医学专业英语第一章节学习笔记
医学英文知识点总结归纳
医学英文知识点总结归纳1. AnatomyAnatomy is the study of the structure of the human body. It is essential for medical students and healthcare professionals to have a thorough understanding of anatomy in order to accurately diagnose and treat patients. Key areas of anatomy include the musculoskeletal system, the nervous system, the cardiovascular system, and the respiratory system.Musculoskeletal system: This system includes the bones, muscles, and joints of the human body. It is essential for movement, support, and protection. Key topics in musculoskeletal anatomy include bone structure, muscle types, and joint movements.Nervous system: The nervous system is responsible for coordinating the body's activities and transmitting signals between different parts of the body. Key areas of nervous system anatomy include the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.Cardiovascular system: The cardiovascular system is responsible for circulating blood and delivering oxygen and nutrients to the body's tissues. Key topics in cardiovascular anatomy include the heart, blood vessels, and the circulatory system.Respiratory system: The respiratory system is responsible for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment. Key areas of respiratory anatomy include the lungs, airways, and the process of breathing.2. PhysiologyPhysiology is the study of how the body functions. It is essential for medical professionals to have a strong understanding of physiology in order to understand the mechanisms underlying health and disease. Key areas of physiology include cell biology, organ systems, and homeostasis.Cell biology: Cells are the basic units of life, and understanding their structure and function is essential for understanding physiology. Key topics in cell biology include cell membrane structure, cellular metabolism, and cell communication.Organ systems: The human body is composed of multiple organ systems that work together to maintain homeostasis. Key areas of organ system physiology include the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, and digestive system.Homeostasis: Homeostasis is the process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment despite external changes. Key topics in homeostasis include temperature regulation, fluid balance, and hormonal control.3. PathologyPathology is the study of disease. It is essential for medical professionals to have a strong understanding of pathology in order to diagnose and treat patients accurately. Key areas of pathology include the causes of disease, the mechanisms of disease progression, and the body's response to disease.Causes of disease: There are many factors that can cause disease, including genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Key topics in the causes of disease include infectious agents, genetic mutations, and environmental toxins.Mechanisms of disease progression: Once a disease has been initiated, there are many potential mechanisms by which it can progress. Key areas of disease progression include inflammation, cell proliferation, and tissue remodeling.Body's response to disease: The body has a complex system of defenses against disease, including the immune system and other physiological responses. Key areas of the body's response to disease include inflammation, immune function, and repair mechanisms.4. PharmacologyPharmacology is the study of how drugs interact with the body. It is essential for medical professionals to have a strong understanding of pharmacology in order to prescribe medications safely and effectively. Key areas of pharmacology include drug actions, drug interactions, and the use of medications in different patient populations.Drug actions: Medications have specific effects on the body, and understanding these effects is essential for prescribing medications safely. Key topics in drug actions include drug receptors, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics.Drug interactions: Many medications can interact with each other, leading to potential adverse effects. Key areas of drug interactions include drug-drug interactions, drug-food interactions, and drug-disease interactions.Use of medications in different patient populations: Medications may have different effects in different patient