Course Calendar Ecology
中考1600词汇单词默写版
中考1600词汇单词默写版中考1600词汇是中学生备战中考英语的重要词汇范围，默写这些单词可以帮助学生巩固记忆和提高词汇应用能力。
下面是中考1600词汇的默写版，按照字母顺序排列：A.1. abandon2. ability3. able4. aboard5. about6. above7. abroad8. absence9. absent 10. absolute 11. absorb 12. abstract 13. abundant 14. abuse 15. academic 16. accelerate 17. accent 18. accept 19. access 20. accident.B.1. background2. backward3. bacteria4. badminton5. balance6. balcony7. ballet8. band9. bang 10. banish 11. bankrupt 12. banner 13. banquet 14. bar 15. bare 16. bargain 17. bark 18. barn 19. barrel 20. barrier.C.1. cabinet2. cable3. calculate4. calendar5. calf6. calm7. camel8. campaign9. campus 10. canal 11. cancel 12. cancer 13. candidate 14. candy 15. cannon 16. capable 17. capacity 18. capital 19. capture 20. carbon.D.1. damp2. dance3. danger4. dare5. dark6. data7. date8. dawn9. day 10. deadline 11. deadly 12. deal 13. debate 14. debt 15. decade 16. decay 17. declare 18.decline 19. decrease 20. dedicate.E.1. eager2. eagle3. ear4. early5. earn6. ease7. east8. eastern9. easy 10. echo 11. eclipse 12. ecology 13. economic 14. economy 15. edge 16. edit 17. educate 18. education 19. effect 20. efficient.F.1. fabric2. face3. facility4. fade5. failure6. faint7. fair8. fairy9. faith 10. fake 11. fall 12. false 13. fame 14. familiar 15. family 16. famine 17. famous 18. fan 19. fancy 20. fantastic.G.1. gadget2. gain3. galaxy4. gallery5. gamble6. game7. gap8. garage9. garbage 10. garden 11. garlic 12. gas 13. gasoline 14. gate 15. gather 16. gaze 17. general 18. generate 19. generation 20. generous.H.1. habit2. habitat3. hail4. hair5. half6. hall7. halt8. ham9. hammer 10. hand 11. handicap 12. handle 13. handsome 14. handy 15. hang 16. happiness 17. harbor 18. hard 19. hardware 20. harmful.I.1. ice2. idea3. identify4. idle5. ignore6. ill7.illegal 8. illness 9. illustrate 10. image 11. imagination 12. imagine 13. immediate 14. immigrant 15. impact 16. implement 17. imply 18. import 19. impose 20. impress.J.1. jab2. jack3. jacket4. jail5. jam6. janitor7.jar 8. jazz 9. jealous 10. jeans 11. jelly 12. jet 13.jewel 14. job 15. jog 16. join 17. joint 18. joke 19. journalist 20. journey.K.1. kangaroo2. karate3. keen4. keep5. kennel6.kettle 7. keyboard 8. kick 9. kid 10. kidney 11. kill 12. kilometer 13. kind 14. kindness 15. king 16. kingdom 17.kiss 18. kit 19. kitchen 20. kitten.L.1. label2. labor3. ladder4. lady5. lake6. lamb7. lame8. lamp9. land 10. landlord 11. landscape 12. lane 13.language 14. lantern 15. lap 16. large 17. last 18. late 19. latest 20. laugh.M.1. machine2. mad3. magazine4. magic5. magnificent6. maid7. mail8. main9. maintain 10. major 11. majority 12. make 13. makeup 14. male 15. mall 16. mammal 17. manage 18. management 19. manager 20. manner.N.1. nag2. nail3. naive4. naked5. name6. nap7. narrow8. nasty9. nation 10. native 11. natural 12. nature 13. naughty 14. navy 15. near 16. nearby 17. neat 18. necessary 19. neck 20. neglect.O.1. oak2. oath3. obey4. object5. objective6. obligation7. observe8. obtain9. obvious 10. occasion 11. occupy 12. occur 13. ocean 14. odd 15. offense 16. offer 17.office 18. officer 19. official 20. often.P.1. pace2. pack3. package4. packet5. pad6. page7. pain8. paint9. pair 10. palace 11. pale 12. palm 13. panda 14. panic 15. paper 16. parade 17. paradise 18.pardon 19. parent 20. park.Q.1. quality2. quantity3. quarrel4. quarter5. queen6. question7. quick8. quiet9. quit 10. quite 11. quiz 12. quota 13. quotation 14. quote.R.1. race2. rack3. radar4. radio5. radius6. rag7. rage8. raid9. rail 10. railroad 11. rainbow 12. raise 13. rally 14. ram 15. ranch 16. random 17. range 18. rank 19. rapid 20. rare.S.1. sack2. sacred3. sacrifice4. sad5. safe6. sail7. sailor8. saint9. sake 10. salad 11. salary 12. sale 13. salt 14. salute 15. same 16. sample 17. sand 18. sandwich 19. sanitary 20. satisfy.T.1. tab2. table3. tablet4. tackle5. tag6. tail7. take8. talent9. talk 10. tall 11. tame 12. tan 13. tank 14. tap 15. tape 16. target 17. task 18. taste 19. tax 20. tea.U.1. ugly2. ultimate3. umbrella4. unable5. uncle6. under7. underground8. understand9. undertake 10. undo 11. unfair 12. unfold 13. unfortunately 14. uniform 15. unique 16. unite 17. universe 18. university 19. unless 20. unlike.V.1. vacant2. vacation3. vaccine4. vague5. valid6. valley7. valuable8. value9. vanish 10. variety 11. various 12. vast 13. vegetable 14. vehicle 15. veil 16. vein 17. velocity 18. venture 19. verb 20. verify.W.1. wage2. waist3. wait4. wake5. walk6. wall7. wallet8. wander9. want 10. war 11. warm 12. warn 13. warp 14. wash 15. waste 16. watch 17. water 18. wave 19. way 20. weak.X.1. xenophobia2. xenon3. xenophobia4. xerox5. x-ray6. xylophone.Y.1. yacht2. yard3. yarn4. year5. yell6. yellow7. yes8. yesterday9. yield 10. yoga 11. yolk 12. young 13.youth 14. yawn 15. yearn.Z.1. zero2. zest3. zigzag4. zinc5. zone6. zoo7. zoom.希望以上默写版的中考1600词汇可以帮助到你。
词根记忆法
单词词根记忆法(191roots)act, ag = to do, to driveactivity, activate激活, inactive, agency机构；介绍所, agent, agenda议事日程, agitate摇动（液体）；鼓动：使焦虑*enact,ali, alter = otherwise, elsealien外国的；外星人, alter（局部）修改, alternate交替（的）, alternative替换…的东西(to), *altruismal, ol, ul = to feed, to raiseadult, adolescent青少年, accumulate积累, *cumulativeam- = lovingamateur业余的（艺术家等）, amiable友善的amb = to go roundambulance救护车, ambition雄心，抱负, ambitious, ambiguous模棱两可的anim = breath; mindanimate动画, unanimous一致同意的an-, ante-, anti- = beforeancient, ancestor祖先, antenna天线, ant蚂蚁, anticipate预料，期望, anticipation, antique古董aud = to hearaudio, audible, audience, audit审计, auditorium礼堂, obey遵守, obedient听话的aster, str, stell = starastronomy, astronaut宇航员, disaster灾难, *constellationaug, auc, aux = to increaseauction拍卖, augment增大, auxiliary辅助的auth = creatorauthentic真正的, authorize授权, authoritative, authority权利，权威；官方(pl)bat = to beatbat蝙蝠, battle战役, battery电池, combat战斗, debate辩论, *batterben, bene, bon, boun = goodbenefit好处；收益, beneficial有利的, benign良性的,和蔼的bonus奖金brac = arm, clawbrace臂, bracket括号；组, embrace拥抱cad, cas, cid = to fall, to happenaccident, incident突发事件, accidental偶然的, incidentally=by the way, incidence发生率, coincide和…一起发生, coincidence巧合, decay腐烂, accuse控告, casual随意的, casualty伤亡率, occasion场合calc, cal = pebblecalculate, calendar日历, calcium钙can = hollow stickcan, cane, canal运河, cannon, canoe独木舟, canvascap, cop, cab = to hold, to catchcapable, capacity能力；容量, capsule胶囊, capture捕获, captive俘虏,cope对付, cop警察, cab 出租车, cabin机舱, cabinet内阁, cable电缆, occupy, occupation职业cap, cab = headcape海角, capital, captain队长；船长, *caption, chapter, cabbagecar = car, to carrycart手推车, career, cargo货物, carriage马车；车厢, carrier, garage, carpenter木匠cede, ceed, cess = to go, to walk, to yieldsucceed, access得到；途径, accessory服饰, cease停止, concede让步, concession, exceed超过, excess过量, excessive, precede在前, preceding, precedent先例, unprecedented尚无先例的, predecessor前辈, procedure步骤, recede退步, recession衰退, succession连续, successivecel, cele, ceil = prominent, highceiling天花板, excel, celebrate, celebrity名人, accelerate加速ceive, cept, cip = to take, to holdconceive设想，想象, concept, perceive感觉；视为, perception观点，思想, deceive, deception, deceit欺骗, discipline纪律；惩罚；自律；学科, except, exception例外, exceptional, excerpt 节选, receipt, recipe菜谱, recipient接受者, reciprocal相互的, susceptible易受影响的(to), anticipate期待；预示, participate参加, participant参加者, dissipate消散；挥霍cern, cert, cre, cri = to separate, to judgecertificate, certify证明, ascertain确定，查明, assert断言；主张, criterion标准, critical批评的，反对的；关键的, criticize, crisis危机, *decreecern, cre, cri = to sift筛选discern察觉, *discrete, discreet（言行）谨慎的, discrepancy差异, discriminate(against)歧视, discriminationcid, cis = to cutdecide, decisive果断的, concise简明的, precise精确的, precision, suicide自杀, scissors剪刀, assassination暗杀civ = citizencivil国内的, civilian平民, civilization文明, civilize, village, vulgar粗俗的，庸俗的cit, cite = to summon, to urge, to callexcite, cite引用, recite背诵, solicitor律师, *elicitclaim = to callclaim声称；要求；认领, acclaim向…欢呼；公认, exclaim喊叫, proclaim声称, reclaim开垦（荒地）clin = to bend, to leanincline倾斜；倾向于, decline下降；衰退；谢绝, cliff悬崖, client客户, clinic诊所, climate气候；气氛, *clanclud, clus, clos = to shutconclude得出结论；结束, include, exclude, exclusive独家的；高级的, preclude阻碍, disclose 揭开, enclose随信附上, cluster丛,群clause条款cognis, gno, gnos = to knowrecognize辨认；承认, cognitive认知的, diagnose诊断, diagnosis, ignore, ignorant无知的cor, cord, cour, cred = heart, center; trustcore, cordial诚恳的, accord, accordance一致, accordingly因此, encourage, discourage阻止, credit荣誉；信用, incredible难以置信的Cf. court, courtesy礼貌, chorus合唱；同声copr, corpor = bodycorps, corporation, corporate企业的, incorporate融合cosm, cosmo = order, ornamentcostume流行服饰；戏装, cosmic宇宙的, *cosmopolitan，*cosmetic化妆品,cra, crat = power, to ruledemocracy民主, *democrat, monarch帝王, bureaucracy官僚主义, bureaucraticCf. demo = the people *demography, epidemic流行病cult, colon = to cultivatecultivate培育, colony殖民地, colonial, colonize，*cultcur, cours = to runcourse, current当代的；水（电）流, currency货币, curriculum课程, excursion短途旅行, incur 招致, occur, occurrence, recur反复发生, intercourse交往, discourse篇章, curb控制, curl卷发, curtain窗帘；遮掩, curve曲线, curse诅咒, corridor走廊cur, car = take care ofcure, accurate准确的, accuracy, curiosity好奇, secure保障的, security, caress爱抚, charity慈善, cherish珍爱；怀有dec = tendecade, decimal十进制dec = proper, prettydecent体面的, decorate装饰, deck甲板dign = worthydignity尊严, *indignity, indignant气愤的din, dot, dow = givepardon, donate捐, donation, donor, anecdote轶事，趣闻, dose剂量, endow捐赠；赋予do, du, dou = twodouble, dozen, dual双重的, dubious怀疑的, duplicate复制, *dubdoc, doct, dox=to tell; to teachdocument文件, *doctrine, orthodox正统的, paradox矛盾的dom, domin = to rule, to reign, homekingdom, domain（思想）领域, domestic家庭的；国内的, dominate主宰, dominant, predominate 盛行的, dome, abdomen腹部，肚子, dormitory宿舍, dorm, timber木材, tame驯服的dem- = peopledemocracy民主, democratic, epidemic流行病duce, duct = to leadeducate, education, reduce, reduction, deduct扣除；演绎, dock码头, conduct导电（热）, conductor 导体；乐队指挥，semiconductor半导体, induce引诱, introduce, produce, productive, reproduce 繁殖dur = lastingdurable耐用的, duration, endurance耐力, endure忍受dyn = powerdynasty朝代, dynamic动力的；有生气的eco = house; to existeconomic经济的, economical节俭的, economize, ecology, eco-friendlyem, am, empt, mpt =to takeexample, examine审视, exemplify举例, exempt免除的, prompt促使；迅速的equ = even, equaladequate充分的, inadequate不足的, equality平等, equation方程式, equator赤道, equivalent相当于的fab, fib = to buildfabric织物, fabricate编造, fable寓言, fabulous极好的, fiberfact, fect, fict, feat, feit, fet, fit = to make, to produce, to dofacility设施；能力, facilitate使容易, faculty全体教师, factor, fake假冒的, defeat, defect缺点, deficiency缺陷, deficit赤字，亏空, manufacture, affect, affection爱, infect感染, infection, infectious, effect, efficiency, profit, benefit, proficiency熟练, feature特色, feat业绩, fatigue疲劳, feasible可行的fan, fam = talkfame声誉, infant婴儿fan, phan = to appear, to imaginefan, phenomenon, fancy想象；花哨的, fantastic美妙的,极好的，fantasy幻觉, fond, faint昏倒；微弱的, fade褪色, *fanatic,fare = to gofare交通费, airfare机票, welfare, farewell告别, warfare, *thoroughfarefas, fasc, fos, fat = to bundle, to fixfast坚固的, fasten扎牢, fascinate使着迷, fascinating, feast盛宴, festival, fist, fate命运, fatal致命的, *fatality, fossil化石fend, fens = to strikedefend护卫, defense, fence篱笆, offend冒犯, offense违法, offence, offensivefer = to carry, to bear, to produceconference, ferry渡船, freight货物, fertile肥沃的, fertilizer肥料, infer推理, refer, transfer转移，调离, *deferfess = to speakconfess承认, manifest表明；明白的fid, fi = to trust, trueconfidence, faith信仰, faithful忠诚的, confidential机密的, federal联邦的, defy违抗, defiance 违抗, hi-fi高保真（音响）fin, finis = to end, to bounddefine定义, definite明确的, definitely, definition, infinite无限的, confine局限，限制；范围, refine提炼, finance金融；资助, financialflat = to blowflat平的；公寓；爆胎的, flatter拍马，奉承, inflate, inflation通货膨胀flect, flict, flex = to bend, to turnreflect反映；反射；反思, refection, flexible灵活的flict = to strikeconflict冲突, *afflict, *inflictflu, flo = to runflow, flood, flu流感, fluctuate上下波动, fluent流利的, fluid, flush脸红, float, affluent富裕的, influential有影响力的, overflow溢出form = to shapeformat格式, formula公式, formulate规划，设计, uniform统一的；制服, framework框架fract, frag = to break to piecesfragile脆弱的, fraction小部分, fiction小说, fracture骨折, fragment碎片, fragrance芳香, frustrate使沮丧fund, found = base, bottomfound成立, foundation基础, fountain泉, fundamental, profound深刻的，深奥的, funeral葬礼fuse, fund = to pour, to castrefuse, refusal, confuse使混乱；使迷惑, confusion, fuse保险丝；熔化, diffuse扩散, refund退款, refute驳斥gen, gent, gn, kin, = to produce, birthgene, genetic, gender性别, generate产生；发电, generation, generator, generous慷慨的, genius 天才, genuine真正的, degenerate, homogeneous同种类的, ingenious灵巧的, pregnant, germ微生物，细菌, kin家族；血缘关系, kindness, kindergarten幼儿园gest, ger- = to bring, to conveydigest消化, exaggerate夸大, gesture身体语；手势, register注册grad, gress = to go; stepgrade, progress, gradual循序渐进的, upgrade升级, aggressive, aggression侵略, congress, progressive, greed贪婪, greedy, ingredient组成成分grav, gr = heavyregret, gravity严重, grave, aggravate加剧, gray, grief悲伤, grievehabit, hibit = to hold, to keepinhabit居住在, inhabitant居民, inhibit禁止, exhibit展现, exhibition, prohibit禁止her, hes = to cling, to stickhesitate, inherit继承, adhere依附, coherent条理清楚的, inherent内在的, heir继承人, heritage 遗产hum = ground, soilhumanity, humble自卑的, humiliate使羞辱, humor, humid潮湿的, humiditycf. hydr = water （hydrogen氢+ carbohydrate）it = to goexit出口处, initiate使开始, initiative主动, initial最初的, circuit电路, *itineraryject = to throwjet喷气飞机, reject, inject注射, eject弹出, object反对, project投影, subject使隶属于；使遭受join, junct = to connectjoint关节, junction, adjacent邻近的, adjoin, conjunction, jungle丛里jud, jur, just = to judge, jus, juris = law, rightjust, justice公正；司法, judgment, *judicial, jury, justify, justification, prejudice, adjust, injurelaps = to slipcollapse崩溃, lapse失误；流逝, elapse（时光）流逝, eclipselav, lau, lu = to washlavatory, launch开始；推出, laundry, dilute稀释lax, lyze = to loosenrelax, analyze, analysis, paralyze瘫痪, release, relish美味；乐趣, lease租借, leisurelect, leg, lig = to read aloud, to gather, to chooselegend传说, allege断言, collective集体的, elect, election, select, selection, selective, intellect, intellectual, diligent勤奋的, diligence, neglect, negligible, recollect, elegant优雅的, elegance, eligible符合条件的, elite精英leg = to appoint, to send, lawfullegal法律的，合法的, illegal非法的, delegate派遣；代表, delegation代表团, legacy遗产, legislation立法, legitimate合法的, privilege特权lev, live = to lift up, levis = lightelevate提高, elevator, lever杠杠, levy征税, alleviate减轻, relieve, relief宽慰；救济金lig, leag, li, lo, ly = to bindreligion, league联盟, colleague, liable有可能的，倾向的, liability责任；债务；不利条件, ally 同盟, alliance, alloy合金, oblige迫使, obligation义务, rally, coalition同盟；联合liter = letterliterature字面的, literal, literacy有文化,有读写能力literally, literary文学的, illiterate文盲loc, locus = to placelocal本地的, locate确定方位；located位于, location方位, locomotive机车头, allocate分配, *collocationlog, loqu = thought, sayingdialog(ue), analog(ue)类似, analogy类比, catalog(ue), logic, apology, eloquent雄辩的, slogan口号lumin = lightilluminate照明, lamp, enlighten启发lust, luc, lud = brightillustrate说明, illustration阐述, illusion错觉, *elude, *elusivemagn, maj, max = greatmajority, magic魔术, magistrate治安官, magnet磁铁, magnificent壮观的, magnify放大, magnitude广大, majesty雄伟, maximum最大量, mayor, climax高潮man, manu, min = hand, to handlemanufacture, maneuver操纵, manipulate操纵；熟练使用, manual手册；人工的, minister大臣，部长, ministry, administration行政管理, command命令；掌握, commence开始, *commencementmed, medi, mid = centerMediterranean地中海, medal奖牌, metal, media, midst, medieval中世纪的, intermediate中级的, permeate渗透, mild温和的ment, mend, mind = to think, to speakmention, commend称赞, recommend, comment, mood情绪, mediate沉思，冥想meditationmerc = tradecommerce商业, commercial电视广告, merchandise商品, merchant商人, mercury, mercy怜悯, merit优点，长处merge, mers = to sink, to plunge, to swallowemerge出现, merge合并, emergency紧急情况；急诊, immerse使沉浸, submergemeter, mens = to measuremeter, metric公制的, diameter直径, geometry几何学, thermometer温度计, dimension大小，尺寸, immense巨大的, symmetry对称min = smallminute微小的, minimal最小的, minimize, minimum, minor次要的, minority少数（民族）, minus减；缺点, miniature微型景观, diminish减少mir, mar = to wondermirror, admire, miracle奇迹, marvelousmiss, mit = to send, to throwadmit, admission, missile导弹, mission使命, commit承诺；犯（罪或错）, commitment敬业；承诺, committee, commission佣金, dismiss解聘；解散；撤销（案子）, dismissal, emit排放,emission, omit省略, omission, permit, permission, *permissive溺爱的, premise前提, promise希望，前途, promising, submit递交；屈服(to), transmit传播men, ment, mon, mat, math = to thinkmention, comment评论, monitor班长, monument纪念碑, summon召唤, monster怪物, demonstrate示范mort = deathmortal终有一死的, immortal不朽的, mortgage抵押mot, mut, mov, mob = to movemove举动, motion运动，移动, motive动机, motivation动力, mobile, mobilize动员, mobility 机动性, promote提拔；促进；促销, remote遥远的, remove, momentum动力, commute坐车上下班, *mottonov = newnovel新颖的, novelty, novice, innovation创新, renovate翻新norm = carpenter’s square; standard of behaviornormal, norm准则, enormous巨大的, abnormal变态的not, gn, norm = to mark, to knownotable, noticeable, noble高贵的, notify通知, notion理念, notorious声名狼藉的, denote意味着acknowledge承认, cognitive认知的, recognition承认；意识, diagnosis诊断, diagnose, ignore, ignorant无知的, norm准则, enormous巨大的, abnormal, acquaintance熟人, acquaint使认识nur, nour, nutr = to breast-feednurse, nursery, nurture培养,教育nourish养育, nutrition营养, *nutrientord = line, row, seriesorderly有序的, disorder混乱, coordinate协调, extraordinary, subordinate下属, ornament装饰品opt = to chooseopt选择, option, optional可选的, optimism, optimistic乐观的, adopt领养；采纳, optimum最适宜的ora = to speak, to prayadore崇拜，爱慕, oral口头的, oath誓言ori = riseorigin, original, originate起源, originality独创，原创, orient以…为导向, the Orient东方, oriental东方的, orientationpass, pat, path = feelingpassion激情, passionate, passive被动的, compassion同情, pathetic同情的, patience, impatient 浮躁的, compatible兼容的, sympathetic, sympathy同情pat, part = fatherpatent专利, pattern模式, patron主顾, patriot爱国者, patrioticpar, part, port = partdepartment, partial偏袒的, particle微粒, partition, compartment, depart离开, departure, impart 灌输, parcel, portion份, portrait肖像画, portray刻画, proportion比例par, per = to make ready, to commandprepare, apparatus设备, emperor皇帝, empire帝国, imperial帝国的, imperative强制的；紧急的, repertoire全部节目par = equal, similarcompare, comparable相当的, comparative, comparison比较, parallel平行的, paradox似非而是的话, peer同辈, parasite寄生虫ped, pad, pas, pass = footpedal踏板, pedestrian行人, expedition探险, *impede, perpetual永久的, pad垫；便签, paddle 浆, compass, , pasture牧场pen, pend, pens = to hang, to weigh, to payexpense, depend, suspend吊销, pendulum钟摆, appendix附录, pension退休金, expenditure, suspense悬念, compensate补偿, compensation, *dispense, indispensable不可或缺的, ponder沉思pet, peat = to go toward, to seek, to demandpetition请愿书, appetite胃口；爱好, competent称职的, impetus推动力，促进, repetitionpel, peal, puls = to push, to drivecompel迫使, pulse脉搏, compulsory强制的, expel驱逐, imperial, impulse冲动, propel驱动, repel击退；使厌恶,* repeal, appealphon, phe = sound, to speakprophet预言家, prophecy, symphony交响乐plen, plete, ple, pli, ply = to fillaccomplish, complete, ample充分的, amplify放大, compliment称赞, complement, comply遵守, supply, supplement补充ple, pli, plo, ply, plex, plic = to foldcomplex, complicated, plausible似乎合理的, implement执行, imply, implication, implicit含蓄的；固有的, explicit明确的perplex使困惑, deploy布置, display, exploit利用；剥削, explore, duplicate复制, diploma文凭, diplomat, diplomatic外交的；圆滑的, triple三倍的, multiple, multiply繁殖；大量增加, multitude大量, plus, plural复数的；多元文化的pol, polis, polit = citypolite, political, politics, poll民意调查, metropolitan大都市的port = to carrytransport, porter搬运工, portable便携的, porch, import, exportpos, post = to putpose摆姿势, composition, poster, posture姿态, compose, deposit, dispose处理，抡弃, disposal, disposition性情, expose暴露, exposure, impose强加, oppose, preposition, purpose, symposium 专题讨论会preci, pric, prais = valueprecious珍贵的, appreciate感谢；欣赏；理解, appraise评估, appraisalpressdepress使沮丧；使萧条, depression郁闷；萧条, compress压缩, express表达；特快的, expression 表情；词组, expressive, impress, oppress压迫, repress压制, suppress抑制pri, prim, prin, prem = firstpriority优先, primarily, prime最重要的, primitive原始的, prince, princess, principal主要的；校长, principle原则, premier总理, premium保险金；奖品pri = one’s