BB-chapter11
环境生态学 Chapter11_生态监测与评价
3.1 基本概念
• 风险一般指遭受损失、 损伤或毁坏的可能性
。风险通常定义为在一定时期产生有害事件的 概率与有害事件后果的乘积。
• USEPA(1992)颁布的生态风险评价框架中对生
态风险评价进行了定义: 评价不利生态效应可 能发生或正在发生的可能性, 而这种可能性是 归结于受体(Receptor)暴露在单个或多个胁迫 因子(Stressor)下的结果。其目的就是用于支持 环境决策。
1.1 生态监测的定义
• 生态监测，是运用各种技术测定和分析生命系
统各层次对自然或人为作用的反应或反馈效应 ，利用这些反应或效应来判断和评价这些干扰 对环境产生的影响、危害及其规律，为环境质 量的评估、调控和环境管理提供重要科学依据 的科学活动过程。
• 生态监测与生物监测没有本质区别。
1.2 生态监测的理论依据
• 风险定量取决于暴露与生态效应之间能否建立 定量关系。
• 当风险表征结果为无风险时, 并非表明没有污
染发生, 而表示污染尚处于可以接受的程度。
3.5 生态风险评价的复杂性
• 与人类健康风险评价相比，生态风险评价的复 杂主要表现在： – 生态受体的层次性、多样性； – 生态暴露的复杂性：种群、群落空间分布的 复杂性，且不利影响会沿着食物链进行传递 。
• 生态效应是指压力引起的生态受体的变化。 • 有毒有害物质在生物个体水平的生态效应评价
– 剂量 -效应关系 – 定量结构 - 活性关系(QSAR)
• 难点
– 有毒有害物质在种群、群落和生态系统水平的生态 效应评价；
– 其他风险源对不同层次生命系统的生态效应表征和 评价。
3.4.5 风险表征
• 风险表征是对暴露于各种压力之下的不利生态 效应的综合判断和表达。 – 定性的风险表征回答有无不可接受的风险, 亦即是 否超过风险标准。 – 定量的风险表征不仅回答有无不可接受的风险及风 险性质, 还要定量说明风险的大小。
MPMS Chapter 11 Organization - Home - My Committees
API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS) Chapter 11Physical Properties Data& Other Volume Correction Factor (VCF) Standards for HydrocarbonsA. Chapter 11.1 - Generalized Crude Oils, Refined Products, and Lubricating OilsChapter 11.1-1980 (Temperature VCFs for Generalized Crude Oils, Refined Products, and Lubricating Oils): Historical; Published in 14 separate volumesChapter 11.1-2004 (Temperature & Pressure VCFs for Generalized Crude Oils, Refined Products and Lube Oils)B. Chapter 11.2 - Light HydrocarbonsChapter 11.2.1-1984 (Compressibility Factors for Hydrocarbons: 0-90°API): Historical: now incorporated into Chapter 11.1-2004Chapter 11.2.1M-1984 (Compressibility Factors for Hydrocarbons: 638-1074 kg/m3): Historical: now incorporated into Chapter 11.1-2004Chapter 11.2.2-1984 (Compressibility Factors for Hydrocarbons: 0.350-0.637 Relative Density and –50°F to 140°F)Chapter 11.2.2M-1986 (Compressibility Factors for Hydrocarbons: 350-637 kg/m3 Density (15°C) and –46°C to 60°C)Chapter 11.2.2A-1984 (Addendum to Correlation of Vapor Pressure Correction for NGL): To be superseded by Chapter 11.2.5Chapter 11.2.3-1984 & 11.2.3M-1984 (Water Calibration of Volumetric Provers): Superseded by 11.4.1 API Publication/GPA TP-25/ASTM Publication (Temperature Correction for the volume of Light Hydrocarbons – Tables 24E and 23E: To be superseded by Chapter 11.2.4Chapter 11.2.4-2005?/GPA TP-27/ASTM Publication (Temperature Correction for the Volume of NGL and LPG – Tables 23E, 24E, 53E, 54E, 59E, 60E): Supersedes TP-25Chapter 11.2.5-2005?/GPA TP-15/ASTM Publication (A Simplified Vapor Pressure Correlation for Commercial NGLs): Supersedes Addendum to Chapter 11.2.2 (11.2.2A)C. Chapter 11.3 - Misc. Hydrocarbon ProductsChapter 11.3.2.1-1974 (Ethylene Density)Chapter 11.3.3.2-1974 (Propylene Compressibility)Chapter 11.3.3 - Ethanol VCF Tables: Under developmentChapter 11.3.4 - Gasohol VCF Tables: Under developmentASTM D1550-94 – (Butadiene Measurement Tables): Not an API standard; only available from ASTM ASTM D2962-97 – (Coal-Tar Pitches Volume-Temperature Correction): Not an API standard; only available from ASTMD. Chapter 11.4 - Reference MaterialsChapter 11.4.1-2004 (Density of Water & Water VCFs for Volumetric Meter Proving)E. Chapter 11.5 - Density/Weight/Volume Intraconversion TablesChapter 11.5.1-2005? (Entry With API Gravity at 60︒F): Under development; Supersedes Volumes XI/XII of Chapter 11.1-1980Chapter 11.5.2-2005? (Entry With Relative Density at 60︒F): Under development; Supersedes Volumes XI/XII of Chapter 11.1-1980Chapter 11.5.3-2005? (Entry With Absolute Density at 