英语母语国文化常识
高考英语英语国家知识点精讲
高考英语英语国家知识点精讲英语国家知识点精讲一、英语国家概述英语国家是指以英语作为官方语言或使用人数众多的国家或地区。
在世界范围内，有许多国家是英语国家，如英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚等。
这些国家普遍使用英语进行国内交流、教育和商务活动。
二、英语国家文化1. 英语国家的文化多样性英语国家拥有丰富多样的文化，这些文化深受历史、地理和民族等因素的影响。
例如，在英国，人们崇尚绅士风度和下午茶文化；而在美国，人们崇尚自由、个人主义和多元文化。
每个国家都有自己独特的文化特点，这使得英语国家的文化变得丰富多彩。
2. 英语国家的节日和传统英语国家有许多独特的节日和传统。
在英国，人们庆祝万圣节和圣诞节，喝茶是他们的传统习惯。
而在美国，人们狂欢过感恩节和独立日，烧烤和烟花是他们的传统活动。
每个节日和传统都蕴含着深厚的历史和文化内涵，反映了英语国家人民的生活方式和价值观。
三、英语国家的教育体系1. 英语国家的教育制度英语国家拥有世界一流的教育体系。
他们注重教育的质量和公平性，提供全面的学科课程和丰富的学习资源。
对于学生来说，获得良好的教育是他们未来发展的基石。
2. 英语国家的教育特点英语国家的教育特点主要体现在以下几个方面：注重培养学生的创造力和批判性思维能力；鼓励学生积极参与课外活动和社会实践；注重学生的个性发展和综合素质教育。
四、英语国家的旅游胜地1. 英国的旅游景点英国是一个富有历史文化底蕴的国家，有许多著名的旅游景点，如伦敦塔桥、大本钟、巨石阵等。
此外，英国还有许多美丽的乡村和自然风光，如湖区、苏格兰高地等。
2. 美国的旅游景点美国是一个幅员辽阔、自然景观壮丽的国家，吸引着全球的游客。
纽约的自由女神像、大峡谷国家公园、华盛顿特区的国会山等都是美国著名的旅游胜地。
3. 加拿大的旅游景点加拿大是一个美丽而宜居的国家，拥有令人惊叹的自然景观。
洛基山脉、尼亚加拉大瀑布、温哥华岛等都是加拿大著名的旅游景点。
五、英语国家的经济发展1. 英国的经济发展英国是全球经济发达的国家之一，拥有强大的金融和服务业。
英美文化常识
1.What are the two major parties in Britain?------They are the Conservative Party and the Labour Party.2.What is the official full name of Britain?-----It is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.3.Who is the head of government in Ireland? -----It is the Prime Minister.4.Who is James Joyce?-----He is the most well-know Irish writer of the modern period.5.Who were the first Americans?------They were the Indians.6.What kind of economic system does the United States have?-----It has a free-market economy with a dominant private sector.7.What is bilingualism?-----The phenomenon that English and French are the two official languages in Canada is called bilingualism.8.What are the geographical feature ofAustralia as a continent?------Australia is the flatest and lowest of the continents.9.What are the powers the constitution confers on the House of Representatives?------The House of Representatives has powers to make and change laws.10.What animal is a national symbol of New Zealand?------The kiwi is a national symbol of the country.11.What is the Renaissance?------Renaissance was the revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European history.12.What are the most important journals in the U.K.?------They are the Economist,New Statesman and Society,and Spectator.13.Why is the Shannon River important to Ireland?------Because it provides electricity for muchof the Republic.14.How many states are there in the United States?------There are 50 states in the United States.15.What is Hispanic?------A Hispanic is a Spanish-speaking person of the United States.16.What is the Bill of Rights?-------It is the term used for the first ten amendments to the Constitution.17.What is the Canada Council?-----It is the Cana dian Government’s funding agency.18.What is Aborigines?-------It is the term used to describe the original people of Australia.19.What was the nature of the White Australia Policy?------It was a discriminatory immigration policy,which restricted the non –whites to enter Australia.20.What are New Zealand’s main exports?------Meat,wool and dairy products are main exports.21.What was Queen Mary known as?------She was known as the “Bloody Mary”and also remembered as the monarch who lost the last British possession on the continent------French port of calais.22.What did Britain become after the Industrial Revolution?-----Britain became the “workshop of the world”.23.What is the House of Lords made up of?------It is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal.24.What are the two major parties in Ireland? ------They are Fianna Fail and Fine Gael. 25.What is meant by “Vietnamization” of the war?--------It meant that South Vietnamese troops would be war-built up to replace Americal fighting force.26.Which country is the world’s biggestproducer and user of tobacco?------It is the U.S.A..27.Who was the only writer in colonial period still read today?-------He was Benjamin Franklin.28.Who was the first prime minister in Canada?------He was Sir John Macdonald.29.What was the convict system?------In the convict system, the convicts were punished by being transported to remote places.30.How is New Zealand electricity produced? ------It is produced by: firstly,hydropower;secondly,gas;thirdly,coal.31.What is the most important established Church in Britain?-----It is the Church of England.32.What is the jury’s job in Britain?------In criminal cases,it is to decide the issue of guilt or innocence.33.Where were oil and natural gas found inBritain?------Oil and natural gas are found under the North Sea.34.What are the characteristics of Ireland’s climate?-----It can be described as “mild,moist and changeable”.35.What did the real Americal Literature begin?-----It began after the America War of Independence.36.Where is the president of the United States’ offcial residence?-----The White House is his official residence.37.What kind of history do people often say that the history of Canada?------People often say that the history of Canada is a history of immigration.38.What is “urban sprawl’’?------It refers to a city that has grown over a large area of land.39.What is the way of changing theconstitution in Australia?------The Constitution can be changed only by referendum.40.Where is the volcanic activity in New Zealand?------The volcanic activity can be found on the central plateau in North Island.41.What are the three natural zones in Scotland?------They are the Highlands in the north,the central Lowlands and the southern Uplands. 42.What was the Gunpowder plot of 1605?------It was the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies.43.What did the English Industrial Revolution begin with?-----It began with the textile industry.44.What is the capital of Ireland?------It is Dublin.45.Which state is the largest in the United States?------Alaska is the largest one.46.What is the American foreign policy in the early 1930s?-----In the early 1930s,the American foreign policy was isolationist.47.What is affirmative action?------It is the preferential treatment for minorities and women in education and employment.48.What was established in 1670 in Canada? ------The English Hudson Bay Company was established in 1670.49.Which hemisphere is Australia in?------It is in the Southern hemisphere.50.Where is the capital of New Zealand?------It is Wellington.51.Who were the Vikings?-----The Vikings were the Norwegians and the Danes from Denmark.52.Which system was completely established under William in English?-----The feudal system was completely established under William in English.53.What are the main courts of civil jurisdiction in England and Wales?