ownprivate, privacy个人自由, privilege特权, deprive剥夺prob, prov = to test, to make goodprobe探索, proof, proud, approve批准，同意, approval, improve, reproach责备prox, proach = nearapproximate大约, approach接近；方法, *proximitypute = to reckoncompute, deputy副职, dispute争端, reputation声誉quire, quist, quest = to seek, to askquest追求, questionnaire问卷调查, acquire习得, acquisition, conquer征服, conquest, exquisite 精致的, inquiry询问；研究rat = to compute, to reasonrate, ratio, rational理性的, irrational非理性的rect = right, straightcorrect, rectangle四边形, rectify纠正, direct, indirect间接的, erect垂直的reg, reig, rig = to rule, to manageregular, regulation制度, regime领域, region, register注册, reign统治, rein缰绳；控制, reinforce 加强, sovereign有主权的；君王, realm领域, royal皇家的, *rigrod, rot, ros = to gnawrat, rot腐烂, rotten, corrode腐蚀, erosion腐蚀；削弱rum, run, rupt = to breakbankrupt破产, interrupt打断, corrupt腐败, abrupt唐突的, disrupt中断, erupt爆发, rumor谣言, ruin破坏；废墟sane = healthsane, insane发疯的, *sanitation 卫生sacr = become holysacred神圣的, sacrifice牺牲, sanction批准，认可；制裁, saint圣人scend, scal = to climbscale刻度；规模, ascend攀登, ascent, escalate上升, descend下降, descendant后裔scop, scap, scep, skep = to lookscope范围；余地, landscape, telescope, microscope, skeptical怀疑的scribe，script = to writedescribe, description, script, *ascribe, manuscript手稿, prescribe, prescription处方, subscribe订阅, subscriptionse, sect, seg = to cutsection, sector部分, insect昆虫, segment段，部分, intersection十字路口, separate, several, *segregationsed, set, sess, sid, sit = to sit, to stand, to fix, to stopsession会议, obsession着迷, possess, possession, setback挫折, setting, settlement, assess评估, asset资产, preside, residence, resident, subsidiary, subsidy补贴, situated位于sensm sent, scen = to perceivesensation感觉；轰动一时的事情, sensible明智的, sensitive敏感的, sentiment柔情, sentimental, scenery, scent, *obscene, incentive刺激, consent同意, consensus一致, nonsense胡说, absence, presence, presentation发言, represent代表, resent怨恨ser, sert = to join, to putdesert离弃, exert施加, insert, series（一）系列, serial连载小说；连续剧serv = to keeppreserve, conserve, reserve, conservation节约, conservative保守的, reservation预定；保留意见, deserve, observe, observation, reservoir水库sequ, secut, su = to followconsequence后果, sequence顺序, consecutive, consequently因此, subsequent接下来的, execute, executive, persecute迫害, prosecute起诉, sue起诉, pursue, pursuit，*ensuesign = to mark, to appointsign, signal, signature, significance意义, significant, signify表明, assign布置, assignment, design, designate指定, resign辞职solv, solute = to loosen, to release, to break upsolution, absolute绝对的, dissolve溶解, resolve解决；决心, resolution, resolutespair, sper = hopedespair绝望, desperate, prosper, prosperity繁荣，富裕, prosperousspec, spect, spi, spic, spise = to lookspy, species物种, specimen标本, spectacles, spectacular壮观的, spectator观众, spectrum光谱；范围, speculate猜测；投机, perspective视角；观点, aspect方面, inspect, prospect前景；可能性, prospective, respective各自的, retrospect回顾, suspect怀疑, suspicion, suspicious, despise 蔑视, despite, spot发现spir = to breathe; mindspiritual精神的, aspire, aspiration抱负, expire到期, inspire鼓舞, inspiration灵感；鼓舞spon, spons = to promise, sponsus, sponte = to be of oneselfrespond, response, sponsor赞助, spontaneous自发的, correspond对应；通信, correspondence, correspondent记者stinc, stingu = to stingextinct灭绝的, extinguish熄灭, distinct不同的, distinction区别, distinguishsumm = highestsummit巅峰, summarize, summary总计, summon召唤tail = to cutdetail细节, tailor裁缝, retail零售, retailertang, tam, tact, tack, tach = to touch, to handlecontact, attack, tackle处理, tactic战术, tag标签, intact未受损的, integral整体的, integrate整合, integrity正直, attach附加, detach脱离tect = coverprotect, protective溺爱的, *protectionism, detect察觉, detectivetempt = to try, to feelattempt, tempt, temptation诱惑, contempt轻视tend, tens, tent = stretchattend, attendant服务员, tend, tendency, tedious乏味的, tend, tentative暂时的, extend, extensive 广阔的, extent, intense激烈的, intensive强化的, intensify加剧, intend, intention打算, pretendterm = boundary, limitterminal终点, terminate终结, determination决心, item物品；项test = to give proof oftestify证明, testimony证词, contest竞赛, protest抗议text, tec, tect = to weave, to buildtextile纺织品, texture质地, tissue, context上下文；背景, pretext托词，借口, architecture建筑, techniquetour, tor, torn = to turn, to twisttorment折磨，令人痛苦的人或物, torture折磨, torrent激流, distort歪曲, retort反驳, toss抡, attorney律师thes, thet = to putthesis论文，论点, hypothesis(hypo=under)假设, aesthetic/esthetic美学的, theme主题，主旨tin, ten, tain = to holdcontain包含, attain取得, attainment成就, tenant房客, *tenure, container容器；集装箱, content内容；知足的, detain拘留, entertain, maintain维持；维修；主张, obtain获得, retain保持, sustain 支撑tr, ter, terr = frightenterror, horror恐惧, terrific极好的, deteriorate恶化, tremble颤抖, tremendous巨大的tribute = to givecontribute, attribute把归因于, distribute分配；分布, distribution, tribute贡品；颂词，礼物trans, tra = across, over, to turntranslate, transport, transform, transmit传导；发射, transplant移植, transaction交易, transcend 超越, transition过渡, transparent透明的, trade, trademark, tradition, traffic, betray背叛, traitor 叛徒, treason叛国, trap陷阱；使中套, trip, tropics热带, tropicaltract, treat = to draw, linetractor拖拉机, contract合同；收缩, abstract摘要, attract吸引, distract转移注意, extract抽取, subtract减, trace痕迹, track小径, trail轨道, train, trolley电车, trait特征, tramp, retreat后撤, retrieve检索tut, tuit = to look at的过去分词intuition直觉, tuition学费, tutor辅导uti, us = to useabuse滥用；孽待, utilize利用, utility利用；公用事业（费）vac, van, void = to emptyvacation, vacant空缺, vacuum真空, vain徒劳的, vanity虚荣, van, vanish消失, void空虚, avoid, evacuate撤离, evade逃避, wantvad, vas = to goinvade, evade, evasion, invasion侵略, *wade,vag = to wanderextravagant奢侈的，铺张的, vague不明确的val, vail = to be strong, to be of worth, to be effectiveevaluate评估, invaluable, valid有效的, invalid, avail, available可以得到的, equivalent等效的人或物, prevail盛行, prevalentven, vent = to come (regularly)event事件；运动项目, avenue大街, revenue财政收入, adventure历险, venture合资企业, convenience, convention, conventional常规的, inventory存货, intervene干涉vers, vert = to turn, to turn overversatile多才多艺的；全能的, verse诗歌, version版本, versus对；抗, adverse不利的, advertise, anniversary周年, avert避免；转移（注意力）, convert转变, conversion, conversely相反地, controversy争议, reverse反面；逆转；倒车, diverse各色各样的, diversity多样化, divert, invert, universe, universal普遍的vi, voy, vey = way, to govia, deviate偏离, voyage, convey传达，表达, vehicle车辆, previousvict, vig, vince = to conquer, to provevictory, victim受害者, vigor活力, vigorous, convict判刑, conviction, convince说服, province, revenge报复，报仇vir, virt, ver = excellence, truevirtual虚拟世界的, virtually几乎, virtue美德, virgin处女, verify证明vis, vid, wis, wit, view = to lookvisual视力的, visa, invisible无形的, vision视力；想象力；远见, envisage想象, supervise监督, video, evidence, evident明显的, envy妒忌, envious, review, survey调查, wise, wisdom智慧, wit 机智, witness目击, *idol(vid),vit, viv, bio = lifevivid生动的, survive, revive复苏, vital, vitamin, biologyvoc, voke = to sound, to callvocational, advocate提倡, evoke激发, provoke挑衅，激怒；激起, provocative, devote投身, veto 否决vol, volve = to roll, to windevolve进化, volume册；音量；体积, involve使卷入；需要, revolve围绕, revolution革命, revolt 反叛, valley峡谷, valve阀门。
文明4关键词中英文对照
文明4关键词中英文对照===Improvements 区域改造设施=== Land Worked -- 已改良地块Water Worked -- 水上养殖场City Ruins -- 城市废墟Tribal Village -- 蛮族村庄Farm -- 农场Fishing Boats -- 渔船Whaling Boats -- 捕鲸船Mine -- 矿井Workshop -- 工场Lumbermill -- 锯木场Windmill -- 风力磨坊Watermill -- 水力磨坊Plantation -- 种植园Quarry -- 采石场Pasture -- 牧场Camp -- 猎场Well -- 深井Offshore Platform -- 海上平台Winery -- 酿酒坊Cottage -- 农舍Hamlet -- 小村Village -- 大村Town -- 小镇Fort -- 堡垒===Specialists 城市专业人员===Citizen -- 市民Priest -- 神学家Artist -- 艺术家Scientist -- 科学家Merchant -- 商业家Engineer -- 工程师[GREATPEOPLE] Birth Rate -- [历史伟人] 出现几率===Promotions 单位晋升类型===Combat I -- 格斗能力一级Combat II -- 格斗能力二级Combat III -- 格斗能力三级Combat IV -- 格斗能力四级Combat V -- 格斗能力五级Cover -- 隐蔽能力Shock -- 冲击能力Pinch -- 强力挤压Formation -- 严密阵形Charge -- 猛烈冲锋Ambush -- 伏击能力Amphibious -- 两栖作战March -- 长途行军Blitz -- 闪击作战Commando -- 特种战术Medic I -- 战地医疗一级Medic II -- 战地医疗二级Guerilla I -- 游击战术一级Guerilla II -- 游击战术二级Woodsman I -- 林区作战一级Woodsman II -- 林区作战二级City Raider I -- 城市攻坚一级City Raider II -- 城市攻坚二级City Raider III -- 城市攻坚三级City Garrison I -- 城市防御一级City Garrison II -- 城市防御二级City Garrison III -- 城市防御三级Drill I -- 军事操练一级Drill II -- 军事操练二级Drill III -- 军事操练三级Drill IV -- 军事操练四级Barrage I -- 火力覆盖一级Barrage II -- 火力覆盖二级Barrage III -- 火力覆盖三级Accuracy -- 精确打击Flanking I -- 迂回作战一级Flanking II -- 迂回作战二级Sentry -- 巡哨能力Mobility -- 机动能力Navigation I -- 导航能力一级Navigation II -- 导航能力二级===Unit Group 单位大类=== Water Units -- 水上单位Air Units -- 空中单位Land Units -- 陆地单位Immobile Units -- 固定单位===Unit Type 单位小类=== Nukes -- 核武器Fighters -- 战斗机Recon Units -- 侦察单位Archery Units -- 投身单位Mounted Units -- 骑乘单位Melee Units -- 肉搏单位Siege Weapons -- 压制武器Gunpowder Units -- 火器单位Armored Units -- 装甲单位Helicopter Units -- 旋翼飞机Naval Units -- 海军单位===Units 单位名称===Lion -- 狮Bear -- 熊Panther -- 豹Wolf -- 狼Settler -- 移民Worker -- 工人Fast Worker -- 印度工人Scout -- 侦察兵Explorer -- 探险家Spy -- 间谍Jewish Missionary -- 犹太教拉比Christian Missionary -- 基督教牧师Islamic Missionary -- 穆斯林阿訇Hindu Missionary -- 印度教宗师Buddhist Missionary -- 佛教僧人Confucian Missionary -- 儒士Taoist Missionary -- 道士Warrior -- 勇士Quechua -- 山地勇士Swordsman -- 剑士Jaguar -- 美洲虎战士Praetorian -- 罗马禁卫军Axeman -- 斧兵Maceman -- 钉锤手Samurai -- 日本武士Spearman -- 矛兵Phalanx -- 希腊方阵Pikeman -- 长枪兵Musketman -- 火枪手Musketeer -- 法国火枪手Rifleman -- 来复枪兵Grenadier -- 掷弹兵Redcoat -- 皇家来复枪兵Infantry -- 现代步兵SAM Infantry -- 防空步兵Marine -- 海军陆战队Navy SEAL -- 海豹突击队Mechanized Infantry -- 机械化步兵Archer -- 弓手Skirmisher -- 马里突击手Longbowman -- 长弓手Crossbowman -- 弩手Cho-Ko-Nu -- 诸葛弩Chariot -- 战车War Chariot -- 埃及战车Immortal -- 波斯长生军Horse Archer -- 骑射手Keshik -- 蒙古骑射手Knight -- 骑士Camel Archer -- 骆驼骑射手Conquistador -- 西班牙征服者Cavalry -- 骑兵Cossack -- 哥萨克骑兵War Elephant -- 战象Tank -- 装甲兵Panzer -- 德国装甲兵Modern Armor -- 现代装甲兵Gunship -- 武装直升机Catapult -- 投石车Cannon -- 加农炮Machine Gun -- 重机枪Artillery -- 火炮Work Boat -- 工船Galley -- 桨帆船Caravel -- 轻帆船Galleon -- 大帆船Frigate -- 三桅战舰Ironclad -- 铁甲舰Transport -- 运输舰Destroyer -- 驱逐舰Battleship -- 战列舰Submarine -- 潜艇Carrier -- 航空母舰Fighter -- 战斗机Jet Fighter -- 喷气式战斗机Bomber -- 轰炸机Stealth Bomber -- 隐形轰炸机ICBM -- 战略导弹Great Prophet -- 