15︒C): Under development; Supersedes Volumes XI/XII of Chapter 11.1-1980F. OtherASTM D4311-04 – (Asphalts Volume Correction): Not an API standard; only available from ASTM ASTM D1555-04a – (Industrial Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Cyclohexane Volume Correction): Not an API standard; only available from ASTMNOTE: ASTM D1550 & D2962 are listed in Section C because they come under the jurisdiction of API COMQ/ASTM D02.02, even though they are not, at present, joint API-ASTM Standards. ASTM D4311 & D1555 are listed in Section F because they come under the jurisdiction of other ASTM Committees than D02 [D1555 is the responsibility of ASTM Technical Committee D16A, D4311 is the responsibility of ASTM Technical Committee D04.40].。
A Christmas Carol 圣诞颂歌 CHAPTER 11
A Christmas Carol 圣诞颂歌CHAPTER 11 A Sad Future 第十一章悲惨的未来Suddenly, Scrooge was not in the shop, but in a dark room. In the room, there was the body of a man on a bed. Scrooge looked at the spirit. Its hand was pointed to the head of the body on the bed. The head was covered. Scrooge wanted to find out whose body it was, but he could not move his hand. Scrooge understood that the man had died because no one had loved him. He had been unloved because there was nothing to love about him. He had been mean and unkind, cold and hard-hearted to everyone. And now in death, no one cared. 突然，斯克罗吉不在商店里，而是在一间黑屋子里。
在房间里，床上有一具男人的尸体。
斯克罗吉看着幽灵。
它的手指向了躺在床上的尸体的头部。
头被盖住了。
斯克罗吉想知道那是谁的尸体，但他的手动不了。
斯克罗吉明白这个人死了是因为没有人爱他。
他没有被爱是因为他身上没有什么值得爱的东西。
他对每个人都刻薄、无情、冷酷。
现在死了，也没人在乎。
“Spirit!” he said, “This is a fearful place. When we leave it,I will not forget its lesson, believe me. Let us go!” Still the spirit pointed to the head. “I understand you,” Scrooge returned, “and I would look at it if could, but I cannot. If there is any person in the town who feels sad because of this man’s death,” he added, “show that person to me, Spirit, I beg you!”“幽灵!他说，“这是一个可怕的地方。
Aud_ch11 Production and Payroll Cycle
11
Production and Payroll Cycle
Copyright © 2003 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
1
Learning Objective 1
Describe the production cycle, including typical source documents and controls.
Audit Evidence in Management Reports and Files
Production accounting systems produce timely reports to supervise and control production. These can be used as supporting evidence for assertions: – Sales Forecast - Provides the basis for management
Chapter 11
Copyright © 2003 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
13
Substantive Procedures
Audit procedures to gather direct evidence on account balances are called substantive procedures.
planning.
– Production Plans and Reports -Plan for the amount
and timing of production, based on sales forecast.
– Amortization Schedule - Detailed schedule of
结构生物化学Chapter11 Structure and function of ribozymes
Disadvantages of Ribozyme catalysis
L RNA has a small repertoire of functional groups and these are embedded in a poorly constrained ribosyl-phosphate backbone heavy with negative charge. The pKas of the bases would appear to be either too low (3.5 for A and 4.2 for C) or too high (9.8 for G and 10.5 for U) for use in efficient general acid catalysis or base catalysis. As a group, ribozymes, are less efficient catalysts relative to chemically supercharged proteins, yet in many cases ribozymes provide enough rate enhancement to have escaped replacement by protein alternatives in the evolution from an RNA World to the protein dominated world of modern biochemistry.