-----They are the Country Courts.54.When did Ireland declare itself a republic? ------Ireland declared itself a republic on April 18,1949.55.Where is known as the agricultural capital of the U.s.?-----Omaha is known as the argricultural capital of the U.S.A..56.What is the most central functions of the Congress in America?-----It is the passage of laws.57.What is Mark Twain’s mast er work?-----It is the Adventure of Huckleberry Finn. 58.Which city is Canada’s largest city?-----It is Toronto.59.What was Australia called in the 1950s?------Australia was called “the lucky country”in the 1950s.60.What do you think is the most noticeable feature of New Zealand geography?-----It is mountains widely spread all over the country where active volcanoes scatter.61.Which war was relatively smooth,with no bloodshed,nor any execution of the king in Britain?------It is the Glorious Revolution.62.What are the three periods as far as the evolution of the British economy is concerned?-------There are steady development in the 50s and 60s,economic recession in the 70s and economic recovery in the 80s.63.What is a constitutional monarchy?------It is a governmental system in which the head of State is a king or a queen who reigns but does not rule.64.What is the chief language of instruction in Ireland?-----It is English.65.Which are some of the biggest cities in the U.S.?------They are New York,LosAngeles,Chicago,San Francisco and Philadelphia.66.Who drafted The Declaration of Independence in the U.S.?------He was Thomas Jefferson..67.Which country is the world’s leading exporter of agricultural products?-----It is the United States.68.In what way does Quebec differ from the other provinces of Canada?-----It differs from the other provinces because it has strong French culture.69.What is nations largest and most diverse industry today in Australia?-----It is agriculture.70.What percentage are Maori to the population of New Zealand?------About 10% are Maori or part Maori. 71.Where are mostly highland and lowland in Great Britian?-----The north and west of Britian are mainly highlands,while the east and south-east aremostly lowlands.72.What is Heptarchy?-----By the end of the 7th century, England was divided into seven kingdoms which was,called Heptarchy.73.What did England appear in the 18th century,which owed a great deal to the invention of machines?-----The Industrial Revolution appeared in England in the 18th century.74.What is the basic ethnic stock in Ireland? ------It is Celtic.75.What does tariff protection mean?-----It means to get higher import taxes to protect domestic production.76.What is the full name of the U.S.?-----It is the United States of America.77.What is the general view of Americans on education?-----It is that every American has the right and obligation to become educated.78.What does Governor-General represent?----It represents the Queen.79.Which three periods are the history of Australia divided into?-----They ae the arrival of Aborigines,the colonization of Australia by the British,and the Commonwealth of Australia.80.Who was the first European come to New Zealand and What was his nationality?-----He was Abel Tasman and was a Dutchman.81.What were the forerunners of the Liberal Party in Britain?------They are Whigs.82.How many members are there in the House of Commons?------There are 651 members in the House of Commons.83.What is the difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots,Welsh and Irish?------The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons,while those the Scots,Welsh andIrish are Celts.84.What is the Republican Army?------It is a terrorist or organization dedicated to the union of all Ireland as one country under one government.85.Which three countries have the largest populations in the world?------China,India and the United States have the largest population in the world.86.Who led the boycott of the bus company in Montgomery,Alabama?-----He is Martin Luther King,Jr.87.What is the “ Lost Generation”?------It refers 60s young intellectuals who becames disappointed and bitter after World War II.88.What are most industries in Canada?------It is manufacturing.89.Who was the first Prime Minister in Australia?-----He was Edmund Barton.90.What are two main islands in NewZealand?------They are North Island and South Island.91.Who were the Lollards?----They were poor priests and travelling preachers who were Jo hn Wyclif’s followers in the 14th century.92.What has the new farming been called in Britain?----It has been called agribusiness.93.What does the NHS provide in Britain?----It provides the family health,hospital and specialist services.94.Who is the head of state in Ireland?------The head of state is the president.95.Who were the Puritans?----The Puritans were the members of a Protestand group in England who wanted to purify the Church of England.96.Which three branches is the U.S. government divided into?------They are the legislative,the executive and the judicial.97.What is adult education also called now?-------It is also called”continuing education” programs or “lifelong education” programs. 98.What was the consequence of the Seven Years’ Wa r between the British and the French?------After the Seven Years’ War, the French were forced to give up every inch of land in North America.99.What is the role of the Senate in Australia? ------The senate has the very nearly equal power as the House of Representatives,except that it has no power to deal with money bills. cation in New Zealand is free,secular and compulsory,What does this sentence mean?-----It means that no tuition fee is paid,no school is run by religious party and every child must go to school to study.西方人眼中的数字生活中的数字(number)无处不在，但有写数字带有固定的象征意义。
英语国家社会与文化重点术语
英语国家社会与文化重点术语
monwealth of Nations: 英联邦，包括英格兰，威尔士，苏
格兰，北爱尔兰和52个唯一的独立共和国或王国。
2.The United Kingdom: 英国，由英格兰，威尔士，苏格兰和北爱尔
兰组成。
3.British Isles: 不列颠群岛，由英国，爱尔兰，苏格兰，威尔士和
英格兰大部分其他岛屿组成。
4.English language: 英语，它是英国最主要的语言，在英联邦和其
他英语国家有广泛使用。
5.English literature : 英语文学，指的是用英语撰写的文学作品，
起源于英国，并被全世界传播。
6.British monarchy: 英国君主制，也称英国王室，是以女王或国王
为头的君主制，历史悠久。
7.British culture: 英国文化，指的是由英国及其前殖民地创造的文化，包括文学，艺术，表演艺术，音乐，电影，体育，宗教，历史，
建筑和社会习俗等。
8.British accent: 英国口音，指用英语讲话时，英国人所使用的口音，有不同的地区口音。
9.British cuisine: 英国菜肴，指由英国的食品、烹饪方法和历史习
惯组成的料理，融合欧洲，北美洲，中东和亚洲元素。
10.United Kingdom flag: 标志联合王国的国旗，也称为Union Jack，由英格兰，威尔士和苏格兰三块组成。
英语国家文化常识