大预言家Great Artist -- 大艺术家Great Scientist -- 大科学家Great Merchant -- 大商业家Great Engineer -- 大工程师===Resources 资源=== Aluminum -- 铝Coal -- 煤炭Copper -- 铜Horse -- 马匹Iron -- 铁Marble -- 大理石Oil -- 石油Stone -- 花岗石Uranium -- 铀Dye -- 染料Fur -- 毛皮Gems -- 宝石Gold -- 黄金Incense -- 薰香Ivory -- 象牙Silk -- 丝绸Silver -- 白银Spices -- 香料Sugar -- 食糖Wine -- 酒类Whale -- 鲸鱼Banana -- 香蕉Clam -- 蛤蜊Corn -- 玉米Cow -- 牛群Crab -- 螃蟹Deer -- 野鹿Fish -- 鱼群Pig -- 家猪Rice -- 稻米Sheep -- 绵羊Wheat -- 小麦Hit Musicals -- 音乐剧Hit Singles -- 热门单曲Hit Movies -- 卖座电影===Terrain 地形=== Ice -- 冰原Jungle -- 丛林Oasis -- 绿洲Flood Plains -- 冲积平原Forest -- 森林Fallout -- 辐射Road -- 道路Railroad -- 铁路Grassland -- 草原Plains -- 平原Desert -- 沙漠Tundra -- 冻土Hill -- 丘陵Peak -- 山峰Ice -- 冰原Coast -- 海滨Ocean -- 大洋===Yeilds 区域产出=== Food -- 食物 (食物产出) Production -- 工业 (工业产能) Commerce -- 商业 (商业收入)===Technologies 科技=== Mysticism -- 神秘论Meditation -- 冥想学Polytheism -- 多神论Priesthood -- 祭司制度Monotheism -- 一神论Monarchy -- 君主制Literature -- 书面文献Code of Laws -- 法典Drama -- 戏剧Feudalism -- 封建制度Theology -- 神学Music -- 音乐Guilds -- 行会Civil Service -- 文官制度Divine Right -- 君权神授论Nationalism -- 民族主义Military Tradition -- 军事制度Constitution -- 宪法Liberalism -- 自由主义Democracy -- 民主主义Fascism -- 法西斯主义Corporation -- 公司制Communism -- 共产主义Mass Media -- 大众传媒Ecology -- 生态学Fishing -- 渔业The Wheel -- 轮子Agriculture -- 农业Pottery -- 制陶Sailing -- 航海Writing -- 文字Mathematics -- 数学Alphabet -- 字母表Calendar -- 历法Currency -- 货币制度Astronomy -- 天文学Philosophy -- 哲学Paper -- 造纸Banking -- 银行业Education -- 教育学Printing Press -- 印刷机Economics -- 经济学Scientific Method -- 科学方法Chemistry -- 化学Physics -- 物理学Biology -- 生物学Medicine -- 医学Electricity -- 电学Combustion -- 内燃机Fission -- 核裂变Flight -- 航空Plastics -- 塑料Composites -- 复合材料Genetics -- 遗传学Fiber Optics -- 光纤Fusion -- 核聚变Hunting -- 捕猎Mining -- 采矿Archery -- 弓箭Masonry -- 石工术Bronze Working -- 青铜器Animal Husbandry -- 家畜驯养Iron Working -- 铁器Metal Casting -- 金属铸造Construction -- 建筑结构学Horseback Riding -- 骑术Compass -- 罗盘Machinery -- 机械Engineering -- 工程学Optics -- 光学Gunpowder -- 火药Replaceable Parts -- 可更换部件Rifling -- 膛线Steam Power -- 蒸汽机Steel -- 炼钢Railroad -- 铁路Artillery -- 火炮Assembly Line -- 生产流水线Industrialism -- 产业主义Radio -- 无线电Refrigeration -- 致冷Computers -- 电子计算机Rocketry -- 火箭Satellites -- 人造卫星Robotics -- 机器人Future Tech -- 未来科技===Era 历史时代=== Ancient -- 远古时代Classical -- 古典时代Medieval -- 中古时代Renaissance -- 启蒙时代Industrial -- 工业时代Modern -- 信息时代Future -- 未来===Civics 内政法令=== Despotism -- 专制制度Hereditary Rule -- 世袭制度Representation -- 代议制度Police State -- 强化监控Universal Suffrage -- 普选制度Barbarism -- 原始法律Vassalage -- 分封制度Bureaucracy -- 官僚制度Nationhood -- 国民待遇Free Speech -- 言论自由Tribalism -- 部落分工Slavery -- 奴隶制度Serfdom -- 农奴制度Caste System -- 等级制度Emancipation -- 人身自由Decentralization -- 分散经济Mercantilism -- 重商主义Free Market -- 自由市场State Property -- 国营经济Environmentalism -- 绿色经济Paganism -- 原始信仰Organized Religion -- 信仰控制Theocracy -- 神权政治Pacifism -- 和平主义Free Religion -- 信仰自由Government -- 政府体制Legal -- 法律制度Labor -- 劳工制度Economy -- 经济制度Religion -- 宗教制度=== 国家实力 ===Gold -- 金钱Research -- 科研Culture -- 文化=== 游戏速度 ===Epic -- 史诗Normal -- 正常Quick -- 快速Slow -- 缓慢Medium -- 中等Fast -- 快速=== 游戏难度 ===Settler -- 平民Chieftain -- 酋长Warlord -- 军阀Noble -- 贵族Prince -- 亲王Monarch -- 国王Emperor -- 皇帝Immortal -- 圣人Deity -- 神祗=== Projects 大型工程 ===The Manhattan Project -- 曼哈顿工程The Internet -- 因特网SDI -- 战略导弹防御系统Apollo Program -- 阿波罗计划SS Casing -- 飞船外壳SS Thrusters -- 飞船推进器SS Engine -- 飞船发动机SS Docking Bay -- 飞船对接舱SS Cockpit -- 飞船驾驶舱SS Life Support -- 飞船服务舱SS Stasis Chamber -- 飞船休眠舱=== Repligions 宗教信仰 === Judaism -- 犹太教Christianity -- 基督教Islam -- 伊斯兰教Hinduism -- 印度教Buddhism -- 佛教Confucianism -- 儒学Taoism -- 道教=== Vicotry Condition 胜利方式 === Score --积分Time -- 时间Conquest -- 征服Domination -- 支配Cultural -- 文化Space Race -- 太空Diplomatic -- 外交===地图大小===Duel -- 擂台Tiny -- 极小Small -- 较小Standard -- 标准Large -- 较大Huge -- 极大=== Civilizations 文明=== American Empire -- 美利坚文明America -- 美国Arabian Empire -- 阿拉伯文明Arabia -- 阿拉伯Aztec Empire -- 阿兹特克文明Aztec -- 阿兹特克Chinese Empire -- 中华文明China -- 中国Egyptian Empire -- 埃及文明Egypt -- 埃及English Empire -- 英格兰文明England -- 英国French Empire -- 法兰西文明France -- 法国German Empire -- 日耳曼文明Germany -- 德国Greek Empire -- 希腊文明Greece -- 希腊Incan Empire -- 印加文明Inca -- 印加Indian Empire -- 印度文明India -- 印度Japanese Empire -- 日本文明Japan -- 日本Malinese Empire -- 马里文明Mali -- 马里Mongolian Empire -- 蒙古文明Mongolia -- 蒙古Persian Empire -- 波斯文明Persia -- 波斯Roman Empire -- 罗马文明Rome -- 罗马Russian Empire -- 俄罗斯文明Russia -- 俄国Spanish Empire -- 西班牙文明Spain -- 西班牙Minor Nation -- 小文明Minors -- 小邦Barbarian State -- 蛮族国家Barbarian -- 蛮族===Leaders 文明领袖=== Washington -- 华盛顿Roosevelt -- 罗斯福Saladin -- 萨拉丁Montezuma -- 蒙特祖玛Qin Shi Huang -- 嬴政Mao Zedong -- 毛泽东Hatshepsut -- 哈特谢普苏特Elizabeth -- 伊丽莎白Victoria -- 维多利亚Louis XIV -- 路易十四Napoleon -- 拿破仑Frederick -- 斐特烈Bismarck -- 俾斯麦Alexander -- 亚历山大Huayna Capac -- 怀那·卡帕Asoka -- 阿育Gandhi -- 甘地Tokugawa -- 德川家康Mansa Musa -- 曼沙·穆萨Genghis Khan -- 铁木真Kublai Khan -- 忽必烈Cyrus -- 居鲁士Julius Caesar -- 朱利乌斯·凯撒Peter -- 彼得Catherine -- 叶卡捷琳娜Isabella -- 伊莎贝拉===Traits 领袖特质=== Philosophical -- 富于思辨 (思辨) Aggressive -- 侵略成性 (侵略) Spiritual -- 虔信神灵 (虔信) Expansive -- 开拓进取 (开拓) Industrious -- 勤奋刻苦 (勤奋) Creative -- 崇尚创新 (创新) Financial -- 擅长理财 (理财) Organized -- 团结协作 (协作)===Buildings 城市建筑=== Bomb Shelter -- 防空洞Temple -- 神庙Cathedral -- 大教堂Monastery -- 修道院Palace -- 宫殿Forbidden Palace -- 紫禁城Versailles -- 凡尔赛宫Walls -- 城墙Castle -- 城堡Barracks -- 兵营Bunker -- 地堡Bomb Shelters -- 防空洞Granary -- 粮仓Aqueduct -- 引水渠Hospital -- 医院Recycling Center -- 回收中心Lighthouse -- 灯塔Harbor -- 港口Drydock -- 干船坞Airport -- 机场Forge -- 煅造场Factory -- 工厂Coal Plant -- 火电站Hydro Plant -- 水电站Nuclear Plant -- 核电站Obelisk -- 方尖碑Academy -- 科学院Library -- 图书馆University -- 大学Observatory -- 天文台Laboratory -- 实验室Theatre -- 剧场Colosseum -- 竞技场Broadcast Tower -- 广播塔Market -- 市场Grocer -- 杂货店Bank -- 银行Supermarket -- 超级市场Courthouse -- 法庭Jail -- 监狱Jewish Temple -- 犹太礼拜堂Jewish Monastery -- 犹太修道院Jewish Synagogue -- 犹太教会堂The Temple of Solomon -- 所罗门圣殿Christian Temple -- 基督教礼拜堂Christian Monastery -- 基督教修道院Christian Cathedral -- 基督教大教堂The Church of the Nativity -- 圣诞大教堂Islamic Temple -- 伊斯兰礼拜堂Islamic Monastery -- 伊斯兰修道院Islamic Mosque -- 伊斯兰清真寺The Masjid al-Haram -- 克尔白天房 (阿尔-哈拉姆大清真寺, 前者更知名)Hindu Temple -- 印度教神庙Hindu Monastery -- 印度教修道院Hindu Mandir -- 印度教神殿The Kashi Vishwanath -- 印度教黄金殿Buddhist Temple -- 佛堂Buddhist Monastery -- 佛院Buddhist Stupa -- 佛寺The Mahabodhi -- 大菩提寺Confucian Temple -- 学馆Confucian Monastery -- 书院Confucian Academy -- 文庙The Kong Miao -- 孔氏宗庙Taoist Temple -- 道观Taoist Monastery -- 道院Taoist Pagoda -- 道宫The Dai Miao -- 岱岳庙Heroic Epic -- 英雄史诗National Epic -- 民族史诗Globe Theatre -- 环球剧场Hermitage -- 冬宫 (埃尔米塔什博物馆, 前者更知名)Oxford University -- 牛津大学Wall Street -- 华尔街Ironworks -- 鼓风熔炉West Point -- 西点军校Mt. Rushmore -- 总统山Red Cross -- 红十字会Scotland Yard -- 苏格兰场The Pyramids -- 大金字塔Stonehenge -- 巨石阵The Great Library -- 大图书馆The Great Lighthouse -- 大灯塔The Hanging Gardens -- 空中花园The Colossus -- 青铜巨像The Oracle -- 先知神殿The Parthenon -- 帕特农神庙Angkor Wat -- 吴哥窟The Hagia Sophia -- 圣索菲亚大寺Chichen Itza -- 奇琴伊察The Sistine Chapel -- 西斯廷教堂The Spiral Minaret -- 螺旋尖塔Notre Dame -- 圣母院The Taj Mahal -- 泰姬陵The Kremlin -- 克里姆林宫The Eiffel Tower -- 埃菲尔铁塔The Statue of Liberty -- 自由女神像Broadway -- 百老汇Rock N Roll -- 摇滚名人堂Hollywood -- 好莱坞The Three Gorges Dam -- 三峡大坝The Pentagon -- 五角大楼The United Nations -- 联合国The Space Elevator -- 天梯===外交选项===Cease Fire -- 停火World Map -- 世界地图Open Borders -- 开放边界Defensive Pact -- 共同防御Permanent Alliance -- 永久同盟Technology -- 科技Resources -- 资源Civics -- 政策Religions -- 信仰Cities -- 城市Gold -- 金钱。
自然年英文缩写
自然年英文缩写The abbreviation for "natural year" in English is usually written as "CY", where "C" stands for "calendar" and "Y" stands for "year". The natural year, also known as the solar year or astronomical year, is the time it takes for the Earth to complete one revolution around the Sun, which is approximately 365.25 days.The concept of the natural year is important in various fields and industries. Here are some references related to the natural year and its applications:1. Astronomy: In astronomy, the natural year is used to measure the length of a complete orbit of the Earth around the Sun. This is the basis for calculating astronomical events such as equinoxes and solstices, which mark the changing seasons. Astronomers also use the natural year to study the movement of celestial bodies and calculate their positions in the sky.2. Climate Science: Climate scientists use the natural year to study long-term climate patterns and changes. By analyzing data from multiple natural years, they can identify climate trends, such as temperature fluctuations, precipitation patterns, and shifts in climate zones. Understanding the natural year is crucial for predicting climate variations and their impacts on ecosystems and human activities.3. Agriculture: Farmers and agricultural researchers consider the natural year when planning crop cycles and predicting harvest timings. The growth and development of crops are influenced by the changing seasons, daylight hours, temperature variations, andprecipitation patterns throughout the natural year. Farmers also use the natural year to decide when to plant and harvest different crops, taking into account their specific requirements.4. Economics: The natural year is relevant in economic sectors such as finance, taxation, and business planning. Organizations often use the natural year as an accounting period for financial reporting and tax calculations. Businesses may plan their budgets, set sales targets, and assess performance based on the natural year. Economic indicators and forecasts often consider the natural year's seasonal cycles and long-term trends.5. Ecology and Conservation: Ecologists and conservationists study the natural year to understand the timing of ecological processes, such as animal migrations, plant flowering, and bird nesting. Conservation efforts often rely on the natural year to identify critical habitats, breeding seasons, and migration routes. By considering the natural year, conservationists can develop strategies to protect biodiversity and minimize human impacts on ecosystems.6. Education: In educational institutions, the natural year is essential for designing academic calendars and scheduling breaks, holidays, and exams. School terms and university semesters are often aligned with the natural year to ensure a balanced distribution of instructional time and vacation periods. Understanding the natural year also enables educators to incorporate season-based learning activities and outdoor experiences into the curriculum.In conclusion, the abbreviation "CY" represents the natural year inEnglish. Its significance can be found in various fields, including astronomy, climate science, agriculture, economics, ecology and conservation, and education. The natural year serves as a fundamental unit of time for understanding celestial movements, seasonal variations, climate patterns, and ecological processes. Its applications range from predicting astronomical events to planning agricultural activities, managing finances, conserving biodiversity, and organizing educational calendars.。
