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中考1600单词英汉字母排序带音标版

中考1600单词英汉字母排序带音标版

1600中考单词英汉字母排序版编号 词性 音标 单词 词意 默写单词 默写汉语 1 art. En a(an) 一(个、件……) 2 n. E5bIlItI ability 能力;才能 3 a. 5eIbl able 能够;有能力的 4 ad./E5baJt about 大约;到处;四处;关于;在各处;四处 5 prep . E5bQv above 在……上面 6 ad. E5brC:d abroad 到(在)国外 7 a. A5bsEnt absent 缺席;不在 8 n. Ak5sent accent 口音;音调 9 vt. Ek5sept accept 接受 10 n. 5AksIdEn t accident 事故,意外的事 11 vi. / n. eIk ache 痛;疼痛 12 vt. E5tFi:v achieve 达到;取得 13 prep E5krCs across 横过;穿过 14 n. /v. Akt act 法令;条例;表演,扮演(角色);演出,行 15 n. 5AkFEn action 行动 16 a. 5AktIv active 积极的,主动的 17 n. Ak5tIvIt I activity 活动 18 vt. Ad 增添;增加 19 n. E5dres address 地址 20 n. Ed5vB:nt eIdV advantag e 优点;好处 21 n. Ed5vE:tI smEnt advertis ement 广告 22 n./v t. Ed5vaIs advice 忠告;劝告;建议 23 vt. E5fC:d afford 负担的起(……的费用);抽的出(时间); 24 a. E5freId afraid 害怕的;担心的 25 ad./prep 5B:ftE after 在后;后来/在……之后;在……后面/ 26 n. 7BftE5nu :n afternoo n 下午,午后 27 ad. E5geIn again 再一次;再,又 28 prep . E5geInst against 对着,反对 29 n. eIdV age 年龄;时代 30 ad. E5gEJ ago 以前 31 v. E5gri: agree 同意;应允 32 n. E5gri:mE nt agreemen t 同意;一致;协定 33 n. eE air 空气;大气 34 n. 5eElaIn airline 航空公司 35 n. 5eEpleIn airplane (美)飞机 36 n. 5eEpC:t airport 航空站,飞机场 37 a. E5laIv alive 活着的,存在的 38 ad./a./p C:l all 全部地/全(部);所有的;总;整/全部;全39 vt. E5laJ allow 允许,准允40 ad. 5C:lmEJst almost 几乎,差不多41 a. E5lEJn alone 单独的,孤独的42 ad./prep E5lCN along 向前;和…..在一起;一同/沿着;顺着43 ad. E5laJd aloud 大声地44 ad. C:l5redI already 已经45 ad. 5C:lsEJ also 也46 conj. C:L5tej although 虽然;尽管47 ad. 5C:lweIz always 总是;一直;永远48 n. E5merIkE America 美国;美洲49 a./n. E5merIkEnAmerican 美国人;美国人的/美国人50 prep. E5mQN among 在……中间;在(三个以上)之间51 a. 5eInFEnt ancient 古代的;古老的52 conj. End and 和;又;而53 a. 5ANgrI angry 生气的,愤怒的54 n. 5AnImEl animal 动物55 a./pron. E5nQTE another 再一;另一;别的;不同的/另一个56 n./v. 5B:nsE answer 回答,答复;回信;答案57 n. Ant ant 蚂蚁58 pron./a. 5enI any (无论)哪一个;那些/任何的;(用于疑问59 pron. 5enI7bCdIanybody 任何人,无论谁60 pron. 5enIwQn anyone 任何人,无论谁61 pron. 5enIWIN anything 什么事(物);任何事(物)62 ad. 5enIweI anyway 不管怎样63 ad. 5enIweE anywhere 任何地方64 vi. E5pIE appear 出现65 n. 5Apl apple 苹果66 n. eIprEl April 四月67 n. 5ZErIE area 面积;地域;区域;范围;领域68 n. B:m arm 臂,支架69 n. 5B:Mi army 军队70 ad./prep E5raJnd around 在周围;在附近/在……周围;大约71 vi. E5raIv arrive 到达;达到72 n. B:t art 艺术,美术;技艺73 n. 5B:tIkl article 文章;东西;冠词74 ad./conj Az as 像……一样;如同;因为/作为,当作75 n. 5eIFE Asia 亚洲76 a. 5eIFEn Asian 亚洲的;亚洲人的77 n. 亚洲人78 v. B:sk ask 问,询问;请求,要求;邀请79 a. E5sli:p asleep 睡着的,熟睡80 prep. At at 在(几点钟);在(某处)81n. / a. Et5lAntI k Atlantic 大西洋(的) 82n. E5tenFEn attentio n 关心;注意 83 n. 5C:gEst August 八月 84 n. B:nt aunt 伯母;舅母;审;姑;姨 85 n. Cs5treIl jE Australi a 澳洲;澳大利亚 86 a./n . C5strIlI En Australi an 澳洲的;澳大利亚的/澳大利亚人 87 n. 5C:tEm autumn 秋天,秋季 88 a. E5veIlEb l availabl e 有用的;有效的 89 v. E5vCId avoid 避免;躲开;逃避 90 v. E5weIk awake(aw oke ;唤醒;醒着的 91 ad. E5weI away 离开;原离 92 n. 5beIbI baby 婴儿 93 ad./a./n bAk back 回(原处);向后/后面的/背后;后部;背 94 n. 5bAkgraJ nd backgrou nd 背景 95 a. bAd bad (worse, 坏的;有害的;不利的;严重的 96 n. bAg bag 书包;提包;袋子 97 n. bC:l ball 球 98 n. bE5lu:n balloon 气球 99 n. bAm5bu: bamboo 竹 100 n. bE5nB:Ne banana 香蕉 101 n. bANk bank (河、海、湖的)岸,堤;银行 102 n. 5beIsbC:l baseball 棒球 103 a. 5beIsIk basic 基本的 104 n. 5bB:skIt basket 篮子 105 n. 5bB: skItbC:l basketba ll 篮球 106 n. 5bB:WrJm bathroom 浴室 107 v. bi: be 是(原形),其人称和时态形式有 108 n. bi:Tf beach 海滨,海滩 109 n. Bze bear 熊 110 v./n . bi:t beat(bea t, 敲打;跳动;打赢/(音乐)节拍 111 a. 5bju:tEf Jl beautifu l 美的,美丽的,美观的 112 conj . bI5kCz because 因为 113 v. bI5kQm become(b ecame, 变得;成为 114 n. bed bed 床 115 n. 5bedru:m bedroom 寝室,卧室 116 n. bi: bee 蜜蜂 117 n. bi:f beef 牛肉 118 prep ./ad bI5fC: before 在……以前;在……前面/以前在…..之前 119 v. bI5gIn begin(be gan, 开始,着手 120 n. bI5heIvj E behaviou r 行为,举止 121 prep ./ad bI5haInd behind (表示位置)在……后面/在后面;向后 122 v. bI5li:v believe 相信;认为123 n. bel bell 钟,铃;钟(铃)声;钟形物 124 prep . bI5lEJ below 在……下面 125 prep . bI5saId beside 在…..