2013级阅读生
2013届《红楼梦》阅读终极版
《红楼梦》第一至第十回一．小选择题1．‚那僧见一鲜明莹洁美玉，托于掌上‛，其美玉大小似什么( C )A鹅卵 B鸽蛋C扇坠2.黛玉从小体弱多病，癞头和尚给了三套方案可以平安一世，以下哪一个方案不是癞头和尚的建议( B )A随他出家 B坚持长期服用人参养荣丸 C以后不能再哭3.宝玉在太虚幻境看到了金陵十二钗正册、副册、又副册，其中鸳鸯属于哪一册( C )A、正册B、副册C、未见其名4.《红楼梦》中贾宝玉梦游太虚幻境所见判词：‚子系中山狼，得志便猖狂。
金闺花柳质，一载赴黄粱。
‛其中暗示谁的悲惨命运( A )A.迎春B.探春C.元春5. 通灵宝玉上刻的铭文是什么( A )A,莫失莫忘,仙寿恒昌 B,不离不弃,芳龄永继 C,你证我证,心证意证6. 《红楼梦》中‚未见其人，先文其声‛的是指( C )A.史湘云B.林黛玉C.王熙凤7. 《红楼梦》中‚两弯似蹙笼眉，一双似泣非泣含露目。
态生两靥之愁，妖袭一身之病，泪光点点，娇喘微微闲静时如姣花昭水，行动处似弱柳扶风。
心较比千多一窍，病如西子胜三分。
‛这写的是谁( C)A.惜春B.妙玉C.黛玉8. ‚肌肤微丰，合中身材，腮凝新荔，鼻腻鹅脂，温柔沉默，观之可亲‛、‚削肩细腰，长挑身材，鸭蛋脸面，俊眼修眉，顾盼神飞，文彩精华，见之忘俗‛、‚身量未足，形容尚小‛分别指的是( B )A. 探春迎春惜春B.迎春探春惜春C.惜春探春迎春9. 谁向黛玉介绍宝玉时，称他‚混世魔王‛、‚祸根蘖胎‛ ( A)A.王夫人B.邢夫人C.贾母10. 宝玉看《金陵十二钗正册》：后面又画着一块美玉，落在泥垢之中。
其断语云：欲洁何曾洁，云空未必空。
可怜金玉质，终陷淖泥中。
这首判词写的是(B )A.宝钗B.妙玉C.李纨11. 贾雨村本是一个穷儒生，寄居在葫芦庙内。
因为赠银，考得进士，任了知府。
不久因贪酷被革职，后在贾政的帮助下复职了，在殴伤人命的案子里，葫芦僧乱判葫芦案。
( A)A.甄士隐薛蟠B.冷子兴薛蟠C.甄士隐柳湘莲12. 冷子兴口中‚模样又极标致，言谈又爽利，心机又极深细，竟是个男人万不及一的‛的人是( A)。
板浦高中2013届高三语文现代文阅读(人物传记)
2013高三语文现代文阅读（实用类）专题复习教学案——人物传记【教学目标】1.了解考纲对实用类文本人物传记阅读的要求。
2.明晰考查范围，弄清考查重点。
3.洞悉实用类人物传记文本阅读题干扰项的设置规律。
4.掌握解答实用类人物传记文本阅读试题的必备技能。
【复习重点】掌握解答实用类人物传记文本阅读的方法。
读懂文章，掌握该题型的答题技巧。
【点击考纲】【考点阐释】传记是记述人的生平事迹的一种重要文体。
阅读传记，可以追溯一个人的生活经历，可以体悟一个人的情感世界，可以探寻一个人思想演变的线索，可以剖析一个人成败的缘由，还可以观照历史的沧海桑田，社会的光怪陆离，丰富阅历，陶冶情操，提升识见。
【解读体验】（一）阅读下面的文字，完成答题。
李清照传（节选）①国难当头之时，南宋统治集团内部的争夺却愈加激烈，朝廷章法大乱，众官无所依从。
建炎三年（1129年）二月，赵明诚罢守江宁被命移知湖州，但未到任即被免。
三月，清照与明诚乘船上芜湖，入姑孰（准备移居赣水上），沿江而上时经过和县乌江（楚霸王项羽兵败自刎处）。
秦亡后，项羽与刘邦争夺天下，最后失败。
项羽垓下兵败后，逃至乌江畔，乌江亭长欲助项羽渡江，项羽笑曰：“天之亡我，我何渡为？且籍与江东子弟渡江而西，今无一人还，纵江东父老怜而王我，我何面目见之？纵彼不言，籍独不愧于心乎！”言罢，拔剑自刎。
面对历史遗迹，抚昔思今，清照思绪难平，于是作诗一首，题为《乌江》：“生当作人杰，死亦为鬼雄，至今思项羽，不肯过江东。
”②诗中通过歌颂项羽这位失败了的英雄，向人们展示了这样一种人生哲学：活，要活得昂扬，出类拔萃，有声有色；死，要死得壮烈，慷慨英武，可歌可泣。
③气节，是人的精神风貌中至关重要的因素。
同时，诗人还讽刺了南宋统治者的苟且偷安、了无气节和昏庸无能。
④五月，明诚把家属送到池阳（安徽贵池），又接到旨意复知湖州。
六月十三日，盛夏酷暑，明诚离池阳，“涂（途）中奔驰，冒大暑，感疾”。
（《金石录后序》）行至建康时，病势已重。
2013 考研英语阅读真题Text 1(英语二)
2013 Text 1（英语⼆）在美国制造In an essay, entitled "Making It in America," the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton country about just how much a modern has been automated:The average mill has only two employees today, "a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines."Davidson's article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment anddeclining middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the , but it is also because of the advances in both globalization and the revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or .In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job, could earn an average lifestyle.But, today, average is officially over. Being average just won't earn you what it used to.It can't when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation, and cheap genius.Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra, their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.textile mill 亚当·戴维森《在美国制造》⼀⽂中提到，南部种棉地区的⼀个笑话，内容涉及现代纺织⼚⾃动化的程度：如今的普通⼯⼚只有两个雇员，“⼀个⼈外加⼀条狗。
英语二 2013阅读理解真题-text1