populations, such as children, elderly patients, and patients with comorbidities. Key areas of using medications in different patient populations include pediatric pharmacology, geriatric pharmacology, and pharmacotherapy in special populations.5. Clinical medicineClinical medicine is the practice of applying medical knowledge to diagnosing and treating patients. It is essential for medical professionals to have a strong understanding of clinical medicine in order to provide high-quality patient care. Key areas of clinical medicine include history taking, physical examination, diagnostic testing, and treatment options.History taking: Obtaining a thorough medical history is essential for accurately diagnosing and treating patients. Key areas of history taking include the patient's chief complaint, past medical history, family history, and social history.Physical examination: Performing a comprehensive physical examination is essential for identifying potential signs of disease. Key areas of physical examination include inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation.Diagnostic testing: Ordering and interpreting diagnostic tests is essential for confirming a diagnosis and guiding treatment decisions. Key areas of diagnostic testing include laboratory tests, imaging studies, and other specialized testing.Treatment options: Once a diagnosis has been established, there are many potential treatment options available to patients. Key areas of treatment options include medications, surgical interventions, and non-pharmacological therapies.In conclusion, medical knowledge encompasses a wide range of topics, including anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and clinical medicine. In order to provide high-quality patient care, medical professionals must have a strong understanding of these topics. This summary provides a comprehensive overview of key knowledge areas in the field of medicine, and is essential for anyone studying or practicing in the field of healthcare.。
医学专业英语第一章
Chapter 1Section A Medical Terminology1.IntroductionHow many medical words are there in a medium-sized medical? The answer is around 100,000, which is only a conservative estimate. Moreover, like the jargon in all forward-moving fields, the number is expanding so constantly and quickly that it defies any memorization! There are tools, however, that can aid in learning and remembering medical terms and even help in marking informed guesses as to the meaning of unfamiliar words. Furthermore, their number are limited, about 400 to 500 or so (the most active ones),but the conbination derived from them are enormous. So, to learn how to use these tools is much more efficient and meaningful than to try to memorize every medical term.Most medical terms are based on Greek and Latin words, which are consisten and uniform throughout many differiend areas. The tools you are going to learn to use are these Greek and Latin parts of words, which are called the root, prefix ,suffix, combining vowels and combining forms.- The root is the foundation of the word and all medical terms have one or more roots.- The prefix is the begainning of the word. Not all medical terms contain prefix, but the prefix have an important influence on meaning.- The suffix is the ending of the word and all medical terms have a suffix.- The combining vowel is the vowel that links the root to another root.- The combining form is the combination of the root and combining vowel.Section B Human BodyIn this passage you will learn:- Classification of organ systems- Structure and function of each organ system- Associated medical terms1. To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, hematology, psychology ect.2. Anatomists find it useful to divide human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nevers system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are discribed in this article.3.The skeletal system is made of bones, joins berween bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and provide the points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes--long, short, cube-shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the longbones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow,where blood cells are made.4. A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull.Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane--as with the hinge joint of the elbow--or movement around a single axis--as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ballshaped end of one bone fits into a socker at the end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints.5. Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together.It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult.6.The muscular system allows the body to move, and its contractions produce heat, which helps maintain a constant body tempreture. Striated muscles can be constiously controlled.The ends of these muscles are attached to different bones by connective tissue bands so that when the muscle contracts, one bone moves in relation to the other. This makes it possible to move the whole body,as when walking, or to move just one part of the body, as when bending a finger.7.Contractions of the heart and smooth muscles are not under conscious control. Smooth muscles are found in the walls of the organs such as the stomach and the intestines and serve to move the contents of these organs through the body.8.The circulatory system. All parts of the body must have nourishment and oxygen in order to function and grow, and their waste products must be removed before they accumulate and poison the body. The circulatary system distributes needed materials and removes unneeded ones. It is made up of the heart, blood vessels,and blood,which together make up the cardiovascular system.The blood is also part of the body's defense system.It has antibodies and white blood cells that protect the body against foreign invaders.9.The heart is a muscle that is divited into two nearly identical halves: one half receives boold from the lungs and sends it to the rest of the body, the other half sends blood that has traveled through the body back to the lungs.When the heart muscles contracts,the blood is forced out into arteries and enters small capillaries. Blood returns to the heart through veins.10.Also functioning in circulation is the lymphtic system.Some of the fluid that surrounds cells does not reenter the blood vessels directly.This fluid, called lymph, returns to the heart by way of another system of channels--the lymph vessels.Lymph nodes along these vessels filter the fluid before it reenters the blood.The spleen is a large lymphatic organ that filters the blood.11.The respiratory system takes in oxygen from the air and expels carbon dioxide and water vapor.Air enters the nose and mouth and travels through the larynx,and trachea.The trachea divedes to enter each of the teo lungs and then divides more than 20 times to form a very large number of small air spaces. Oxygen from the air enter the blood through capillaries in the walls of these air spaces,and the blood releases carbon dioxide into the air spaces to be exheled.12.The digestive system consists of a tube extending from the mouth to the anus.In it, food and fluids are taking in,moved through the body,and broken down into small molecules that are obsorbed into the circulatory system.This breakdown, known as digestion,is both a mechanical and a chemical process.13.Food enters through the mouth, where chewing and saliva start to break it up and make it easier to swallow.Next the food travels down through the esophagus to the stomach.Contraction ofthe stomach's muscular wall continue to break down the food mechanically,and chemical digestion continues when acid and enzymes are secreted into the stomach cavity.14.The liquified food gradually passed into the small intestine.In the first part of the small intestine,called the duodenum,enzymes from the pancreas are added. These enzymes complete the chemical breakdown of the food.The digestion of fat is added by bile,which is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder.The small intestine of an adult is about 21 feet(6.4 meters) long.Most of its length is devoted to avsorbing the nutrients released during these digestive activities.15.The liquid remainder of the food enters the large intestine,or colon,which is about 12 feet(3.7 meter) long.It is more than twice as wide as the small intestine.In the large intestine most of the fluid is absorbed, and the relatively dry residues are expelled.16.The urinary system maintains