旁边;靠近 126 prep . bI5saIdz besides 除……以外(还有)还有,此外 127 prep . bI5twi:n between 在(两者)之间,在……中间 128 prep . bI5jCnd beyond (表示位置)在……的那边 129 a. bIg big 大的 130 n. baIk bike=bic ycle 自行车 131 n. bIl bill 帐单;法案,议案;(美)钞票,纸币 132 n. bE:d bird 鸟 133 n. bE:W birth 出生;诞生 134 n. 5bE:WdeI birthday 生日 135 n. 5bIskjJt biscuit 饼干 136 n. bIt bit 一点,一些,少量 137 a. 5bItE bitter 有苦味的;痛苦的;难过的;严酷的 138 n./a . blAk black 黑色/黑色的 139 n. 5blAkbC:d blackboa rd 黑板 140 n. blaInd blind 瞎的 141 n. blQd blood 血,血液 142 v. blEJ blow(ble w, blown) 吹;刮风;吹气 143 a. blu: blue 蓝色 144 n. bC:d board 木板;布告牌;委员会;(政府的)部 145 n. bEJt boat 小船,小舟 146 n. 5bCdI body 身体 147 n./v . bJk book 书;本子/预定,定(房间、车票等) 148 a. 5bC:Rin boring 乏味的;无聊的 149 a. bC:n born 出生 150 v. 5bCrEJ borrow (向别人)借用;借 151 n. bCs boss 领班;老板 152 a./p ron. bEJW both 两;双/两者;双方 153 n. 5bCtl bottle 瓶子 154 n. 5bCtEm bottom 底部;底 155 n. bEJl bowl 碗 156 n. bCks box 盒子,箱子 157 n. bCI boy 男孩 158 n. breIn brain 脑子 159 a. breIv brave 勇敢的 160 n. bread bread 面包;食物,粮食;生计 161 v breIk break(br oke, 打破(断、碎);损坏,撕开 162 n. 5brekfEs t breakfas t 早餐 163 n. breW breath 气息;呼吸 164 vi. bri:T breathe 呼吸165 n.. brIdV bridge 桥166 a. braIt bright 明亮的;聪明的167 vt. brIN bring(brought, 拿来,带来,取来168 n. 5brQTE brother 兄;弟169 n./a. braJn brown 褐色,棕色/褐色的,棕色的170 v./n. brQF brush 刷;擦/刷子171 v. bIld build(built, 建筑;造172 n. 5bIldIN building 建筑物;房屋;大楼173 v. bE:n burn(-ed,ed/burn 燃,烧;着火;使烧焦;使晒黑174 n. bQs bus 公共汽车175 n. 5bIznIs business (本分)工作;职业;生意;交易;事业176 a. 5bIzI busy 忙(碌)的177 conj./pr bQt but 但是;可是/除了;除…之外178 n. 5bQtE butter 黄油;奶油179 n. 5bQtEflaI butterfly蝴蝶180 vt. baI buy(bought, 买181 prep. baI by 靠近;在…旁边;在…时间;不迟于;被;用;182 int. baI bye 再见183 n. 5kAbIdV cabbage 卷心菜;洋白菜184 n. keIk cake 蛋糕;糕点;饼185 n./v. kC:l call 喊;叫;电话,通话/称呼;呼唤;喊;叫186 n. 5kAmEl camel 骆驼187 n. 5kAmErEl camera 照相机;摄象机188 n. kAmp camp (夏令)营189 modal v. kAn can(can’t)能够;可以;会;(不能)190 n. 5kAnEdE Canada 加拿大191 v. 5kAnsEl cancel 取消192 n. 5kAndl candle 蜡烛193 n. 5kAnsE cancer 癌194 n. 5kAndI candy 糖果195 n. kAp cap (无檐的或仅在前面有檐的)帽子;(瓶子196 n. 5kApItl capital 首都;省会;大写;资本197 n. 5kAptIn captain (海军)上校;船长;舰长;队长198 n. kB: car 汽车;小卧车199 n. kB:d card 卡片;名片;纸牌200 n./v. kZE care 照料;保护;小心/介意…;在乎;关心201 a. 5kZEfJl careful 小心的;仔细的;谨慎的202 a. 5kZElIs careless 粗心的;漫不经心的203 vt. 5kArI carry 拿;搬;带;提;抬;背;抱;运等204 n. kAt cat 猫205 v. kAtF catch(caught, 接住;捉住;赶上;染上(疾病)206 n./vt. kC:z cause 原因;起因/促使;引起;使发生207 n. si:5di: CD(conpa ct disk 光盘 208 n. 5si:lIN ceiling 天花板;顶棚 209 v. 5selIbre It celebrat e 庆祝 210 n. sent cent 美分(100 cents=1 dollar) 211 n. 5sentE centre (美中心,中央 212 n. 5sentfJr I century 世纪,百年 213 a. 5s\:tn certain 确定的,无疑的;一定会…… 214 n. tFeE chair 椅子 215 n. 5tFeEmEn chairman /chairwo 主席;会长;议长 216 n. tFC:k chalk 粉笔 217 n. tFB:ns chance 机会,可能性 218 n./v . tFeIndV change 零钱;找头.改变,变化;/更换;兑换 219 vt./n. tFB:nt chant 咏唱;歌颂;/颂歌;曲子 220 a. tFi:p cheap 便宜的,贱 221 v. tFi:t cheat 骗取,哄骗;作弊 222 n./v t. tFek check 检查;批改;/校对,核对;检查;批改 223 n./v i. tFIE cheer 欢呼;喝彩 224 n. tFi:z cheese 奶酪 225 n. 5kemIstr I chemistr y 化学 226 n. tFes chess 棋 227 n. tFest chest 箱子;盒子;胸部 228 n. 5tFIkEn chicken 鸡;鸡肉 229 n. tFaIld child (pl.chil 孩子,儿童 230 n. 5tFaInE China 中国 231 a./n . 