Cultural Knowledge of Major English-Speaking Countries英语国家文化常识1.United States of America:a country of North America with coastlines on the Arctic,Atlanticand Pacific oceans.It includes the noncontiguous states of Alaska and Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean.The area now occupied by the contiguous48states was originally inhabited by numerous Native Americans,the Indians.2.Washington,D.C.:capital of the United States,coextensive with the District of Columbia.Washington is the legislative,administrative,and judicial center of the United States.The city is also a major tourist attraction and cultural center.3.Abraham Lincoln:16th president of America.As president,he is best remembered forleading the Union through the Civil War and freeing Confederate slaves with the1863 Emancipation Proclamation,for delivering the Gettysburg Address,the most famous oration in American history,on19November1863,in which he claimed that government should be “of the people,by the people,for the people”.4.Pearl Harbor:an inlet of the Pacific Ocean on the southern coast of Oahu,Hawaii.It becamethe site of a naval base after the United States annexed Hawaii in1898.On Sunday,7 December1941,Japanese planes attacked the base,and United States entered World War II the following day.5.George Washington:first president and the founding father of the US.He stands as one ofthe three men—the others being Abraham Lincoln and Franklin Roosevelt—who came to power at the most6.Ralph Waldo Emerson:the most thought-provoking American cultural leader of themid-19th century.As a transcendentalist,Emerson spoke out against materialism,formal religion,and slavery.7.Henry David Thoreau:an American author,naturalist,and philosopher who is best knownfor his essay,Civil Disobedience,an argument for individual resistance to civil government, which would later influence such figures as Mohandas K.Gandhi and Martin Luther King,Jr.8.John Denver:one f the most popular recording artists of the1970s in the US.As country-folksinger/songwriter,Denver’s gentle,environmentally conscious music,like Rocky Mountain High and Take Me Home,Country Roads established him among the most beloved entertainers of his era.9.Mark Twain:American humorist and novelist.Born Samuel Langhorne Clemens,hispseudonym,Mark Twain,was taken from Mississippi riverboat terminology.His humorous tales of human nature,especially The Adventures of Tom Sawyer(1876)and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn(1885),remain standard texts in high school and college literature classes.10.Earnest Hemingway:one of the most famous American writers of the20th century.He wrotenovels and short stories about outdoorsmen,expatriates,soldiers and others.He is best known for his short novel The Old Man and the Sea(1952)which won him the Nobel Prize in Literature in1954.11.Rocky Mountains:a major mountain system of Western North America,extending around5,100km from northwest Alaska to the Mexican border.12.The New Deal:the collection of political and economic policies and programs promulgatedby the first two administrations of the presidency of Franklin D.Roosevelt.The New Deal policies were aimed at combating the economic miseries of the Great Depression.13.The Beatles:English top group,formed in Liverpool by John Lennon,Paul McCartney andGeorge Harrison.14.Yesterday Once More:a hit song by The Carpenters from their album Now&Then.TheCarpenters were a vocal and instrumental duo,consisting of siblings Karen and Richard Carpenter.They recorded fifteen#1songs in the entire decade of the1970s15.Halloween:celebrated in the United States,Canada,and the British Isles on31October bychildren going door to door while wearing costumes and begging treats and playing pranks.16.Jazz:once described as“the most significant form of musical expression of American blackculture and America’s outstanding contribution to the art of music”.From obscure origins among African Americans in New Orleans a century ago,the music blends elements of African music,work songs,and developing through the blues and ragtime into a new syncopated improvisational style.Jazz flourished in New Orleans before World War I,in Chicago in the1920s,and in New York and throughout the country after that.17.MIT:Massachusetts Institute of Technology,US private university in Cambridge,famous forits scientific and technological training and research.Founded in1861,MIT has schools of architecture and planning,engineering,humanities,arts,social sciences and management(the Sloan School).18.Ping-pong Diplomacy:In1971,a Us table-tennis team paid a visit to China after many yearsof antagonism between the two countries,opening the door for China-US people-to-people contacts.In the fall the same year,the then US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger visited China,followed by another historic visit by President Richard Nixon in1972,which paved the way for the normalization of bilateral relations.19.New York City:the“Big Apple”,the“City That Never Sleeps”—New York is a city ofsuperlatives:America’s most exciting place;its business and cultural capital;the nation’s trendsetter.20.Hollywood:a district of the city of Los Angeles,California,US.Its name is synonymous withthe American movie industry.It became the center of the movie industry by1915.21.Silicon Valley:located around Santa Clara and San Jose,California,being the home of manykey US corporations that specialize in advanced electronic and information technologies.First called“Silicon Valley”by a local news letter writer,the“Valley”became the center of newly developing technologies that many believed would revolutionize computers, telecommunications,and even society itself.22.IMF:the International Monetary Fund,an organization of185countries dedicated topromoting global monetary cooperation and the health and stability of the internationalmonetary system.The IMF supports worldwide economic growth by granting loans and technical assistance to countries in need.The organization was formed in1944.23.University of Cambridge:one of the world’s oldest and most prestigious academicinstitutions.Dating back some800years to1209,Cambridge boasts more than100academic departments and several world-class research centers that have produced more than8-Nobel Prize winners.Its alumni have included such prominent notables as Sir Isaac Newton,Charles Darwin,and Stephen Hawking.24.The British Broadcasting Corporation:usually known as the BBC.Founded in1922as theBritish Broadcasting Company Ltd,it was subsequently granted a Royal Charter and made a state-owned corporation.The corporation produces programs and information services, broadcasting globally on television,radon,and the Internet.25.Stonehenge:a group of standing stones in the west of England.The arrangement of the stonessuggests that Stonehenge might be once used as a religious center and also as an astronomical observatory.26.Robert Burns:widely regarded as the national poet of Scotland,and a lyricist.Among hisbest-known songs are“Auld Lang Syne”and“A