TEXT 1In an essay（短文）entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson relates(叙述)a joke from cotton（棉）about just how much a modern textile（纺织品）mill（工厂）has been automated: The average（普通）mill only two employees today,” a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.”Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared（出现）making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly（顽固的，顽强的）high unemployment and declining（衰退中的）middle-class（中层社会的，中产阶级的;）incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization（全球化）and the information technology revolution,（全球化与信息技术革命的进展）which are more rapidly（很快地，迅速地）than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign worker.In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job, could earn an average lifestyle ,But ,today ,average is officially over（平常/普通已经结束）. Being average just won’t earn you what it used to. It can’t when so many more employers have so much more access（获取、使用）to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation （自动化）and cheap genius（才能）. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra-their unique（唯一的，独特的）value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there’s been an acceleration（加速）. As Davidson notes,” In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed（解雇、脱落）workers so fast that they erased（解雇，抹去）almost all the gains（获得，增加）of the previous（以前的，早先的）70 years; roughly（大概的）one out of every three manufacturing（制造业的，工业）jobs-about 6 million in total -disappeared.There will always be changed-new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.In a world where average is officially（正式的）over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I. Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to poet-high school education.21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate（表明、叙述）_______[A] the impact（影响）of technological advances 科技进步的影响[B] the alleviation（缓和）of job pressure（压力）工作压力的缓解[C] the shrinkage（收缩）of textile mills（纺织厂）纺织厂的萎缩[D] the decline（下降，降低）of middle-class incomes中产阶级收入的减少22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to______[A] work on cheap software 开发廉价的软件[B] ask for a moderate（适中的）salary 要求适中的薪水[C] adopt（采纳，接受）an average lifestyle 过着普通的生活方式[D] contribute（贡献）something unique（独一无二的）做出特殊贡献23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains（解释）that ______[A] gains of technology have been erased 科技成就已经被抹杀[B] job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed 工作机会以很快的速度消失[C] factories are making much less money than before 工厂比以前利润低[D] new jobs and services have been offered 新的工作和新的服务方式已经被提供24. According to the author, to reduce（减少）unemployment（失业）, the most important is_____[A] to accelerate the I.T. revolution 加快IT革命[B] to ensure more education for people 确保人们受到更多的教育[C] to advance economic globalization 推进经济全球化[D] to pass more bills（法案）in the 21st century 在21世纪通过更多法案25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate（适当的，恰当的）title for the text?