7tFaI5ni :z Chinese 中国的;中国人的;中国话的,汉语的;/中国 232 n. 5tFCkleI t chocolat e 巧克力 233 n. tFCIs choice 选择;抉择 234 vt. tFU:z choose(c hose, 选择 235 n. 5tFCpstI ks chopstic ks 筷子 236 n. 5krIsmEs Christma s 圣诞节(12月25) 237 n. tF\:tF church 教堂;教会 238 n. 5sInImE cinema 电影院;电影 239 n./v t. s\:kl circle 圆圈;/将……圈起来 240 n. 5sItI city 市,城市,都市 241 vi./klAp clap 拍手;鼓掌 242 n. klB:s class (学校里的)班;年级;课 243 n. 5klB:sme It classmat e 同班同学 244 n. 5klB:srU m classroo m 教室 245 vt./a. kli:n clean 弄干净,擦干净;/清洁的,干净的 246 klIE clear 清晰的;明亮的;清楚的 247 a. klevE clever 聪明的,伶俐的 248 v. klaIm climb 爬,攀登249 n. klCk clock 钟 250 v. klEJn clone 克隆(无性繁殖出来的有机体群) 251 vt. klEJz close 关,关闭 252 n. klEJTz clothes 衣服;各种衣物 253 n. klaJd cloud 云;云状物;阴影 254 a. 5klaJdI cloudy 多云的,阴天的 255 n. klQb club 俱乐部 256 n. kEJtF coach 教练;马车;长途车 257 n. kEJl coal 煤;煤块 258 n. kEJst coast 海岸;海滨 259 n. kEJt coat 外套;涂层;表皮;皮毛 260 n. 5kCfI coffee 咖啡 261 n. kCIn coin 硬币 262 n. kEuk coke 可口可乐 263 a./n . kEuld cold 冷的,寒的;/寒冷;感冒,伤风 264 vt. kE5lekt collect 收集,搜集 265 n. 5kClIdV college 学院;专科学校 266 n./v t. 5kQlE colour (美颜色;/给……着色,涂色 267 vi. kQm come(cam e, come) 来,来到 268 a. 5kQmfEtE bl comforta ble 舒服的;安逸的;舒服自在的 269 a. 5kCmEn common 普通的,一般的;共有的 270 v. kE5mju:n Ikeit communic ate 交际;传达(感情,信息等) 271 n. kE5mju:n I7keitFE communic ation 交际;交往;通讯 272 n. 5kQmpEnI company 公司 273 vt. kEm5peE compare 比较;对比 274 n. 5kCmpItI FEn competit ion 比赛;竞赛 275 vt. kEm5pli:t complete 完成;结束a .完成的 276 n. kCmpE5zI FEn composit ion 作文;作曲 277 n. kEm5pju:tE computer 电子计算机 278 n. 5kCnsEt concert 音乐会;演奏会 279 n. kEn5dIFE n conditio n 条件;状况 280 n. 5kCnfErE ns conferen ce (正式的)会议 281 vt. kE5nekt connect 连接;把…联系起来 282 vt. kEn5sIdE consider 考虑 283 vi. kEn5tInj U continue 继续 284 vt./ n. kEn5trEl control 控制 285 5kCnvEse IFEn conversa tion 谈话,交谈 286 n. kuk cook 炊事员,厨师z ,.烹调,做饭 287 n. 5ku:kE cooker 炊具(锅、炉灶、烤炉等) 288 a. ku:l cool 凉的,凉爽的;酷 289 n./v . 5kCpI copy 抄本,副本;一本(份,册……)/抄写;复印; 290 n. 5kC:nE corner 角;角落;拐角291 v./a . kE5rekt correct 改正;纠正;/正确的,对的;恰当的 292 v./n . kCst cost(cos t, cost) 值(多少钱);花费;/价格 293 n./a . 5kCtEn cotton 棉花;/棉花的 294 n./v i. kCf cough 咳嗽 295 moda l v. kuld could (can 的过去式)可以;(表示许可或请求)可 296 vt. kaunt count 数,点数 297 n. 5kQntrI country 国家;农村,乡下 298 n. 5kQntrI 7saId countrys ide 乡下,农村 299 n. kQpl couple 夫妇;一对 300 n. 5kQrIdV courage 勇气;胆略 301 n. kC:s course 过程;经过;课程 302 n. 5kQzIn cousin 堂(表)兄弟,堂(表)姐妹 303 n./v . 5kQvE cover 盖子;罩./覆盖,遮盖;掩盖 304 n. kau cow 母牛,奶牛 305 n. 5kreIEn crayon 蜡笔;蜡笔画 306 a. 5kreIzI crazy 疯狂的 307 vt. 5krIeIt create 创造;造成 308 n./v t. krCs cross 十字形的东西;/越过;穿过 309 a. krU:l cruel 残酷的;无情的 310 n./v . kraI cry 叫喊;哭声;/喊叫;哭 311 n. 5kQltFE culture 文化 312 n. kQp cup 茶杯 313 v. kQt cut(cut, cut) 切,剪,削,割 314 n. dAd dad (daddy) (口语)爸爸,爹爹 315 a./a d./n 5deIlI daily 每日的;日常的/每天/日报 316 n./v i. 5dB:ns dance 跳舞 317 n. 5deIndVE danger 危险 318 a. 5deIdVEr Es dangerou s 危险的 319 v./a ux.v deE dare 敢;敢于 320 a. dB:k dark 黑暗;暗处;日暮;黑暗的;暗淡的;深色的 321 n. deIt date 日期;约会 322 n. 5dC:tE daughter 女儿 323 n. deI day 天; 日;白天 324 a. ded dead 死的;无生命的 325 a. def deaf 聋的 326 v. di:l deal 量,数额;交易 327 a. dIE dear 亲爱的 328 n. deW death 死 329 n. dI5sembE December 十二月 330 v. dI5saId decide 决定;下决心 331 n. dI5sIVEn decision 决定;决心 332 a./ ad.di:p deep 深的;/深;深厚333 n. dI5gri: degree 程度;度数;学位 334 a. dI5lIFEs deliciou s 美味的,可口的 335 n. 5dentIst dentist 牙科医生 336 vi. dI5pend depend 依靠;依赖;指望;取决于 337 vt. dIs5krai b describe 描写,叙述 338 n. desk desk 书桌,写字台 339 v./v t. dI5velEp develop (使)发展;(使)发达;(使)发育;并发嘶./ 340 n. dI5velEp ment developm ent 发展;发达;发育;开发 341 n. 5daIElCg dialogue 对话 342 n. 5daIErI diary 日记;日记簿 343 n. 5dIkFEnE rI dictiona ry 词典,字典 344 v. daI die 死 345 n. 5dIfrEns differen ce 不同 346 a. 5dIfrEnt differen t 不同的,有差异的 347 a. 5dIfIkEl t difficul t 难的;艰难的;不易相处的 348 n. 5dIfIkEl tI difficul ty 困难;费力 349 v. dIg dig(dug, dug) 挖(洞、沟等);掘 350 n. 5dInE dinner 正餐,宴会 351 a./v t. dI5rekt direct 直接的;直达的;直截了当的/指挥;指导; 352 n. dI5rekFE n directio n 方向;方位 353 a. 5d\:tI dirty 脏的 354 vt. dIs5kQvE discover 发现 355 n. dIs5kQvE rI discover y 发现 356 vt. dIs5kQs discuss 讨论,议论 357 n. dIs5kQFE n discussi on 讨论,辩论 358 n. dI5zi:z disease 病,疾病 359 n. dIF dish 盘,碟;盘装菜;盘形物 360 vt. dIs5mIs dismiss 解散;解雇;遣散 361 vt. dIs5t\:b disturb 扰乱;打扰 362 vt. dI5vaId divide 分;划分 363 v./a ux.v du: do(did, done) 做,干(用以构成疑问句及否定句。