功能词汇必备
著名语言学家威尔金斯说过：“没有语法，表达甚微，没有词汇，表达为零。
（Without grammar,very little can be conveyed；without vocabulary,nothing can be conveyed.）”拥有坚实可观的词汇量是外语学习的基础，更是高考成败的关键。
记不住单词的主要原因就是单词重复的次数少！没有单词量，能力和成绩都是浮云！单词量就是得分力，背单词就是提成绩！二轮复习阶段除了刷题，词汇的背诵和复习同样举足轻重。
为此专门分类整理出以下9类词汇，供考生背诵和查漏补缺之用。
■阅读理解功能词Ⅰ.高难词汇破语障A1.abandon v.抛弃，遗弃abandon oneself to sth 沉湎于某事2.abnormal adj. 反常的，不正常的(反：normal)3.abrupt adj. 突然的，意外的4.absolutely ad v. 当然；绝对地absolutely not 绝对不行；当然不5.abstract adj. 抽象的；深奥的6.absurd adj. 荒谬的；荒唐可笑的7.abundance n. 充裕；丰盛8.academic adj. 学校的，学院的；学术的9.accelerate v. (使)加快；(使)加速10.accessible adj. 易得到的；易进入的11.accommodation n. 住所，住处provide accommodation(s) for 为……提供住处12.accomplish v. 完成；实现13.accumulate v. 积累，积聚；逐渐增加14.accurate adj. 精确的15.accustomed adj. 习惯于be accustomed to (doing) sth 习惯于(做)某事16.acknowledge v t. 承认be widely acknowledged to be... 被广泛认为是……17.acquisition n. (知识、技能等的)获得；习得18.adequate adj. 足够的，充分的19.administration n. 管理；执行；实施20.administrator n. 管理人员，行政人员21.adolescence n. 青春期22.affection n. 喜爱；钟爱23.aggressive adj. 好斗的；挑衅的24.agriculture n. 农业25.alert adj. 警惕的，警觉的be alert to sth 警觉某事26.allergic adj. 过敏的be allergic to sth 对……过敏，对……反感27.alternative adj. 可供替代的；非传统的n. 可供选择的事物have no alternative but to do sth 除做某事外别无选择28.amateur adj. 业余的29.ambiguous adj. 模棱两可的；不明确的30.analyse/analyze v. 分析31.annual adj. 每年的，年度的32.apparently ad v. 显然；看来33.appetite n. 食欲，胃口；欲望，喜好have an appetite for 对……感兴趣34.application n. 申请(书)；应用35.appreciation n. 欣赏，赏识；感激36.appropriately ad v. 恰当地，合适地37.approximately ad v. 近似；大约38.arbitrary adj. 任意的；专横的；武断的39.arouse v t. 引起(欲望、兴趣、憎恨等)40.artificial adj. 人造的，人工的AI artificial intelligence 人工智能41.assessment n. 估算，评估42.assistance n. 帮助，援助come to one’s assist ance 帮助某人with the assistance of 在……的帮助下43.assumption n. 假定，假设make an assumption 作出假设44.atmosphere n. 大气层；气氛，氛围，环境45.authentic adj. 真实的；真品的46.autonomous adj. 自治的；自主的47.available adj. 可用的，可得到的；有空的48.awesome adj. 令人赞叹的；令人畏惧的；可怕的49.awkward adj. 局促不安的；笨拙的B1.bacterium n. 细菌(pl.bacteria)2.barrier n. 障碍(物)；屏障3.betray v t. 背叛，出卖4.boom n./v. 繁荣，迅速发展5.botanical adj. 植物学的6.bother v. 打扰；操心；烦扰not bother doing/to do sth 不用费心做某事7.boundary n. 分界线，边界；界限8.boycott v t. 抵制，拒绝参加n. 抵制行动9.brochure n. 小册子10.brunch n. 早午餐11.budget n. 预算C1.calculate v t. 计算，预测；估计2.calendar n. 历法；日历3.campaign n. 运动；战役4.candidate n. 候选者5.casual adj. 偶然的，随便的6.catastrophe n. 灾难，大祸7.cautious adj. 小心的，谨慎的，慎重的be cautious about(doing)sth 对(做)某事很谨慎8.certificate n. 证明书；(毕业)文凭9.challenging adj. 具有挑战性的10.champion n. (尤指体育比赛中的)冠军11.chaos n. 混乱，一团糟12.characteristic n. 特征；特性；特色adj. 典型的，独特的be characteristic of sb 是某人的典型特征13.charity n. 慈善、慈善事业14.choking adj. 令人窒息的15.classify v t. 分类；归类classify sth as sth 将……归在……类16.clinic n. 诊所17.coincidence n. 巧合，巧事What a coincidence! 太巧了！by coincidence 巧合的是18.collaboration n. 合作；协作in collaboration with sb 与某人合作19.collision n. 碰撞，相撞；冲突，抵触ment n./v. 评论，批评mercial adj. 商业的，商务的mitment n. 承诺；投入；奉献make a commitment to sb 对某人作出承诺munity n. 社区；团体passion n. 怜悯，同情feel/show compassion for 对……感到/表示同情pensate v. 弥补，补偿；赔偿compensate for 弥补……compensate sb for sth 赔偿某人某方面的损失petence n. 能力；胜任ponent n. 零件；成分；组成部分pound n. 化合物；混合体promise v. 妥协，让步compromise with sb 对某人妥协pulsory adj. 规定的，强制的，义务的compulsory schooling/education 义务教育31.consensus n. 共识，一致看法consensus on/about 在……方面达成共识32.consequence n. 后果as a consequence/in consequence 因此be of little/no consequence to sb 对某人来说无足轻重33.conservative adj. 保守的，守旧的34.consistent adj. 一贯的，一致的be consistent with sth 与某事物相一致35.consultant n. 顾问36.contemporary adj. 当代的(同：modern)37.context n. 周围情况，背景；上下文，语境38.contract n. 契约，合同39.contradictory adj. 矛盾的，抵触的40.controversial adj. 引起争论的，有争议的41.conventional adj. 传统的，常规的；守旧的42.correspond v i. 符合，相一致；通信correspond with/to sth 与……相一致correspond with sb 与某人通信43.craft n. 工艺，手艺；技能44.criterion n. (判断或做决定的)标准，准则(＋for)(pl.criteria)45.curriculum n. 课程D1.deadline n. 截止日期，最后期限meet/miss a deadline 赶上最后期限/误期2.deliberately ad v. 故意地，蓄意地3.delicate adj. 微小的；需要小心处理的4.deposit n. 订金，押金，保证金v t. 放置；使沉积；存入5.description n. 描述，描写，形容beyond description 无法描述，难以形容6.desperate adj. 拼命的，绝望的；非常需要……的be desperate with fear 因恐惧而绝望be desperate for sth 渴望某物be desperate to do sth 急于做某事7.destination n. 目的地；终点8.device n. 设备，仪器；装置9.dilemma n. 进退两难的境地，困境in a dilemma 处于困境中10.dimension n. 方面，部分(同：aspect)；大小，尺寸(同：measurement)11.diploma n. 毕业文凭；学位证书12.disastrous adj. 灾难性的，以失败告终的13.discrimination n. 歧视14.disgusting adj. 令人恶心的，使人极其反感的，令人厌恶的15.distinguish v. 区分，辨别distinguish between right and wrong 明辨是非distinguish...from 区分……与……16.distribute v t. 分发，分配，分送distribute sth to/among sb/sth 在……中分发某物17.disturbing adj. 令人不安的，使人震惊的18.diverse adj. 各种各样的，形形色色的，相异的19.dizzy adj. 眩晕的；昏乱的；使人发晕或困惑的20.document v t. 记录，记载；用文献支持21.donor n. 捐献者，捐赠者22.dormitory n.(informal dorm) 寝室；(大学)学生宿舍23.draft n. 草稿v. 起草24.dynamic adj. 精力充沛的；不断移动的25.dynasty n. 王朝；家族26.dull adj. 枯燥无味的；无聊的E1.ecology n. 生态；生态学2.economy n. 经济(制度)；节约3.elegantly ad v. 优雅地4.emergency n. 紧急情况，突发事件in an emergency 在紧急情况下5.emission n. 排放物，散发物；(光、热等的)散发，排放6.emphasize v. 强调，着重；重音7.energetic adj. 有活力的，精力充沛的8.enhance v. 提高，改进9.enormous adj. 巨大的，庞大的10.enterprise n. 公司，组织，企业；事业心，进取心11.entertainment n. 娱乐12.enthusiastic adj. 热心的，热衷的be enthusiastic about(doing)sth 热衷于(做)某事13.establishment n. 机构，单位；建立，设立14.estimate v. 估计，估算15.evaluate v. 评价，评估16.explicit adj. 清楚明确的，直截了当的17.extension n. 延伸，扩展18.extraordinary adj. 非凡的，特别的；异乎寻常的F1.facility n. 设施，设备；天赋，才能(同：talent)2.feature n. 特征3.fertilizer n. 肥料4.finance n. 财政，金融5.flavour n. 味道；调味品，调味香料6.flexible adj. 柔韧的，有弹性的7.flock n. 群a flock of birds/children 一群鸟/孩子8.fluent adj. 熟练的，流利的be fluent in English 英语说得流利9.forgetfully ad v. 健忘地，爱忘事地10.forgive v. 原谅，宽恕，饶恕forgive sb for doing sth 原谅某人做了某事forgive sb sth 原谅某人某事11.foster v t. 促进；培养(同：encourage，promote)12.fragile adj. 易碎的，脆弱的13.fragrant adj. 香的；芳香的14.function n. 功能，作用；职能perform/fulfil a function 发挥功能15.fundamental adj. 根本的；基本的，基础的16.funeral n. 葬礼G1.gallery n. 画廊，美术馆2.generation n. 一代人from generation to generation 一代一代地3.get-together n. 聚会4.gravity n. 重力5.grocery n. 杂货；杂货店6.guarantee v. 保证；确保guarantee sb sth 保证某人某事guarantee to do sth 保证做某事7.guidance n. 指导，引导(＋on)under one’s guidance 在某人的指导下H1.handle n. 柄，把手v. 处理，应对2.harmony n. (音乐中的)和声；融洽相处live/work in harmony 融洽地生活/工作be in harmony with sth 和某事物协调3.hatred n. 仇恨4.heartily ad v. 尽情地；关怀地；坚定地5.highlight n. 突出，强调6.hint n.& v. 暗示give sb a hint 给某人一个暗示hint at sth 暗示某事7.hurricane n. 飓风8.hydrogen n. 氢(一种化学元素)I1.identification n. 身份证明(文件)；确认；识别，鉴定identification card 身份证2.identify v. 认出，识别；确定，发现identify...as... 确认……是……identify with 认同……，与……有同感3.immigration n. 移居(入境)；移民人数4.imply v t. 暗示，暗指；意味着5.impression n. 印象，感想leave an impression on sb 给某人留下印象6.inactive adj. 不活动的，不活跃的，懒散的(反：active)7.incident n. (尤指不平常的、重要的或暴力的)事件8.independence n. 独立；自主9.infect v. 传染(＋with)；感染，影响10.influence n.& v. 影响have an influence on sb/sth 对某人/某事有影响11.ingredient n. 成分，食材；要素，因素12.innocent adj. 清白的，无罪的(＋of)；天真无邪的13.innovate v. 创新，革新14.insert v t. 插入，放进15.insight n. 领悟；洞察力，眼光16.institute n. 学院；(研究)院所17.instrument n. 乐器；工具18.install v. 安装，设置19.intake n. 摄入量，吸入量；加入人数20.integrate v. (使)合并，(使)结合21.intelligence n. 智力，悟性，理解力high/low intelligence 高/低智力22.interaction n. 相互影响，相互作用；交流23.interpersonal adj. 人际的，人际关系的24.intimate adj. 温馨的；亲密的，密切的25.irrigation n. 灌溉26.isolate v t. 孤立，隔离；分隔27.item n. 项目；一件物品J—L1.journal n. 日志；杂志，期刊2.jungle n. 丛林，密林3.justice n. 公正，正义4.knowledgeable adj. 有丰富知识的，博学的(＋about)bel n. 标签；称号g v. 落后，拖后(＋behind)ptop n. 笔记本电脑undry n. 洗衣店yout n. 布局，设计(＋of)10.legend n. 传奇11.liar n. 说谎者12.licence n. 许可证，执照，证书13.likewise ad v. 同样地，相似地14.locker n. 有锁存物柜，寄物柜15.loyal adj. 忠诚的16.luggage n. 行李(同：baggage)M1.maintain v. 保持，维持；维护2.majority n. 多数，大多数(反：minority)be in the majority 多数，占多数3.manufacture v. (用机器)生产，制造4.mature adj. 成熟的5.maximum adj. 最大量的，最大限度的n. 最大量，最大值(反：minimum)6.meanwhile ad v. 与此同时；在此期间7.memorial n. 纪念物，纪念碑adj. 纪念的，追悼的8.merciful adj. 宽大的，慈悲的，仁慈的9.minimum adj. 最小的，最低的，最低限度的n. 最少量，最低限度10.minority n. 少数派，少数；少数民族11.misread v t. 误解；读错，误读12.modest adj. 谦虚的；适中的13.monument n. 纪念碑，纪念馆14.mourn v. 哀悼，悼念15.motivation n. 动力；动机；原因16.mountainous adj. 多山的；巨大的，庞大的17.multiply v. 乘，乘以；成倍增加N1.navigation n. (水上的)航行2.negative adj. 有害的，不良的；消极的，负面的(反：positive)3.negotiate v. 谈判，协商(＋with)4.neutral adj. 中立的，不偏不倚的5.nevertheless ad v. 然而，不过；尽管如此6.non-governmental adj. 非政府的7.numerous adj. 许多的8.nutrition n. 营养O1.occupation n. 工作，职业；占领2.opposite adj. 对立的，截然相反的n. 相反的人/物；对立物3.optimistic adj. 乐观的，乐观主义的be optimistic about 对……乐观4.option n. 选择5.optional adj. 可选择的，选修的(反：compulsory)6.origin n. 起源，根源7.otherwise ad v. 否则，要不然8.outcome n. 结果，后果(同：result)9.outspoken adj. 直率的，直言不讳的10.outstanding adj. 杰出的，优秀的，出色的11.overcome v t. 克服12.overhear v t. 无意中听到，偶然听到overhear sb saying sth 无意中听到某人在说某事13.overlook v. 忽视，忽略；俯瞰P1.parallel n. 联系；相似之处in parallel with 和……一起，和……同时have no parallel/be without parallel 没有可相比拟的事物，无可匹敌adj. 平行的(＋to/with)2.participate v i. 参加，参与(＋in)3.passion n. 