[A] New Law Takes Effect 新法律生效[B] Technology Goes Cheap 科技变得廉价[C] Average Is Over 平庸时代已经过去[D] Recession Is Bad衰退是糟糕的Text 2A century ago, the immigrants（移民）from across the Atlantic（大西洋，the Pacific太平洋）included settlers（移民者、殖民者）and sojourners（寄居者、旅居者）. Along with the manyfolks（人们）looking to make a permanent（永久的、永恒的）home in the United States came those who had no intention（意图，目的；intend 打算）to stay, and 7millin people arrived while about 2 million departed（离开）. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example, eventually（最后、最终）returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, “Uccelli di passaggio,” birds of passage.Today, we are much more rigid（严格）about immigrants. We divide（划分）newcomers into two categories（分类）: legal（合法）or illegal（不合法）, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don’t need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among today’s birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas .They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them , They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle .Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes. Including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.26. “Birds of passage” refers to those who____[A] immigrate across the Atlantic.[B] leave their home countries for good.[C] stay in a foregin temporaily.[D] find permanent jobs overseas.27. It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration stystem in the US____[A] needs new immigrant categories.[B] has loosened control over immigrants.[C] should be adopted to meet challenges.[D] has been fixeed via political means.28. According to the author, today’s birds of passage want___[A] fiancial incentives.[B] a global recognition.[C] opportunities to get regular jobs.[D] the freedom to stay and leave.29. The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated __[A] as faithful partners.[B] with economic favors.[C] with regal tolerance.[D] as mighty rivals.30. Choose the best title.[A] come and go: big mistake.[B] living and thriving : great risk.[C] with or without : great risk.[D] legal or illegal: big mistake.。
2013浙江高考现代文学阅读：牛铃叮当
2013年浙江卷现代文学阅读选文：牛铃叮当李清明水乡多水牛。
从我记事开始，一直到成年走出水乡，多以水牛为伴。
不但寒暑假期要整天放牧水牛，即使上学了每天也须带上镰刀和竹筐，在放学的路上割上满满一筐青草，回去喂食和照顾水牛。
俗话说，一方水土养一方人。
套用到动物界，也是一方水土养一方牲畜。
水乡一个个垸落均是从洞庭湖多年淤积的湖州上围垦而成，湖汊内港、沟渠水塘星罗棋布，到处都长满了茂盛的青草、自然疯长的芦苇，以及人都可以食用的水芹菜和野篱篙。
这些也都是水牛们上好的饲料。
水牛生命力强，极易饲养，春、夏、秋三季均以自然生长的青蒿、野草为食，万物枯萎的冬日，每天也只需一捆备好的干草和一瓢清水而已。
以农耕经济为主导的水乡人们，从古至今都把水牛视作自家的命根子，也是他们唯一的一笔看得见摸得着的财富。
每有小牛犊出生，在牠们学会走路的那天起，乡亲们都会精心地在其脖子上挂上一串铜制的牛铃。
在法制不健全的年代，凡偷窃水牛都属“情节特别严重”，须重罪治理，甚至判处死刑。
乡亲们在农忙季节要用水牛犁田、耙田、滚田；即使到了农闲的秋冬时分，也要把水牛牵进碾坊，帮助拉磨，碾压菜籽、稻谷，将他们变成食油和大米。
记得上世纪七十年代初期，村里就购买了“东方红牌”拖拉机，还配备了犁、耙、滚等成套的耕田机械。
按说“铁牛”进村，农田的耕作完全可以不用水牛了。
可水乡的稻田多是从河汊、淤塘、沟渠等围垦改造过来的，几吨重的拖拉机开进去，常常会被淤泥淹得只看见伸在顶部的烟囱，最后还须用十头、八头水牛合力，才能拖、拉出来。
也许是长期生活在水边的缘故，水牛天生就能游泳，还是长距离泅渡的高手，也是我们乡野少年最为实用有效的游水老师。