Red,Red Rose”.He freely proclaimed his radical opinions,his sympathies with the common people,and his rebellion against orthodox religion and morality.27.Big Ben:one of the world’s largest four-faced clocks,also one of London’s most famouslandmarks.The name,which originally referred to the hour bell,was given in honor of Sir Benjamin Hall,the commissioner of works,according to the legend.28.Hyde Park:located in Westminster borough,London,England,a large public park inwest-central London,England.Distinctive features of the park are Hyde Park Corner(also the Speakers’Corner),the meeting place of soapbox orators.29.M artin Luther King,JHr.:an African-American clergyman who advocated social changethrough non-violent means.A powerful speaker and a man of great spiritual strength,he shaped the American civil rights movement of the1950s and1960s.King won the1963Nobel Peace Prize,becoming at the time the youngest recipient ever.30.GM:General Motors Corporation(GM)is the world’s largest automotive manufacturer formost of the20th century and into the21st It was founded in1908by William C.Durant to consolidate several motorcar companies,based in Flint,Michigan.Its arsenal of brands includes Chevrolet,Pontiac,GMC,Buick,Cadillac,Saturn,Hummer,and Saab.31.London Bridge is falling down:one of the widest-know children’s songs in theEnglish-speaking world and has existed both as a nursery rhyme and as a singing game for a very long time.32.The Mississippi River:the largest river of North America.The River has been a focal pointin American history,commerce,agriculture,literature,and environmental awareness.33.Trafalgar Square:in Westminster,London,England,named for Lord Nelson’s victory at thebattle of Trafalgar.Trafalgar Square is a frequent site of political rallies.34.Gladiator:a2000historical action drama film.It is directed by Ridley Scott and stars RussellCrowe.Crowe portrays General Maximus Decimus Meridius,who rises through the ranks of the gladiatorial arena to avenge the murder of his family and his Emperor.The film who five Academy Awards in the73rd Acadamy Awards ceremony.35.University of Oxford:an autonomous university at Oxford,Oxfordshire,England.It wasfounded in the12th century and modeled on the University of Paris,with initial faculties of theology,law,medicine,and the liberal arts.Oxford has been associated with many of the greatest names in British history.36.Cowboy:used in England meaning“a boy who takes care of cows”.But it is the Americanswho invented two new meanings for it.The first one was the revolutionary patriots’term for pro-British raiders during the American Revolution,while the second kind of cowboy came to national and worldwide attention after the American Civil War,when for two decades thousands of cowboys drove millions of longhorn cattle from Texas to the new transcontinental railroads in Kansas and Colorado.Building on this legend,cowboy today still is used to mean someone who is reckless,impulsive,and dangerous.It can also be modified to mean someone who merely puts one airs of being tough or sophisticated:a drugstore cowboy.37.Canada:with a developed market economy that is export-directed and closely linked withthat of the US,Canada is one of the world’s most prosperous countries.It is a parliamentary state with two legislative houses;its chief of state is the British monarch,whose representative is Canada’s governor-general,and the head of government is the prime minister.Originally inhabited by American Indians and Inuit,Canada was visited in AD1000by Scandinavian explorers,whose settlement is confirmed by archaeological evidence from Newfoundland.38.Sydney:capital of New South Wales,Australia.Sydney is Australia’s largest city,chief port,and main cultural center.The dramatic,modernistic Sydney Opera House complex was largely designed by Jorn Utzon,the Danish winner of an international competition;it is now Sydney’s most famous landmark.39.Salzburg:the fourth-largest city in Austria and the capital of the federal state of Salzburg.Salzburg’s“Old Town”with its world-famous baroque architecture was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.The city is noted for the birthplace of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and the setting for parts of the musical and film The Sound of Music,which features famous landmarks in Austria,but focuses mainly on Salzburg.40.Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart:a prolific and influential composer of the Classical Era in whatis now Austria,but then part of the Holy Roman Empire.He composed over600works,many acknowledged as pinnacles of symphonic,concertante,chamber,piano,operatic,and choral music.He is among the most enduringly popular of classical composers.41.Buffalo:the second most populous city in the state of New York,second only to New YorkCity.Located in Western New York on the eastern shores of Lake Erie and at the head of the Niagara River,Buffalo is the principal city of the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area.42.The Scilence of the Lambs:a1991horror thriller directed by Honathan Demme and starringJodie Foster,and Anthony Hopkins.It is based on the novel of the same name by ThomasHarris.In the film,Clarice Starling,a young FBI trainee,seeks the advice of the imprisoned Lecter on catching a serial killer known only as“Buffalo Bill”.The film won the top five Academy Awards:Best Picture,Best Actress,Best Actor,Best Director and Best Screenplay.43.Madonna:an American recording artist,actress and entrepreneur.Madonna is ranked by theRecording Industry Association of America as the best-selling female rock artist of the20th century and the second top-selling female artist in the United States.She has sold over200 million albums worldwide.In2007,Guinness World Records listed her as the world’s most successful female recording artist of all time and she was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame the following year.44.Bank Holliday:a public holiday in both the United Kingdom and Ireland.There is someautomatic right to time off on these days,although the majority of the population not employed in essential services receive them as holidays;those employed in essential services usually receive extra pay for working on these days.Bank holidays are often assumed to be so called because they are days upon which banks are shut,but this is not in fact the case.Some of the assumed bank holiday are days on which the banks are shut but are not,in fact,a bank holiday(e.g.Good Friday and Christmas Day).Stephen’’s Day:or called the Feast of St.Stephen is a Christian Saint’s Day celebrated on 45.St.Stephen26December in the Western Church