电机组
变压器
T
锅炉
电 网 Power Line
GIS
塔
塔
一次变电站 Primary S/S
GIS
变压器 GIS
GIS基础知识 ppt课件
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7.7、GIS主要组成单元：PT(Pofential Transformer)
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➢ 部件名称：电压互感器。 ➢ 英文简称：PT or
VT(Voltage Transformer)。 ➢ 主要作用：将高电压转
换成低电压（一般为 110V）对GIS进行测量 和保护。 ➢ 分类：1）测量用PT
GIS 1.2 什么叫AIS？
利用空气作为绝缘介质的的组合电气。 英文全称： AIR INSULATED SWITCHGEAR
*实际：GCB + Air insulated Sub-Module
AIS
2021/3/26
GIS基础知识 ppt课件
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2、220kV GIS和AIS面积比
GIS专业外语
Learning Objectives 1. Understanding the contents of geospatial data 2. Be familiar with data collection, uncertainty 3. Be familiar with terminology
GIS store and process data in two formats, vector and raster. In the vector data model, the world is represented as a mosaic of interconnecting lines and points representing the location and boundaries of geographical entities. In raster data models, the data are represented as: an array of cells, or pixels, to represent real world objects.
Notes and Phrases location 定位 attribute 属性 arcs (lines) 弧线 polygons (traversed areas) 多边形 points (labeled nodes) 点(标识节点) nodes (intersection points). 节点（交汇点） Data collection 数据采集 color aerial photograph 彩色航空照片
4.1.2 Secondary geographical data capture Geographical data capture from secondary sources is the process of creating raster and vector files and databases from maps, photographs, and other hard-copy documents. Scanning is used to capture raster data. Table digitizing, heads-up digitizing, stereo-photogrammetry are used for vector data.
GIS专业英语教学教材
G I S专业英语第一课Comprehensive:全面的，综合的，Intellectual:智力的，才智的Jargon:专业术语Terminology:专业术语Geomatique:地理信息技术Geoscience:地球科学Derivative:派生物，衍生物Cartography:地图绘制学，地图绘制Architect：建筑师Preliminary：初步的，起始的Enumerate：列举，枚举Resemble：像，与……相似Transformation：转换第二课Automated：自动化的Equivalent:a等价的Cartographer：绘制图表者，制图师Mylar：胶片Electronic：电子的Encode：编码Orthophotoquad:正射影像图Aerial：空中的，航空的Aggregation：集合，聚合，集合体Reproduction：再现，复制，繁殖Dissemination：传播，宣传，传染Counterpart：相似之物Compactness：致密性Complexity：复杂，复杂性Hamper：阻碍，束缚Retrieval：取回，恢复，修补Analog：模拟的Planimeter:测面器，求积仪Phenomena：现象Quantitative：数量的，定量的Histogram：直方图，柱状图Supplementally:追加，补充Modification：修改，变型Cartogram:统计地图，统计图Hand-drawn：手绘Emergency：紧急事件Employe：雇佣，雇工Clarify：澄清，阐明Taxonomy：分类学，分类法Bifurcation：分歧，分叉Parcel:地块Conservation：保存，保持Procurement：获得，取得，采购Wildlife：野生动植物Earthquake：地震Landslide：泥石流，山崩Cadastral：地籍的，有关土地清册的Geodetic：大地测量学，最短线的Sophisticated：精致的，复杂的第三课Pervade:弥漫，遍及Aspect：坡向，方向，面貌Inevitable：必然的，不可避免的Proprietary：所有的，专利的Mineral：矿物的，矿质的Military：军队，军人Electricity：电力，电流Telecommunication：通讯，电信学Interconnect：使相互连接，相互联系Administrative：管制的，行政的Environmental：环境的，周围的Attribute：属性，特质Procedure：步骤，程序，手续Manipulation：操作，操纵，处理Historically：历史上地，Subsume：把…..归入，把…..包括在Eclipse：形成蚀，使黯然失色Visualization：可视化，Immense：巨大的，广大的Analogue：类似，相似物Conventional：常见的，惯例的Enquire：询问，打听Coniferous：松柏科的Highlight：强调，突出，Stress：强调，加压力与Derive：得到，源于Discipline：纪律，学科，惩罚Algorithm：算法，Interpret：说明，口译，解释Artificial：人造的，仿造的，虚伪的Geomatique:地理信息技术Cartography:地图绘制学，地图绘制Preliminary：初步的，起始的Cartographer：绘制图表者，制图师Encode：编码Aggregation：集合，聚合，集合体Retrieval：取回，恢复，修补Analog：模拟的Quantitative：数量的，定量的Histogram：直方图，柱状图Cartogram:统计地图，统计图Parcel:地块Geodetic：大地测量学，最短线的Cadastral：地籍的，有关土地清册的Attribute：属性，特质Procedure：步骤，程序，手续Prime meridian：本初子午线Algorithm：算法，Discipline：纪律，学科，惩罚Visualization：可视化，Globe；球体Map projection地图投影Planar projection；平面投影Azimuthal projection；方位投影Characteristic，特征，特性Reference globe；参考椭球体Scale factor；比例因子Principle scale；主比例尺Equivalent projection；等积投影Equidistant；等距投影Mercator transverse；横轴莫卡托投影Gnomonic protection；中心切面投影Lambert‘s equal area projection 兰伯特等级方位投影Intelligence：智力，理解力，Correlation：相关，关联Urban：城市的Agriculture：农业，农艺Adjunct：附属物，修饰语Subdiscipline:学科的分支，副学科第四课Globe；球体Illustrate；阐明Configuration；配置，结构，外形Thematic；主题的Encounter；遭遇；邂逅Map projection地图投影Cylindrical；圆柱形的Projection family；投影系Planar projection；平面投影Cylindrical projection；圆柱投影Conical projection；圆锥投影Azimuthal projection；方位投影Community，社区，团体Representation；表现，陈述Characteristic，特征，特性Retain；保持，记住Convert；使转变Reference globe；参考椭球体Principle scale；主比例尺Scale factor；比例因子Cardinal 主要的，基本的Angular conformity；角度一致Conformal；等角的Orthomorphic；正形的Equivalent projection；等积投影Fundamental；基本的Equidistant；等距投影Maintain；维持，维修，供养Standard parallel；标准纬线Vital；生死攸关的，至关重要的Preservation；保存，保留Mercator transverse；横轴莫卡托投影Shopping mall ；大卖场Lambert‘s equal area projection 兰伯特等级方位投影Stereographic；立体照相的Orthographic；直角的Georeference；地理坐标参考系Universal transverse Mercator；通用横莫卡托投影Data type；数据类型，资料类型Attribute；属性，性质Vector；矢量Raster：光栅Langscape；地表，地形Vertex；顶点，头顶Arc；弧形物，弧Node；节点Topology；拓扑学Vector-raster conversion矢量-栅格转换Quadtree；四叉树Computer-aided drafting；计算机辅助制图Orthophoto；正色摄影Map algebra地图代数Forestry stand；林地，林区Inappropriate；不适当的，不相称的Quantized：量化的Legend：传奇，图例Vegetation：植物，草木Geological：地质的Spatial：空间分析技术Binary：二元的，二进制的Residence：居住，住处Variable：易变的，多变的Run-length code:长度方向编码Subsystem：子系统Pattern：样式，模式Scheme：模式，设计Database：数据库Resolution：解析，决议Entity：实体Spaghetti model：面条模型Topological model：拓扑模型Coordinate:坐标From node：终点Intersect：交叉，相交Form node：起始点Graph theory：图论Analog：模拟地图Compact：紧密的Reduction：缩减，降低Codification：编码，译成代码Shorthand：速记法Theme：题目，主题Scheme：模式，计划Gnomonic protection；中心切面投影Coordination；对等，同等第五课Georeference；地理坐标参考系Ellipsoid；椭圆，椭面Department of defence；国防部Universal transverse Mercator；通用横莫卡托投影第六课Thematic；题目的，主题的Facilitate；促进，帮助Data type；数据类型，资料类型Animation；活泼生气，激励Attribute；属性，性质Narration；叙述，讲述Vector；矢量Raster；光栅Image；影像，肖像Photograph；照片，相片Langscape；地表，地形Vertex；顶点，头顶Arc；弧形物，弧Node；节点Connectivity；连通性，互联性Topology；拓扑学Mathematical；数学的，数学上的Adjacency；毗邻，四周Computer-aided drafting；计算机辅助制图Gridcell；格网单元Tesseate；棋盘格网的Quadtree；四叉树Data volume；数据卷Cumbersome；笨重的Vector-raster conversion矢量-栅格转换Imperative；必要的，势在必行的Map algebra地图代数Modeling；造型的Distinguish；区别，区分Orthophoto；正色摄影Ancillary；辅助的，Rectify；改正Summarize；总结，概述Aesthetically；审美的Continuous；连续的，持续的Filtering；过滤，滤除Idelally；理想的，观念上Descrete；离散的，不连续的Forestry stand；林地，林区Accommodate；供应，容纳Integrity；完整性，正直Inappropriate；不适当的，不相称的第七课Quantized：量化的Coverage：覆盖Legend：传奇，图例Vegetation：植物，草木Geological：地质的Efficient：有效的，生效的Awkward：笨拙的，尴尬的Checkerboard：棋盘Similarity：类似，相似点Recreation：娱乐，消遣Residence：居住，住处Variable：易变的，多变的Primary：主要的Eliminate：消除，排除Intuitive：直觉Binary：二元的，二进制的Accomplished：熟悉的，有技巧的Retrieve：检索的Manipulation：操纵，操作Mainframe：主机，Workstation：工作台，工作站Flexibility：弹性，灵活性Transparent：透明的，显然的Strengthening：强化，加固Linkage：连接，联系Spatial：空间分析技术Maturing：成熟第八课Run-length code:长度方向编码Compacting：压缩，精简Approach：方法Subsystem：子系统Acetate：一种透明胶片Numerical：数字的，数值的Giggling :轻笑，傻笑Humility：谦逊的Workload：负载，工作量Pattern：样式，模式Scheme：模式，设计Cumbersome：笨重的，难使用的Respectively：各自的，分别的Homogeneous：各种的，相似的Quadrant：四分之一Variable：变量的，易变的Resolution：解析，决议Subdivision：细分，子部Multiple：多个的，多种的Database：数据库第九课Reminiscent：提示的，怀旧的Entity：实体Implicit：隐式的，内含的Explicit：明晰的，明确的‘Intervening：干涉的Spaghetti model：面条模型Topological model：拓扑模型Envision：预见，展望Coordinate:坐标Enormous:巨大的Plotting device：绘图设备Precalculated:预先计算好的Incorporate：集成，包含Contact：接触Intersect：交叉，相交Identification：识别Tedious：冗长的Approximate：接近，使接近Polygon：多边形From node：终点Suffer：遭受Analog：模拟地图Graph theory：图论Portrayal：描述，画像Meandering：曲折的Drawback：缺点第十课Compact：紧密的Reduction：缩减，降低Codification：编码，译成代码Scheme：模式，计划Shorthand：速记法Theme：题目，主题第十一课Majority：大多数Algorithm：算法Plotter：绘图仪Rasterisation:栅格化Vectorisation：矢量化Approximation：近视，概算Pixel：像素Boundary：边界Minimise :使……最小化Sampling：取样Jaggedness:层次不齐Aliasing：扭曲，变形Signal processing：信号处理Counteracting；反作用Continuint；连续性Increment；增长Curve；曲线Neighbouring polygon相邻多边形Allocating；分配Areal；面积的Context，上下文，环境Dominant；重要的，强大的Clipped；裁剪的Rounding；圆的Associated；联合的Predict；预测Coherence；连贯性，相关性Aberration；偏离，偏差Strategy；策略Assumption；假定，臆断。
GIS专业英语01ppt课件
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(2) Database Software
ESRI Personal database(mdb) SDE(sde for oracle | mysql | sqlserver)