normal levels of water and of certain small molecules such as sodium and potassium in the body. It does this by passing blood through the kidneys, two efficient filtering organs that get rid of any excess of various molecules and conserve those molecules that are in short supply.17.The fluid that leaves the kidneys,known as urine,travles through a tube called the ureter to the bladder.The bladder holds the urine until it is voided from the body through another tube, the urethra.18.The endocrine system. The two system that control body activities are the endocrine system and the nervous system.The former exerts its control by means of chemical messengers called hormones. Hormones are produced by a variety of endocrine glands, which release the hormones directly into the blood stream.19.A major gland is the pituitary, which is located under the brain in the moddle of the head.It produces at least eight hormones, which affect growth, kidney function, and development of the sex organs.Because some of the pituitary's hormones stimulate other glands to produce their own hormones,the pituitary is called the master gland.20.Another gland, the thyroid is located between the collar bones.Its hormone controls the rate of the body's metabolism.The sex organs(ovaries and tests)make the sex cells and also make hormones that control certain characteristics of the males and females. Located on the top of each kidney is the adrenal gland,which produces cortisone and adrenaline.The pancreas produce not only digestive enzymes but also insulin and glucagon, which control the body's use of the sugar and starches.21.The nervous system--the brain, the spinal cord, and the nerves--also controls body activities.The lower parts of the brain control basic functions such as breathing and heart rate as well as body temperature ,hunger,and thirst.Above these regions are the centers for sight, sound, touch, smell, and taste, and the regoins that direct voluntory muscular activities of the arms and legs.Performed here are the higher functions of integrating and processing information.22.The brain receives and sends information by means of nerves, many of which lie partly in the spinal cord.The spinal cord is protected by the spinal column.Nerves enter aand leave the spinal cord at each level of the body,traveling to and from the arms, legs, and trunk.These nerves bring information from the various sence organs.The information is processed by the brain, and the messages are carried back to muscles and glands throughout the body.23.The reproductive system is constructed differently for males and females. The male reproductive system is responsible for producing , transporting and maintaining viable sperm(the male sex cell).It also produces the male sex hormone, testosterone, which regulates thedevelopment of a bread, pubic hair, a deep voice and other bodily characteristics of the adult male.24.The female productive system is responsible for producing and transporting ova(the female sex cells) eliminating ova from the body when they are not fertilized by sperm, and nourishing a newborn child.The female reproductive system also produces the female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone, which regulate the development of breasts and other bodily characteristics of the mature female.25.The skin is complete layer that protects the inner structures of the body, and it is the largest of the body's organs.It keeps out finger substances and provents excessive water evaporation.The nerves in the skin provide tactile information.The skon also helps keep the body's temperature close to 98.6℉(about 37℃): heat is conserved by reducing blood flow through the skin or is expended by increasing blood flow and by evaporation of sweat from the skin.Hair and nails are accessory structures of the skin.第一章医学术语A部分1.Introduction有多少医学词是在一个中等大小的体检吗?答案是大约10万,这只是保守的估计。
学术英语(医学)Unit1~4课文翻译
Unit 1 Text A神经过载与千头万绪的医生患者经常抱怨自己的医生不会聆听他们的诉说。
虽然可能会有那么几个医生确实充耳不闻，但是大多数医生通情达理，还是能够感同身受的人。
我就纳闷为什么即使这些医生似乎成为批评的牺牲品。
我常常想这个问题的成因是不是就是医生所受的神经过载。
有时我感觉像变戏法，大脑千头万绪，事无巨细，不能挂一漏万。
如果病人冷不丁提个要求，即使所提要求十分中肯，也会让我那内心脆弱的平衡乱作一团，就像井然有序同时演出三台节目的大马戏场突然间崩塌了一样。
有一天，我算过一次常规就诊过程中我脑子里有多少想法在翻腾，试图据此弄清楚为了完满完成一项工作，一个医生的脑海机灵转动，需要处理多少个细节。
奥索里奥夫人 56 岁，是我的病人。
她有点超重。
她的糖尿病和高血压一直控制良好，恰到好处。
她的胆固醇偏高，但并没有服用任何药物。
她锻炼不够多，最后一次 DEXA 骨密度检测显示她的骨质变得有点疏松。