强烈的情感，激情；热爱4.pastime n. 消遣，娱乐5.pedestrian n. 行人，步行者6.pension n. 养老金，退休金7.permanent adj. 长久的，永久的，永恒的(反：temporary)8.personnel n. 全体人员，职员；人事部门9.perspective n. 视角；观点10.phenomenon n. 现象(pl.phenomena)11.physician n. 医师12.poisonous adj. 有毒的，引起中毒的；令人很不愉快的13.porridge n. 燕麦粥，麦片粥14.portable adj. 手提式的，便携式的，轻便的15.positive adj. 有信心的，积极乐观的be positive about 对……乐观n.优势；优点16.possession n. 拥有，持有，占有；所有物，财产in one’s possession 被某人所拥有in/take possession of 拥有……，持有……17.postpone v t. 推迟，延期postpone doing sth 推迟做某事18.potential adj. 潜在的，可能的19.practical adj. 真实的；实际的；切实可行的20.precious adj. 宝贵的，珍贵的；珍稀的21.pregnant adj. 怀孕的pregnant with 饱含……22.prejudice n. 偏见，歧视(＋against)23.prescription n. 处方，药方(＋for)24.presentation n. 授予，颁发；介绍会25.preview n. 预映；预展；预演26.previous adj. 以前的，先前的27.primary adj. 首要的，主要的28.primarily ad v. 主要地29.primitive adj. 原始的，远古的30.privilege n. 特权；特殊待遇；荣幸31.procedure n. (正常)程序；步骤；手续32.productivity n. 生产率；生产效率33.profession n. 职业；行业34.promote v. 促进，提高35.prohibit v t. 禁止(同：forbid)；阻止(同：prevent) prohibit sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事36.psychology n. 心理；心理学37.punctual adj. 准时的；守时的38.punctuation n. 标点符号39.purchase v t. 购买Q&R1.qualification n. 资格，学历；资历2.questionnaire n. 调查问卷3.radioactive adj. 放射性的4.random adj. 随意的，随机的n. 随意；随机at random 任意地；随便地5.randomly ad v. 随意地；任意地6.recall v. 回想起，回忆起recall doing sth 回想起做某事7.receptionist n. 接待员8.recommend v t. 建议；推荐，介绍recommend doing sth 建议做某事recommend sth to sb 向某人推荐某物9.reference n. 提到，谈及(＋to)with/in reference to sth 关于某事10.refresh v. 使振作精神11.register v. 记录，登记register for 注册12.regulate v. 控制，管理；调整，调节13.regulation n. 规则，条例，法令under...regulations 根据……法令14.relevant adj. 相关的，切题的be relevant to 与……相关15.reliable adj. 可依靠的，可信赖的16.remark n. 言论，意见17.representative n. 代表；代理人18.reservation n. 预订；保留19.respectful adj. 有礼貌的，恭敬的20.responsibility n. 责任take responsibility for(doing)sth 承担(做)某事的责任It’s one’s responsibility to do sth 做某事是某人的责任21.restriction n. 限制；规定；约束restriction on sth 对某事实行限制22.resume v. 重新开始n. 简历23.reunion n. (尤指同学久别后的)聚会24.riddle n. 谜；谜语25.ridiculous adj. 愚蠢的，荒唐可笑的26.rock-bottom adj. (价格)最低的27.routine n. 惯例，常规；例行公事S1.sacred adj. 神圣的2.sacrifice n. 牺牲；祭献v t. 牺牲sacrifice sth for sb/sth 为了某人/某事牺牲某物sacrifice sth to do sth 牺牲某物做某事3.sample n. 样品4.sceptical adj. 持怀疑态度的，不相信的(＋about/of)5.scholarship n. 奖学金6.sculpture n. 雕刻；雕塑7.sensitive adj. 善解人意的；易生气的；敏感的be sensitive to 对……敏感8.sensitivity n. 体贴，体恤；敏感；过敏9.session n. (尤指一批人参加某项活动的)一段时间；正式会议10.shallow adj. 浅的，不深的；肤浅的11.sheet n. 床单，被单；片，张；薄片a sheet of paper 一张纸a sheet of glass 一块玻璃12.shipwreck n. 海难，船舶失事13.shortcoming n. 缺点；短处14.shrink v. (shrank，shrunk或shrunk，shrunk)(使)缩小，(使)收缩；减少15.signature n. 签字，签名16.significance n. 重要性；意义17.simplify v t. 使简易，使简单，简化18.snack n. 小吃，点心19.sneeze v. 打喷嚏20.souvenir n. 纪念品；纪念物21.specific adj. 特定的，特有的；明确的22.splendid adj. 极佳的；壮丽的；富丽堂皇的23.sponsor n. 赞助商；资助者；发起人，倡议人v t. 赞助；资助24.squeeze v t. 压，捏，挤；压出；榨出25.status n. 地位，身份26.straightforward adj. 简单的，易懂的；诚实的，坦率的27.stretch v. (使)变松，拉长；伸开，伸展28.stubborn adj. 执拗的；顽固的；倔强的29.subjective adj. 主观的(反：objective)30.submit v. 呈送，递交，呈递；顺从(＋to)31.subscribe v i. 定期订阅，订购(＋to)32.substitute v. 代替；替换；顶替substitute A for B用A代替B33.supervision n. 监督，管理；指导；照看under one’s supervision 由某人负责34.supreme adj. 最高的，至高无上的；(程度)最大的35.suspension n. 暂停，中止36.swear v.(swore，sworn) 诅咒，咒骂；起誓保证swear at sb 咒骂某人swear to do sth 发誓做某事37.sympathetically ad v. 表示同情地；有同情心地38.symphony n. 交响乐，交响曲39.systematic adj. 系统的，有条理的T1.target n. 目标，指标；靶子v. 以……为目标；把……瞄准2.temporary adj. 暂时的，临时的；短期的3.tension n. 紧张，焦虑4.terminal adj. (疾病)晚期的，不治的n. 终点站；终端5.theoretical adj. 理论上的；假设的6.thereafter ad v. 之后，此后7.tiresome adj. 烦人的，令人厌烦的8.tolerant adj. 宽容的，容忍的be tolerant of/towards sb/sth 对某人/某物持宽容态度9.tournament n. 锦标赛tennis/chess/badminton tournament 网球/国际象棋/羽毛球锦标赛10.transform v t. 使改观；使变形；使转化transform...from...into... 把……从……转化为……11.transformation n. 转变，改观12.transparent adj. 透明的；易懂的13.trash n. 废物，垃圾(同：rubbish)14.trend n. 倾向，趋势，动向set the trend 开创潮流on trend 流行的15.tricky adj. 难对付的，棘手的；狡猾的16.tunnel n. 隧道；(动物的)洞穴通道U—Z1.uncaring adj. 不注意的；不关心的2.unbearable adj. 难以忍受的3.unconscious adj. 失去知觉的4.underline v t. 在……之下画线(以示重要)；强调；使突出5.underlying adj. 根本的；潜在的underlying cause/principle/problem 根本原因/原则/问题6.undertake v. 从事；承担undertake to do sth 同意做某事7.uneasiness n. 不安；忧虑8.unify v. 统一；使成一体(反：divide)9.unique adj. 独一无二的10.upgrade v. 使升级11.vacant adj. 空着的，未被占用的；(工作或职位)空缺的12.vague adj. (思想上)含糊的，不明确的，不清楚的13.valid adj. (法律上)有效的；(正式)认可的valid reason/argument 合理的理由/论点14.vanish v. 消失，灭绝15.version n. 版本16.violate v. 违反，违背；侵犯17.virtual adj. 虚拟的，模拟的virtual reality 虚拟现实18.watery adj. 水的，含水的；虚弱的19.weave v. 编织，迂回行进20.welfare n. 幸福；福利21.withdraw v. 提取(存款)，退出22.wreck v. 使失事n. 残骸23.wrinkle n. 皱纹24.yawn v. 打哈欠25.zebra n. 斑马26.zipper n. 拉链Ⅱ.一义多词助解题在阅读理解的某些细节题中，正确选项与原文的大意相同但表达方式不同，即进行了同义转换。
一级词汇--会考
高中英语会考（一）单词词性汉译abundant a.丰富的；充裕的accustomed a.习惯的；通常的aloud ad.大声地alphabet n字母表altitude n纬度amuse v.使人）快乐，逗乐amusement n.娱乐，消遣annoy vt. vi.使苦恼，骚扰；使恼怒；惹人烦恼anyhow ad.不管怎样；无论如何anytime ad.任何时候，无论何时arctic n.北冰洋astonish v.使……惊讶，使惊愕astronomy n天文学badminton n.羽毛球baggage n.行李bamboo n.竹子bandage n.绷带barbecue n. vt.烤肉野餐；烧烤；在烤架上烤（肉等）bc=before christmas n.公元前bedding n.铺盖biochemistry n.生物化学birthplace n.出生地blackboard n.黑板blouse n.宽罩衫booth n.岗；售货亭botanical a.植物学的brewery n.啤酒厂broom n.扫帚brotherhood n.兄弟般的关系buddha n.佛；佛像；佛陀butcher n.肉店；屠夫vt.屠宰candy n.糖果；冰糖careless a.粗心的；轻率的carol n.颂歌；欢乐之歌centimeter n.公分；厘米chalk n.粉笔chime n钟鼓声chimney n.烟囱，烟筒；灯罩cigar n.雪茄烟clap v.拍手；鼓掌classmate n.同班同学claw v. 搔；挠；刮n.爪；带爪的脚；钳；螯clone n.克隆（无性繁殖出来的有机体群）v.无性繁殖；复制closet n.壁橱；储藏室；厕所coaster n.惯性运转装置cocoa n.可可豆；可可粉；可可饮料coke n.可口可乐；焦炭comb n. v. 梳子，用梳子梳理comprehension n.理解（力）；理解力练习comrade n. 同志，朋友，伙伴cookbook n.食谱，烹调书coral n.珊瑚，珊瑚虫cordless a.无线的courtyard n.庭院，园子crow n.乌鸦；鸦cubic a.立方体的，立方形的cyclist n.骑自行车的人deed n.行为，事迹；事实；功绩diagram n. 图表，图样directly ad. 直接地；立即disable vt. 使丧失能力的disappoint vt. 使失望；使（计划等）受挫折discriminate vt. 分别，区分；歧视dormitoryn. 宿舍drier=dryer n. 吹风机；干燥机；干燥剂Duke n.公爵dustbin n. 垃圾箱dusty a. 尘土般的；含糊的；满是灰尘的ecology n. 生态学；生态educator n. 教育者，教育家Englishman n. 英国人；英吉利人envelope n. 新风；封套；包膜fairness n. 公平，正直；美好；清晰；适当fascinate v. 迷住，使神魂颠倒fasten v. 扎牢，扣住；集中于；强加于fingernail n.指甲firefighter=fireman n.消防人员；炮战firstly ad. 第一；首先flaming a. 火红的，燃烧的；热烈的；惊人的flu n. 流行性感冒freezing a.冰冻地；严寒地冰点fright n. 惊骇；吃惊frost n.霜，霜冻，严寒generosity n. 宽大，慷慨gifted a. 有天赋的；有才华的giraffe n. 长颈鹿gosh int. 唉！必定！糟了！graduation n. 毕业；毕业典礼；刻度；分等级granddaughter n.(外)孙女grandparents n. 祖父母；外祖父母grandson n. 孙子；外孙granny n. 老奶奶；祖母；外婆grassland n.草原；牧草地greedy ad. 贪婪的；渴望地greeting n. 祝贺；问候gymnastics n. 体操；体育haircut n. 理发，发型hairy a.多毛的，（似）毛发的Halloween n. 万圣节hamburger n.汉堡包；碎牛肉牛肉饼handbag n. 女用手包，手提包handkerchief n. 手帕handshake n. 握手handwriting n. 书法；笔迹headmaster n. （英）中小学校长headteacher n中小学班主任或校长Hilly a.丘陵的多小山的；陡的hometown n. 故乡homework n. 家庭作业；副业hostess n.女主人；女房东女老板housewife n. 家庭主妇；家庭妇女housework n.家务；家务事huddle v.蜷着身体，缩成一团humorous a. 富于幽默的；异想天开的；滑稽的hygiene n. 卫生（学）iceberg n. 冰山；冷冰冰的人icy a. 寒冷的；冰冷的idiom n. 习惯用语；成语方言infer v. （根据事实或推理）推断；推定informed a. 有知识的；见闻广的；了解情况的injure v. 损害；伤害interviewer n. 接见者；采访者；进行面试者irrigate v. 灌溉；修水利；冲洗伤口；使潮湿irrigation n. 灌溉；冲洗jeep n.吉普车；小型航空母舰jelly n. 果冻jug n. 水罐，壶kangaroo n. 大袋鼠kilogramme= kilogram=kilo n. 千克（公斤）kindergarten n. 幼儿园; 初级的；启蒙阶段的kindness n. 仁慈，好意，善良kite n. 风筝；空头支票；鸢；试探性行动轻快地移动；使用空头支票；骗钱knob n. 把守，拉手lantern n. 灯笼；提灯；幻灯；信号；天窗lemonade n. 柠檬水librarian n. 图书管理员loaf n. 一个面包loneliness n.孤独；寂寞loudspeaker n. 扬声器，喇叭luggage n. （总称）行李；皮箱madam=madame a. 夫人，女士mailbox=letterbox n. 信箱mankind n. 人类；男性，男子Marxism n. 马克思主义mat n. 垫子；席子melon n. （甜）瓜；瓜状物mend v. 修理；修补；改进；好转merry a. 高兴的；愉快的metallic a. 金属的microscope n. 显微镜midday n. 正午，中午misty a. 有雾的，多雾的misunderstand v. 误会；不理解(-stood, stood)mommy=mummy n. 妈妈（美），妈咪moonlight n. 月光mosquito n. 蚊子motherland n. 祖国motorbike=motorcycle n. 摩托车；机车motto n. 箴言，格言，座右铭mountainous a. 多山的；巨大的mourn v. 悲痛，哀悼moustache n. 小胡子；（哺乳动物的）触须mulen. 骡子，固执的人napkin n. 餐巾，餐巾纸naughty a. 顽皮的；淘气的necklace n. 项链nephew n. 侄子，外甥nicotine n. 尼古丁，烟碱niece n. 侄女，甥女non-stop a. 不停的；不断的（地）noodle n. 面条（常用复数）；傻瓜noun n. 名词nylon n. 尼龙old-style a. 旧式风格的oneself （one的反身代词）自己outdoors ad. 在户外；在野外outgoing a. 外向的；爽直的overcoat n. 大衣overweight a. 超重的；肥胖的ox(pl. oxen) n. 牛（不分性别的通称）；公牛paddle n. 浆状物，蹼；短桨划桨；戏水；搅；拌pancake n. 薄烤饼panda n. 熊猫parrot n. 鹦鹉；学舌者passerby n. 过路人；过客PE (physics education) n. 体育peanut n. 花生pear n. 梨子；梨树peep vt.窥视，偷看pelt vt. 投掷，攻击pianist n. 钢琴家pineapple n. 菠萝；凤梨playground n. 操场；运动场playhouse n. 剧场，（美）儿童游戏室，玩具小屋poisonous a. 有毒的；恶毒的；有害的porridge n.稀饭麦片粥；（俚）服刑postage n. 邮费postman n. 邮递员，邮差probable a. 很可能的，很有希望的，大概的pronunciation n. 发音；读法pumpkin n. 南瓜puppet n. 木偶，傀儡puppy n. 小动物；自负的青年pyramid n.金字塔，角锥形叠罗汉quilt n. 被子；被状物quiz n. 测验，提问；恶作剧；竞赛；比赛racket n.（网球羽毛球的）球拍raincoat n. 雨衣razor n. 剃须刀recite v. 背诵；朗诵；叙述recreate vt. 再创作；再创造；重新创新redirect vt. 使改变，使转移；（信件）重寄revision n. 复习，温习；修订；修订本riddle n. 谜语；神秘人物rim n. 边，眼镜框roam v. 来回地走，闲逛robe n. 长袍，睡袍，浴衣robot n. 机器人；遥控设备；自动机械salty a.有盐分的，咸的含盐的saw n. v. 锯scenery n. 风景，景色scissors n. 剪子，剪刀scold v. 责骂；申斥seaside n. 海滨sew(sewed，sewn/sewed) v. 缝，缝制；缝补；缝纫shampoo n. 洗发精；shark n.鲨鱼；骗子；[俚]内行sharpener n. 削尖用的器具；磨具sidewalk=pavement n. (美)人行道sightseeing n. 游览，观光sincerely ad. 真诚的skillful a. 熟练的，精湛的slavery n. 奴隶制度；苦役slipper n. 拖鞋smog n. 烟雾（=smoke+fog）sneaker n. 胶底运动鞋softdrink n. 软饮料someday ad. 有一天，有朝一日sonata n. 奏鸣曲sorrow n. 悲伤，悲痛so-so a. 一半；不怎样；凑合；平常的souvenir n. 纪念物；纪念品spear n. 梭镖，矛，枪squid n. 鱿鱼；反潜艇发射装置stocking n. 长筒袜strait n.海峡Sunflower n. 向日葵superstar n. 超级明星surf v. 参加冲浪运动tasty a. 味道好的；可口的teapot n. 茶壶telegram n. 电报telegraph n. 电报；电报机thirst n. 渴；口渴；渴望thirsty a.渴的，缺水的，干旱的thunderstorm n. 雷电交加的暴风雨；雷暴tiger n.老虎；凶暴的人tire v. 疲劳，疲倦；厌倦tomb n. 坟墓tornado n. 旋风；龙卷风tractor n. 拖拉机training n. 培训；练习triangle n. 三角形；三角关系troublesome a. 令人烦恼的；讨厌的；麻烦的turkey n. 火鸡；无用的东西typewriter n. 打字机typist n. 打字员typhoon n. 台风um int. 嗯vase n. （花）瓶；瓶饰veil n. （妇人的）面纱，面罩verb n. 动词violin n. 小提琴；小提琴手vocabulary n. 词汇，词汇表；词汇量Volleyball n. 排球（运动）wag v. 摇动，摆动；饶舌waitress n. 女服务员walkman n. 随身听wallet n. （放钱、证件的）皮夹warm-up n. 准备运动，热身运动web n. 网；错综复杂的事物或网络weekday n. 周日；平日westerner n. 西方人；美国西部的人westwards ad. 向西wolf n. 狼worse a. （bad的比较级）更坏的worst a. （bad的最高级）最坏的wrestling n. 摔跤zebra n. 斑马zip v. 拉开（或扣上）拉链完高中英语会考（二）单词词性汉译aboard ad.在船（或飞机、车）上；上船；登机abolish vt.废除；废止absorb vt.吸收，吸引absurd a. 荒谬的；不合理的academy n. 学院accent n. 口音，音调，腔调，重音accessible a.可以使用（或得到）的；能进入的accomplish v.完成，达到accumulate vt. vi. 积累；聚集；增加ache n. v.痛，隐隐作痛ad=advertisement n.广告adapt v.使……适应；改编，改写addict vt.使沉溺；使入迷；使醉心admission n.准入，供认adventure n. v. 冒险；奇遇alike a. 相同的，相似的ad. 以同样的方式，类似于amaze v. 使吃惊ambulance n.救护车analyse vt. 分析ancestor n. 祖宗；祖先angel n. 天使，像天使般的人apologize vi. 道歉apology n. 道歉；辩解appetite n. 欲望；食欲；胃口approximately ad. 近乎；接近architect n.建筑师；设计师architecture n. 建筑；建筑学；（总称）建筑物arrow n. 箭，箭头加号ash n. 灰；灰末ashamed n.惭愧；害臊asleep n.睡着的；入睡的assign v. 分配；贬值astronomer n. 天文学家athletic a. 运动员的；体格健壮的atom n. 原子；微粒attraction n. 吸引人的事物；吸引，吸引力avenue n. 大道；方法；途径awake a. 醒着的Bacon a.咸肉，熏肉bacterium n.细菌balcony n. 阳台，包厢balloon n气球banana n. 香蕉bang n. 咚的声音。