论弗兰西斯·培根理性主义哲学思想

论弗兰西斯·培根理性主义哲学思想
20206 No6,2020
学 术 探 索 AcademicExploration
2020年 6月 Jun.,2020
论弗兰西斯·培根理性主义哲学思想
石 强
(陇东学院 历史与地理学院,甘肃 庆阳 745000)
摘要:文艺复兴在英国兴起的一个重要特征就是伴随着理性主义的兴起,而理性主义的兴起推动了近代自然科学 的萌芽与发展。弗兰西斯·培根创立了与经院哲学相对立的唯物主义经验论哲学,提出了“知识就是力量”的理 性主义思想,在人文主义的基础上又大大向前迈进了一步,基本完成了把哲学和自然科学从神学束缚下解放出来 的历史使命,将人们关注的重点从脱离实践的逻辑推断、虚无荒谬的诡辩、细枝末节的纠缠中解放出来,开始转向 科学认知、理性思考、重视社会实践,极大地推动了自然科学的发展及在生产实践中的应用,这是近代英国自然科 学发展乃至工业革命兴起的思想先导。理性主义的力量推动了整个文化事业的发展,使整个民族在人文主义的 道路上坚定前行。 关键词:英国;培根;理性主义;先验主义 中图分类号:B56121 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1006-723X(2020)06-0009-07
学的发展,又 需 要 将 其 一 般 性 和 特 殊 性、必 然 性 和偶然性、一 次 性 和 重 复 性、外 在 性 与 本 质 性 加
济社会发 展 形 成 了 良 性 互 动,使 英 国 在 殖 民 扩 以联系并区分,使之上升为具有普遍意义的世界
张、海外争霸、农业革命、工业革命等领域均处在 观和方法论,最终以哲学的形式使理性主义得到
本主义逐步代替了神本主义而占据了主导地位, 自由、发展和进步这样一些观念的支配,反对因
这就要求人们更多地关注现实社会,从人的自身 循守旧,反对专制统治,维护思想自由,倡导批判

最新2000-考研英语历年真题和答案(英语一)

最新2000-考研英语历年真题和答案(英语一)