尽管她一直没有爽约，按时看病，并能按时做血液化验，但是她形容自己的生活还有压力。
总的说来，她健康良好，在医疗实践中很可能被描述为一个普通患者，并非过于复杂。
以下是整个 20 分钟看病的过程中我脑海中闪过的念头。
她做了血液化验，这是好事。
血糖好点了。
胆固醇不是很好。
可能需要考虑开始服用他汀类药物。
她的肝酶正常吗？她的体重有点增加。
我需要和她谈谈每天吃五种蔬果、每天步行 30 分钟的事。
糖尿病：她早上的血糖水平和晚上的比对结果如何？她最近是否和营养师谈过？她是否看过眼科医生？足科医生呢？她的血压还好，但不是很好。
我是不是应该再加一种降血压的药？药片多了是否让她困惑？更好地控制血压的益处和她可能什么药都不吃带来的风险孰重孰轻？骨密度 DEXA 扫描显示她的骨质有点疏松。
我是否应该让她服用二磷酸盐，因为这可以预防骨质疏松症？而我现在又要给她加一种药丸，而这种药需要详细说明。
也许留到下一次再说吧？她家里的情况怎么样呢？她现在是否有常见的生活压力？亦或她有可能有抑郁症或焦虑症？有没有时间让她做个抑郁问卷调查呢？健康保养：她最后一次乳房 X 光检查是什么时候做的？子宫颈抹片呢？ 50 岁之后是否做过结肠镜检查？过去 10 年间她是否注射过破伤风加强疫苗？她是否符合接种肺炎疫苗的条件？奥索里奥夫人打断了我的思路，告诉我过去的几个月里她一直背痛。
医科专业英语重点词汇 (1)
Unit 7 Text A Words & Phrases1. cardiovascular system心血管系统2. circulatory system循环系统3. plasma血浆4. erythrocyte红细胞5. leukocyte白细胞6. platelet count血小板计数7. megakaryocyte巨核细胞8. hematocrit血细胞比容9. hemoglobin血红蛋白10. diffuse扩散，弥漫11. granulocyte粒细胞12. osmotic pressure渗透压13. phagocytosis吞噬作用14. interferon干扰素15. systemic circulation体循环16. pulmonary circulation肺循环17. deoxygenated blood去氧血18. tricuspid valve三尖瓣19. pulmonic valve肺动脉瓣20. aortic valve主动脉瓣21. tachycardia心动过速22. bradycardia心动过缓23. systole心缩期24. diastole心舒期Unit 8 Text A Words & Phrases1. atrium心房2. ventricle心室3. mitral / bicuspid valve二尖瓣4. semilunar valve半月瓣5. endocardium心内膜6. myocardium心肌7. epicardium心外膜8. pericardium心包(膜)9. pulmonary trunk肺动脉干10. stethoscope听诊器11. murmur (心脏)杂音,12. pacemaker cell P细胞(起搏细胞)13. sinus /sinoatrial node窦房结14. atrioventricular node房室结15. aorta主动脉16. common carotid artery颈总动脉17. artery动脉18. capillary毛细血管19. superior / inferior vena cava上腔静脉/下腔静脉。
(完整版)医学专业英语1-4单元术语解释、短语和课后习题答案
Chapter 1Human Body as a WholeMedical TerminologyLearn the following combining forms, prefixes and suffixesand write the meaning of the medical term in the space provided.1. a hormone secreted from the adrenal gland2. inflammation of the adrenal gland3. pertaining to medicine4. pertaining to biology5. pertaining to chemistry6. pertaining to the blood vessel7. pertaining to cells8. pertaining to molecules9. pertaining to the medicine of the living thing10. the study of the living thing11. pertaining to the physics of the living thing12. the study of the heart13. the disease of the heart14. the record of the heart waves15. the study of the human inner secretion from glands16. pertaining to the production of hormone17. the study of inner gland secretion18. the red blood cell19. the white blood cell20. the lymph cell21. the study of cell22. the study of chemistry of cell23. the study of biology of cell25. the tumor of the embryo26. the study of the disease of the embryo27. the study of the human inner secretion from glands28. pertaining to the inside of the heart29. pertaining to the inside of the cell30. above the skin31. above the skin32. inflammation of the skin33. red blood cells34. instrument of measuring red blood cells35. to breathe out the waste gas36. to drive somebody or something out37. to spread outside38. sth that produces diseases39. the study of blood40. blood cells41. the study of tissues42. the study of tissue pathology43. therapy treatment, hence tissue treatment44. pertaining to the base45. pertaining to the toxin46. pertaining to symptoms47. the study of body’s auto protection from diseases48. protected from49. deficiency in the immune system of the body50. substance from the adrenal gland51. water from it52. the study of societies53. the study of urinary system55. lymph cells56. tumor of the lymphatic system57. the study of the lymphatic system58. the study of physical growth59. a doctor of internal medicine60. treatment by physiological methods61. the new growth ,tumor62. the study of mind63. abnormal condition of the mind64. the study of the relationship between psychology and biology65. a condition of over activity of the thyroid gland66. the condition of under activity of the thyroid gland67. the inflammation of the thyroid gland68.cutting apart the human body as a branch of medical sciences69. cut open the bone70.to cut the heart open71. pertaining to the blood vessel72. inflammation of the blood vessel73. pertaining to the lymphatic system and the blood vesselKey to the Exercises B.1.（embryo）embryology2.(process/condition) mechanism3.(heart) cardiovascular4.(color) chromatin5.(secretion) endocrinology6.(cell) cytology7.(sth. that produces or is produced) pathogen8.