王陆807雅思词汇精讲-口语篇
correspondence school。函授学校
evening school。夜校
night school。夜校
boarding school。寄宿学校
collage of liberal arts。文学院
college of humanities。人文学院
response to challenges。对抗战的反应
university。n 大学
college。n 专科，学院
institute。n 研究所，学院
kindergarten。n 幼儿园
faculty。n 系 f
grade。n 年级
department。n 系 d
quiz。n 测试
designer。n 设计师
hairdresser。n 美发师
barber。n 理发师
tailor。n 裁缝
model。n 模特
photographer。n 摄影师
artist。n 艺术家
clerk。n 职员
construction worker。建筑工人
police officer。警察
go on business trips。出差
enjoy leisure time。享受闲暇时光
fell relaxed 。感觉放松 f
have relaxation。感觉放松 h
work overtime。加班
feel exhausted。筋疲力尽
computer skills。个人技能
all-weather ground。风雨操场
gymnasium。n 健身房
新版普通高中英语课程标准2017词汇表（2020修订版）
《普通高中英语课程标准（2017）》词汇表说明：1. 本词汇表共收3,000个单词，含义务段要求掌握的1,500个单词。
高中英语必修课程应学习和掌握500个单词（表中加有一个*号），累计达2,000。
选修I课程应学习和掌握1，000个单词（表中加有两个**号），累计达3,000。
各地可根据实际情况在本词汇表所收词的基础上，再选择增加200个单词。
2. 本词汇表采用英式英语拼写形式。
3. 本着在具体语境中学习和使用单词的原则，本词汇表不标注单词的词性和中文释义。
4. 本词汇表不列词组和短语。
5. 本词汇表不列语法术语。
6. 本词汇表不列可根据构词法推导出的部分名词、形容词、副词等。
7. 数字（含基数词、序数词）、主要国家名称及相关信息等词单独列出，供教学参考。
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battery*battle*bay**BC**be (am, are, is ) beachbeanbean curd (tofu)** bearbeard**beatbeautiful beauty**becausebecomebedbedroombeefbeer*beforebeginbehalf**behave**behaviour*behindbeing**belief**believebellbelong*belowbelt*bend**beneath*benefit*besidebestbet**betterbetweenbeyond*bigbike =bicyclebillbillion**biology**birdbirthbirthdaybiscuitbitbite*bitter**blackblackboardblame**blank**blanket**bleed**bless**blindblockblog*bloodblouseblowblueboardboatbodyboil**bomb**bond**bone*bonus**bookboost**boot*border**boredboringbornborrowbossbotanical**bothbother**bottlebottombounce**bound**boundary**bow**bowlbowling**boxboxing*boybrainbranch*bravebreadbreakbreakfastbreast**breath**breathe*brick**bride/bridegroom** bridgebrief*brightbrilliant**bringBritainBritishbroad* broadcast** brochure*brotherbrownbrushbudget**buffet**buildbuildingbunch**burnbury**busbusinessbusybutbutcher**butter*button*buybyCcabbage**café*cafeteria**cage**cake calculate**calendarcallcalligraphy**calm*calorie**camel**cameracampcampaign**campus*can (can’t/cannot)CanadaCanadiancanal**cancelcancer**candidate**candlecandycanteen**capcapable*capacity**capitalcapsule**captain**carcarbon*cardcarecareer**carefulcarelesscarpet**carrotcarrycartooncarve**case*cash*cast**castle**catcatchcategory**cattle*causecave**cease**ceiling**celebratecelebrity**cell**centcentimetre**centralcentrecenturycertaincertainlycertificatechain*chairchairman/chairwoman**chalkchallenge*champion*chancechangechannel**chaos**chapter*character*characteristic**charge*charity*chart**chat*cheapcheat**checkcheek**cheercheese**chef**chemical**chemist**chemistry chesschest**chew** chickenchief*child (pl. children) Chinachina* Chinese chocolate choicechoke** choose chopsticks chorus** Christmas church** cigarette** cinemacirclecircuit** circumstance** circus**cite**citizen**citycivil**civilian** civilization** claim**clap*clarify**classclassic** classmate classroomclay**cleanclearclerk**cleverclick*client** climate*climbclinic**clockclone**closecloth**clothesclothing**cloudcloudyclubclue**coachcoalcoastcoatcoffeecoincoldcollapse**collar**collectcollection**collegecolourcolumn**combine**comecomedy**comfort**comfortablecomic**comment*commercial**commit**commitment**committee*commoncommunicatecommunicationcommunist**communitycompany*comparecomparison**compete**competence**competitioncomplain**completecomplex**complicated**component**compose**composition**comprehension**comprehensive**comprise**computerconcentrate*concept**concern*concertconclude**conclusion**concrete**conditionconduct*conference*confidence*confirm*conflict**Confucianism**Confucius**confused**congratulation*connectconsequence**conservation**considerconsist**consistent**constant**constitution**construction**consultant**consultation**consume** consumption** contact* contain* contemporary** content* contest** context* continent* continue contract** contradictory** contrary** contrast** contribution* control convenient* conventional** conversation convince** cookcookiecool cooperate** copycore**corncorner corporate** correct correspond** costcostume** cottage** cotton** coughcouldcouncil** countcountry countryside county* couple courage coursecourt*cousincovercoverage**cowcrash*crayoncrazycream**createcreative*creature**credit*crew**crime**crisis**criterion (pl. criteria)**critical**criticize**crop**crosscrowd*crucial**cruel**crycuisine**culturecupcupboard**cure*curious*current*curtain**custom*customercutcutecycle**Ddailydamage**damp**dancedangerdangerousdare**darkdata*database**datedaughterdaydeaddeadline**deafdealdeardeath*debate**debt**decade**Decemberdecent**decidedecisiondeclare*decline**decorate*decrease**deepdeer*defeat**defence*defend**definitely*definition**degreedelay**delete**delicate**deliciousdeliver*demand**demonstrate**dentist**deny**department**departure** dependdepress**depth**describe description*desert*deserve**design*desire*deskdesperate** despite*dessert** destination* destroy*detail*detect**detective** determine* develop development device**devote**diagram*dialogue (AmE dialog) diamond**diarydictionarydiediet*differ**differencedifferentdifficultdifficultydigdigest**digital*dignity** dimension**diningdinnerdinosaur* directdirectiondirectordirectory **dirtydisability**disabled**disappointed**disaster*discipline**discount**discoverdiscoverydiscrimination**discussdiscussiondisease*dishdisk=disc**dismiss**display**distance*distant**distinct**distinguish**distribution**district**disturb**dive**diverse**dividedivision**divorce**dizzy**dodoctordocument*dogdollardolphin*domain**domestic**dominate**donate*doordormitory**doubledoubtdowndownload*downstairs*downtown*dozen**draft**drag**dragon*drama**dramatic**drawdrawer**dreamdressdrill**drinkdrivedriverdropdrought*drug**dryduckdue (to)*dumplingduration**duringdust**duty*dynamic**dynasty**Eeacheager*eagle**earearlyearn*earthearthquakeease**easteasterneasyeatecology** economic** edge**editor* education educator** effect* efficient** effort*eggeight eighteen eightheightyeitherelderelderly** election** electricity* electronic elegant** element* elephant elevenelse elsewhere** email embarrassed** emerge** emergency** emotion** emperor** emphasis** employ** empty enable* encounter** encourage end enemyenergetic*energy*engage**engine*engineerEnglandEnglishenhance**enjoyenormous**enoughensure*enterenterprise**entertainment**enthusiastic**entirely*entitle**entrance*entry**envelope*environmentenvy**episode**equal*equator**equipment*erasererror*erupt*escape*especiallyessay**essential**establish*estate**estimate**EuropeEuropeanevaluate**eve*eveneveningevent*eventually*evereveryeverybodyeverydayeveryoneeverythingeverywhereevidence**exactlyexam (=examination)examine**exampleexcellentexceptexceptional**exchange*excitedexcitingexcuseexerciseexhibition**exist*exit*expand**expansion**expectexpectation**expense**expensiveexperienceexperiment*expert*explainexplode**explore*export*expose**exposure**expressextend**extension**extent*external*extinction*extra* extraordinary** extremely*eyeFfabric**facefacilitate**facility*factfactor*factoryfailfailure*fairfaith**fallfalse**familiar*familyfamousfanfancy*fantasticfantasy**farfarmfarmerfashion**fastfatfather (dad)fault**favour**favourite (AmE favorite) fearfeature*Februaryfee**feedfeelfeeling fellow**female*fence**festivalfetch**feverfewfibre**fiction**fieldfifteenfifthfiftyfightfigure*file*fillfilmfinallyfinance**financial**findfinding**finefingerfinishfirefirm**firstfishfishermanfist**fitfivefixflagflash*flat*flavour**flexible*flight*flood*floorflour**flow**flowerflu**fluent**flyfocus*foggy**fold**folk**followfond**foodfoot (pl. 