and27December in the Eastern Church.Many Eastern Orthodox churches adhere to the Julian calendar and mark St.Stephen’s Day on27December according to that calendar.46.Boxing Day:a public holiday in the United Kingdom,Australia,Canada,New Zealand,andcountries in the Commonwealth of Nations with a mainly Christian population.The name derives from the English tradition giving gifts(a“Christmas box”)to less fortunate members of society in the days when people worked in rural economies.Boxing Day is traditionally celebrated on26December.Unlike St Stephen’s Day,Boxing Day has become a secular holiday and is not always on26December.The date of observance of Boxing Day varies between countries.47.Martin Luther King,Jr.Day:a United States holiday marking the birthdate of Reverend.Dr.Martin Luther King,Jr.,observed on the third Monday of January eash year,around the time of King’s birthday,January 5.It is one of three United States federal holidays to commemorate an individual person.After King’s assassination in1968,United States Representative John Conyers introduced a bill in Congress to make King’s birthday a national holiday.On November2,1983,United States President Ronald Reagan signed the bill creating a federal holiday to honor King.It was observed for the first time on January2o, 1986.Washington’’s birthday:a United States feral holiday celebrated on the third Monday of 48.WashingtonFebruary.It is also commonly known as Presidents Day(or Presidents’Day).As Washington’s Birthday or Presidents Day,it is also the official name of a concurrent state holiday celebrated on the same day in a number of states.bor Day:a United States federal holiday observed on the first Monday in September(September7in2009).The holiday originated in Canada out of labor disputes(“Nine-HourMovement”)first in Hamilton,then in Toronto,Canada in1870s,which resulted in a Trade Union Act which legalized and protected union activity in1872in Canada.In1882,American labor leader Peter J.McGuire witnessed one of these labor festivals in Toronto.Inspired from Canadian events in Toronto,he returned to New York and organized the first American“Labor Day”on September5of the same year.50.Columbus Day:first became an official state holiday in Colorado in1906,and became afederal holiday in1934.The day has been celebrated in the United States since1792in New York City,and it honors Christopher Columbus,who landed in the Americans on October12, 1492.51.Veterans Day:is an annual American holiday honoring military veterans.Both a federalholiday and a state holiday in all states,it is usually observed on November11.It is also celebrated as Armistice Day or Remembrance Day in other parts of the world,falling on November11,the anniversary of the signing of the Armistice that ended World War I.52.Thanksgiving Day:presently celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November,has been anannual tradition in the United States since1863.It did not become a federal holiday until1941.Thanksgiving was historically a religious observation to give thanks to God,and is still celebrated as such by some religious families,but it is now considered a secular holiday as well.In the United States,certain kinds of food are traditionally served at Thanksgiving meals.Baked or roasted turkey is usually the featured item on any thanksgiving feast table.Stuffing, mashed potatoes with gravy,sweet potatoes,cranberry sauce,sweet corn,other fall vegetables, and pumpkin pie are commonly associated with Thanksgiving dinner.Patrick’’s Day:an annual feast day which celebrated St.Patrick,the most commonly 53.St.Patrickrecognized of the patron saints of Ireland,and is generally celebrated on17th of March.The day is a national holiday of Ireland.It is also a public holiday in Canada,United Kingdom, Australia,the United States,Argentina and New Zealand.It is widely celebrated but is not an official holiday.Today,St.Patrick’s Day is widely celebrated in America by Irish and non-Irish alike.Many people,regardless of ethnic background wear green-colored clothing and items.Celebrations are generally themed around all tings Irish and the color green.The secular version of the holiday is celebrated by wearing green,eating Irish food and/or green foods,imbibing Irish drink and attending parades,which have a particularly long history in the United States.Andrew’’s Day:the first day of Saint Andrew.It is celebrated on30November.Saint 54.St.AndrewAndrew is the patron saint of Scotland,and St.Andrew’s Day is Scotland’s official national day.In2006,the Scottish Parliament designated St.Andrew’s Day as an official bank holiday.Although most commonly associated with Scotland,Saint Andrew is also the patron saint of Greece,Romania,and Russia.Quiz1.Which of the following states is the capital of the United States?A.New York.B.London.C.Washington.D.California.2.Who wrote The Adventures of Tom Sawyer?A.Ralph Waldo Emerson.B.Mark Twain.C.Robert Burns.D.Ernest Hemingway.3.In which city can you see Big Ben?A.Oxford.B.London.C.Cambridge.D.Sydney.4.When does Thanksgiving Day come?A.On the second Sunday in May.B.On the third Saturday of June.C.On the first Monday in May.D.On the fourth Thursdays in November.5.Who gave the famous speech“I Have a Dream”?A.Ralph Waldo Emerson.B.Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.C.Christopher Columbus.D.Martin Luther King,Jr.6.Which of the following abbreviations is the world’s largest automotivemanufacturer?A.AMB.GMC.BBCD.MIT7.Which of the following novels was written by Ernest Hemingway?A.The Old Man and the SeaB.The Last IvyC.Pride and PrejudiceD.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn8.Hollywood is synonymous with the American______industry.A.automobileB.movieC.electronicD.novel9.Which of the following rivers is the largest one of North America?A.The Nile.B.The Amazon.C.The Mississippi.D.The Danube.10.Which of the following cities is called the“Big Apple”?A.New YorkB.LondonC.CaliforniaD.WashingtonKeys to Quiz1.C2.B3.B4.D5.D6.B7.A8.B9.C10.A。
初中阶段的英语国家和文化英语知识点
初中阶段的英语国家和文化英语知识点英语作为一门全球通用的语言，学习英语不仅仅是学习语言知识，还涉及到英语国家的文化、习俗和传统。
在初中阶段，学生需要掌握一些关于英语国家和文化的基本知识点。
本文将介绍一些与英语国家和文化相关的知识点。
1. 英语国家及其地理位置英语是英国的母语，但也广泛使用于其他国家和地区。
主要的英语国家包括英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰等。
这些国家分布在不同的大陆，有着各自独特的地理环境和人文特点。
2. 主要的英语国家文化每个英语国家都有其独特的文化特点。
比如英国文化以绅士风度、茶文化和冠冕堂皇的皇室传统而闻名；美国文化以自由、多元和创新为核心；加拿大文化强调多元文化以及对自然环境的保护。
学生需要了解这些文化特点，以便更好地理解和交流。
3. 英语国家的节日和庆典不同的英语国家有自己独特的节日和庆典。
比如英国的圣诞节、复活节和万圣节；美国的独立日和感恩节；加拿大的国庆日等。
学生可以通过学习这些节日和庆典，了解当地的文化习俗和传统。
4. 英语国家的体育文化体育在英语国家有着重要的地位，不同的体育项目也与当地文化紧密相连。
例如英式足球在英国是最受欢迎的运动，美国橄榄球和篮球在美国备受热爱，加拿大的冰球是国球。
了解英语国家的体育文化，对于拓宽学生的视野和培养体育兴趣都有益处。
5. 英语国家的饮食文化饮食文化也是了解一个国家的重要方面。