(lymph) lymphatic9.(the study of) psychology10.(pertaining to) regularLanguage Points:put together组成known as 叫做joints between bones关节to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body牵动骨骼肌引起各种运动hip joint髋关节flexible有韧性的cushioning缓冲replaced by bone 骨化one bone moves in relation to the other两骨彼此靠近产生运动contents物质nourishment营养物质function发挥功能waste products废物accumulate积聚poison the body危害生命distributes运送needed materials有用的物质unneeded ones废物is made up of包括protect…against foreign invaders防止外来侵袭（See! Power Point）identical对等的receives吸收traveled through流经forced out压送reenter流入directly直接地channels 管道filters过滤larynx喉管trachea气管two lungs左右肺very large number of 大量的air spaces肺泡release释放出extending 延伸到broken down分解absorbed into吸收进chewing咀嚼esophagus食管Key to the Section B Passage 1 Exercises B.1. (The skeletal system consists of bones, joints and soft bones.)2. (Heart is generated when muscles are contracted, which helps keep the bodytemperature constant.)3. (The circulation of blood carries useful materials to all body cells while removing wasteones.)4. (Oxygen is inhaled and carbon dioxide is exhaled in the process of respiration.)5. (The digestion of food involves both mechanical and chemical procedures.)6. (The urinary system keeps normal levels of water and of certain chemicals in the body.)7. (The pituitary is a major gland located under the brain in the middle of the head.)8. (The brain collects and processes information and then sends instructions to all parts ofthe body to be carried out.)9. (The main function of the male reproductive system is to generate, transport and keepactive male sex cells.)10. (The largest of the body’s organs, the skin protects the inner structure of the body with acomplete layer.)Key to the Section A Passage 1 Exercises E.1.cardiovascular diseases2. function of the pituitary3. the urinary tract4. molecules5. artery6. endocrinology7. dyspnea / difficulty in respiration 8. saliva9. histology 10. blood circulation11. hematology 12. physiology13. anatomy 14. the female reproductive15. nervous cells 16. immunology17. indigestion / poor in digestion 18. voluntary muscle19. embryology 20. psychologySection B, Passage 2 Cells and TissuesLanguage PointsOrganized组（构）成arranged in to构成in turn are grouped into又进一步组成serves its specific有特定的bear in mind记住result from源于billions亿万determind确立fit on合在一起by contrast相比之下machinary机构while normally在正常情况下function with great efficiency高效地发挥作用are subject to易于发生result in导致millionth百万分之一equal等于average一般 a speck barely visible基本上看不见的一个小点The science that deals with cells on the smalleststructural and functional level is called molecular biology.从最小的结构及功能水平研究细胞的科学叫分子生物学。
医学英语笔记
医学英语笔记English:Medical English is a specialized form of language that is used in the field of medicine, healthcare, and pharmaceuticals. It is essential for healthcare professionals to have a strong command of medical English in order to effectively communicate with colleagues, patients, and other healthcare professionals. Medical English includes terms, vocabulary, and phrases related to anatomy, physiology, medical procedures, diagnosis, treatment, and pharmaceuticals. It also involves understanding medical abbreviations, acronyms, and symbols commonly used in medical documentation and reports. In addition, medical English also encompasses the ability to effectively communicate and convey complex medical information in a clear and understandable manner to patients and their families. Proficiency in medical English is crucial for accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, patient education, and collaboration among healthcare professionals.中文翻译:医学英语是医学、医疗保健和制药领域使用的专门语言形式。
医学英语课文翻译unit
Unit1肺和肾的功能肺的血管系统肺从两个血管系统----支气管循环系统和肺循环系统获得血液供应。
它的营养血液来自于支气管循环系统，流向肺部除肺泡外的所有组织，因为支气管循环系统始于主动脉及上肋间动脉，接受大约1%的心输出量。
大约三分之一的支气管循环的静脉输出流入全身静脉，然后回到右心房。
剩余的输出流入肺静脉，并在心脏最小静脉的作用下，在正常情况下，以1%-2%的量自右向左分流。
肺动脉系统沿着气道从肺门向外周延伸，向下连接下段气道（直径大约2毫米）的动脉，它们壁薄且富有弹性。
从这儿开始，动脉成肌肉化发展，直至其达到30微米，此时肌层消失。
因为这些小肌肉动脉起着积极控制肺部血流分布的作用，所以大部分动脉压降产生在这些小肌肉动脉中。
肺小动脉将血液排空，送入广泛分布的毛细血管网，进入肺静脉。
肺静脉的壁很薄，它们最终在肺门处与动脉和支气管汇合，出肺进入左心房。
肾结构成分人类肾脏在解剖学上位于腹膜后隙，与下胸椎和上腰椎平行。
每个成年人的肾脏大约重150克，长、宽、厚分别为12厘米、6厘米以及3厘米。
肾脏的冠状部分分为/由两个明确的区域（组成）。
外周部的皮质大约1厘米厚，深部的髓质由几个肾锥体构成。
这些锥体状结构的底部位于皮髓质结合处。
锥体的顶部伸入肾门，称为肾**。
每个肾**被一个肾小盏包裹。
肾小盏与肾大盏相聚组成肾盂。
经肾**流出的尿液汇集在肾盂，通过输尿管排入膀胱。
由主动脉分支出来的肾总动脉为两肾输送血液。