水牛在浅水区域游泳非常缓慢，一边游还一边不忘啃食水中的荷叶、篙草和野生的水稻；唯有穿越深水区域时才特别快捷，一边不断地用力来划动四肢，一边还把头角抬得高高的，“嗯呀——嗯呀”十分卖力和得意地叫唤不停。
跟着水牛学游泳，我们先是将水牛用柳条鞭子赶至河边，双手死死地拽住水牛尾巴，在水牛飞速抢渡的过程中，我们则使劲地用双脚拍击水面，这样一来既锻炼了涉水的胆量，也掌握了双脚游水的方法。
2013年12月大学英语四级阅读理解(附答案解析)
2014年6月大学英语四级阅读理解新题型匹配练习题练习1Part ⅢReading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section B(原快速阅读理解调整为长篇阅读理解，篇章长度和难度不变。
篇章后附有10个句子，每句一题。
每句所含的信息出自篇章的某一段落，要求考生找出与每句所含信息相匹配的段落。
)Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statementsattached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.How to Make Peace with Your Workload[A] Swamped (忙碌的),under the gun, just struggling to stay above water...; whatever office cliche you employ to depict it, we"ve all been in that situation where we feellike we might be swallowed up by our workload. Nonetheless many a way may be used tomanage your to-do list to prevent feeling overwhelmed. How to make peace with yourworkload once and for all goes as follows.[B] Get organized. “Clear the deadwood out of your desk and keep your office inshape, which enhances your capability to handle other tasks and raises the probability that you’ll retrieve the items you do need in a faster and easier fashion,” says Jeff Davidson who works as a work/life expert and writer of more than 50 books on workplaceissues. “When something can be disposed, let it go, given in reality most of what youretain is replaceable.” Joel Rudy, vice president of operations for PhotographicSolutions, with better than thirty years of business management experience, believesthat keepi ng organized is a must. “ Messy work areas are nonproductive in some measure. Provided that you can"t locate a document or report easily because it’s lost in a pile of mess, then you have a problematic situation,” he says. “Thereby you are supposedto take the time to tidy up your work areas and keep your important files, manuals andreports in an accessible location, which will maximize your efficiencies.”[C] Make a to-do list, then cover it up. It may sound weird, but it works, says Jessica Carlson, an account executive at Bluefish Design Studio which is an advertisingconsulting firm. Carlson urges her team to utilize to-do lists to stay on track andhi ghlight items that are a priority. “Cover up the list, with the exception of onehigh-priority task at one time,” she suggests. “This will allow you to focus betteron the task at hand; otherwise, it will be easy to get overwhelmed if you’re reading through a to-do list that spans an entire page. Concentrating on a single item will make your tasks appear like they are more doable,” Carlson says.