Oracle spatial Mysql spatial PostgreSQL+PostGIS
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(3) System Management Software
Hardware
Data
People
Methods
Figure2 Components of GIS
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• 1. Hardware: Including various hardware devices, the material foundation to achieve system functions.
The development of GIS depends on the development of computer technology, especially the development of computer graphics.
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GIS germinated in the early 1960s, by the Canada Roger F. Tomlinson and the United States Duane F. Marble in different places from different angles. The former aimed at land use, established the Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS) at Canada Land Survey Bureau, while the latter research on large-scale urban transport at the Northwestern University of the United States, and proposed the establishment of GIS software systems thinking.
地理信息系统chap01
1.1.2 Components of a GIS
GIS
Computer System GIS Software Brainware Infrastructure
1.2 A Brief History of GIS
The world's first true operational GIS
Dr. Roger Tomlinson Father of GIS
Dynamic segmentation model
Composite features are useful in GIS because they can handle more complex spatial relationships.
1.3.1 Spatial Data
Triangulated irregular network (TIN) which approximates the terrain with a set of nonoverlapping triangles, is made of nodes (prints) and edges (lines).
1.1 WHAT IS A GIS?
Geographically Referenced Data (Geospatial Data)
are data that describe both the locations and characteristics of spatial features such as roads, land parcels, and vegetation stands on the Earth’s surS?
The ability of a GIS to handle and process geographically referenced data distinguishes GIS
大学GIS专业英语教学内容
Part I T he Basic Concept of GISLesson 1 What Is GISWHAT ARE GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS?In the broadest possible terms, geographic information systems are tools that allow for the processing of spatial data into information, tied explicitly to, and used to make decisions about, some portion of the earth. This working definition is neither comprehensive nor particularly precise. Like the field of geography itself, the term is difficult to define and presents the integration of many subject areas. As a result, there is no absolutely agreed upon definition of a geographic information system. The term itself is becoming hybridized and modified to conform to intellectual, cultural, economic and even political objectives (Table 1). This terminology has, in fact, become extremely elastic, resulting in an increasingly confusing jargon due to new definitions that constantly creep into both the scientific and the popular literature.TABLE 1 Examples of Synonymous Terms for Geographic InformationSystem and the Source or Motivation behind Their Derivation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Terminology SourceGeographic information system United States terminologyGeographical information system European terminologyGeomatique Canadian terminologyGeorelational information system Technology-based terminologyNatural resources information system Discipline-based terminologyGeoscience or geological information Discipline-based terminologysystemSpatial information system Nongeographical DerivativeSpatial data analysis system Terminology based on what system does ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..This lack of accepted definition has resulted in many gross misconceptions about what a GIS is, what its capabilities are, and what such a system might be used for. It has lead some people to believe, for example, that there is no difference between computer assisted cartography, computer assisted drafting, and GIS. Because the graphic display from these three systems can look identical to both the casual and the trained observer, it is easy to assume that they are, with minor differences, the same thing. Anyone attempting to analyze maps will soon discover, however, that computer assisted cartographic (CAC) systems, computer systems designed to create maps from graphical objects combined with descriptive attributes, are excellent for display, but generally lack the analytical capabilities of a GIS. Likewise, for pure mapping purposes it is highly desirable to use a computer assisted cartographic system developed specifically for the input, design, and output of mappable data, rather than working through the myriad analytics of the GIS to produce a simple map. Computer assisted drafting (CAD) — (a computer system developed to produce graphic images but not normally tied to external descriptive data files) — is excellent software for the architect, speeding the process of producing architectural drawings, and simplifying the editing process. It would not be as easy to use for producing maps as would CAC, nor would it be capable of analyzing maps — generally the primary tasks assigned to the GIS.For the experienced user of GIS technology, there is no need for a definition. The complex geographical queries that demand its use normally could not be addressed by CAC and CAD. But for those who have only heard of these tools a definition might prove useful. A preliminary definition for consideration might be that of David Rhind, who defined GIS as “a computer system for collecting, checking, integrating and analyzing information related to the surface of the earth”. This definition has some highly worthwhile elements that should be examined. First, it indicates that the GIS deals with the surface of the earth. Although this is not an absolute requirement, the vast majority of GIS applications do deal with portions of the earth. Moreover, the statement that the GIS is used to collect, check, integrate, and analyze information enumerates a large number of the necessary groups of operations for any geographic information system.Many additional definitions of GIS have been proposed. Some have shown the strong linkage between manual and computer-based methods of map analysis. Most others have explicitly stated among its primary objectives, to act as a tool for analyzing data about the earth. As we will see at the end of this text, one can also extend the definition to include the organization and people involved in working with spatial data as well. Like any technology that changes as quickly as does GIS, the definitions themselves will likely change as well.For this text I have chosen to use a definition that more closely resembles the way the GIS operates as a series of subsystems within a larger system. That definition proposed as a standard by Marble and Peuquet, and used in some form by others in their own definitions, pretty much sums up what it is we do with a GIS and how we do it. It states that GIS deals with space-time data, and often, but not necessarily, employs computer hardware and software. More importantly, perhaps, is the subsystem nature of his definition that provides an easily understandable framework for the study of GIS. The GIS, according to this definition, has the following subsystems:A data input subsystem that collects and preprocesses spatial data from various sources. This subsystem is also largely responsible for the transformation of different types of spatial data (i.e., from isoline symbols on a topographic map to point elevation inside the GIS).A data storage and retrieval subsystem that organizes the spatial data in a manner that allows retrieval, updating, and editing.A data manipulation and analysis subsystem that performs tasks on the data, aggregates and disaggregates, estimates parameters and constraints, and performs modeling functions.A reporting subsystem that displays all or part of the database in tabular, graphic, or map form.