英语国家的饮食文化多种多样，比如英国的英式早餐、美国的汉堡和炸鸡、加拿大的枫糖浆等。
学生可以通过学习英语国家的饮食文化，了解不同国家的饮食习俗和传统。
6. 英语国家的名人和文化艺术英语国家涌现了众多的名人和文化艺术家。
通过了解一些英语国家的重要名人和文化艺术作品，学生可以进一步了解英语国家的历史和文化成就。
比如英国的莎士比亚、美国的爱默生和卡莱尔、加拿大的贝鲁特等。
7. 英语国家的教育体系英语国家的教育体系对于学生的成长和未来发展起到重要的影响。
了解英语国家的教育体系，可以帮助学生更好地规划自己的学习和职业发展。
英语国家文化小知识100例
英语国家文化小知识100例1.The United States celebrates Independence Day on July 4th.2.The British royal family resides at Buckingham Palace.3.Canada has two official languages: English and French.4.Australians often refer to their country as "the land down under".5.The Irish holiday St. Patrick's Day is celebrated on March 17th.6.New Zealand is known for its stunning natural landscapes, including mountains, beaches,and fjords.7.Thanksgiving is a major holiday in the United States and Canada, typically celebrated inNovember.8.The Scottish Highland Games feature traditional sports like caber tossing and hammerthrowing.9.The Great Barrier Reef is located off the coast of Australia and is the world's largest coralreef system.10.In the United States, the Super Bowl is a major annual event that attracts millions ofviewers.11.The city of Toronto, Canada is home to the CN Tower, one of the tallest freestandingstructures in the world.12.In Australia, the Outback refers to the vast, remote interior of the country.13.The Kentucky Derby is a famous horse race held annually in Louisville, Kentucky, in theUnited States.14.Ireland is known for its stunning green countryside and scenic coastal towns.15.In Canada, the French-speaking province of Quebec is known for its distinctive culture andcuisine.16.The New Year's Eve celebration in New York City's Times Square is a major event thatattracts visitors from around the world.17.The Sydney Opera House is an iconic building located in Sydney, Australia.18.The United States has a long history of jazz music, which originated in the southern state ofNew Orleans.19.In England, the sport of cricket is very popular and has a long history.20.The Australian Open is one of the four major tennis tournaments in the world.21.In Scotland, bagpipes are often played at important events and ceremonies.22.Hollywood, located in Los Angeles, California, is known as the center of the American filmindustry.23.In Canada, ice hockey is a beloved national sport.24.The Grand Canyon, located in the southwestern United States, is a stunning natural wonder.25.In Australia, the Great Ocean Road is a scenic coastal drive that offers breathtaking views ofthe ocean.26.The United States is known for its diverse cuisine, influenced by many different cultures.27.The British Museum in London is home to a vast collection of artifacts from around theworld.28.The Sydney Harbour Bridge is an iconic landmark in Sydney, Australia.29.In Canada, the Rocky Mountains offer stunning views and opportunities for outdooractivities like hiking and skiing.30.The United States has a rich history of folk music, which has been influenced by variouscultural traditions.31.In England, the Tower of London is a historic castle that has served many different purposesover the centuries.32.Uluru, also known as Ayers Rock, is a massive sandstone formation located in the AustralianOutback.33.The Hollywood Walk of Fame in Los Angeles, California, features the stars of many famousentertainers.34.The Canadian flag features a red maple leaf in the center.35.In Scotland, the Loch Ness Monster is a legendary creature said to inhabit a large lake.36.The United States is home to many national parks, including Yellowstone and Yosemite.37.In Australia, the Great Barrier Reef is home to a diverse array of marine life, including coral,fish, and sea turtles.38.The English author William Shakespeare is widely regarded as one of the greatestplaywrights in history.39.Niagara Falls, located on the border between the United States and Canada, is a populartourist destination.40.In the United States, the Fourth of July is celebrated as Independence Day, marking thecountry's declaration of independence from Great Britain in 1776.41.In Canada, hockey is considered the national sport and is a beloved pastime amongCanadians.42.In Australia, "barbies" (short for barbecues) are a common social activity, with friends andfamily gathering to cook and eat together outdoors.43.In the United Kingdom, tea is a staple drink, often enjoyed with biscuits (cookies) or scones.44.In New Zealand, the haka is a traditional Maori war dance that is also performed by thenational rugby team, the All Blacks, before each game.45.In the United States, Thanksgiving is a national holiday celebrated on the fourth Thursday inNovember, where families gather to share a meal and give thanks.46.In Canada, poutine is a popular dish made with french fries, cheese curds, and gravy.47.In Australia, the beach is a popular destination for outdoor activities, such as swimming,surfing, and sunbathing.48.In the United Kingdom, the Royal Family is a prominent feature of the country's culture, withevents such as royal weddings and births being celebrated by the public.49.In Ireland, St. Patrick's Day is a national holiday celebrated on March 17th, where peoplewear green and participate in parades and other festivities.50.In the United States, the Super Bowl is an annual event that attracts millions of viewers andis known for its elaborate halftime show and commercials.51.In Canada, maple syrup is a popular condiment and ingredient in dishes, particularly in theprovince of Quebec.52.In Australia, the Great Barrier Reef is a natural wonder that attracts visitors from around theworld for snorkeling and diving.53.In the United Kingdom, fish and chips is a traditional dish that is typically served innewspaper.54.In Jamaica, reggae music is a prominent part of the country's culture and is associated withthe legendary musician Bob Marley.55.In the United States, baseball is a popular sport that is often referred to as "America'spastime."56.In Canada, Tim Hortons is a popular coffee and donut chain that is beloved by manyCanadians.57.In Australia, Vegemite is a spread made from yeast extract that is commonly eaten on toast.58.In the United Kingdom, pub culture is an important part of social life, with people gatheringat local pubs to drink, socialize, and watch sports.59.In India, Diwali is a major holiday that celebrates the victory of light over darkness and ismarked by the lighting of diyas (lamps) and fireworks.60.In the United States, Mardi Gras is a popular celebration in New Orleans that is marked byparades, parties, and colorful costumes.61.In Canada, ice hockey is a sport that is often played outdoors on frozen ponds and lakesduring the winter months.62.In Australia, ANZAC Day is a national holiday