肾总动脉通常分为两个主侧支，这两个侧支又进一步分为叶动脉，为肾脏上、中、下区域供应血液。
当这些血管进入肾实质，变成叶间动脉通向肾皮质时，（这些血管）又进一步细分。
细分后的更小血管在皮髓质结合处成为竖支--弓状动脉。
从弓状动脉伸出的叶间动脉进入皮质。
由于传入小动脉始于这些末端叶间动脉，所以为肾小球毛细血管输送血液。
组织学上，肾脏是由一个叫做“肾单位”的基本单位组成。
每个肾脏约含有一百万个肾单位，“肾单位”有两个主要成分：过滤成分―紧包着毛细血管网（肾小球）和一个附着在上面的小管组成。
临床医学医学英语笔记+高口笔记-打印版
English for Medical Purposes哪些是好的中文句子？他是一个好的跑者。
他善于跑步。
他跑得快。
He is a good runner.中文多用动词英文多用名词温泉里洗个澡，电影院里看场电影，一天很快就过去了。
A bath in the hot spring and a film at the cinema finished the day quickly.He took a bath in the hot spring and saw a film at the cinema. In this way, he passed the day quickly.医学英、汉语表达思维差异：异物（foreign body）伤及晶状体（lens）或过多接触高温会引发白内障（cataract）形成。
Foreign body injury to the lens or their overexposure to heat will initiate cataract formation异国情调的中文He was a clever man, a pleasant companion and a careless student.他是一个聪明的男人，一个愉快的伙伴，一个粗心的学生。
他聪明，好相处，就是读书马马虎虎。
二十世纪初，跨西伯利亚铁路竣工。
为了开发这片土地，一时冲动之下，数百万人像潮水般涌来，在城镇和乡村定居。
这种情况一直延续到第一次世界大战爆发。
近年来，移民回流已成定局。
The inflow of millions of settlers to the land and town, resulting from the impulse, given to opening up of the country by the completion of the Trans-Siberian railway by the beginning of the twentieth century and which continued to the outbreak of World War I, now shows a steady reverse trend in the recent years.励志小句If you are heading in the right direction, each step, no matter how small, is getting you closer to your goal!cutting-edge technology 前沿技术，尖端技术human upper extremity人体上肢nerve reattachment神经再附着术blood vessel reanastomosis血管吻合术gen:产生、生殖genetics [dʒi'netiks] n.遗传学gen + tics︱︱生→发生学gene 基因genesis ['dʒenisis] n.起源gloss舌aglossia n.[医]无舌症a + gloss + ia︱︱︱无舌名词后缀glossitis [gl ‘saitis] n.舌炎hypoglossal [haipәu‘gl si]n.[解]舌下神经paraglossa [pærә‘gl sә] n.副舌holo:全holoblastic [ h lәu'blæstik] adj.[生]全裂的(指某些有少卵黄的卵细胞)holo + phot︱︱全光holocrine [‘h lәukrin] adj.[生理] 全浆分泌的holocrystalline [h lәu'kristәlain] adj. 全晶的hydr（o）:水hydrocehalus n. 脑积水hydro + cephal + us︱︱︱水头名词后缀hydragogue [`haidrәg g] n.利尿剂, 水泻剂adj.利尿的hydropathy [hai‘dr pә i] n.水疗法hydrophobia ['haidrәu'fәubjә] n.狂犬病, 恐水病Unit 9Para. 1low-back pain 腰背痛、成人腰痛the catalogue of life’s certainties一个人一生中有些事情是确定无疑的。
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医学专业英语（阅读一分钟reading I）<人卫出版>第一章节学习笔记目录：1.section A翻译2.章节构词汇总chapter1:Human Body as a WholeSection A:原文翻译：医学术语学1 引言一本中等医学词典中一共有多少医学单词？这个答案围绕在100，000左右，这也仅仅是保守计算而来。
此外，比如一些在先进领域中的术语，它的数量拓展的如此频繁和快速以至于不能背诵。
然而，这里有一些工具能帮助学习并且记忆医学术语，甚至能帮助你对不熟悉的单词进行有根据的推测。
此外，它们的数量被限制在400到500左右（最常用到的），但是随着结合派生之后它们的数量是巨大的。
因此，学习如何使用这些工具远比尝试记住所有的医学术语来的更加高效和有意义。
大多数医学术语是基于古希腊和拉丁文字，它们在许多地区保持一致和统一。
你将要学习并使用的工具，就是这些古希腊和拉丁部分的单词，它们有些被称作词根、前缀、后缀、、连接元音和构词成分。
词根是单词的基础，所有的医学单词中都含有至少一个或多个。
前缀是单词的开始。
并不是所有的医学单词有含有前缀，但是前缀对词汇的意义有着重要的作用。
后缀是单词的结束，并且所有的医学单词有含有一个后缀。
连接元音是连接词根和后缀或词根和词根之间的元音。
构词成分是词根与连接元音的结合体。
举例，分析此单词：Endo crin o logyEndo(前缀within/inner:在……之内)crin(词根secrete：分泌)O (连接元音)logy(后缀study of ：有关……的研究) crin+o=crino（构词成分）因此通过分析单词的组成（endocrino)内分泌学的意义被锁定为：关于人类腺体内分泌的学术研究。
（激素；荷尔蒙hoemones）2构词成分，前缀和后缀学习下列构词成分，前缀后缀并且在规定的空格内写下医学词汇的含义。
(1)Adren/o adrenal gland 肾上腺Adren al:-al Petraining to (有关于……的）adj.肾上腺的adrenal glandandren aline：(a) -lin/line，substance（物质）n「生化」肾上腺素 a hormone secreted from the adrenal glandadren alitis: (a)-itis, inflammation(炎症）n. 肾上腺炎inflammation of the adrenal glandmedic al：pertaining to medicine adj. 医学的；药的biologic al：pertaining to biology adj. 生物学的chemic al：pertaining to chemistry adj. 化学的(3) -ar pertaining to 有关于；……的vascul ar：vascul/o，blood vessel adj.血管pertaining to blood vesselscellul ar：adj.细胞的pertaining to cellsmolecul ar: adj.分子的pertaining to melocules(4) bi/o life 生物，生命bio medical：adj.生物医学的pertaining to the medicine of the living thingbio logy: -logy, study of n.生物学the study of living thingcardi ology：n「内科」心脏病学the study of heartcardi o pathy: -pathy,disease n. 心脏病the disease of the heartcardi o gram: -gram, record n.心电图the record of the heart waves【课堂补充：CPR—ccardiopulumonary resuscitation】(6) chrom/o color 色chromat/ochrom o somes:-somes, bodies n. 染色体(副数) the color body, the substance that carries genetic fatures from parents to children（把遗传性质遗传给孩子的物质）chromat in：-in，substance n.染色质 a protein substance in the nucleus of a cell, component of chromosomes 一种细胞核中的蛋白质物质，染色体中的组件chromat o plasm：-plasm，jelly substance (果冻物质)in cell n.染色质the coloredendo crino logy：n.内分泌学the study of human inner secretion from glandscrino genic: gen/o,+ -ic pertaining to production adj.