ui2013年考研英语(一)真题.................................................................................................. 5Section I Use of English5 Section II Reading Comprehension. (7)Part A (7)Part B (16)Part C (19)Section III Writing (20)Part A (21)Part B (21)2013考研英语(一)答案 (22)Section I Use of English (22)Section II Reading Comprehension (25)Section III Writing (33)2012年考研英语(一)试题 (35)Section I Use of English (35)Section II Reading Comprehension (36)Part A (36)Part B (45)Part C (47)Section III Writing (48)Part A (48)Part B (48)2012考研英语(一)答案 (50)Section I (50)Section II Reading Comprehension (54)作文 (67)2011考研英语(一)试题 (71)Section I Use of English (71)Section II Reading Comprehension (72)Part A (72)Part B (81)Part C (83)Section ⅢWriting (84)Part A (84)Part B (84)2011考研英语(一)答案 (86)Section I Use of English (86)Section II Reading Comprehension (88)Section III Writing (95)2010年考研英语(一)试题 (97)Section I Use of English (97)Section II Reading Comprehension (98)Part A (98)Part B (105)Part C (106)Section ⅢWriting (107)Part A (107)Part B (107)2009年考研英语(一)试题 (109)Section I Use of English (109)Section I I Reading comprehension (110)Part A (110)Part B (117)Part C (118)Section ⅢWriting (119)Part A (119)Part B (119)2009年考研英语(一)答案 (121)Section I: Use of English (10 points) (121)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) (121)Section III: Writing (30 points) (121)2008年考研英语(一)试题 (123)Section I Use of English (123)Section II Reading Comprehension (124)Part A (124)Part B (131)Part C (132)Section III Writing (133)Part A (133)Part B (133)2008年考研英语(一)答案 (135)Section I: Use of English (10 points) (135)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) (135)Section III: Writing (30 points) (135)2007年考研英语(一)试题 (137)Section I Use of English (137)Section II Reading Comprehension (141)Part A (141)Part B (148)Part C (150)Section III Writing (151)Part A (151)Part B (151)2007年考研英语(一)答案 (153)Section I: Use of English (10 points) (153)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) (153)Section III: Writing (30 points) (153)2006年考研英语(一)试题 (155)Section I Use of English (155)Section II Reading Comprehension (159)Part A (159)Part B (166)Section III Writing (169)Part A (169)Part B (169)2006年考研英语(一)答案 (171)Section I: Use of English (10 points) (171)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) (171)Section III: Writing (30 points) (171)2005年考研英语(一)试题 (173)Section I Use of English (173)Section II Reading Comprehension (177)Part A (177)Part B (184)Part C (186)Section III Writing (187)Part A (187)Part B (187)2005年考研英语真题答案 (189)Section I: Use of English (10 points) (189)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) (189)Section III: Writing (30 points) (189)2004年考研英语(一)试题 (191)Section II Use of English (191)Section III Reading Comprehension (195)Part A (195)Part B (202)Section IV Writing (203)2004年考研英语(一)答案 (205)Section I: Listening Comprehension (20 points) (205)Section II: Use of English (10 points) (205)Section III: Reading Comprehension (50 points) (205)Section IV: Writing (20 points) (206)2003年考研英语(一)试题 (207)Section II Use of English (207)Section III Reading Comprehension (211)Part A (211)Part B (218)Section IV Writing (219)2003年考研英语(一)答案 (221)Section I: Listening Comprehension (20 points) (221)Section II: Use of English (10 points) (221)Section III: Reading Comprehension (50 points) (221)Section IV: Writing (20 points) (222)2002年考研英语(一)试题 (223)Section I Listening Comprehension (223)Part B (224)Part C (224)Section II Use of English (227)Section III Reading Comprehension (231)Part A (231)Part B (239)Section IV Writing (240)2002年考研英语(一)答案 (242)Section I: Listening Comprehension (20 points) (242)Section II: Use of English (10 points) (242)Section III: Reading Comprehension (50 points) (242)Section IV: Writing (20 points) (243)2001年考研英语(一)试题 (244)Section I Structure and Vocabulary (244)Part A (244)Part B (247)Section II Cloze Test (252)Section III Reading Comprehension (256)Section IV English-Chinese Translation (264)Section V Writing (265)2001年考研英语(一)答案 (267)Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (15 points) (267)Section II: Cloze Text (10 points) (267)Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points) (267)Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points) (267)Section V: Writing (20 points) (268)2000年考研英语(一)试题 (269)Section I Structure and Vocabulary (269)Part A (269)Part B (271)Part C (273)Section II Cloze Test (278)Section III Reading Comprehension (280)Section IV English-Chinese Translation (288)Section V Writing (289)2000年考研英语(一)答案 (291)Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (20 points) (291)Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points) (291)Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points) (291)Section V: Writing (15 points) (292)2013年考研英语(一)真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that ___1___ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by ___2___ factors. But Dr Simonton speculated that an inability to consider the big ___3___ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. ___4___, he theorized that a judge ___5___ of appearing too soft ___6___crime might be more likely to send someone to prison ___7___he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To ___8___this idea, they turned their attention to the university-admissions process. In theory, the ___9___ of an applicant should not depend on the few others___10___ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonton suspected the truth was___11___.He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews ___12___ by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had ___13___ applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale ___14___ numerous factors into consideration. The scores were ___15___ used in conjunction w ith an applicant’s score on the GMAT, a standardized exam which is ___16___out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonton found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one ___17___ that, then the score for the next applicantwould___18___ by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to___19___the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been ___20___.1. A grants B submits C transmits D delivers2. A minor B external C crucial D objective3. A issue B vision C picture D moment4. A Above all B On average C In principle D For example5. A fond B fearful C capable D thoughtless6. A in B for C to D on7. A if B until C though D unless8. A. test B. emphasize C. share D. promote9. A. decision B. quality C. status D. success10. A. found B. studied C. chosen D. identified11. A. otherwise B. defensible C. replaceable D. exceptional12. A. inspired B. expressed C. conducted D. secured13. A. assigned B. rated C. matched D. arranged14. A. put B. got C. took D. gave15. A. instead B. then C. ever D. rather16. A. selected B. passed C. marked D. introduced17. A below B after C above D before18. A jump B float C fluctuate D drop19. A achieve B undo C maintain D disregard20. A necessary B possible C promising D helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn`t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline`s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world`s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan`s. The Omnivore`s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing ,like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,”Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year – about 64 items per person – and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes –and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; he r example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment –including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment”(Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, compani es can aim “behavioral” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioral ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are sticking w ith Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, MMicrosoft's chief privacy officer, blogged: "we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioral”ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D] provide better online services27. “The industry”(Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D] internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D] goes against human nature29. which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioral ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciation[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading tolives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN`s “Red List”suggest that human being are[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world`s dominant power[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet`s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona's immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the federal government and the states.In Arizona, United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona's controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigrations law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to "establish a uniform Rule of naturalization" and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state police that ran to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court's liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately "occupied the field" and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal's privileged powersHowever, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That`s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued the Arizona`s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn't want to carry out Congress's immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona`s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers` duty to withhold immigrants` information.[B] States` independence from federal immigration law.[C] States` legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress`s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states` interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] Outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states` support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional socialscientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today`s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers . Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental changed”or “climate change”have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today`s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system bechanged: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.[C] The idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior. All require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as apercentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%. Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,”to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49) most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some。

2019-2020年高二语文下学期荷花淀

2019-2020年高二语文下学期荷花淀

学习目标:1、学习以简洁传神的对话和生动的细节刻画人物的手法。

2、学习本文充满诗情画意的景物描写,理解“诗体小说”的特点。

3、学习白洋淀地区人民英勇抗日的爱国热忱和革命乐观主义精神。

学习重点:通过细节描写来表现人物的感情的写法。

学习难点:“诗体小说”特征的把握教学手段:多媒体教学方法:朗读法、讨论法教学时数:一课时课前预习:1、熟读课文,理清文章的情节发展过程,并用自己的语言简要概括故事情节。

2、利用网络,搜寻有关孙犁的材料和对他诗体小说特征的评价的相关资料,如有可能可作成简单的POEERPOINT课件,便于课堂交流。

教学流程一、导入课文,创设情境(在优美的《高山流水》乐曲声中,徐徐展开白洋淀的风光图片,把学生带入美妙的境界,使学生进入审美享受的情境,激发学生的求知欲。

)xx年7月,正是荷花摇曳荷叶飘香的季节,我国当代文学大师孙犁在绵绵细雨声中静静地离去了,享年90岁。

巨星虽然陨落了,但白洋淀里的荷花依然开得姹紫嫣红,他的代表作《白洋淀》也象那一株亭亭玉立的荷花,静静地绽放在中国现代文学的长廊中,幽幽地散发着那怡人的清香。

今天我们就一起来走进白洋淀,感受在那战火纷飞的岁月里,发生在白洋淀里感人故事,学习白洋淀人民优秀的品质,品味孙犁小说的独特魅力。

二、整体感知,理清情节1、用自己的语言简要概述本文的故事情节:水生嫂探知丈夫参军,跟丈夫话别。

她和几个青年妇女去马庄探夫未遇,在回家的路上遇到敌船,她们躲进荷花淀,无意中把敌人引进伏击圈,为游击队伏击敌人的胜利创造条件,她们从此迅速成长起来,成为抗日游击战士。