[D] Stop multitasking. Despite what you may consider multitasking, it’s counterproductive. Unless you’re drinking coffee while scanning your morning e-mails, you’re not saving any time by attempting to do ten things at once. “If you find yourself getting tangled in too many things, it may be of much necessity of you to re-evaluateyour involvement,” Rudy says. “Your mind will wander from one topic to another andyou may end up never accomplishing a thing.” Rudy recommends the best way to stop multitasking is to create priority lists with deadlines. “When applicable, completeone project before you move further on to the next one,” he says.[E ] Set time limits. Deborah Chaddock-Brown, a work-at-home single parent, saysshe’s frequently overwhelmed by the demands of maintaining order in her residence and running her own business. Still, she manages to “do it all” by setting a time limitfor each task. “I have the type of personality that flits (轻轻地掠过)from thing to thing because I do have so much on my plate,” Brown says. “As a consequence I assigntime slots: For the next 15 minutes I will participate in social media for the purposeof marketing my business (not sending photos or playing Farmville) and that is the only thing I am about to do for the next 15 minutes. When the time is up, I move on to thenext task. That way, at night I don’t end up with a pile of tasks to accomplish eventhoug h I felt busy all day.”[F ] Talk to your manager. “Quite often, people are working on things that are nolonger a top priority, but someone forgot to tell them (that they’re no longer important). There are usually clear priorities in the manager’s head; he or she has just not donea great job communicating those with the employee,” says Holly Green, CEO o f The Human Factor. Green’s suggestion unfolds in this manner: “If you find yourself confrontedwith too many responsibilities, sit down, note the significant things you are in charge of, and go to your manager to have a conversation to discuss priorities, trade-offs,time commitments and interdependencies required to do each thing well, and then ask what you should stop working on or work on less so you can get the right things done.” Green says managers should be willing to help sort out priorities, so long as employees havea can-do approach and aren’t just complaining about their workload.[G ] Eliminate time wasters. “If interruptions are keeping yo u from your responsibilities, learn how to deal with them accordingly,” says Eileen Roth, authorof Organizing for Dummies. Roth proposes the following suggestions to combat disruptions: “Use voice mail to cut down on telephone interruptions, turn off the alert that says‘You’ve got an e-mail; and give staff members a set time to visit you.” Justin Gramm, president of Globella Buyers Realty, exemplifies Roth’s point. “Ｅ-mail had been a big time waster for me in the past because it was a constant interruption, causing me tolose focus on the task at hand,” he says. Since determined to check his e-mails only twice a day, Gramm says he has become much more efficient. “If people want to get more work done, they need to stop checking e-mails and get down to busin ess,” he says.