Types of Ribozymes
«Naturally occurring ribozymes
- are classified into two different groups, the large and small ribozymes, based on differences in size and reaction mechanism.
freescale MC9S12XDP512 数据手册
查询PC312XDP512F0CAGR供应商MC9S12XDP512Data SheetCoversS12XD, S12XB & S12XA Families HCS12XMicrocontrollersMC9S12XDP512Rev. 2.17July 2007MC9S12XDP512 Data SheetMC9S12XDP512Rev. 2.17July 2007To provide the most up-to-date information,the revision of our documents on the World Wide Web will be the most current.Your printed copy may be an earlier revision.To verify you have the latest information available, refer to:/A full list of family members and options is included in the appendices.Read page 29 first to understand the maskset specific chapters of this documentThis document contains information for all constituent modules,with the exception of the S12X CPU.For S12X CPU information please refer to the CPU S12X Reference Manual.Revision HistoryDate RevisionLevelDescriptionApril, 200502.07New Book May, 200502.08Minor correctionsMay, 200502.09removed ESD Machine Model from electrical characteristicsadded thermal characteristicsadded more details to run current measurement configurationsVDDA supply voltage range 3.15V - 3.6V fot ATD Operating Characteristics I/O Chararcteristics for alll pins except EXTAL, XT AL ....corrected VREG electrical specIDD wait max 95mAMay 200502.10Improvements to NVM reliabity spec, added part numbersJuly 200502.11Added ROM parts to App.October 200502.12Single Souce S12XD Fam. Document, New Memory Map Figures,May 2006 2.13SPI electricals updatedVoltage Regulator electricals updatedAdded Partnumbers and 1L15Y masksetUpdated App. E 6SCI’s on 112 pin DT/P512 and 3 SPI’s on all D256 partsJune 2006 2.14Data Sheet covers S12XD/B & A FamilyIncluded differnt pull device specification for differnt masksetsJuly 2006 2.15Minor Corrections and ImprovmentsJune 2007 2.16Added 2M42E and 1M84E masksetsJuly 2007 2.17Modified AppendixFreescale™ and the Freescale logo are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. This product incorporates SuperFlash® technology licensed from SST.©Freescale Semiconductor, Inc., 2005. All rights reserved.MC9S12XDP512 Data Sheet, Rev. 2.17MC9S12XDP512 Data Sheet, Rev. 2.17MC9S12XDP512 Data Sheet, Rev. 2.17Section Number Title PageChapter1Device Overview MC9S12XD-Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Chapter2Clocks and Reset Generator (S12CRGV6). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 Chapter3Pierce Oscillator (S12XOSCLCPV1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 Chapter4Analog-to-Digital Converter (ATD10B16CV4)Block Description125Chapter5Analog-to-Digital Converter (S12ATD10B8CV3). . . . . . . . . .159 Chapter6XGATE (S12XGATEV2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183 Chapter7Enhanced Capture Timer (S12ECT16B8CV2) . . . . . . . . . . . .309 Chapter8Pulse-Width Modulator (S12PWM8B8CV1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363 Chapter9Inter-Integrated Circuit (IICV2) Block Description. . . . . . . . .395 Chapter10Freescale’s Scalable Controller Area Network (S12MSCANV3). 419Chapter11Serial Communication Interface (S12SCIV5). . . . . . . . . . . . .477 Chapter12Serial Peripheral Interface (S12SPIV4). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .515 Chapter13Periodic Interrupt Timer (S12PIT24B4CV1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .541 Chapter14Voltage Regulator (S12VREG3V3V5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .555 Chapter15Background Debug Module (S12XBDMV2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .569 Chapter16Interrupt (S12XINTV1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .595 Chapter17Memory Mapping Control (S12XMMCV2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .613 Chapter18Memory Mapping Control (S12XMMCV3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .651 Chapter19Debug (S12XDBGV2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .693 Chapter20S12X Debug (S12XDBGV3) Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .745 Chapter21External Bus Interface (S12XEBIV2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .787 Chapter22DP512 Port Integration Module (S12XDP512PIMV2). . . . . . .807 Chapter23DQ256 Port Integration Module (S12XDQ256PIMV2). . . . . .901 Chapter24DG128 Port Integration Module (S12XDG128PIMV2) . . . . . .975MC9S12XDP512 Data Sheet, Rev. 2.17Section Number Title PageChapter25 2 Kbyte EEPROM Module (S12XEETX2KV1) . . . . . . . . . . . .1039 Chapter26 4 Kbyte EEPROM Module (S12XEETX4KV2) . . . . . . . . . . . .1073 Chapter27512 Kbyte Flash Module (S12XFTX512K4V2). . . . . . . . . . . .1107 Chapter28256 Kbyte Flash Module (S12XFTX256K2V1). . . . . . . . . . . .1149 Chapter29128 Kbyte Flash Module (S12XFTX128K1V1). . . . . . . . . . . .1191 Chapter30Security (S12X9SECV2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1231 Appendix A Electrical Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1239 Appendix B Package Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1290 Appendix C Recommended PCB Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1294 Appendix D Using L15Y Silicon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1299 Appendix E Derivative Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1300 Appendix F Ordering Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1308 Appendix G Detailed Register Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1309MC9S12XDP512 Data Sheet, Rev. 2.17Section Number Title Page Chapter1Device Overview MC9S12XD-Family1.1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311.1.1MC9S12XD/B/A Family Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .321.1.2Modes of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .341.1.3Block Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .341.1.4Device