(本文节选、改编自《Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems》，详见Reference [1])New Wordscomprehensive [ˌkɔmpriˈhensiv] 全面的；无所不包的；综合性的intellectual [ˌɪntəˈlɛktʃʊəl, -tjʊəl] 智力的，才智的jargon [ˈdʒɑːg(ə)n] 专业术语terminology [ˌtɜ:məˈnɔlədʒi:] 专门用语Geomatique地理信息技术Geoscience [ˌdʒi(:)əuˈsaiəns] 地球科学derivative [dɪˈrɪvətɪv] 派生物，衍生物Cartography [kɑːˈtɒgrəfi] 地图绘制学；地图绘制architect [ˈɑ:kitekt] 建筑师preliminary [priˈliminəri] 初步的；起始的；预备的enumerate [ɪˈnjuːməreɪt] 列举，枚举resembles [riˈzembl] 像，与…相似transformation [ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃən, -fɔ:r-] 转换Exercises1.List some examples of synonymous terms for GIS.2.What’s the subsystems of GIS defined in this text?Lesson 2 What Kinds of Functions Does a GIS Have?The subsystem definition allows for easy comparison between the modern automated GIS and its analog counterpart, particularly when considering the steps in the cartographic process (Table 1). The first GIS subsystem, the data input subsystem, is roughly equivalent to the first and second steps in the cartographic process — data collection and map compilation (Table 2). In traditional cartography the cartographer compiles or records a map made up of points, lines, and areas on a physical medium such as paper or Mylar. The data are collected from such sources as aerial photography, digital remote sensing, surveying, visual description, and census and statistical data. The automated counterpart uses electronic devices to record or encode points, lines, and areas into a computer system. Data collection sources are often the same as those used for traditional mapping, but now, include a wide variety of digital sources: digital line graphs, digital elevation models, digital orthophotoquads, and many more. Although the mechanics differ between the two technologies, the actual methods are strikingly similar.TABLE 1 Comparison of the Cartographic Process as Applied to Traditional Cartography (Map) and Geographic Information System (GIS) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….Map GISData collection: aerial photos, surveys, etc. Data collection: aerial photos, surveys, etc.Data processing: aggregation, classing, Data processing: aggregation, classing, plusetc.; linear process analysis; circular processMap production: final step except for Map production: not always final step;Reproduction and dissemination normally one map used to produce still moreMapreproductionMapreproduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..TABLE 2 Analog Versus Digital GIS: A Comparison of Input Subsystem Functions ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..MapInput: recorded (compiled) on paper from a collected source ·Points·Lines·AreasSources·Aerial photography·Digital remote sensing ·Surveying·Visualdescriptions·Census dataGIS Input: “encoded” into the computer from a collected source ·Points·Lines·AreasSources·Same as map data·Digital Line Graph (DLG)·Digital Elevation Models (DEM) ·DigitalOrthophotoquads ·Otherdigitaldatabases·Statistical data, etc...............................................................................................................................................................This is also the case for the second subsystem, the storage and retrieval subsystem (Table 2.3). Although there is no actual counterpart in the cartographic method, the map itself is the storage and retrieval tool. Points, lines, and areas that have been placed on the cartographic document are stored there for retrieval by the map reader. It has been said that the map is the most compact medium for the storage of spatially related information and may be the most complex form of graphic device available. In fact, the compactness of the map and its complexity frequently hamper the map reader’s ability to extract information.The GIS storage and retrieval subsystem has some advantages over the graphic map in that queries can be made of the data and only the appropriate, context-specific information recalled (Table 3). This format places more emphasis on formulating queries and asking the appropriate questions and less on overall map interpretation. In general terms，this subsystem stores, either explicitly or implicitly, the graphic locations of point, line, and area objects (entities), and their associated characteristics (attributes). Computer search methods are inherent in the GIS programs themselves to allow questions to be asked and for appropriate answers to be given.TABLE 3 Analog Versus Digital GI S: A Comparison of Storage and Retrieval Subsystem Functions .............................................................................................................................................................. Map GISPoints, lines, and areas are drawn on Points, lines, and areas are stored as grid cells orpointersincomputer.andwithpapersymbols. coordinatepairsRetrieval is simply a matter of map Attribute tables are associated with Reading. Coordinate pairs.Retrieval requires efficient computer searchtechniques. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..In the analysis subsystem, once again there is no exact cartographic method counterpart, except that the map is a fundamental tool for the analysis of spatially related data (Table 4). The analog map requires rulers to measure distances, compasses to find directions and dot grids or planimeters to measure areas. Furthermore the map analyst is restricted to the graphic methods used to present the data on the piece of paper or Mylar. Still, these map analysis tools have been used for a great many years because of the known utility of comparing spatially related phenomena in a quantitative manner.TABLE 4 Analog Versus Digital GIS: A Comparison of Analysis Subsystem Functions ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..Map GISRequires rulers, planimeters, compasses, and Uses the power of the computer to measure, other tools all used by the human compare, and describe contents of theanalyst databaseRestricted to the data as they are aggregated Allows ready access to the raw data and allows and represented on the paper map aggregation and reclassification forfurther analysis ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..The analysis subsystem is the heart of the GIS. The need to analyze maps to compare and contrast patterns of earth-related phenomena, exemplified by the long-standing tradition of doing so with traditional maps, provides an impetus to find more convenient, faster, and more powerful methods. GIS analysis uses the power of the modern digital computer to measure, compare, and describe the contents of the databases. It allows ready access to the raw data and allows aggregation and reclassification for further analysis. Not only is it not limited in the types of data it can retrieve but it can combine selected data sets in unique and useful ways far beyond what the traditional map could provide on a single sheet.Of course, once an analysis has been performed, there is generally a need to report these results. In cartography, whether it be traditional analog cartography or its digital equivalent, computer assisted cartography, the output is generally the same — a map. The most common purpose of cartography, at least from the user perspective, is to produce a map product, usually in copies for multiple recipients. In fact, production and reproduction are the final two steps in the cartographic method.A major difference between GIS and cartography, beyond the emphasis on analysis in GIS, is the method of reporting the results of analysis (Table 5). Although many users, perhaps even most, will still require mapped