促分泌的pertaining to the production of hormonecrino logy: n.分泌学the study of gland secretion(8) -cyte cell 细胞erythr o cyte：eryth/o，red n.红细胞the red blood cellleuk o cyte: leuk/o,white n.白细胞the white blood celllymph o cyte: lymph/o, lymph(淋巴) n.淋巴细胞the lymph cell(9) cyt/o cell 细胞cyto logy：n.细胞学the study of cellcyto chemistry: n.细胞化学，显微生物学the study of biology of cellembryo logy：n.胚胎学the study of embryoembryo ma: -oma,tumor n.胚瘤the tumor of the embryoembryo pathology:payhology, n.胚胎病理学the study of disease of the embryo (11) endo- inner 内endo crinology: n.内分泌学the study of the hunman inner secretion from glandsendo cardial: adj. 心内膜的，心脏内的pertaining to the inside of the heartendo callular: adj. 细胞内的pretaining to the inside of the cell(12) epi- above 上epi thelial: thelial,inner skin, adj.「生物」上皮的the covering tissue above the skin(覆盖于组织之上)epi derm ic: derm/o ,skin adj.外皮的，表皮的above the skinepi dermat itis：表皮炎inflammation of the skin【课堂补充：epithelium is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue nervous tissue(上皮组织与结缔组织、肌肉组织、和神经组织一样，是动erythr o cyte n.红细胞red blood cellsErythr o cyt o meter:-meter,instrument n.红血球计数器instrument 藕粉counting red blood cellerythro gene sis: -sis, state of (……的状态）红细胞发生the state of producing the red blood cell(14) ex- out 外，出ex hale: hale,breathe v. 呼气to breathe out the waste gas(废气)ex pel:pel, dirve v.驱逐，排除to drive somebody or someting outpatho gen：n.病原体sth that produces diseasesoxy gen: oxy-,oxygen n.氧气oxygen producednitro gen：nitro-,nitro group n.「化学」氮niter air produced(16) hemat(hem)/o blood 血hemato logy:n.血液学the study of bloodhemo globin:-globin,protein n.血红蛋白；血红素protein of blood =heamoglobin abbr.Hb，HGBhemo cyte：n.红细胞blood sells(17) hist/o tissue 组织histo logy: n.组织学the study of tissueshisto pathology: n.组织病理学the study of disease of tissuesbasic: adj. 基础的pertaining to the basetoxic: adj. 有毒的，中毒的pertaining to the toxin(毒)immuno logy：n. 免疫学the study of body's auto protection from diseasesimmune: adj.免疫的protected fromimmuno deficiency：n.免疫缺陷deficiendy in the immune system of the body (20) -ine/in substance 素adrenal ine：n.肾上腺素hoemone produced from the adrenal glandinsul in：insulu/o,island n.胰岛素substance that looks like islandur ine: ur/o,the urinary tract(尿路)，n.尿素、尿液substance from the urinary tract (21) -ism process or condition 状态，过程meta bol ism：meta-,change(变换) n.新陈代谢hence the process of change, the total of the chemical process in a cellana bol ism: ana-,up, n.合成代谢hence the process of building up complex materials(protion) from simple materials(材料物质)cata bol ism: cata-,down, n.分解代谢hence the process of breading downcomplexsocio logy: soci/o, society n.社会学the study of societyurino logy: n.泌尿科学the study of urinary systemlympho cyte: n.淋巴细胞lymph cellslympho ma：n.淋巴癌tumor of the lympathatic systemlympho logy: n.淋巴学the study of the lymphatic system(24) physi/o physical 生理的physio logy：n.生理学branch of the biological scireces dealing with the functioning of organisms(生物科学中的一个分支，研究生物体功能)physi cian:-cian,personnel in a certain field n.内科医师a doctor of internal medicinephysio therapy：n.物理疗法trearment by physiological methods(25) -plasm formation，growth orsubstance of formation 浆：质cyto plasm: n.细胞质jelly substance in the cellproto plasm：prot/o,first n.原生质the first jelly substance in the cellneo plasm: neo-,new n.「医」新生物，赘生物the new growth(26) psych/o mind 精神psycho logy: n.心理学the study of mindpsych osis:-osis,abormal condition n.精神病:精神错乱abnormal condition of the mindpsycho biology: n.心理生物学the study of the relationship between psychology and biology(27) -somes bodies 体chromo somes:n.染色体the color body or the subsrance that carries genetic features from parents to childrencentro somes:centr/o, center n.中心体bodies in the centerribo some:rib/o,ribose n.核糖体(NA) the body of nucleic acid(28) thyr/o thyroid gland 甲状腺hyper thyro id ism:hyper-,over\too much n.甲状腺机能亢进a condition of excessive activity of the thyroid glandhypo thyro id ism:hypo under \too little n. 甲状腺机能低下a condition of too little activity of the thyroid glandana tomy：ana-，apart n.解剖；解剖学cuyying apart the human body as a branch of medical sciencesosteo tomy: oste/o,bone n.截骨术，骨切开术surgical incision of bonevascul ar:n. 血管的pertaining to the blood vesselvascul itis: n.血管炎inflammation of the blood vesselvasculo lymphatic: adj. 血管淋巴管的pertaining to the lymphatic system and theblood vessel。