Memory Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371.1.5Part ID Assignments & Maskset Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 1.2Signal Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .471.2.1Device Pinout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .471.2.2Signal Properties Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .521.2.3Detailed Signal Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .551.2.4Power Supply Pins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 1.3System Clock Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 1.4Chip Configuration Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 1.5Modes of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .711.5.1User Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .711.5.2Low-Power Modes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .711.5.3Freeze Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 1.6Resets and Interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .721.6.1Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .721.6.2Effects of Reset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 1.7COP Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 1.8ATD0 External Trigger Input Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 1.9ATD1 External Trigger Input Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77Chapter2Clocks and Reset Generator (S12CRGV6)2.1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .792.1.1Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .792.1.2Modes of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .802.1.3Block Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 2.2External Signal Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .822.2.1V DDPLL and V SSPLL — Operating and Ground V oltage Pins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .822.2.2XFC — External Loop Filter Pin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .822.2.3RESET — Reset Pin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 2.3Memory Map and Register Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .822.3.1Module Memory Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .832.3.2Register Descriptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 2.4Functional Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .982.4.1Functional Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .982.4.2Operating Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1032.4.3Low Power Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104MC9S12XDP512 Data Sheet, Rev. 2.17Section Number Title Page 2.5Resets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1132.5.1Description of Reset Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1132.5.2Clock Monitor Reset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1152.5.3Computer Operating Properly Watchdog (COP) Reset. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1152.5.4Power On Reset, Low V oltage Reset. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115 2.6Interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1162.6.1Real Time Interrupt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1162.6.2PLL Lock Interrupt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1172.6.3Self Clock Mode Interrupt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117Chapter3Pierce Oscillator (S12XOSCLCPV1)3.1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1193.1.1Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1193.1.2Modes of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1193.1.3Block Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 3.2External Signal Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1203.2.1V DDPLL and V SSPLL — Operating and Ground V oltage Pins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1203.2.2EXTAL and XTAL — Input and Output Pins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1203.2.3XCLKS — Input Signal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 3.3Memory Map and Register Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 3.4Functional Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1223.4.1Gain Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1223.4.2Clock Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1223.4.3Wait Mode Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1233.4.4Stop Mode Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123Chapter4Analog-to-Digital Converter (ATD10B16CV4)Block Description4.1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1254.1.1Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1254.1.2Modes of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1254.1.3Block Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125 4.2External Signal Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1274.2.1ANx(x=15,14,13,12,11,10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1,0)—Analog Input Channel x Pins1274.2.2ETRIG3, ETRIG2, ETRIG1, ETRIG0 — External Trigger Pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1274.2.3V RH, V RL — High Reference V oltage Pin, Low Reference V oltage Pin. . . . . . . . . . . .1274.2.4V DDA, V SSA — Analog Circuitry Power Supply Pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 4.3Memory Map and Register Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127MC9S12XDP512 Data Sheet, Rev. 2.17Section Number Title Page4.3.1Module Memory Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1274.3.2Register Descriptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129 4.4Functional Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1524.4.1Analog Sub-block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1524.4.2Digital Sub-Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1534.4.3Operation in Low Power Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154 4.5Resets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155 4.6Interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155Chapter5Analog-to-Digital Converter (S12ATD10B8CV3)5.1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1595.1.1Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1595.1.2Modes of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1595.1.3Block Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160 5.2External Signal Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1605.2.1ANx (x = 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0) — Analog Input Pin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1605.2.2ETRIG3, ETRIG2, ETRIG1, and ETRIG0 — External Trigger Pins. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1605.2.3V RH and V RL— High and Low Reference V oltage Pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1605.2.4V DDA and V SSA — Power Supply Pins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160 5.3Memory Map and Register Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1625.3.1Module Memory Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1625.3.2Register Descriptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162 5.4Functional Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1805.4.1Analog Sub-Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1805.4.2Digital Sub-Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181 5.5Resets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182 5.6Interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182Chapter6XGATE (S12XGATEV2)6.1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1836.1.1Glossary of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1836.1.2Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1846.1.3Modes of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1846.1.4Block Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185 6.2External Signal Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185 6.3Memory Map and Register Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1866.3.1Register Descriptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186 6.4Functional Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2026.4.1XGATE RISC Core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2026.4.2Programmer’s Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2026.4.3Memory Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203MC9S12XDP512 Data Sheet, Rev. 2.17Section Number Title Page6.4.4Semaphores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2046.4.5Software Error Detection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205 6.5Interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2066.5.1Incoming Interrupt Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2066.5.2Outgoing Interrupt Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206 6.6Debug Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2066.6.1Debug Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2066.6.2Entering Debug Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2076.6.3Leaving Debug Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208 6.7Security. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208 6.8Instruction Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2086.8.1Addressing Modes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2086.8.2Instruction Summary and Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2126.8.3Cycle Notation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2156.8.4Thread Execution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2156.8.5Instruction Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2156.8.6Instruction Coding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288 6.9Initialization and Application Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2916.9.1Initialization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2916.9.2Code Example (Transmit "Hello World!" on SCI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .291Chapter7Enhanced Capture Timer (S12ECT16B8CV2)7.1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3097.1.1Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3097.1.2Modes of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3097.1.3Block Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .310 7.2External Signal Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3117.2.1IOC7 — Input Capture and Output Compare Channel 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3117.2.2IOC6 — Input Capture and Output Compare Channel 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3117.2.3IOC5 — Input Capture and Output Compare Channel 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3117.2.4IOC4 — Input Capture and Output Compare Channel 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3117.2.5IOC3 — Input Capture and Output Compare Channel 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3117.2.6IOC2 — Input Capture and Output Compare Channel 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3117.2.7IOC1 — Input Capture and Output Compare Channel 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3117.2.8IOC0 — Input Capture and Output Compare Channel 0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311 7.3Memory Map and Register Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3127.3.1Module Memory Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3127.3.2Register Descriptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314 7.4Functional Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3507.4.1Enhanced Capture Timer Modes of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3577.4.2Reset. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .360MC9S12XDP512 Data Sheet, Rev. 2.17Section Number Title Page7.4.3Interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361Chapter8Pulse-Width Modulator (S12PWM8B8CV1)8.1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3638.1.1Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3638.1.2Modes of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3638.1.3Block Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .364 8.2External Signal Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3648.2.1PWM7 — PWM Channel 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3648.2.2PWM6 — PWM Channel 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3648.2.3PWM5 — PWM Channel 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3658.2.4PWM4 — PWM Channel 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3658.2.5PWM3 — PWM Channel 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3658.2.6PWM3 — PWM Channel 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3658.2.7PWM3 — PWM Channel 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3658.2.8PWM3 — PWM Channel 0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365 8.3Memory Map and Register Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3658.3.1Module Memory Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3658.3.2Register Descriptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366 8.4Functional Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3808.4.1PWM Clock Select. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3808.4.2PWM Channel Timers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .384 8.5Resets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392 8.6Interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .393Chapter9Inter-Integrated Circuit (IICV2) Block Description9.1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3959.1.1Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3959.1.2Modes of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3969.1.3Block Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .396 9.2External Signal Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3979.2.1IIC_SCL — Serial Clock Line Pin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3979.2.2IIC_SDA — Serial Data Line Pin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .397 9.3Memory Map and Register Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3979.3.1Module Memory Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3979.3.2Register Descriptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398 9.4Functional Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4099.4.1 I-Bus Protocol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4099.4.2Operation in Run Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4129.4.3Operation in Wait Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412MC9S12XDP512 Data Sheet, Rev. 2.17。
英语北大绿卡答案
英语北大绿卡答案(七年级上)Chapter 1Ⅰ. 1-5 BCABC 6-10 ACCCC 11-15 ABCBB 16-20 BACBCⅡ. 1.having 2. well 3. healthy 4. was 5. friends6. heard7. playing8. playing9. owner 10. length11-15 CDBCCⅢ. 1-5 BAACB 6-10 ADCDD 11-15 DBDBA 16-20 CBDBB Ⅳ. 1-5 BDACB 6-10 ADABDⅤ. 1-5 BACCA 6-10 BCDDB 11-15 CDABBⅥ. 1. Where, live 2. How many 3. doesn’t come 4. Would, like5. Because our school is near my home, I can walk to school./Our school is near my home, so I can walk to school.6. works as7. How old8. am interested in / am fond of9. favourite subject 10. walk toⅦ.Dear Helen,Nice to meet you! My name is Wang Lin. I’m 12 years old now. I study in a middle scho ol. I’m a little shy but I’m friendly to my classmates. I can speak Chinese and a little English. But I like English best. It is my favorite subject at school. I like playing basketball best. And myfavorite color is red, because it looks good on me. Can you tell me something about you?Please write to me soon.Best wishes!Yours,Wang LinChapter 2Ⅰ. 1-5 ACBAC 6-10 CCBCB 11-15 BACAC 16-20 BCCCAⅡ. 1. colorful 2. once 3. does 4. leaves 5. healthy6. to look7. not to talk8. to finish, doing9. Yours 10. drawing11-15 BADCDⅢ. 1-5 BBCAC 6-10 ACCBC 11-15 ACBBD 16-20 CABDC Ⅳ. 1-5 BCDAB 6-10 ACDCBⅤ. 1-5 DCDBA 6-10 ACDBC 11-15 BABCAⅥ. 1. When, start2. She wants to be a teacher in the future.3. Where does4. Dose Mary like apples or bananas?5. I found a purse on my way to school.6. Is Jane good at Math?7. What, do8. Where do9. She never fails an exam. 10. good atⅦ. Dear Gina,How are you? I am quite busy these days. I get up at 6:15 every day. I dress myself quickly and have breakfast at half past six. After breakfastI go to school.I have four lessons in the morning and three in the afternoon. I studyhard and always help my classmates with their lessons. I have lunch at school. At half past four, I usually have sports or attend a club. I like playing basketball very much. School is over at five.After supper I read newspapers or watch TV for half an hour. I prepare my lessons between half past seven and nine. I go to bed at nine.What about your daily life?Hope to hear from you soon!YoursTomChapter 3Ⅰ. 1-5CABCB 6-10 CBABA 11-15 BCCCA 16-20 FTFFTⅡ. 1. planted 2. missing 3. thieves 4. notice 5. ran6. did, go7. taught8. did, put9. go 10. didn’t come, had11-15 DBACDⅢ. 1-5 BACDB 6-10 CCBCC 11-15 AAABC 16-20 BBDDBⅣ.1-5 BCBDC 6-10 AADCBⅤ.1-5 ABDCC6-10 BBCCD 11-15 ABBCDⅥ.1. What time does Jim get up every day?2.didn’t watch3. Did, rain4. went after5. My brother gave a pen to me as a present.6. is there7.didn’t get8. Why does, like9. Did Ms. Lin teach us English last term? 10. didn’t findⅦ.略Chapter 1—Chapter 3Ⅰ. 1-5 CAABA 6-10 CBCCA 11-15 CABBA 16-20 BACBAⅡ. 1-5 AACBD 6-10 ABABD 11-15 CCBBDⅢ. 1-5 BCCAD 6-10 CBCCBⅣ. 1-5 BDACD 6-10 CBBDA 11-15 BCDBA 16-20 AACCAⅤ. 1-5 DCAEBⅥ. 1. fifth 2. asleep 3. inventions 4. suggestions 5. talk6. do, play7. began8. will visit9. taught 10. apologizedⅦ. 1. Whose room is on the left?2. Does your English teacher play games with us?3. What’s your QQ number？4. We won’t go to Shanghai this summer.5. I can see nothing in the box.