output, there are many options available in modern GIS. Some typical noncartographic output could include tables listing, for example, the anticipated crop yields per hectare by soil type or predicted changes in population densities by census district. Alternatively, either of these results also could be output as a series of histograms or line graphs. Supplementally, digitally encoded photographs of selected sites could be placed on the map margins or within the tables or charts.TABLE 5 Analog Versus Digital GIS: A Comparison of Reporting and Output Functions .............................................................................................................................................................. Map Output GIS OutputGraphic device only The map is only one type of GIS outputMany forms of maps With minor exceptions, GIS offers same Modifications can include cartograms, options as traditional hand-drawn mapsEtc.Also includes tables, charts, diagrams,photographs, etc...............................................................................................................................................................More advanced GIS features are available, as well. Examples include output in the form of printed mailing labels for a search of a database of potential customers to facilitate the distribution of advertising. A 911 emergency system database could be connected to a police or fire department, so that when a caller reports an emergency, the information can be directly routed to the nearest emergency service. This output could also be in the form of a route map showing the fastest path from the emergency branch to the site of the emergency. In fact, the types of output are often dictated more by the use for which the GIS is employed than by the software. And, like the users of maps, the outputs are many and varied.Among the more interesting phenomena arising from the wide range of users is a new set of terms defining the system on the basis of what it does. For example, one could have a police information system, a natural resources information system, a census information system, a rangeland evaluation system, a land information system, a cadastral information system, and so on. Although these terms are generally descriptive of the use for which the GIS is being employed, they do little to clarify the exact nature of the system. In fact, they generally add considerably to the confusion. Perhaps a more structured approach to classification of GIS in the form of a taxonomy would prove useful (Figure 1).InformationNonspatial SpatialNon-geographic Geographic information system (GIS)Other GIS Land information system(LIS)Socioeconomic Census...Non-parcelbased Parcel basedManagementsystemsCAD/CAMFigure 1 A taxonomy of information systems. The illustration shows how GIS and LIS fit in.This taxonomy diagram clearly shows the separation between spatial and nonspatial information systems. The GIS appropriately fits under the spatial information systems category. Two general classes of spatial information systems are identified: geographic and nongeographic. Nongeographic information systems, although they frequently deal with some portion of geographic space, seldom have strong locational links to the earth itself. In other words, they are not generally geocoded. Thus such systems as computer assisted drafting and computer aided manufacturing, come under the nongeographic spatial information systems heading.Within geographic information systems there is yet another bifurcation. GIS are divided into land information systems (LIS) and nonland information systems, or other geographic information systems. Although the division is somewhat artificial, it is important because it separates the applications of GIS technology into those that are primarily focused on the land itself and those that, although being geocoded, are more focused on information that might either affect or be affected by land-related factors. These uses include census information systems whose primary focus is on populations and their housing and economic activities, rather than on the land on which they reside or even on their use of the land. Another (non-land-related) GIS application might include applications surrounding political redistricting. Although political redistricting, by its very nature subdivides or apportions the land into discrete portions, such activities generally have little or no direct and immediate impact on the land itself. Rather, political redistricting affects the voting patterns of those living on the land surface. A common non-land-related use of GIS is market analysis, which may include a determination of the amount of market within reasonable reach of a business (allocation) or might involve an analysis of existing facilities to determine where best to put a competing or complementary facility (location). Locating fire stations, schools, and other facilities falls into this category. In general, non-land-related GIS activities tend to entail social, economic, transportation, and political types of activities.Land-related activities provide the framework for the second, and possibly the most often used type of GIS, the land information system (LIS). Such systems are based most often on the ownership, management, and analysis of portions of the earth most frequently of interest to humans primarily because of their condition of ownership. Land information systems are further subdivided into parcel based and non-parcel based. Non-parcel-based LIS include natural resources information systems, such as those used by national park services, land management agencies, and the like. Activities within the non-parcel-based LIS could include habitat evaluation, conservation easement procurement, wildlife evaluation, earthquake and landslide prediction, flood hazard abatement, chemical contamination evaluation, forest and range management, and scientific investigation.Parcel-based LIS applications are generally focused on landownership and other cadastral investigations. The defining criterion is that the land be divided into surveyed parcels having legal descriptions. Although this terminology could also apply to such portions of land as national forests, it generally assumes that the parcels are smaller than this. Fundamental to applications of these types is a highly accurate geodetic framework upon which the parcels can be precisely described. LIS applications involve traditional survey methods and are among the largest users of NA VSTAR’s Global Positioning System (GPS) for acquiring this locational information. Once an accurate geodetic framework and cadastral system have been developed, many analyses of land-tenure change can be performed with the assurance of a high degree of measurement accuracy. Included in such studies are those attempting to arrive at compatible multiple land uses within selected parcels of land. Some of these studies may require the incorporation of a multipurpose cadastre — a parcelization framework that allows analysis of multiple land-parcel-related phenomena.Whether they are land related or human related, the applications of GIS technology are many and varied, offering enormous possibilities for both simple and extremely sophisticated analysis. Most of today’s applications are quite limited in sophistication, however. Generally, this under use of system capabilities seems to be related more to a lack of understanding of the existing potential of GIS, rather than to actual software limitations. Before we can ask software to perform a particular task, we must be aware of what that task might be. Then we can see whether the software is capable of accomplishing it. People using today’s GIS software are frequently heard saying, “Hey, I didn’t know we could do that with the computer!” The exclamation is one of discovery, not unlike the reaction of geographers of old as they ventured into the jungle with pith helmet and machete. For the person newly introduced to GIS software, the journey into new dimensions of geographic exploration has just begun.