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hithobbyholdholeholidayhomehometownhomeworkhonesthoney*honour*hopehorrible*horsehospitalhost*hothotelhourhousehousehold**houseworkhousing**howhoweverhug*hugehumanhumble**humoroushundredhungryhunt**hurricane*hurryhurthusbandhydrogen**IIiceice-creamideaideal**identical**identify**identity*idiom**ifignore*illillegal**illnessillustrate*image*imagineimmediately*impact*imply**import*importantimpossibleimpress**impression*improve*ininch**incident**includeincome*increaseincredible**indeed*independent*IndiaIndianindicate*individual*industryinfection**infer**influenceinfluential**informationinitial**initiative**injury**inner**innocent** innovation** input** inquire** insect* inside insight** insist** inspection** inspire* instance** instant** instead institute** institution** instruction instrument insurance* integrate** integrity** intelligent* intend* intense** intention** interaction** interest interesting internal** international Internet interpret** interrupt** intervention** interviewinto 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ST. SCHOLASTICA’S COLLEGESchool of Arts & SciencesDepartment of Natural Science Department 2nd Semester, School Year 2008-2009Professor : Ms. Rhoda S. TayagCourse Title : ECOLOGYPrerequisite : noneCourse Credit : 3 unitsCourse Description:The course deals with the study of concepts, principles and laws of ecology, interaction between organisms and the environment, diversity and complexity of the various components that constitute the terrestrial, marine, and freshwater ecosystems. Environmental problems and issues are discussed in an interdisciplinary approach taking into consideration the social, political, ethical and economic aspects.Course Competencies:At the end of the course, the students should be able to:1. Apply basic ecological concepts, principles and laws in advocating for a sustainable environment.2. Develop basic and integrated science process skills3. Develop higher-order thinking skills such as problem solving skills, critical thinking, logical thinking, creative thinking and decision-making skills4. Show Benedictine stewardship and scientific values and attitudes inherent in thestudy of science by actively participating in school’s waste management program and in creating educational campaign materials for the promotion of cultural diversity, ecofeminism and environmental awareness.5. Demonstrate social skills in involving oneself in various performance based tasks6. Express one’s ideas and viewpoints clearly and in an organized and logical manner in both written and oral discourses7. Use technology responsibly in order to minimize its impact to the environment 8. Demonstrate self-directed life long learning skillsTopic Outline :Environmental Principles Concept of the ecosystem(biotic and abiotic components, laws of limiting Factors, trophic structure, feeding relationships Function of Ecosystem(energy in the ecosystem, biogeochemical cycles) Principles pertaining to the organism(ecological niche, natural selection, reproductive pattern and survival )Go, SSC! Go… serve othersSave the Earth, Seek peace and pursue it.Principles to community(ecological succession, species diversity, biomes)Human Ecology(air/water/land pollution)Sustainable Development(indigenous culture, women, and biodiversity)Course Requirement and Grading System:Midterm Grade Final Grade20 % Written reports ( activity sheets) 20 % Long exam/midtermexam/quizzes20% Peer & self evaluation20 % Oral presentation/ classparticipation/class attendance 20% Creative output (photocollage and ecosystem diagram)100% 15% Written reports( activitysheets)25% Final exam/ Long exam/midterm exam/quizzes15% Peer & self evaluation15% oral presentation/classparticipation/class attendance 15% Creative output(photocollage and ecosystemdiagram)15% Ecological Trip Output100 %References:Chiras, D. ( 2001). Environmental science: Creating a sustainable future. (6th ed.). USA: Jones & Bartlett Pub.Cunningham, W., & Cunningham, M. (2004). Principles of environmental science:Inquiryandapplications. (2nd ed.). NY: Mc Graw Hill.Cunningham, W., Cunningham, M., & Saigo, B. ( 2003). Environmental science: A global concern. NY: Mc Graw Hill.Hinchliffe, S., Blowers, A., & Freeland J. (2003). Understanding environmental issues.UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Leveque, C., & Mounolou, J. (2003). Biodiversity. England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Mayer, J. R. (2001). Connections in Environmental Science: A Case Study Approach.NY: Mc Graw Hill.Miller, G.T. (2002). Living in the environment: Principles, connections & solutions.USA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning Inc.Molles, M. Jr. (2005). Ecology: Concepts and applications. New York: Mc Graw-Hill.Smith, R., & Smith, T. (2003). Elements of ecology. San Francisco: Pearson Education,Inc.Wagner, T., & Sanford, R. (2005). Environmental science: Active learning laboratories and applied problem sets. USA: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.No. of Meetings Specific Topics Learning Objectives( Benchmarks)Student Activities Assessment Tools Resources1 OrientationCourse RequirementGrading SystemClassroom policiesEnvironmental Principles Formulate 3 questions about1.course objectives2.course requirement3.grading system4.classroom managementpoliciesList down 3 personal learning goalsEnumerate the environmentalprinciplesListing of personallearning goalsListing of theEnvironmentalPrinciplesQuiz on theEnvironmentalPrinciplesPower pointpresentationCourse outline(refer to SSC’swebsite)3 Nature of ScienceScientific MethodDescribe an environmentalapplication of the scientific methodRepresent observations ofenvironmental phenomena to ahypothesisIdentify dependent and independentvariablesInterpret graphs and tablesdescribing data about anenvironmental phenomenaReading of an article:Put a little science inyour life ( B. Green)Activity 1: Science andMedia (Wagner, T. &Sanford R.)Activity sheetLCD and 1computer setPhotocopy of theactivity sheet4 Structural Aspects ofnature( STRUCTURE OF ANECOSYSTEM)Levels of BiologicalOrganizationBiotic and abioticcomponentsIdentify biotic and abioticcomponents in an ecosystemDescribe the trophic levels occupiedby organism in a food chainDescribe the levels of biologicalorganization in a given situationInterpret the pyramid of numbers,pyramid of biomass, and energyPowerpoint presentationon ecosystemActivity 2. Web of lifeactivityEcosystem diagramRubric in assessingthe ecosystemdiagramLCD and 1computer setYarn and recycledpaperPyramids of Numbers/Biomass/ energy pyramidIllustrate the principal characteristics of an ecosystem through a diagramAssess the sustainability of a given ecosystem ( natural, artificial or a combination of both6 Dynamics, patterns andprocesses( FUNCTIONALCOMPONENT OFAN ECOSSYTEM)A. food chain/ food webB. energy flowC. biogeochemical cycles Interpret the feeding relationshipof organisms in a food webRecall the processes, chemicalreactions, and other appropriatefactors involved in thebiogeochemical cyclesAssess when chemicals circulatingin the biogeochemical cycles canbecome pollutantsIdentify the processes and chemicalreactions involved in the cycles.Apply the law of thermodynamicsin solid waste managementAnalyze one’s food preference/dietbased on the energy pyramidDescribe the pathway of nutrientsand energy in an ecosystemPredict the effects of the disruptionof the food chain to the populationof a particular species in a givenecosystemArrange common solid wastemanagement practices accordingto the most effective pollutionConcept mapActivity 3. Photo collagedepicting thebiogeochemical cycleand a food web in amarine ecosystemRubric for conceptmap andphotocollageNewspaperRecycled manilapaperPentel penprevention to the least effective Predict the effect of persistent organic pollutants to top predators in the food chainPredict the effect of the disruption of the cycle to the other component in an ecosystem8 RELATIONALa. Natural Selectionb. CommunityInteractionc. Ecological Successiond. Ecological Nichese. Life History Strategiesf. Biomes Describe theory of natural selection.Describe the type of relationshipexisting between species.Recall endemic species in thePhilippines.Sequence the events that took placeto show the following:process of evolutionchanges involved in ecologicalsuccessionIdentify the types of evolutionarypattern.Identify biomes based oncharacteristics such as vegetation,level of diversity, animals found andphysical conditions prevailing in thearea.Compare and contrast r-selectedspecies from K-selected speciesClassify ecological niches of speciesbased on the following:native speciesexotic/alien/introducedPowerpoint presentationon PhilippineBiodiversityActivity 4. Creativepresentation of endemicspeciesRubric forintellectual sharingPower pointpresentationFace maskfeaturing endemicspeciesindicator specieskeystone speciesCompare and contrast a generalist from a specialist.10 Sustainable Use of NaturalresourcesBiodiversity ConservationSustainable DevelopmentEcological FootprintEnvironmental Issues( Global warming) Name the different types ofbiodiversity.Identify the causes of the decline ofbiodiversityRecall definition of the following:ecological footprintcarrying capacitysustainable developmentIdentify the greenhouse gases.Classify sources of energy asrenewable and non-renewable.Calculate the amount of wastegenerated in a given time by a givennumber of people.Estimate amount of carbon dioxideemissions released from burning agiven unit of fossil fuelsAnalyze the relationship ofpopulation, affluence andtechnology on environmentaldegradation.Interpret graphs, charts showingsources of air, water and landpollution.Describe the essential aspects ofsustainable development.Activity 5. Field Trip atBataan Technology ParkIncorporated, MorongBataanWritten individualreflection paperGroup discussionGroup written outputActivity 6.Film showing:Inconvenient TruthGlobal WarmingSwindleSignosActivity 7. CalculationRecognizing HumanimpactsEcological Footprintsand sustainabilityActivity 8: EcologicalIdentityRubric on:Peer- EvaluationSelf- EvaluationGroup/teamevaluationConcept map of thecauses, effects andresponse to globalwarmingActivity sheetsResource persons( or coordinatewith professors inthe campusteaching subjectslike Women’sStudies,Anthropology,Ethics)Video cameraChaperonesVCD/DVDcopies of thedocumentary filmsAnalyze data (eg. Dissolved oxygen, turbidity, pH) collected on common surface water quality.Weigh the pros and cons of using plastic and paper.Describe sustainable methods of conserving natural resources Describe indigenous peoples’ way of life.Correct misconceptions about global warming1 CulminatingActivity Celebration of LifeEnvironmental Festivalshowcasing the creativeoutput of each class afterthe ecological trip Present the output to all studentstaking up ecology and to selectedjudgesCoordinate with the theologyclasses to organize a send-off massfor the new batch ofenvironmental stewards, 1st sem and2nd semEnvironmental Festival Rubric for:Class CreativeOutputJudgesVenue for theEnvironmentalFestival1 Final Exam。