that commemorates the sacrifices made byAustralian and New Zealand soldiers in wars and conflicts.63.In the United Kingdom, afternoon tea is a tradition where people enjoy tea, sandwiches, andcakes in the mid-afternoon.64.In South Africa, braai (barbecue) is a popular cooking method that is often accompanied bymusic, dancing, and socializing.65.In the United States, Halloween is a holiday that is celebrated on October 31st and isassociated with costumes, trick-or-treating, and spooky decorations.66.In the UK, "tea time" is a cultural tradition that typically occurs around 4 pm, where peopletake a break for tea and often some small snacks or cakes.67.In the US, baseball is known as the "national pastime" and has a rich history and culture.68.In Canada, ice hockey is a popular sport and a big part of the national identity.69.St. Patrick's Day, celebrated on March 17th, is an important cultural holiday in Ireland and isalso widely celebrated in other English-speaking countries.70.The American holiday of Thanksgiving, held on the fourth Thursday of November, is a timefor families to gather and give thanks.71.The Scottish tradition of wearing kilts and playing bagpipes is still widely practiced today.72.In Australia, the concept of the "outback" refers to the vast, remote areas of the countrythat are largely uninhabited.73.Canada is known for its multiculturalism, with many different ethnic and cultural groupsliving harmoniously together.74.In the US, the Fourth of July is a major holiday celebrating American independence.75.The UK is home to many famous landmarks and tourist attractions, such as BuckinghamPalace, the Tower of London, and Stonehenge.76.The traditional English breakfast typically includes eggs, bacon, sausage, black pudding,beans, mushrooms, and toast.77.The American holiday of Halloween, celebrated on October 31st, is a time for dressing up incostumes and going trick-or-treating.78.In Canada, the French-speaking province of Quebec has a unique culture and history thatsets it apart from the rest of the country.79.In the US, the city of New Orleans is known for its vibrant music and cultural scene,particularly during Mardi Gras.80.The British royal family is a cultural institution that has been a part of the country's historyfor centuries.81.In Australia, the concept of the "bush" refers to the country's rural areas and wilderness.82.The US is known for its fast food culture, with popular chains such as McDonald's and BurgerKing.83.Shakespeare is a hugely important cultural figure in the UK, with his plays and sonnets stillwidely studied and performed today.84.In Canada, the winter sport of curling is particularly popular, with many clubs andcompetitions throughout the country.85.In the US, the Super Bowl is a major cultural event and the most-watched television programof the year.86.The UK has a rich literary history, with authors such as Jane Austen, Charles Dickens, and J.K.Rowling all hailing from the country.87.In Australia, the beach is a central part of the culture, with many people living near the coastand enjoying activities such as swimming and surfing.88.The American holiday of Christmas is celebrated on December 25th and is a time for givinggifts and spending time with loved ones.89.In Canada, the First Nations people have a rich cultural heritage and are recognized as one ofthe country's founding peoples.90.The UK has a strong tradition of theater, with the West End in London being one of theworld's most famous theater districts.91.In the US, the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s had a major impact on thecountry's cultural and political landscape.92.In Ireland, traditional Irish music is an important part of the culture and is often played inpubs and other social gatherings.93.In Australia, the indigenous Aboriginal culture has a rich history and is recognized as theoldest continuous living culture in the world.94.The national flower of England is the rose.95.In the United States, Independence Day is celebrated on July 4th.96.Australia is the world's largest exporter of coal.97.The traditional dance of Ireland is called the Irish jig.98.In Canada, ice hockey is the national sport.99.In India, the national animal is the Bengal tiger.100.The national dish of Thailand is Pad Thai.101.In New Zealand, the native people are called the Maori.102.The national bird of Brazil is the macaw.103.The traditional costume of Scotland is called a kilt.104.In South Africa, there are 11 official languages.105.The national dish of Japan is sushi.106.The national tree of Lebanon is the cedar.107.The national animal of Australia is the kangaroo.108.In the United States, Thanksgiving Day is celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November. 109.The national flower of Scotland is the thistle.110.The national bird of Canada is the Canadian goose.111.In Mexico, the national sport is bullfighting.112.The traditional instrument of Greece is the bouzouki.113.In Australia, the native people are called the Aboriginals.114.The national flower of Wales is the daffodil.115.In France, the Eiffel Tower is a famous landmark.116.The national dish of Italy is pasta.117.The national animal of China is the giant panda.118.In the United States, the national bird is the bald eagle.119.The traditional dance of Spain is called the flamenco.120.The national tree of the United States is the oak.121.The national animal of Russia is the bear.122.In Japan, the national sport is sumo wrestling.123.The traditional costume of Japan is the kimono.124.In India, the national flower is the lotus.125.The national dish of Mexico is tacos.126.The national bird of Australia is the emu.127.In Canada, the national animal is the beaver.128.The national flower of China is the peony.129.The traditional dance of Russia is called the ballet.130.In South Korea, the national sport is Taekwondo.131.The national animal of France is the rooster.132.The traditional costume of China is the cheongsam.133.In Italy, the national animal is the wolf.134.The national tree of Canada is the maple.135.The national bird of Japan is the Japanese crane.136.In Brazil, the national sport is soccer.137.The traditional instrument of China is the erhu.138.The national flower of India is the lotus.139.The national dish of France is escargot.140.In the United States, the national tree is the bald cypress.141.The traditional dance of Mexico is called the salsa.142.The national animal of Mexico is the golden eagle.143.In Egypt, the Pyramids of Giza are a famous landmark.144.The national dish of Spain is paella.145.The national bird of China is the red-crowned crane.146.In Thailand, the national sport is Muay Thai.147.The traditional costume of Russia is the sarafan.148.In England, the Tower of London is a famous landmark.149.The national tree of Mexico is the Mexican oak. 150.The traditional dance of Japan is called the Bon Odori. 151.The national animal of Spain is the bull.152.In France, the national flower is the iris.153.The national dish of China is Peking duck.。