(本文节选、改编自《Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems》，详见Reference [2])New Wordsautomated ['ɔ:təmeitid] 自动化的equivalent [i'kwivələnt] 等价的，相等的cartographer [kɑ:'tɔgrəfə] 图制作者,制图师Mylar ['mailɑ:] 胶片electronic [ilek'trɔnik] 电子的encode [in'kəud] 编码orthophotoquad 正射影象图aerial ['єəriəl] 空中的,航空的,空想的aggregation [ægri'geiʃən] 集合,聚合,集合体reproduction [,ri:prə'dʌkʃən] 再现,复制,生殖dissemination [di,semi'neiʃən] 传播,宣传,传染(病毒)counterpart ['kauntəpɑ:t] 相似之物compactness [kəm'pæktnis] 致密性complexity [kəm'pleksiti]复杂，复杂性hamper ['hæmpə] 阻碍,使...困累,困累retrieval [ri'tri:vəl] 取回,恢复,修补analog ['ænəlɔɡ] 模拟的planimeter [plæ'nimitə] 测面器；求积仪phenomena [fi'nɔminə] 现象quantitative ['kwɔntitətiv] 数量的,定量的Histogram [ˈhistəuɡræm] 直方图；柱状图Supplementally[,sʌpli'mentəli]追加；补充modification[mɔdifi'keiʃən] 修改；变型；cartogram ['kɑ:təɡræm] 统计地图；统计图hand-drawn 手绘emergency [i'mə:dʒnsi] 紧急的employe [ˌemplɔiˈi:,imˈplɔii] 雇用clarify ['klærifai] 澄清,阐明,使...明晰taxonomy ['tæk'sɔnəmi] 分类学；分类法bifurcation [baifə'keiʃən] 分歧，分叉；分歧点parcel ['pɑ:sl] 地块conservation [,kɔnsə'veiʃən] 保存，保持；保护procurement [prəu'kjuəmənt] 获得，取得；采购wildlife ['waildlaif] 野生动植物的earthquake ['ə:θkweik] 地震landslide ['lændslaid] 泥石流，山崩cadastral [kə'dæstrəl] 地籍的；（有关）土地清册的geodetic [,dʒi:əu'detik] 大地测量学的；最短线的sophisticated [sə'fistikeitid] 精致的；复杂的Exercises1.Discribe the differences and connections of cartographic process of GIS with traditionalcartography.pare analysis subsystem functions between GIS and analog maps.3.How GIS fits in the taxonomy of information systems?Lesson 3 Origins and Applications of GISINTRODUCTIONThe need to place information in a geographical text pervades many aspects of human activity. In public and commercial organizations, many of these activities are connected with the recording and planning of the human-made environment, with monitoring and managing the natural environment, with transport and navigation, and with understanding social structures. It is an inevitable consequence of the revolution in information technology that we should attempt to build computing systems to handle this geographical information. The results of these technological efforts are reflected in the fields of geographical information systems (GIS) and computer cartography which are the subject of this book.When compared with the development of computing systems for maintaining commercial and financial information, progress in the field of geographical information systems has been remarkably slow. One of the earliest clearly identifiable geographical information systems is the Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS), which was developed for planning purposes. Although the system can be regarded as having laid the foundations, in the mid 1960s, for many subsequent GIS, it was not in fact followed by a proliferation of similar systems. It was only in the late 1980s that we saw the introduction of proprietary GIS which could claim to meet a significant proportion of the data-handling requirements of organisations concerned with geographical information. Examples of organizations in which these requirements arose include environmental mapping agencies, local and regional government administrations, marketing companies, mineral exploration companies, the military, and utility companies supplying water, electricity, gas and telecommunications.The relatively late introduction of commercially marketed GIS technology may be explained, to some extent, by the fact that the type of information to be stored in these systems is more complex, and more difficult to process at a basic level, than that found in conventional business information systems. The reasons why geographical data processing is more complex than commercial data processing relate both to the nature of geographical information itself and to the type of retrieval and analysis operations performed upon it. Geographical information is typically concerned with spatially referenced and interconnected phenomena, such as towns, roads and administrative areas, as well as less precisely defined regions with environmental attributes, such as woodlands and marshes. Physical structures and locations are defined by geometric data consisting of combinations of points, lines, areas, surfaces and volumes, in association with classifications and statistical data that attach real-world meaning. These collections of data must be treated in a manner which retains the integrity of the whole objects to which they refer, at different levels of abstraction, rather than as isolated pieces of data. Enquiries on geographical information frequently require some form of spatial search or analysis to be performed on individual regions or on combinationsof particular phenomena. Such procedures often require quite sophisticated geometric procedures for manipulation and transformation.In contrast, commercial data processing can, in general, be reduced to sets of comparative operations on the names or identifiers of, for example, personnel or goods, and to arithmetic operations on attribute values, such as salary and price, which are associated with them. These operations involve less complex algorithms than those required for spatial data. It could also be argued that the development of information technology was initially in response to non-spatial data-processing problems and as such it has been adapted to those requirements. GIS may be seen as one of a number of classes of information processing that require additional layers of special-purpose procedures.Computer systems for storing and retrieving geographical data are now at a relatively advanced stage of development, but it is still a rapidly developing field and many problems remain to be solved if these systems are to meet all the requirements of spatial analysis and decision-making. Because many organisations need to access a mix of data relating to technical, commercial and human resource issues, a measure of the effectiveness of GIS technology in the future may be the extent to which it becomes absorbed within the information infrastructure and hence disappears as an information processing system in its own right!CARTOGRAPHY AND GISThe fact that geographical information is spatially referenced means that it is associated, at least conceptually, with the field of cartography, as the traditional method of recording the location of spatial phenomena and the relationships between them. The application of computing technology to geographical information handling impacts therefore upon the discipline of cartography. Historically, the development of GIS may be seen to have paralleled efforts to automated cartographic production methods. The growth in the application of GIS technology is now so great however that, to some, cartography appears to be becoming subsumed within the field of GIS. This viewpoint may be understood if we see that the traditional role of cartography has combined the function of helping us understand spatial relationships with that of providing a database recording the form of the earth’s surface and the objects located upon it. The introduction of GIS does not necessarily eclipse the role of cartography in the visualisation of spatial knowledge but, as a means of storing, managing and analysing that knowledge, a GIS provides immense benefits when compared to the analogue technology of conventional maps.Geographical information system may then be seen to be taking over and greatly extending the role of spatial data storage which was previously played by maps. Once spatial data have been represented in digital form it becomes very much easier to carry out measurements on the data, to perform analysis in various ways, and to make changes to it. Some of the operation can be applied without recourse to a graphic map of any sort. For example, one could enquire about the distance between two named places or, say, the area of coniferous forest within a named county, without referring to a map.。