[H] Assess your workload before taking on new tasks. “The paradox of today’s work environment is that the more you do, the more that’s expected of you,” Davidson says.In order to better assess your workload, Davidson suggests asking yourself the following questions before agreeing to undertake new responsibilities: Is the task aligned (使一致)with your priorities and goals; Are you likely to be as prone to saying yes to such a request tomorrow or next week; What else could you do that would be more rewarding;What other pressing tasks and responsibilities are you likely to face; Does the otherparty have options other than you; Will he or she be crushed if you say no?[I] Want to know more? Most of our experts recommended books for additional tipson how to maximize efficiency, but one book was mentioned time and again. Check out The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People.46. “The more you do, the more you are expected to do” has been a paradox in today’s work environment.47. As long as employees have a can-do attitude and do not just complain about their workload, the managers would like to help them decide what to do first.48. As a single parent, Deborah Chaddock-Brown finds it difficult to make a balance between business and housework.49. There are many useful methods of preventing people from feeling overwhelmed by workload.50. Messy work areas are nonproductive to some extent, so you are supposed to keepyour work areas tidy and important files at hand.51. To know more about how to maximize efficiency, The Seven Habits of HighlyEffective People is recommended.52. In Organizing for Dummies, using voice mail to cut down on telephoneinterruptions and turning off the e-mail notice are suggested in combatinginterruptions.53. According to Rudy, the best way to stop multitasking is to make a list ofpriorities and set deadlines for each task.54. Focusing on a single matter will make your tasks appear more possible to be done.55. In fact, most of what people retain is substitutable, so dispose the things that are disposable.练习2Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section B(原快速阅读理解调整为长篇阅读理解，篇章长度和难度不变。
2013年考研英语(一)试题——阅读3
2013年考研英语（一）试题——阅读3Text 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence .Perhaps willfully , it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN’s “Red List”suggest that human being are[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world’s dominant power[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and Humanity凯程教育：凯程考研成立于2005年，国内首家全日制集训机构考研，一直从事高端全日制辅导，由李海洋教授、张鑫教授、卢营教授、王洋教授、杨武金教授、张释然教授、索玉柱教授、方浩教授等一批高级考研教研队伍组成，为学员全程高质量授课、答疑、测试、督导、报考指导、方法指导、联系导师、复试等全方位的考研服务。
2013考研英语阅读真题：考研英语(二)第4篇-毙考题