mother language概念-概述说明以及解释
mother language概念-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述概述母语是指一个人最早学会并且熟练使用的语言，也被称为第一语言或家庭语言。
它是人类最基本的交流工具和文化媒介，承载着个体的思想、情感和身份认同。
对于人们来说，母语不仅是一种语言能力的表现，也是一种文化的传承和沟通的桥梁。
母语从出生开始就在我们的生活中扮演着重要的角色。
通过母语，我们学会了表达自己的需求、感受和想法。
它是我们与亲人、朋友和社会进行交流的基础。
母语的学习过程始于家庭，在父母和其他家庭成员的影响下逐渐形成。
随着我们的成长，母语不仅成为我们与他人交流的工具，也成为我们认识和理解世界的方式。
通过使用母语，我们能够更好地表达自己的思想，理解他人的观点，并参与到社会和文化活动中。
母语对于个体和社会而言都具有重要意义。
对于个体而言，母语是个性和身份的重要组成部分。
它与我们的记忆、情感和经验紧密相连，影响着我们的思维方式和行为习惯。
母语的掌握程度也直接关系到个体的学习成绩和沟通能力。
对于社会而言，母语是文化多样性和社会凝聚力的象征。
每个人都有其独特的母语，不同的母语反映了不同的文化背景和传统习俗。
母语的使用能够促进人们之间的相互理解和合作。
在多语言社会中，母语的保护和推广也是维护社会和谐的重要因素。
因此，母语不仅仅是一种语言，更是一种文化的体现。
保护和传承母语对于个体和社会的发展至关重要。
随着全球化的发展，母语教育和母语维护亟需引起更多的重视和关注。
只有通过尊重和保护每个人的母语，人类的多样性和文化繁荣才能得以实现。
1.2 文章结构文章结构部分的内容:文章的结构是指文章的组织架构和章节安排。
通过良好的文章结构，读者可以更清晰地理解文章的内容和逻辑关系。
本文将会按照以下结构展开讨论母语的概念以及其重要性和影响。
首先，在引言部分，我们将给出对本文主题的概述，即母语的定义和解释。
这将为读者提供对母语的基本了解，并为后续内容打下基础。
英语母语国文化常识
以英语作为母语的国家有6个：英国、美国、加拿大、新西兰、澳大利亚、爱尔兰。
新西兰首都：惠灵顿（Wellington），最大的城市：（Auckland）；民族：白人，人（Maoris）；国旗：新西兰是成员国，“米”字图案表明同的传统关系；四颗星表示南十字星座，表明该国位于，同时还象征独立和希望；新西兰于1856年成为英国的自治，1907年成为自治区，到了1947年完全独立；kiwi除了用来称呼奇异鸟，这个词还用来称呼。
加拿大首都：（英语：City of Ottawa 法语：Ville d'Ottawa）；最大城市：（英语：City of Toronto）。
民族：英裔，法裔加拿大原住民：人又称（除外的所有美洲土著居民的总称）面积：直接第二（1俄罗斯；2加拿大；3中国）国体议会君主制monarchical parliamentary system政体：联盟制confederacy选举：5年澳大利亚（Australia）全球土地面积第六大的国家民族：70%是英国及爱尔兰后裔：（Canberra）；最大城市：悉尼（Sydney）国体：议会制parliamentary system政体：联邦制结构形式：联邦制政党制度：多党制（执政党和反对党，最大党为澳大利亚自由党Liberal Party和澳大利亚工党）选举：3年大选（义务投票制）爱尔兰（Ireland）民族：爱尔兰人属于凯尔特人，是欧洲大陆第一代居民的子嗣：(Baile átha Cliath)文学：四人获得了，诗人(W.B.Yeats)、剧作家(G.B.Shaw)、剧作家(S. Beckett)和诗人(S. Heaney)。
还有１９世纪唯美主义代表(O. Wilde)和代表最高成就的作品《》("Ulysess")的作者乔伊西(J.Joyce)。
英国英国全称（The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland），是由、、和组成的联合王国民族：英国白人国球：（cricket）首都：伦敦（London）。
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ackground information~~以英语作为母语的国家有6个：英国、美国、加拿大、新西兰、澳大利亚、爱尔兰。
新西兰首都：惠灵顿（Wellington），最大的城市：奥克兰（Auckland）；民族：白人，毛利人（Maoris）；国旗：新西兰是英联邦成员国，“米”字图案表明同英国的传统关系；四颗星表示南十字星座，表明该国位于南半球，同时还象征独立和希望；新西兰于1856年成为英国的自治殖民地，1907年成为自治区，到了1947年完全独立；kiwi除了用来称呼奇异鸟，这个词还用来称呼新西兰人。
加拿大首都：渥太华（英语：City of Ottawa 法语：Ville d'Ottawa）；最大城市：多伦多（英语：City of Toronto）。
民族：英裔，法裔加拿大原住民：印第安人又称美洲原住民（除爱斯基摩人外的所有美洲土著居民的总称）面积：直接第二（1俄罗斯；2加拿大；3中国）国体议会君主制monarchical parliamentary system政体：联盟制confederacy选举：5年澳大利亚（Australia）全球土地面积第六大的国家民族：70%是英国及爱尔兰后裔首都：堪培拉（Canberra）；最大城市：悉尼（Sydney）国体：议会制parliamentary system政体：联邦制结构形式：联邦制政党制度：多党制（执政党和反对党，最大党为澳大利亚自由党Liberal Party和澳大利亚工党）选举：3年大选（义务投票制）爱尔兰（Ireland）民族：爱尔兰人属于凯尔特人，是欧洲大陆第一代居民的子嗣首都：都柏林(Baile átha Cliath)文学：四人获得了诺贝尔文学奖，诗人叶芝(W.B.Yeats)、剧作家萧伯纳(G.B.Shaw)、剧作家贝克特(S. Beckett)和诗人希尼(S. Heaney)。
还有１９世纪唯美主义代表王尔德(O. Wilde)和代表意识流小说最高成就的作品《尤利西斯》("Ulysess")的作者乔伊西(J.Joyce)。
英国英国全称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国（The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland），是由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰组成的联合王国民族：英国白人国球：板球（cricket）首都：伦敦（London）。
英国第一大城市及第一大港，欧洲最大的都会区之一兼世界三大金融中心之一特产：泰迪熊（TeddyBear）政体form of government：君主立宪制constitutional monarchy国体state system / polity：君主国monarquia国王（伊莉莎白二世）是国家元首head of state、最高司法长官、武装部队总司令和英国圣公会的“最高领袖”，但实权在内阁ministry。
政府实行内阁制，由女王任命在议会选举中获多数席位的政党领袖出任首相并组阁，向议会负责。
英国的议会政体被称为威斯敏斯特系统Westminster system，英国议会parliament的办公地点是威斯敏斯特宫The Palace of Westminster。
议会分为选举产生的下议会（平民院The House of Commons）和指定产生的上议会（贵族院the House of Lords），是最高司法和立法机构。
政府首脑Head of government是首相prime minister，首相是议会的议员，必须取得下议会中多数议员的信任方可就任，所以首相往往是国会获得最多席位的政党的领袖。
现任首相卡梅伦Cameron结构形式：联邦制federalism政党制度：两党制（工党the Labour Party，保守党conservative party）自由民主党Liberal Democratic Party？现执政党：工党选举：5年大选the General Election其他：1.白金汉宫(Buckingham Palace）英国的王宫。
建造在威斯敏斯特城内，位于伦敦詹姆士公园（St. James’ Park）的西边2.威斯敏斯特大教堂:Westminster Abbey英国伦敦泰晤士河畔威斯敏斯特区的议会广场，毗邻议会大厦和唐宁街10号（NO.10 Downing Street）首相官邸；哥特式建筑Gothic architecture英皇加冕仪式cornation所在地美国美利坚合众国（United States of America）是一个由五十个州和一个联邦直辖特区组成的宪政联邦共和制国家。
1776年7月4日，大陆会议在费城正式通过《独立宣言》，宣告美国诞生。
绰号“山姆大叔”（"Uncle Sam"）首都：华盛顿哥伦比亚特区(Washington D.C.)民族：Hispanic Americans最多政体：总统制presidential system国体：共和国republic美国共和制的特点是实行三权分立separation of the three powers，立法权立法权属于由参议院The senate、众议院House of Representatives组成的合众国国会American Congress，行政权executive power/ Administrative Authority属于美国总统；司法权judicial power属于最高法院The Supreme Court及国会随时制定与设立的下级法院。
国家结构：联邦制政党：两党制（共和党Republican Party和民主党Democrat Party）现执政党：民主党选举：4年大选其他：1.白宫：The White House，是美国总统的官邸、办公室。
供第一家庭成员居住。
位于美国华盛顿市区中心宾夕法尼亚大街1600号。
Pennsylvania Avenue2.法定假日：元旦（New Year's Day）——1月1日马丁·路德·金日（Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr.）——1月第三个星期一华盛顿诞辰日（Washington's Birthday）——2月第三个星期一美国阵亡将士纪念日（Memorial Day）——5月最后一个星期一美国独立日（Independence Day）——7月4日劳动节（Labor Day）——9月第一个星期一哥伦布日（Columbus Day）——10月第二个星期一退伍军人节（V eterans Day）——11月11日感恩节（Thanksgiving Day）——11月第四个星期四圣诞节（Christmas Day）——12月25日美国独立战争（The American Revolution ,American War of Independence, American Revolutionary War, 1775–1783），也称“北美独立战争”。
指1775年波士顿人民在美国来克星顿与英军交战拉开独立战序幕到1783年英军在法国签订《巴黎条约》投降的战争。
美国独立战争既是一次民族独立战争，又是一次资产阶级革命。
南北战争，又称美国内战（American Civil War），是美国历史上一场大规模的内战，参战双方为美利坚合众国（简称联邦）和美利坚联盟国（简称邦联）。
此战不但改变当日美国的政经情势，导致奴隶制度在美国南方被最终废除，也对日后美国的民间社会产生巨大的影响。
节日：万圣夜（Halloween）（又叫鬼节，万圣节前夜）在每年的10月31日，是英语世界的传统节日，主要流行于北美、不列颠群岛、澳大利亚、加拿大和新西兰。
感恩节（Thanksgiving Day），美国和加拿大节日，由美国首创的，原意是为了感谢印第安人，后来人们常在这一天感谢他人。
感恩节在每年11月22－28日之间，感恩节是美国国定假日中最地道、最美国式的节日，加拿大的感恩节则起始于1879年，是在每年10月第二个星期一，与美国的哥伦布日相同。
节礼日（Boxing Day），每年的12月26日，圣诞节次日或是圣诞节后的第一个星期日,是在英联邦部分地区庆祝的节日，一些欧洲国家也将其定为节日，叫做“圣士提反日”。
这一日传统上向服务业工人要赠送圣诞节礼物。
复活节（主复活日）是一个西方的重要节日，在每年春分月圆之后第一个星期日。
基督徒认为，复活节象征着重生与希望，为纪念耶稣基督于公元30到33年之间被钉死在十字架之后第三天复活的日子。
（Easter, anniversary of the Resurrection of Christ, observed on the first Sunday after a full moon on or after 21 March.”）受难节(good friday)是纪念耶稣受难的节日。
教会称这一天在犹太教安息日的前一天，规定复活节前的星期五为受难节。
文学名著：欧内斯特·海明威(Ernest Hemingway)美国小说家。
一向以文坛硬汉著称，是美利坚民族的精神丰碑，1954年度（第五十四届）的诺贝尔文学奖获得者、“新闻体”小说的创始人。
代表作：《太阳照常升起》（The Sun also Rises）《永别了，武器》（A Farewell to Arms）《丧钟为谁而鸣》(For Whom the Bell Tolls )《老人与海》（The Old Man and the Sea）美国作家威廉·福克纳(William Faulkner)，一生共写了19部长篇小说与近百篇短篇小说，其中15部长篇与绝大多数短篇的故事都发生在约克纳帕塔法县，称为约克纳帕塔法世系。
福克纳作品《我弥留之际》（As I Lay Dying）获诺贝尔文学奖。
代表作：《喧哗与骚动》The Sound and the Fury马克·吐温（Mark Twain）19世纪后期美国现实主义文学的杰出代表。
代表作：《哈克贝里·芬历险记》《汤姆·索亚历险记》《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》亨利·詹姆斯（HenryJames），英国以及美国的作家。
代表作：美国人，The American戴茜·米勒，Daisy Miller贵妇的肖像，The Portrait of a Lady《The Catcher in the Rye》麦田守望者。