GIS专业英语
GIS专业英语Abscissa 横坐标absolute accuracy 绝对精度absolute coordinates 绝对坐标Absorption 吸收abstraction 抽取accuracy 精度Add Data 添加数据Across-track scanner 跨径扫描仪active remote sensing 主动遥感Address geocoding 地址地理编码address locator地址定位器Address matching 地址匹配agreement licensee 协议被许可人Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer 高级甚高分辨率辐射仪Air station 航摄站alidade照准仪along-track scanner 沿径扫描仪Alphanumeric grid 字母数字网格Anaglyph 视差立体图analog image模拟图像Analysis mask 分析掩模anisotropy各向异性Antipode对跖点apogee远地点Arc 弧architecture 架构archive档案argument参数Arithmetic expression 算术表达式aspatial data 非空间数据aspect ratio纵横比Astrolabe 星盘atlas grid地图集网格atmospheric window大气窗口Atomic clock 原子钟attenuation 衰减authentication 身份验证author 作者Autocorrelation 自相关automated cartography 自动化制图automation scale 自动化比例Autovectorization 自动矢量化axis 轴azimuthal projection 方位投影Backscatter 后向散射band 波段band ratio 波段比band-pass filter 带通滤波器Bandwidth 带宽bar scale比例尺(图形比例尺) base layer 底层base station基站Batch 批量batch geocoding 批量地理编码batch processing 批处理Batch vectorization 批量矢量化bathymetric curve 等深线battleships grid战舰网格Bayesian statistics 贝叶斯统计bearing方位角Bézier curve 贝塞尔曲线Bilinear interpolation 双线性内插法binding绑定binomial distribution 二项式分布Biogeography 生物地理学blind digitizing 盲目数字化block group街区群Block kriging 块段克里金法bookmark 书签boolean 1.布尔数据类型; 2.布尔值Boolean operator 布尔运算符boundary边界boundary line 界线Boundary monument 界标boundary survey 边界测量bounding rectangle边界矩形Bowditch rule 包狄法则break point 断点breakline断裂线browser 浏览器Buffer area 缓冲区business logic 业务逻辑CAD 计算机辅助设计(computer-aided design)Cadastral survey 地籍测量cadastre 地籍calibration 校准,定标callout line标注线Camera station 摄站capacity容量cardinal point方位基点cardinality基数Cartesian coordinate system 笛卡尔坐标系cartogram 统计图cartographer 制图员Cartography 制图学cartouche地图饰框catalog tree 目录树catchment流域Categorical raster 类目栅格celestial sphere天球cell size栅格大小cells 栅格Cellular automaton 元胞自动机census block人口普查区块Census geography人口普查地理学center 中心点centerline中心线centerpoint中点Central meridian中央子午线centroid 重心chart 图表chi-square statistic卡方统计Choropleth map 面量图chroma色度chronometer 天文钟circle圆Circular variance 圆方差civilian code民用码Clarke Belt克拉克带Clarke ellipsoid 克拉克椭球Clarke spheroid 克拉克椭球面Clearinghouse(信息或服务)交换中心clinometric map坡度图code-phase GPS 码相位GPS Cognitive map认知图coincident重叠cokriging协同克里金法command 命令Command line 命令行compass north罗经北compass point 罗经点compass rose罗经盘Compass rule罗盘仪法则compression program 压缩程序Computational geometry计算几何学Containment 包含Conformal projection 等角投影,保角投影,正形投影conformality保形性Conic projection 圆锥投影conjoint boundary共同边界constant azimuth恒定方位Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata 数字地理空间元数据的内容标准Continuous raster 连续栅格contour 等高线,等值线contour drawings 等高线图,等值线图Contour interval 等高线间距,等值线间距contour line等高线,等值线Contour tagging 等高线标注,等值线标注contrast ratio 对比度Contrast stretch 对比度扩展convergence angle收敛角conversion转换Convex hull 凸包coordinate geometry坐标几何学coordinate system 坐标系Coordinated universal time 协调世界时correlation相关Corridor analysis走廊分析, 廊道分析county subdivision县级分区Covariance 协方差Coverage 1.覆盖面；2.ESRI图层Cracking 裂化Crandall rule Crandall 法则crop guide 裁切参考线crop marks 裁切标记Cross correlation 交叉相关cross covariance 交叉协方差cross tabulation 交叉表Cross validation 交叉验证Cross variogram交叉变差函数Cubic convolution立方卷积插值法cultural feature人文要素Cultural geography文化地理学curb approach路边通道curve fitting曲线拟合Customizations 自定义cylindrical projection圆柱投影Dangle length悬线长度Dangle tolerance 悬线容差dangling arc 悬弧Dasymetric mapping分区制图（多用于人口数据）data management 数据管理Data table 数据表dataset 数据集datum基准DBMS 数据库管理系统(data-base management system) Dead reckoning 航位推测法Declination 1.偏角;2.磁偏角degree slope坡度Delaunay triangulation 德洛内三角Delimiter 分隔符demography人口统计学Densify 增密densitometer密度计Density slicing 密度分割deploy 部署或安装（硬件、软件等）Depression contour 洼地等高线depth contour等深线Depth curve 深度曲线Descending node 降交点Desire-line analysis期望线分析desktop 桌面Desktop clients 桌面客户端Desktop GIS 桌面GIS destination目标Determinate flow direction确定性流向Deterministic model 确定性模型Detrending 趋势分离developable surface可展表面developer 开发人员Development environment 开发环境Diazo process重氮晒印法difference 差异Differential correction 差分校正Differential Global Positioning System 差分全球定位系统Diffusion 扩散Digital elevation model 数字高程模型Digital Geographic Information Exchange Standard 数字化地理信息交换标准Digital Geographic Information Working Group 数字地理信息工作组Digital image processing 数字图像处理Digital line graph 数字线划图Digital nautical chart 数字海图Digital number 数值Digital orthophoto quadrangle 数字正射影像图Digital orthophoto quarter quadrangle 数字正射影像象限图Digital raster graphic 数字栅格图digital terrain elevation data 数字地形高程数据Digital terrain model 数字地形模型digitizer数字化仪Dijkstra’s algorithm狄捷斯特拉算法dilution of precision精度衰减因子Dimension 尺寸，维，维度directed network flow有向网络流Direction 方向Dirichlet tessellation荻瑞斯莱特镶嵌，荻瑞斯莱特剖分Discovery 发现discrete data离散数据discrete digitizing离散数字化Discrete raster 离散栅格数据Displacement 位移display scale显示比例Display unit显示单位dissemination扩散,传播distance距离Distance decay距离衰减Distance unit距离单位Distortion变形district 地区Dithering 抖动Diurnal arc周日弧docking停靠Doppler shift多普勒位移Doppler-aided GPS 多普勒辅助GPS dot density map点密度图Dot distribution map 点分布图double precision双精度Double-coordinate precision 双坐标精度Douglas-Peucker algorithm 道格拉斯-普克算法downstream下游Drafting 描绘draping叠加，披盖drift漂移drive-time area驾车时间区Drop-down list 下拉列表drum scanner鼓式扫描仪Dual Independent Map Encoding 双重独立坐标地图编码Dynamic zoom 动态缩放Easting 东距eccentricity 偏心率ecliptic 黄道edge边Edgematching 边缘匹配elastic transformation弹性变形Electromagnetic spectrum 电磁光谱electronic atlas电子地图集element 元素Electronic navigational chart 电子航海图Elevation guide 高程指南ellipsoid 椭球体Ellipticity 椭圆率End offset 末端偏移endpoint 端点enterprise GIS 企业级GIS Entity objects 实体对象envelope包络矩形environmental model 环境模型Ephemeris 星历表equal competition area平等竞争区equal-area classification等积分类Equal-area projection 等积投影equal-interval classification等距分类Equatorial plane 赤道面equidistant projection等距投影ESRI Data ESRI 数据Event 事件exponent指数export导出exposure station 摄站expression表达式Extended 扩展extent范围extrapolation 外插法extrude 拉伸extrusion拉伸Face 平面false easting 东移假定值false northing北移假定值feature 要素Federal Geographic Data Committee 美国联邦地理数据委员会field 字段Fill 填充fillet圆角filter过滤器，过滤flow direction流向flow map流向图Focal analysis邻域分析focal functions邻域函数form 地形，形式fractal 分形Framework 框架frequency 频率from-node 起点Full Extent 完整范围Fuzzy boundary 模糊边界Fuzzy classification 模糊分类fuzzy set 模糊集合Fuzzy tolerance 模糊容差Gauss-Krüger projection 高斯-克吕格投影Generalization 概化，（数据库或地图的）综合技术Geocentric coordinate system 地心坐标系geocode地理编码geocoding 地理编码Geocomputation 地理计算geodata 地理数据geodatabase 地理数据库Geodatabase data model 地理数据库数据模型Geodataset 地理数据集Geodesic 测地线Geodetic 测地学geographic coordinate system 地理坐标系Geographic information science 地理信息学Geographic Information System (GIS) 地理信息系统(GIS)Geography 地理学geography level 地理等级Geography Markup Language地理标记语言Geoid 大地水准面geoid-ellipsoid separation大地水准面-地球椭球面分离Geolocation 几何定位geometric coincidence 几何重叠Geometric correction 几何校正Geometric dilution of precision 几何精度衰减因子Geometric network 几何网络Geometric transformation 几何变换Geometry 几何学geomorphology 地貌学Geoprocessing 地理处理Georectification地理校正Georeference 地理参考Georeferencing 地理参考georelational data model 地理相关数据模型Geospatial data 地理空间数据geospatial data clearinghouse 地理空间数据交换中心Geospatial technology 地理空间技术Geospecific model 地学相关模型Geostationary 