2、文章情节发展可以分成三大部分,请分别用四字短语概括主要内容。

A、(1—31)夫妻话别(开端)B、(32—61)探夫遇敌(发展)C、(62—84)助夫杀敌(高潮、结局)D、(85)学夫卫国(尾声)三、品味语言,把握形象1、从故事情节的发展中可以看出,作者主要刻画的人物是谁?——主要刻画的是以水生嫂为代表的一群白洋淀妇女。

培根

培根

从方法论的角度出发,培根讨论了三种理解自然的方法,即蚂蚁 式的、蜘蛛式的和蜜蜂式的方法。 他认为实验家像蚂蚁,只会采集和使用材料;推论家像蜘蛛,只 凭自身的材料织网;上述这两种方法都把实验和理性分开来了,是不 可取的方法。真正的哲学应该把二者结合起来;像蜜蜂那样从花朵上 采集花粉,又以自身的能力将其消化。
13
哲学思想----四假相说
培根的哲学思想是与其社 会思想是密不可分的。
他是资产阶级上升时期的 代表,主张发展生产,渴望探 索自然,要求发展科学。他认 为是经验哲学阻碍了当代科学 的发展。因此他极力批判经验 哲学和神学权威。
他还进一步揭露了人类认 识产生谬误的根源,提出了著 名的“四假相说”。他说这是 在人心普遍发生的一种病理状 态,而非在某情况下产生的迷 惑与疑难。
例:市场假相,相当于现代分析哲学所要消除的“语义的混淆”。
17
哲学思想----四假相说
“剧场假相”:
是指各种哲学体系以及流行理论造成的错误,即人们盲目崇拜各 种传统的哲学体系和错误的证明法则,并将其移入人的心中而造成的 偏见。 培根把历史上的哲学和思想比作舞台上演出的一出出戏剧,人们往 往不知不觉地对各种哲学体系的“剧本”信以为真,丧失了批判意识 和怀疑精神。
12
哲学思想----经验归纳法
第三步,进行真正的归纳。 培根所谓真正的归纳又分为三个小步骤: (1)排除法,即排除和拒绝这样一些性质:这些性质是在有给定的性质 存在的例证中不存在的;或在给定性质不存在的例证中存在的;或者在 这些例证中给定性质减少而它却增加,或给定性质增加而它却减少的。 在进行这种排除的过程中已经为真正的归纳打下了基础。 (2)根据三表所列示的事例,做一次正面地解释自然的尝试,就是通过 排除之后得出正面的结论。 (3)纠正解释偏差的几种帮助。 培根列举了九种帮助,如“具有优先权的例证”,“归纳法的改 正”,“按题目的性质改变研究方法”等等。这九种“帮助”旨在较正 以上程序中的失误,以求得尽可能准确的结论。

戴夫合作学习结业作业

戴夫合作学习结业作业

戴夫合作学习结业作业戴夫的结业作业“全球平均寿命”单元作者信息第一步:单元合作学习活动概述请选定一个您所教的,且包含有合作学习活动的单元,并从合作学习的角度来描述相关的活动是怎样开展的,请至少包含两个合作学习活动。

第二步:合作学习目标请从内容学习、团队合作技能、世界公民意识等方面来描述单元的合作学习目标。

其中,内容学习和团队合作技能方面的目标是必须包括的。

第三步:合作学习活动设计在单元中,您可能有多个合作学习活动,请利用下面的框架来设计这些活动。

合作学习活动1:合作学习活动2:合作学习活动3:合作学习活动4:合作学习活动5:第四步:合作学习的活动评价请利用下表描述你在单元中对于合作学习的评价。

至少要含两个评价工具或方法,包括请利用下表描述你在单元中对于合作学习的评价。

至少要含两个评价工具或方法,既有指向内容学习的评价,也要包括对团队合作技能的评价。

在“评价过程描述”一栏中要清晰地描述评价目标、何时、何人、如何评、如何使用采集到的评价数据改善学生的合作学习。

第五步:技术选择及使用请描述学生将怎样使用信息化工具来促进合作学习,以及如何教会学生相应的技术。

第六步合作学习前的准备请利用下表描述你将怎样为合作学习做好准备。

你选择要教授的技能是: 如何让安静的小组成员站出来你选择要教授的技能是: 积极倾听第七步做好合作学习的管理请从支持合作者、技术管理、应对突发事件等方面,考虑如何做好合作学习的管理。

附件1 小组沟通提示阐明●……是什么意思?●关于……你能多解释一些吗?●就像……?●究竟是什么意思?●与……有何不同?●……的原因是什么?●你从哪里得来的关于……的信息?●为什么你喜欢……?●为什么你不喜欢……?鼓励互动●对于……你认为怎样?●对……你有什么想法吗?●你同意……吗?●对……你有问题吗?委婉地表示不同意●我同意你对于……的看法,但是……?●这是一个很好的观点,但是……?●我不大同意你关于……的看法,因为……扩大讨论●如果我们从另一个角度来思考的话会怎么样?●我们从头重新开始怎么样?●我们可以将此分解为……吗?●我们现在还未想到的是什么?●这个决定的影响是什么?附件2 积极倾听检查表对于积极主动的听众来说,即使当他们可能不同意说话者的观点时,也会有意地将注意力集中到说话者身上并在做出回应之前努力理解信息。

金融危机背景下我国贸易安全问题对策

金融危机背景下我国贸易安全问题对策
徐元
【期刊名称】《国际商务财会》
【年(卷),期】2009(000)011
【摘要】贸易安全概念反映的是主权国家的贸易发展和贸易利益不受内部和外部因素破坏和威胁这样一种安全状态.金融危机背景下,我国的贸易安全面临着国际国内诸多因素的挑战,我们应当采取相应对策,维护我国的贸易安全,促进我国对外贸易健康发展.
【总页数】4页(P12-15)
【作者】徐元
【作者单位】东北财经大学
【正文语种】中文
【相关文献】
1.金融危机背景下我国对外贸易的劣势分析 [J], 林昕瑶
2.金融危机背景下我国民营企业出口贸易发展研究 [J], 郭丽;李龙
3.我国对外贸易发展现状与策略——基于金融危机背景下重庆对外贸易形势报告分析 [J], 赵耽崴;吴晓风
4.经济全球化背景下国家矿产资源安全研究——基于自由贸易理论及我国当前贸易结构和贸易形势的考量 [J], 胡静锋
5.后金融危机背景下的我国服务贸易竞争力研究 [J], 杨军安
因版权原因,仅展示原文概要,查看原文内容请购买。