Ⅷ. Dear Billy,My name is Huang Wen. I get your address from the Penfriend Club website. I would like to be your penfriend.I am thirteen years old and in Grade 7, too. I live in Nanchang with myparents. My favorite subject is English. I think it is interesting and useful. My favourite hobby is painting. I want to be a good painter in the future. I am also keen on singing and swimming.Billy, please write to me soon and tell me more about you.Yours,Huang WenChapter 4Ⅰ. 1-5 CAABA 6-10 AACBC 11-15 BCAAC 16-20 ACBAAⅡ. 1. brain 2. change 3. powerful 4. counted 5.total6. invented7. degrees8. second9. twelfth 10. developedⅢ. 1-5 CBABD 6-10 BCDAA 11-15 BBDCB 16-20 ADCDCⅣ. 1-5 BCDGAⅤ. 1. Our team is made up of 20 boys and 20 girls.2. 5 plus 5 equals 10.3. Don’t walk in the middle of the street.4. Write a diary and at least 60 words.5. I often help my mother do housework.Ⅵ. 1-5 ABACC 6-10 AADBDⅦ. 1-5 DBACB 6-10 ACBACⅧ. 略Ⅸ. March 18, Tuesday FineIt is a fine day today. I got up early and took a morning bus at 7:30 with my classmates. We wanted to go to a village 25 kilometersaway. We had a long journey and got to the village at 8:15.In the morning, we planted trees with the villagers. Then, we had lunch in their homes. We spent the whole afternoon swimming in the lake and taking photos.At 4:30 we said good-bye to the villagers and took the return bus. Today we really have a good time.Chapter 5Ⅰ. 1-5BCABC 6-10 CBBAB 11-15 ABCBA 16-20 BBAACⅡ. 1. Suddenly 2. pieces 3. quietly 4. friendly 5. cycling6. roaring7. replied8. went9. appeared 10. invitation11-15 ACBAAⅢ. 1-5 BDDAA 6-10 CCACA 11-15 DABBC 16-20 AACCAⅣ. 1-5 CADAB 6-10 BBABCⅤ. 1-5 TFTTF 6-10 ABCCC 11-15 CDBCAⅥ. 1. What, do 2. shall we 3. spent, on 4. Will you 5. What is6. she won’t7. I will8. leave here9. in pieces 10. dress upⅦ. Possible versionWhen I was a little girl, my grandmother used to tell me about the moon. Even today, every time I watch the sky at night, I would imagine what is happening among the twinkling stars. I hope to be an astronaut in the future so that I can walk in space. I want to walk on the Mars and meet living creatures there. I know it’s not easy to be an astronaut. So I study hard and try to learn more about space in order to be a good astronaut.Chapter 6Ⅰ. 1-5 BACAB6-10 ABACA 11-15 CBAAB 16-20 BBCABⅡ. 1-5 CDACC 6-10BBBCA 11-15 ABCBC 16-20 AABDBⅢ. 1-5BCDAB 6-10DADADⅣ. 1-5ACBAD 6-10 CABAD 11-15 CBADBⅤ. 1-5 EDGCAⅥ. 1. appeared 2. reply 3. passengers 4. invited 5. suitable6. not interrupt7. pieces8. dress9. aimed 10. secretlyⅦ. 1. nothing 2. in front of 3. stopped 4. didn’t pass 5. went after6. not far away7. talk about8. back9. How soon 10. Do notⅧ. 略Chapter 1—Chapter 6Ⅰ.1-5BCCAB6-10 BCABC 11-15 BACAC16-20 BBABCⅡ. 1. wrote 2. really 3. flying 4. misses 5. not to fight6. millions7. inviting8. quietly9. best 10. Don’t play11-15 CDCACⅢ. 1-5CBDDA6-10 CBACC11-15BBDDA 16-20 CABAAⅣ. 1-5CBAAA 6-10DBBCCⅤ. 1-5 BDCAC 6-10BBADA11-15 ACBDBⅥ.1. Where, live 2. like, best 3. very well 4. How many 5. go backⅦ. i) 1. in the south 2. one of 3. such as 4. is famous for 5. thousands ofii) Dear Lily,The summer holidays are coming. Why not spread your wings and visit Shenzhen?Shenzhen, my hometown, is in the south of China. It is one of the most beautiful cities in China. It has many famous attractions suchas Window of the World, HappyValley and ChinaFolkCultureVillages. It also has a beautiful beach —Xiaomeisha, and you can swim there. Shenzhen is famous for its food. Here you can taste all kinds of delicious food. Every year thousands of people from all over the world come to visit Shenzhen.I’m sure you’ll enjoy yourself in Shenzhen.Love from,Mary。
Chapter_11_Spurious_Regression
1950131.38.4 2.173.4 2.99% 1951217.09.1 2.285.88.76% 1952282.910.0 2.365.98.77% 1953336.210.3 2.353.3 3.02% 1954409.610.5 2.373.4 1.83% 1955468.010.9 2.458.5 4.42% 1956531.111.5 2.463.1 4.83% 1957602.511.9 2.571.4 3.62% 1958682.512.2 2.580.0 2.94% 1959744.412.3 2.561.80.58% 1960840.912.4 2.596.50.99% 1961906.312.9 2.665.5 3.40% 1962969.613.4 2.663.3 4.09% 19631033.613.7 2.664.0 2.02% 19641075.414.1 2.641.9 3.24% 19651141.314.8 2.765.8 4.66% 19661216.415.4 2.775.1 3.85% 19671286.415.8 2.870.0 2.46% 19681367.716.5 2.881.3 4.58% 19691428.617.4 2.960.9 5.32% 19701492.818.5 2.964.2 6.17% 19711566.920.3 3.074.19.02% 19721624.421.7 3.157.6 6.84% 19731673.923.7 3.249.58.80% 19741752.327.5 3.378.414.89% 19751806.134.2 3.553.821.69% 19761857.039.8 3.750.915.34% 19771928.146.2 3.871.114.70% 19781985.850.0 3.957.77.94% 19792061.056.7 4.075.212.59% 19802124.466.9 4.263.416.53% 19812192.774.8 4.368.311.22% 19822258.181.2 4.465.58.26% 19832315.985.0 4.457.8 4.50% 19842376.889.2 4.560.9 4.84% 19852443.094.6 4.566.2 5.91% 19862513.497.8 4.670.4 3.35% 19872572.9101.9 4.659.6 4.05% 19882630.0106.9 4.757.1 4.79% 19892689.9115.2 4.759.97.51% 19902737.2126.1 4.847.39.05% 19912789.9133.5 4.952.7 5.69% 19922869.5138.5 4.979.6 3.66% 19932941.8140.7 4.972.4 1.55% 19943012.2144.1 5.070.4 2.45%19953080.5149.1 5.068.3 3.35% 19963126.3152.7 5.045.8 2.42% 19973186.2157.5 5.160.0 3.08% 19983262.8162.9 5.176.5 3.36% 19993336.4165.4 5.173.7 1.54% 20003419.1170.3 5.182.7 2.89% 20013486.8173.4 5.267.7 1.80% 20023568.2176.2 5.281.4 1.62% 20033621.2181.3 5.253.1 2.87% 20043693.9186.7 5.272.7 2.92% 20053744.4192.0 5.350.5 2.79% 20063820.9198.1 5.376.5 3.14% 20073896.3206.6 5.375.4 4.18% 20083978.4214.8 5.482.1 3.92% 20094040.5213.7 5.462.1-0.53% 20104100.8223.6 5.460.4 4.52%#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!#DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!。
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Band Theory of Solids
In order to account for decreasing resistivity with increasing temperature as well as other properties of semiconductors, a new theory known as the band theory is introduced. The essential feature of the band theory is that the allowed energy states for electrons are nearly continuous over certain ranges, called energy bands, with forbidden energy gaps between the bands.