2013考研英语阅读真题：考研英语(二)第4篇-毙考题2013考研英语阅读真题：考研英语（二）第4篇Europe is not a gender-equality heaven.In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family-friendly until women are part of senior management decisions,and Europe’s top corp orate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male.Indeed, women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards.The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women —up to 60 percent.This proposed mandate was born of frustration.Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action.Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership.But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate ladder fairly as they balance work and family?But, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal,it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.After all, four decades of evidence has now shown thatcorporations in Europe as well as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top positionno matter how much “soft pressure” is put upon them.When women do break through to the summit of corporate power —as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebookthey attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women---whether CEOs or their children’s caregivers--and all families,Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.欧洲并不是男女平等的天堂。
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现代文阅读:文学类文本(20分)阅读下面的作品，完成11-14题。
母亲莫言①我出生于山东省高密县一个偏僻落后的乡村。
5岁时，正是中国历史上一个艰难的岁月。
生活留给我最初的记忆是母亲坐在一棵白花盛开的梨树下，用一根紫红色的洗衣棒槌，在一块白色的石头上，捶打野菜的情景。
绿色的汁液流到地上，溅到母亲的胸前，空气中弥漫着野菜汁液苦涩的气味。
那棒槌敲打野菜发出的声音，沉闷而潮湿，让我的心感到一阵阵地紧缩。
②这是一个有声音、有颜色、有气味的画面，是我人生记忆的起点，也是我文学道路的起点。
我用耳朵、鼻子、眼睛、身体来把握生活，来感受事物。
储存在我脑海里的记忆，都是这样的有声音、有颜色、有气味、有形状的立体记忆。
这种感受生活和记忆事物的方式，在某种程度上决定了我小说的面貌和特质。
这个记忆的画面中更让我难忘的是，愁容满面的母亲，在辛苦地劳作时，嘴里竟然哼唱着一支小曲！③母亲没读过书，不认识文字，她一生中遭受的苦难，真是难以尽述。
战争、饥饿、疾病，在那样的苦难中，是什么样的力量支撑她活下来，是什么样的力量使她在饥肠辘辘、疾病缠身时还能歌唱？有一段时间，村子里连续自杀了几个女人，我莫名其妙地感到了一种巨大的恐惧。
那是我们家最艰难的时刻，我总担心母亲走上绝路。
每当我下工归来，一进门就要大声喊叫，只有听到母亲的回答，心中才感到一块石头落了地。
有次下工回来，母亲没有回答我的呼喊。
我感到最可怕的事情发生了，不由地大声哭起来。
这时，母亲从外边走了进来。
她对我非常不满，她认为一个人尤其是男人不应该随便哭泣。
她追问我为什么哭。
我不敢对她说出我的担忧。
母亲理解了我的意思，她对我说：孩子，放心吧，阎王爷不叫，我是不会去的！④母亲的话虽然腔调不高，但使我陡然获得了一种安全感和对于未来的希望。
这是一个母亲对她忧心忡忡的儿子做出的庄严承诺。
活下去，无论多么艰难也要活下去！现在，尽管母亲已被阎王爷叫去了，但她面对苦难挣扎着活下去的勇气，将永远伴随着我，激励着我。
⑤我曾从电视上看到过一个终生难忘的画面：以色列重炮轰击贝鲁特后，滚滚的硝烟尚未散去，一个面容憔悴、身上沾满泥土的老太太便从屋子里搬出一个小箱子，箱子里盛着几根碧绿的黄瓜和几根碧绿的芹菜。
她站在路边叫卖蔬菜。
当记者把摄像机对准她时，她高高地举起拳头，嗓音嘶哑但异常坚定地说：我们世世代代生活在这块土地上，即使吃这里的沙土，我们也能活下去！⑥老太太的话让我惊心动魄，女人、母亲、土地、生命，这些伟大的概念在我脑海中翻腾着。
这种即使吃着沙土也要活下去的信念，正是人类历尽劫难而生生不息的根本保证。
这种对生命的珍惜和尊重，也正是文学的灵魂。
⑦在那些饥饿的岁月里，我看到了许多因饥饿而丧失人格尊严的情景，譬如为了得到一块豆饼，村里粮食保管员让一群孩子学狗叫。
学得像，他便把那块豆饼远远掷了出去，孩子们蜂拥而上抢夺那块豆饼。
我也曾是那些学狗叫中的一个。
回家后，父亲和爷爷严厉地批评了我。
爷爷对我说：嘴巴就是一个过道，何必为了一块豆饼而学狗叫呢？人应该有骨气！他们的话，当时并不能说服我，但我感到了话里的一种尊严，这是人的尊严。
人，不能像狗一样活着。
⑧我的母亲教育我，人要忍受苦难，不屈不挠地活下去；我的父亲和爷爷又教育我人要有尊严地活着。
他们的教育，使我获得了一种面临重大事件时做出判断的价值标准。
⑨饥饿的岁月使我体验和洞察了人性的复杂和单纯，认识到了人性的最低标准，看透了人的本质的某些方面。
多年后，当我拿起笔来写作的时候，这些体验，就成了我的宝贵资源。
我的小说里之所以有那么多严酷的现实描写和对人性的黑暗毫不留情的剖析，是与过去的生活经验密不可分的。
当然，在揭示社会黑暗和剖析人性残忍时，我也没有忘记人性中高贵的有尊严的一面，因为我的父母、祖父母和许多像他们一样的人，为我树立了光辉的榜样。
这些普通人身上的宝贵品质，是一个民族能够在苦难中不堕落的根本保障。
（选自《中国剪报》2012年10月31日第五版。