对地静止geostatistics地理统计学geosynchronous 对地同步Geotypical model 典型地理模型GIS地理信息系统GIScience地理信息学Global Navigation Satellite System 全球卫星导航系统Global Positioning System 全球定位系统GUI GUI (图形用户界面)Global spatial data infrastructure 全球空间数据基础架构Glyph 字形gnomonic projection日晷投影Go to ǿȀ转至ǿȀGPS 全球定位系统Grad 梯度(原英文单词可能有误) gradian 梯度gradient 坡度，斜率graticule 经纬网Gravimeter 重力计gravimetric geodesy 大地重力学gravity model 引力模型Gray scale 灰度great circle 大圆Greenwich mean time格林尼治标准时间Greenwich meridian格林尼治子午线grid 网格grid cell网格单元ground 大地,地面Hachure 晕渲线Hamiltonian circuit汉密尔顿回路Hamiltonian path汉密尔顿路径Height 高度Helmert transformation 线性正形变换hemisphere半球Heuristic 试探算法，试探函数hexadecimal 十六进制High Accuracy Reference Network高精度基准网High Precision Geodetic Network高精度大地基准网Hillshading 坡面阴影，晕渲histogram equalization直方图均衡化Hole 孔洞Horizontal geodetic datum 水平大地基准human geography 人文地理学Hydrography 水文地理学hydrologic cycle水循环hydrology水文学hyperlink 超链接Hypsography 测高学，地势图hypsometric curve等高线hypsometric map地势图Hypsometry 测高法Identify 识别identity link一致性链接illumination照度image coordinate图像坐标Image data 图像数据image division图像除法运算image scale 图像比例尺Image space 图像空间imager成像仪impedance阻抗import 导入IMS IMS (网络地图服务器,Internet Map Server) incident energy入射能量Index 索引index map索引图infrared scanner红外扫描仪Infrastructure 基础设施inset map插图instance 实例instantiation实例化Integer data 整数型数据integration 集成intensity 亮度Interactive vectorization 交互矢量化Interchange format 交换格式Interferogram干涉图intermediate data中间数据International date line 国际日期变更线international meridian国际子午线International Organization for Standardization 国际标准化组织Interpolation内插法interrupted projection分瓣投影intrinsic stationarity 内在稳态Inverse distance weighted interpolation 反距离加权内插法Irregular triangular mesh 不规则三角网Irregular triangular surface model 不规则三角面模型Isanomal 等地平Isarithm 等数线Isobar 等压线isochrone 等时线Isohyet 等雨量线Isolines 等值线isometric line 等容线isopleth 等值线isotherm等温线Isotropy无向性iteration 迭代iterative procedure迭代过程Jaggies 锯齿Jenks’ optimization詹克斯优化joint operations graphic 联合作战地图Junction element 交点元素Kernel 内核key identifier 主标识符kinematic positioning 动态定位Knockout 分离区(信号或通讯的中断) known point 已知点Kohonen map 柯霍南图Kriging 克里金法label标签labeling 标注lag 间隔land cover土地覆盖land information system土地信息系统land use土地利用landform 地形landmark 地标Landsat 陆地卫星landscape ecology景观生态学large scale 大比例尺lattice 点阵面layers 层layout 布局least squares 最小二乘法level 水平leveling 水平测量library 类库license 许可证license agreement 许可协议licensee 被许可人lidar 激光雷达line线line feature线要素line of sight 视线line simplification 线条简化line smoothing 线条平滑linear dimension 线性尺寸linear feature 线性要素linear interpolation 线性内插法linear referencing 线性参考(用于交通GIS) linear unit 线性单位localization 本地化location query 位置查询location-allocation 位置分配location-based services 基于位置的服务logarithm 对数logical network逻辑网络loop traverse 闭合导线loxodrome 恒向线Magnetic bearing 磁方位magnetometer 磁力计majority resampling 多数重新采样Map algebra 地图代数map collar地图边缘map display 地图显示Map document地图文档map element地图元素map extent地图范围Map feature 地图要素map generalization 地图概化,地图综合Map projection 地图投影Map query 地图查询map reading地图阅读map scale 地图比例尺map series地图系列Map service 地图服务map sheet地图map style地图风格map unit 地图单位Mapping 制图mask掩模mass point散点mathematical operator 数学运算符Matrix 矩阵mean center平均中心mean sea level 平均海平面Mean stationarity 平均稳态Measure 测量measure value 测量值Measurement residual 测量残差median中间数median center平均中心Mental map 意境图meridian子午线metadata 元数据Metropolitan statistical area 大都市统计区microdensitometer 测微密度计Micrometer 1.测微计; 2.微米minimum bounding rectangle 最小边界矩形Minimum map unit 最小地图单位minor axis短轴misclosure 闭合差Mitigation 减轻mobile clients 移动客户端Mobile GIS 移动GIS Model 模型Monument 标石morphology 形态学mosaic 镶嵌图mud pit 泥浆池Multichannel receiver 多频道接收器multidimensional data多维数据Multipart feature 多部分要素multipatch feature 带纹理要素Multiplexing channel receiver 多路复用频道接收器multipoint feature 多点要素Multispectral scanner 多光谱扫描仪multivariate analysis 多元分析My Places 我的位置National Spatial Data Infrastructure 美国国家空间数据基础设施Natural breaks classification 自然分类navigation 导航Navstar Navstar (美国国防部全球定位系统联合服务项目)Neighborhood statistics 邻域统计networked 联网node 节点Noncoterminous polygon 非相连多边形nonversioned 非版本normal distribution 正态分布Normal probability distribution 正态概率分布northing 北距Oblate ellipsoid扁椭球体oblate spheroid扁椭球面offset 偏移Oill spill 溢油(原文oill 应为Oil) Online GIS 在线GISOpen Geodata Interoperability Specification 开放地理空间数据互操作规范Open Geospatial Consortium 开放地理空间协会open traverse 不闭合导线OpenGIS Consortium OpenGIS 协会OpenLS OpenLS (OpenGIS所包含的Open Location Service)Operand 运算数operator运算符optical center 光学中心ordinal data序数数据Ordinary kriging 普通克里金法ordinate 纵坐标Ordnance Survey 英国陆地测量局Orientation 方向origin point 原点orthogonal offset 正交偏移Orthographic 正交orthomorphic 正形orthophoto 正射影像Orthophotograph 正射影像orthophotoquad 无等高线正射影像overview map 总览图Orthophotoscope 正射投影仪orthorectification 正射校正outlier 异常值Outline vectorization 轮廓矢量化output data 输出数据Overlay 重叠Overprinting 套印Pan 平移panchromatic sharpening 全色锐化parallax bar 视差尺Parameter 参数parametric curve 参数曲线passive remote sensing 被动遥感Passive sensors 被动传感器Path 路径Pathfinding 路径搜寻peak山峰Percent slope 斜率perigee 近地点persistence 持久性photogeology 摄影地质学Photogrammetry 摄影测量学Photomap 摄影地图photometer光度计Physical geography 自然地理学pit 洼地，山谷placement 放置Planar coordinate system 平面坐标系planar enforcement 平面强化planarize平面化Plane 平面planimetric map 平面图planimetric shift 平面位移Platform 平台Plot 绘图plotter绘图仪plumb line铅垂线point 点point digitizing 点数字化Point event 点事件point feature 点要素point line 点线Point mode digitizing 点模式数字化point size点大小Point-in-polygon overlay 多边形内点重叠polar aspect 极方位坡向Polar flattening 极向扁率polar orbit 极轨道polar radius 极半径Policy and management 政策与管理Polygon overlay 多边形重叠Polyhedron 多面体Polyline 折线position位置postal code 邮政编码precision code 精确码Prime meridian 本初子午线prime vertical 东西圈probability map概率图Profile graph 剖面图projected coordinate system 投影坐标系Projective transformation 射影变换prolate ellipsoid 长椭球体property属性Proximity analysis 邻近分析pseudo node 伪节点pseudo-random number伪随机数Public Land Survey System美国公共土地测量系统pyramid金字塔QQ plot QQ 图quadrangle maps 梯形图幅quadrant象限quadrat analysis样方分析Quadtree 四叉树quantile 分位数quantile classification 分位数分类Quantile scatter chart 分位数散点图quantitative data 数量数据Quantitative geography 数量地理学query 查询Radar altimeter 雷达测高计Radar interferometry 雷达干涉测量Radian 弧度Radiation 辐射radio button 单选按钮radio waves 无线电波radiometer 辐射计Radiometric 辐射测量radius半径random noise随机噪声range范围,距离Range domain 范围域,距离域raster 栅格raster band栅格层raster cell 栅格单元Raster data model栅格数据模型Raster dataset band 栅格数据层Raster model 栅格模型Raster preprocessing 栅格预处理Raster snapping 栅格贴齐Raster tracing 栅格跟踪Rasterization 栅格化ratioing 比值法ray tracing 光线跟踪RDBMS 关系数据库管理系统reclassification 重分类Record 记录Record selector 记录选择器rectangular survey 矩形测量rectification 校正Rectilinear 直线,纵横线redistricting 重新区划reference data 参考数据Reference grid 参考网格Reference level 基准面Reference map 基准图Reference spheroid 参考椭球面Reference system 参考系统Referential integrity 参照完整性Reflectance 反射率reflected back 反射Region 地区，区域regression回归relational join 关系结合Relational operator 关系运算符relationship 关系relative accuracy相对精度Relative bearing 相对方位relative mode 相对模式relative path 相对路径Release of hazardous liquids 有害液体的泄漏relief efforts 救助Relief shading 地貌晕渲remote-sensing imagery 遥感图像Replaced hachuring 替代晕渲法replication 复制Representation 表示法，表现Representative fraction数字比例尺reprojection 重新投影resampling 重采样Residuals 残差resolution merging 分辨率融合restriction 限制Reverse geocoding 反地理编码rhumb line 恒向线ring 圆环ring study圆环分析River addressing 河道寻址rotation 旋转route路线row行R-tree R 树Satellite image 卫星图像satellite imagery 卫星图像saturation饱和度Scalable 可伸缩scale bar 比例尺scale factor 比例系数scale range 比例尺范围Scatter chart 散点图scene 场景,景(卫星图像单位) Schema 架构Seamless pan 无缝平移secant projection 正割投影section 弧段segment线段Self-organizing map 自组织影射图semantics 语义semimajor axis 半长轴Semiminor axis 半短轴semivariogram 半变差函数Sensitivity analysis 敏感度分析Sensor 传感器sequence 序列sequential analysis 顺序分析Serialization 序列化Server GIS 服务器GIS sextant 六分仪shaded relief image 晕渲地貌图Shaded