绝命毒师(第一季第一集中英文对白)S01E01

100:02:14,330 --> 00:02:16,240我叫Walter Hartwell WhiteMy name is Walter Hartwell White.200:02:16,450 --> 00:02:19,310住在新墨西哥州阿尔布开克I live at 308 Negra Arroyo lane300:02:19,350 --> 00:02:21,930内格拉阿罗约巷308号邮编87104Albuquerque New Mexico 87104.400:02:21,980 --> 00:02:23,610我要告诉所有的执法者To all law enforcement entitles,500:02:23,610 --> 00:02:25,400这不是一段认罪声明this is not an admission of guilt.600:02:26,060 --> 00:02:28,200而是我跟家人之间的对话I am speaking to my family now.700:02:35,870 --> 00:02:36,960SkylerSkyler...800:02:37,930 --> 00:02:39,630你是我今生的挚爱You are the love of my life.900:02:40,240 --> 00:02:41,810我希望你能了解这点I hope you know that.1000:02:43,570 --> 00:02:45,060 Walter JuniorWalter Junior...1100:02:46,080 --> 00:02:47,480 在我心中你是个男子汉了You're my big man.1200:02:48,610 --> 00:02:49,820 在接下来的几天里There are...1300:02:49,910 --> 00:02:51,900 你们会There are going to be some...1400:02:52,390 --> 00:02:53,940你们会知道Things... things...1500:02:54,640 --> 00:02:55,430关于我的That you'll come toCome to 逐渐1600:02:55,430 --> 00:02:57,770关于我的一些事情learn about me in the next few days.1700:02:57,790 --> 00:02:59,820我只想你们清楚一点I just want you to know1800:03:00,270 --> 00:03:03,600无论发生什么事That no... no matter how it may look,1900:03:03,600 --> 00:03:05,450我心里牵挂的只有你们I only had you in my heart.2000:03:12,510 --> 00:03:13,590永别了Good-bye.2100:04:10,010 --> 00:04:12,650三周前2200:05:00,180 --> 00:05:02,250Walter H White 结晶学质子辐射效应研究带头人2300:05:02,250 --> 00:05:04,770诺贝尔获奖研究项目杰出贡献奖2400:05:16,080 --> 00:05:17,540生日快乐Happy birthday.2500:05:20,060 --> 00:05:21,180瞧瞧这个Look at that.2600:05:22,110 --> 00:05:24,120这是素培根That is veggie bacon.2700:05:24,920 --> 00:05:26,680不管你信不信零胆固醇的Believe it or not. zero cholesterol.2800:05:26,680 --> 00:05:29,090吃起来也是一个味儿You won't even taste the difference.2900:05:30,270 --> 00:05:31,920你觉得自己大概几点能到家?What time do you think you'll be home?3000:05:31,920 --> 00:05:32,990老时间Same time.3100:05:33,060 --> 00:05:35,340我不希望他又缠你一整晚I don't want him dicking you around tonight.3200:05:35,420 --> 00:05:36,870你的工资给到5点You get paid till 5,3300:05:36,870 --> 00:05:38,960你就工作到5点You work till 5 no later.3400:05:43,500 --> 00:05:45,390-生日快乐啊-谢谢- Hey, happy birthday. - Well, thank you.3500:05:45,430 --> 00:05:47,380你又起晚了You're late... again.3600:05:47,560 --> 00:05:50,380又没热水了There was no hot water... again.3700:05:50,450 --> 00:05:52,210我有个简单的办法解决I have an easy fix for that.3800:05:52,350 --> 00:05:53,810你早点起床You wake up early3900:05:53,950 --> 00:05:56,840然后就可以第一个洗澡了And then you get to be the first person in the shower.4000:05:57,130 --> 00:05:58,480我也有个办法I have an idea.4100:06:00,640 --> 00:06:04,900为什么不买个新热水器呢?How about buy a new hot water heater?4200:06:04,900 --> 00:06:06,100这主意怎么样?How's that idea?4300:06:06,100 --> 00:06:09,420我都提了成千上万次了For the millionth and billionth time.4400:06:11,510 --> 00:06:13,960-止咳药喝过没?-喝了- Did you take your echinacea? - Yeah.4500:06:14,150 --> 00:06:15,840我觉得好多了I think it's getting better.4600:06:16,170 --> 00:06:19,330这是什么鬼玩意儿啊?What the hell is this?4700:06:19,850 --> 00:06:23,470素培根我觉得我们该注意下胆固醇了It's veggie bacon. We're watching our cholesterol, I guess.4800:06:23,470 --> 00:06:25,600别给我我要真培根Not me. I want real bacon.4900:06:25,600 --> 00:06:27,440不要这假冒的破烂Not this fake crap.5000:06:27,440 --> 00:06:28,440 真是糟糕Too bad.5100:06:28,590 --> 00:06:29,590 吃了它Eat it.5200:06:30,220 --> 00:06:32,940 这闻上去就像创口贴This smells like band-aids.5300:06:32,940 --> 00:06:35,060 给我吃了Eat it.5400:06:39,810 --> 00:06:42,080成为老人家感觉怎么样?So how's it feel to be old?5500:06:42,440 --> 00:06:44,690当个小破孩感觉怎么样?How does it feel to be a smart ass?5600:06:44,990 --> 00:06:46,020对得好Good.5700:06:48,410 --> 00:06:49,760赶紧吃吧Eat your veggie bacon.5800:07:09,180 --> 00:07:11,130-准备好了吗?-恩我能行- You're all set? - Yeah, I'm fine.5900:07:11,130 --> 00:07:13,340-那好回家见-再见- All right, see you at home. - Okay, see you.6000:07:17,790 --> 00:07:19,440化学Chemistry6100:07:19,740 --> 00:07:22,580是研究什么的?It is the study of what?6200:07:23,510 --> 00:07:24,800谁知道?Anyone?6300:07:26,680 --> 00:07:27,680 BenBen.6400:07:28,130 --> 00:07:29,110 化学品?Chemicals?6500:07:29,110 --> 00:07:30,600 化学品Chemicals.6600:07:31,200 --> 00:07:32,780 不对No.6700:07:33,360 --> 00:07:35,680 化学Chemistry is...6800:07:36,280 --> 00:07:37,670从学术层面说Well technically6900:07:37,950 --> 00:07:40,430化学是一门研究物质的学科Chemistry is the study of matter.7000:07:41,490 --> 00:07:44,960但是我更倾向于它是一门研究变化的学科But I prefer to see it as the study of change.7100:07:44,960 --> 00:07:47,320现在我们这样来设想一下Now just... just think about this.7200:07:47,620 --> 00:07:48,700 电子Electrons.7300:07:49,430 --> 00:07:50,400 它们They...7400:07:51,720 --> 00:07:53,400 改变自身的能级Change their energy levels.7500:07:53,400 --> 00:07:54,590 分子呢Molecules.7600:07:55,400 --> 00:07:57,780分子改变自身的化学键Molecules change their bonds.7700:07:58,720 --> 00:07:59,810这些元素Elements.7800:07:59,950 --> 00:08:02,840进行组合从而形成化合物They combine and change into compounds.7900:08:03,630 --> 00:08:06,280这就是所有生命的组成形式Well that's... that's all of life.8000:08:06,280 --> 00:08:08,570对不对?