原载《人民日报》。
有删改。
）11.①节中，作者是怎样描写母亲捶打野菜的场景的？为什么说这场景是他文学道路的起点？（4分）12.请解释划线词语和句子在文中的含义：（4分）（1）人性最低的标准（2）看透了人的本质的某些方面（1）（2）13.请说说⑤节写贝鲁特老太太一节的作用。
（6分）14. “女人、母亲、土地、生命”，这些伟大的概念，为什么会在作者的脑海中翻腾？阅读全文，请探究作者这么说的多种原因。
（6分）人生的影响原文有：文学上的影响原文中有：激励推动作用莫言小说《马语》阅读阅读下面一篇现代文，完成15～17题。
（15分）马语莫言像一把粗大的鬃毛刷子在脸上拂过来拂过去，使我从睡梦中醒来。
眼前晃动着一个巍然的大影子，宛如一堵厚重的黑墙。
一股熟悉的气味令我怦然心动。
我猛然惊醒，身后的现代生活背景悄然退去，阳光灿烂，照耀着三十多年前那堵枯黄的土墙。
墙头上枯草瑟瑟，一只羽毛灿烂的公鸡站在上边引吭高歌，墙前有一个倾颓的麦草垛，一群母鸡在散草中刨食。
还有一群牛在墙前的柱子上拴着，都垂着头反刍，看样子好像是在沉思默想。
弯曲的木柱子上沾满了牛毛，土墙上涂满了牛屎。
我坐在草垛前，伸手就可触摸到那些鸡，稍稍一探身就可以触摸到那些牛。
我没有摸鸡也没有摸牛，我仰脸望着它——亲密的朋友——那匹黑色的、心事重重的、屁股上烙着“Z99”字样的、盲目的、据说是从野战军里退役下来的、现在为生产队驾辕的、以力大无穷任劳任怨闻名乡里的老马。
“马，原来是你啊!”我从草垛边上一跃而起，双臂抱住了它粗壮的脖子。
我心潮起伏，泪珠在它光滑的皮上滚动。
它耸耸削竹般的耳朵，用饱经沧桑的口气说：“别这样，年轻人，别这样，我不喜欢这样子，没有必要这样子。
好好地坐着，听我跟你说话。
”它晃了一下脖子，我的身体就轻如鸿毛般地脱离了地面，然后就跌坐在麦草垛边，伸手就可触摸那些鸡，稍稍一探身就可以触摸那些牛。
我端详着这个三十多年没有见面的老朋友。
它依然是当年的样子：硕大的头颅、伟岸的身躯、修长的四肢、瓦蓝的四蹄、蓬松的华尾、紧闭着的不知道什么原因盲了的双目。
于是，若干的情景就恍然如在眼前了。
我曾经多次揪它的尾毛做琴弓，它默默肃立，犹如一堵墙。
我多少次坐在它宽阔平坦的背上看小人书，它一动也不动，好像一艘搁浅了的船。
我多少次对邻村的小孩子炫耀它，编造它的光荣的历史，说它曾经驮着兵团司令冲锋陷阵，立过赫赫战功，它一声不吭，好像一块没有温度的铁。
我多少次向村里的老人请教，想了解它的历史，尤其想知道它是怎样瞎的，没人告诉我。
我多少次抚摸着它的脖子问，亲爱的马，你的眼睛是怎么瞎的，是炮弹皮子崩瞎的吗?是害红眼病弄瞎的吗?是老鹰啄瞎的?——任我千遍万遍地问，它不回答。
“我现在回答你。
”马说。
马说话时柔软的嘴唇笨拙地翻动着，不时地显露出被谷草磨损了的雪白的大牙。
它的声音十分沉闷，仿佛通过一个曲折漫长的管道传递过来的。
这样的声音令我痴迷，令我陶醉，令我惊悚，令我如闻天籁，不敢不认真听讲。
马说：“日本有一个著名的关于眼睛的故事。
琴女春琴被人毁容盲目后，她的徒弟也是她的情人佐助，便自己刺瞎了眼睛。
还有一个古老的故事，俄狄浦斯得知自己杀父娶母之后，悔恨交加，自毁了双目。
你们村子里的马文才，舍不下新婚的媳妇，为了逃避兵役，用石灰点瞎了双目。
这说明，世界上有一类盲目者，为了逃避，为了占有，为了完美，为了惩罚，是心甘情愿自己把自己弄瞎了的。
当然，你最想知道的，是我为什么瞎了眼睛……”马沉吟着，这个话题勾起了它无限辛酸的往事马说：“几十年前，我的确是一匹军马，我屁股上的烙印就是证明。
我的主人是一个英武的军官。
他不仅相貌出众，而且还满腹韬略。
我对他一往情深，如同恋人。
有一天，他竟然让一个散发着刺鼻脂粉气息的女人骑在我的背上。
我心中恼怒，精力分散，穿越树林时，撞在了树上，把那个女人掀了下来。
军官用皮鞭抽打我，骂我‘你这匹瞎马!’……从此，我决定再也不睁开我的眼睛……”“原来你是装瞎!”我从麦草垛前一跃而起。
“不，我瞎了……”马说着，掉转身，向着那漫漫无尽的黑暗的道路，义无反顾地走去。
15．下列对小说的分析和概括，不正确的两项是：（）（）（5分）A．本文以“我”与马的重逢为线索，主要描写了两个场面：一是久别重逢时的情景，一是重逢后马的自述。
B．小说以马开口向人倾诉这一荒诞手法写“我”和马重逢，写人与马的情感交流，蕴含着深刻哲理，给人以启示。
C．小说通过写马对主人“一往情深”而主人却因女人被摔而打马、骂马，谴责了那些背信弃义不顾友情的人。
D．小说巧设悬念，反复渲染“我”“想了解它的历史，尤其想知道它是怎样瞎的”，有效地增强了作品的吸引力。
E．马是装瞎的，可文章结尾说“不，我瞎了……”，这里写出了马因一件小事败坏了自己之后的沉痛懊悔。
16．小说多处描写了马的形象，同时也描写了鸡和牛，这样写有什么作用?请简要分析。
（4分）17．马因为主人的一句谩骂，就自己后半生“装瞎”。
你认为它这样做值得吗?请依据文本加以探究。
（6分）莫言《我的梦想》阅读我的梦想莫言①最早发现我有一点文学才能的，是一个姓张的高个子老师。
他教我们语文，是我们的班主任。
他的脸上有很多粉刺，眼睛很大，脖子很长，很凶。
他一瞪眼，我就想小便。
有一次他在课堂上训我，我不知不觉中竟尿在教室里。
他很生气，骂道：“你这熊孩子，怎么能随地小便呢？”我哭着说：“老师，我不是故意的……”②大约8岁的时候，我在村里小学读三年级，因为生活的自理能力很差，加之上学时年龄较小，母亲给我缝的还是开裆裤。
为此，常遭到同学的嘲笑。
张老师到我家去做家访，建议母亲给我缝上裤裆。
我母亲不太情愿地接受了他的建议。
缝上裤裆后，因为经常把腰带结成死疙瘩，出了不少笑话。
后来，大哥把一条牙环坏了的洋腰带送我，结果出丑更多。
一是，六一儿童节在全校大会上背诵课文时掉了裤子，引得众人大哗；二是，我到办公室去给张老师送作业，那个与张老师坐对面的姓尚的女老师非要我跟她打乒乓球，一打，裤子就掉了……③在我短暂的学校生活中，腰带和裤裆始终是个恼人的问题。
大概是上四年级的时候，我写了一篇关于五一劳动节学校开运动会的作文，张老师大为赞赏。
后来，我又写了许多作文，都被老师拿到课堂上念，有的还抄到学校的黑板报上，有一篇还被附近的中学拿去当作范文学习。
有了这样的成绩，我的腰带和裤裆问题也就变成了一个可爱的问题。
④后来我当了兵，提了干，探家时偶翻箱子，翻出了四年级时的作文簿，那上边有张老师用红笔写下的大段批语，很是感人。
因为文革，我与张老师闹翻了脸。
我被开除回家，碰到张老师就低头躲过，心里冷若冰霜。
重读那些批语，心中感慨很多。
那本作文簿被我的侄子擦了屁股，如果保留下来，没准还能被将来的什么馆收购了去呢。
⑤11岁时，我辍学当了放牛娃后，经常会忆起作文的辉煌。
村里有一个被遣返回家劳改的“右派”，他是山东师范学院中文系的毕业生，当过中学语文教师。