relief map 晕渲地貌图shading 晕渲Shape 形状Shapefile 形状文件(ESRI数据格式) shield盾牌,(地质学)地盾shift位移Shortcuts 快捷方式short-range variation 短程变化signal 信号Signal-to-noise ratio 信噪比signature特征significance level 显著性水平Sill 基台simple kriging 简单克里金法simultaneous conveyance 同时传达Sink 端点，汇点site prospecting 选址分析slope坡度smooth 平滑Snapping tolerance 捕捉容差soil 土壤sonar 声纳soundex 语音编码算法Source 起点，源点source data 源数据space coordinate system 空间坐标系Spaghetti data 无位相数据spaghetti digitizing 无位相数字化spatial analysis 空间分析Spatial cognition 空间认知spatial data 空间数据Spatial Data Transfer Standard空间数据传输标准spatial database空间数据库Spatial join 空间结合spatial modeling 空间建模spatial overlay空间叠加Spatial query 空间查询spatial reference空间参考spatial weights matrix空间权重矩阵Spatialization 空间化spectral resolution 光谱分辨率spectral signature 光谱特征Spectrometer 光谱仪spectrophotometer分光光度计Spectroscopy 光谱学Spectrum 光谱sphere球体spheroid 椭球面,椭球体spider diagram蛛网图Spike 尖峰，异常线spline 样条函数spot 点spurious polygon 伪多边形Standard deviation 标准偏差Standard Generalized Markup Language 标准通用标记语言Standard Industrial Classification codes 标准工业分类代码Star diagram 星形图state状态state plane coordinate system 国家平面坐标系Static positioning 静态定位Stationarity 稳态Stationing 定位参考Statistical surface 统计表面steep 陡峭steradian 球面度Stereocompilation 立体测图Stereogrammatic organization 立体法结构Stereographic projection 球极平面投影Stereometer 体积计Stereomodel 立体模型Stereopair 立体像对Stereoplotter 立体绘图仪stochastic model 随机性模型stream digitizing 流数字化Stream mode digitizing 流模式数字化stream tolerance 流容差streaming 数据流Stretch 拉伸string 线段串，字符串Structure 结构study area 研究区域Surface fitting 曲面拟合surface model 曲面模型surround element 周边元素Survey marker 方位标survey monument方位标survey station测点Symbol 符号Tangent projection 切面投影taskbar 任务栏temporal data 时态数据Temporal GIS 时态GIS territory 地域Tessellation 网格化textbox 文本框Texture 纹理thematic map 专题地图theodolite 经纬仪Thiessen polygons 泰森多边形Thinning 细化third normal form 第三范式three-dimensional shape 三维形状Three-tier configuration 三层结构threshold ring analysis 阈值环分析Tidal datum 潮位基准面tie point 连接点tie survey 连接测量Tissot indicatrix 天梭指示线tolerance 容差toolbar 工具栏,工具条toolbox 工具箱Tools toolbox 工具工具箱topographic contours 地形等高线topography地形学, 地形Topological overlay 拓扑重叠Topology error 拓扑误差toponym 地名tour巡回路线Township 镇区tracing 跟踪tracking data 跟踪数据tract 人口普查区transaction事务Transformation 变换transit rule 过渡法则translation平移，转换Transverse aspect横轴法投影traverse 导线triangulated irregular network 不规则三角网Triangulation 三角测量trilateration 三边测量true bearing 真实方位true curve 真实曲线True north 真北tuple 元组turn impedance转弯阻抗turn-by-turn maps多段显示地图Tutorial 教程uninitialized flow direction 未初始化的流向United States Geological Survey 美国地质勘测局univariate distribution 一元分布Universal kriging 通用克里金法universal polar stereographic 通用极球面投影坐标网Universal Soil Loss Equation 通用土壤流失方程universal time 世界时Universal transverse Mercator 统一横轴墨卡托投影upstream 上游Urban geography 城市地理学Urban Vector Map 城市矢量图Valency 度validation验证variable 变量variance 方差Variance-covariance matrix 方差协方差矩阵 Variogram 变差函数Variography 变差法Vector 矢量vectorization 矢量化verbal scale 言语比例尺Vertex 顶点Vertical axis 纵轴vertical coordinate system 垂直坐标系Vertical exaggeration 垂直夸大Vertical geodetic datum垂直大地基准Vertical photograph 垂直航拍图viewshed 视域visible scale range 可见比例范围Visual center 视觉中心visual hierarchy 视觉层次visualization可视化V oronoi diagram V oronoi 图V oxel 三维像素Warping 变形waterfall model 瀑布模型Watershed 分水岭Wavelength 波长wavelet compression 小波压缩wayfinding 路线搜寻Waypoint 路点Web clients Web 客户端Web-enabled 支持Web Weight 权重Weighted mean center 加权平均中心weighted moving average 加权移动平均Weighted overlay 加权重叠weird polygon 复杂多边形well 水井World 世界Windowing 窗口Wireframe 线框workbook 工作簿,练习册workflow 工作流Zenithal projection 天顶投影zonal analysis 区域分析zonal functions 区域函数zone of interpolation 内插区zoning 分区zoom 缩放。
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Geographically Referenced Data
• 1. Spatial Data • 2. Attribute Data • 3. Joining Spatial and Attribute Data
2. Software
The heart of the system for the implementation of the various operations of GIS functions, including data input, processing, database management, spatial analysis and graphical user interface (GUI).
▫ Points 1 What Is GIS? ▫ Points 2 Components of GIS ▫ Points 3 GIS Function components ▫ Points 4 A Brief History of GIS ▫ Points 5 Relationship of GIS to other fields
GIS GUI GIS Database Operating System
Hardware
GIS Platform Software GIS Application Software
Figure 4 Hierarchical Surcture of GIS Software
(1) GIS Professional Software
In accordance with its function, It is divided into: (1) GIS Professional Software. (2) Database Software. (3) Systems Management Software, etc.
With its hierarchical structure below:
1. Hardware
GPS
Mapping Analysis Instrument
Storage Devices
Surveying Instrument
HOST
Scanner
Network
Digitalizing Instrument
Figure 3 GIS Hardware
Printer Monitor Plotter
Teaching Purposes and Focus on Courses
• Increase the ability of using English to read professional books
• Improve the use of English in the capacity of professional and academic exchanges
• Grasp the threads and trends of the same professional development abroad
Teaching Method and Period Arrangement
• Blackboard teaching • multimedia • Classroom discussion 32 Period
Name MAPGIS GeoStar
Development Units
China University of Geosciences Faculty of Information Engineering, WUHAN ZHONGDI Information Enginerring Co., Ltd.
3. Joining Spatial and Attribute Data
• Relational database
▫ Georelational data model ▫ Object-based data model
Points 2 Components of a GIS
Software
Hardware
(2) Database Software
ESRI Personal database(mdb) SDE(sde for oracle | mysql | sqlserver)
Oracle spatial Mysql spatial PostgreSQL+PostGIS
(3) System Management Software
Capturing Spatial data
Spatial data Input
Solve Spatially Referenced Problems
Spatial Database
User
Decision Support
GIS system
Figure1 GIS system
Spatial data Management
1. Spatial Data
• Describes location • Coordinate system • Map projection
2. Attribute Data
• Characteristics of spatial features
-Non-spatial attributes of those features
Wuda Geoinformatics Co.,Ltd.
SuperMap GIS Beijing SuperMap GIS Technologies, Inc.
GeoBeans
Beijing ZhongYaoDiWang Information Technology Co., Ltd.
Generally contain the following core modules : Data input and edit Spatial data management Data output User interface Ability to develop a secondary system
Data processing and
transformation
Spatial Analysis and Statistics
Pruduct Producing and Displaying
Secondary Development and
Programming
Fundamental Function
• Windows • UNIX • Linux
Linux 11.7%
Others 10.6%
Windows 39.1%
Unix 38.6%
全球服务器端操作系统市场份额(按销售收入)
Points 3 Functional Elements
Data Acquisition and Editing
Data storage and management
Points 1 What Is GIS?
• Computer system for
▫ capturing ▫ storing ▫ querying ▫ analyzing ▫ and displaying geographically referenced
data.
Real World
Datasource
United States INTERGRAPH(鹰图) Corporation
Байду номын сангаас
Titan GIS
Canada Apollo Technology Group, Beijing Oriental Titan Technology Co., Ltd.
Representative products:
Domestic:
• 3.Spatial Data: The object of analysis and processing, Constitute a basis for the application.
• 4.People: GIS Clients, divided into general users and senior users in the establishment, maintenance, management and renewal of GIS.
Application Function
GIS Functio
n
Resource Management
Regional Planning
Homeland monitoring
Aided Decision
Points 4 A Brief History of GIS
The development of GIS depends on the development of computer technology, especially the development of computer graphics.
Assessment methods
• Attendance+Classroom performance 30% • Classroom discussion 40% • The assignments 30%
Part Ⅰ The Basic Concept of GIS
Chapter Outline
Generally refers to common GIS software with a variety of functions, which contains Various advanced features dealing with geographical information. It can be used as a platform for other application system.