Kronig-Penney Model
Since the electrons are not free their energies are less than the height V0 of each of the potentials, but the electron is essentially free in the gap 0 < x < a, where it has a wave function of the form
Kronig-Penney Model
Matching solutions at the boundary, Kronig and Penney find
Here K is another wave number.
Kronig-ft-hand side is limited to values between +1 and −1 for all values of K. Plotting this it is observed there exist restricted (shaded) forbidden zones for solutions.
Important differences between the KronigPenney model and the single potential well
1)
For an infinite lattice the allowed energies within each band are continuous rather than discrete. In a real crystal the lattice is not infinite, but even if chains are thousands of atoms long, the allowed energies are nearly continuous. In a real three-dimensional crystal it is appropriate to speak of a wave vector k . The allowed ranges for k constitute what are referred to in solid state theory as Brillouin zones.
The Forbidden Zones
Figure 11.5 (a) Plot of the left side of Equation (11.3) versus ka for κ2ba / 2 = 3π / 2. Allowed energy values must correspond to the values of k for for which the plotted function lies between -1 and +1. Forbidden values are shaded in light blue. (b) The corresponding plot of energy versus ka for κ2ba / 2 = 3π / 2, showing the forbidden energy zones (gaps).
where the wave number k is given by the usual relation:
Tunneling
In the region between a < x < a + b the electron can tunnel through and the wave function loses its oscillatory solution and becomes exponential:
Kronig-Penney Model
Kronig and Penney assumed that an electron experiences an infinite one-dimensional array of finite potential wells. Each potential well models attraction to an atom in the lattice, so the size of the wells must correspond roughly to the lattice spacing.
Reviewing the previous table reveals that:
The electrical conductivity at room temperature is quite different for each of these three kinds of solids
Metals and alloys have the highest conductivities followed by semiconductors and then by insulators
Band Theory of Solids
Consider initially the known wave functions of two hydrogen atoms far enough apart so that they do not interact.
Band Theory of Solids
11.1: Band Theory of Solids
In Chapter 10 you learned about structural, thermal, and magnetic properties of solids. In this chapter we concentrate on electrical conduction.
Resistivity vs. Temperature
Figure 11.1: (a) Resistivity versus temperature for a typical conductor. Notice the linear rise in resistivity with increasing temperature at all but very low temperatures. (b) Resistivity versus temperature for a typical conductor at very low temperatures. Notice that the curve flattens and approaches a nonzero resistance as T → 0. (c) Resistivity versus temperature for a typical semiconductor. The resistivity increases dramatically as T → 0.
Categories of Solids
There are three categories of solids, based on their conducting properties: conductors semiconductors insulators
Electrical Resistivity and Conductivity of Selected Materials at 293 K
Band Theory of Solids
In the symmetric case the binding energy is slightly stronger resulting in a lower energy state.
Thus there is a splitting of all possible energy levels (1s, 2s, and so on).
When more atoms are added (as in a real solid), there is a further splitting of energy levels. With a large number of atoms, the levels are split into nearly continuous energy bands, with each band consisting of a number of closely spaced energy levels.
Kronig-Penney Model
An effective way to understand the energy gap in semiconductors is to model the interaction between the electrons and the lattice of atoms. R. de L. Kronig and W. G. Penney developed a useful one-dimensional model of the electron lattice interaction in 1931.