我是说这是个恒定的Right? I mean it's just... it's the constant.8100:08:08,590 --> 00:08:11,100循环的过程It's the cycle. It's solution8200:08:11,390 --> 00:08:14,090从生长到衰败再到分解并溶化Dissolution just over and over and over.8300:08:14,180 --> 00:08:18,770如此循环周而复始It is growth then decay then transformation.8400:08:21,970 --> 00:08:24,390这是如此的迷人真的It is fascinating really.8500:08:30,770 --> 00:08:31,600ChadChad...8600:08:33,490 --> 00:08:35,840你的课桌坏了吗?Is there something wrong with your table?8700:08:38,490 --> 00:08:41,220好了离子键Okay. Ionic bonds...8800:08:50,720 --> 00:08:51,880坐好了吗?Are you done?8900:08:54,640 --> 00:08:55,850离子键Ionic bonds.9000:08:56,310 --> 00:08:57,470第六章节Chapter 6.9100:09:09,540 --> 00:09:12,670一二三这是是十块再加十块一共二十One, two, three makes 10, and 10 makes 20.9200:09:12,980 --> 00:09:14,090这是您的收据Here's your receipt9300:09:14,100 --> 00:09:16,470然后拿着这张小票去找洗车员吧And hand this claiming disc to your car wash professional.9400:09:16,500 --> 00:09:18,280 -多谢-欢迎再次光临- Thank you. - Come again.9500:09:30,050 --> 00:09:31,210 他不来了He's not coming.9600:09:31,240 --> 00:09:32,690 他说他不干了He said he quits.9700:09:33,640 --> 00:09:35,470 换我来收账I'm gonna run the register.9800:09:35,640 --> 00:09:38,520Bogdan 别这样我们说好的Bogdan, no. We talked about this.9900:09:38,520 --> 00:09:40,050我人手不足WalterI'm shorthanded, Walter.10000:09:40,150 --> 00:09:41,450我能怎么办?What am I to do?10100:09:43,940 --> 00:09:44,940Walter?Walter?10200:09:46,940 --> 00:09:48,330我能怎么办?What am I to do?10300:10:08,920 --> 00:10:11,070White老师Hey, Mr. White.10400:10:12,070 --> 00:10:14,180车轮擦亮点哦Make those tires shine, huh?10500:10:14,180 --> 00:10:15,670你们肯定猜不到谁在给Chad擦车You will not believe who's cleaning Chad's car.10600:10:16,100 --> 00:10:19,100是White老师Mr. White.10700:10:19,100 --> 00:10:22,310 化学课老师From chemistry.10800:10:42,070 --> 00:10:44,300 惊喜Surprise.10900:10:44,790 --> 00:10:46,630 生日快乐老爸Happy birthday, Dad.11000:10:50,210 --> 00:10:52,390 你回来得太晚了You're so very late.11100:10:53,480 --> 00:10:55,460 我说真的SkylerReally I'm serious, Skyler.11200:10:55,720 --> 00:10:58,000你的小腹平得就跟洗衣板似的I mean you're flat as a washboard.11300:10:58,630 --> 00:11:00,160看上去太美了You look awesome.11400:11:00,360 --> 00:11:02,170她一点都看不出来是吧?She's not showing at all, is she?11500:11:02,180 --> 00:11:03,670还是有那么一点的She's showing a little.11600:11:05,230 --> 00:11:07,440Carmen 这是我妹妹MarieCarmen this is my sister Marie.11700:11:07,930 --> 00:11:09,960-很高兴见到你-你好- Pleased to meet you. - Hi.11800:11:11,690 --> 00:11:14,450格洛克-22 我的日常配枪Glock 22. It's my daily carry, okay?11900:11:14,670 --> 00:11:17,550除非是B+式自动装填I mean unless you're talking what plus b-plus loads12000:11:17,580 --> 00:11:19,7409毫米口径的都是扔货you can forget the 9-mil all right?12100:11:19,740 --> 00:11:22,520我见过9毫米子弹从挡风玻璃上弹开I seen one of those bounce off a windshield one time.12200:11:22,520 --> 00:11:24,410那枪是你射的吧Yeah the way you shoot.12300:11:25,050 --> 00:11:26,550如果你要带把枪If you're gonna bring a gun, babe.12400:11:26,560 --> 00:11:28,250就要带把够用的You gotta bring enough gun.12500:11:28,320 --> 00:11:29,500点40口径的40 caliber.12600:11:30,820 --> 00:11:33,570-这个太棒了-很不错是吧?- This is awesome right here. - Nice, isn't it?12700:11:33,890 --> 00:11:35,630爸你过来看看Dad come check this out.12800:11:36,140 --> 00:11:38,560-我看到了-过来拿着看- Yeah I see it. - Come on take it.12900:11:38,570 --> 00:11:39,840Walt 来看看Check it out Walt.13000:11:41,520 --> 00:11:43,420不不只是有点重No no it's just heavy.13100:11:43,460 --> 00:11:44,870所以警察才要男的当That's why they hire men.13200:11:46,840 --> 00:11:48,440枪不咬人知道吗?It's not gonna bite you, all right?13300:11:48,440 --> 00:11:50,950你看起来像滚石乐队的Keith Richards拿着一杯热牛奶Looks like Keith Richards with a glass of warm milk.13400:11:53,520 --> 00:11:54,080WaltHey Walt.13500:11:54,090 --> 00:11:55,880大家都听好了听好了Everybody listen up listen up listen up!13600:11:55,890 --> 00:11:57,170我要祝酒I'm gonna give a toast.13700:11:57,180 --> 00:11:59,650为我的连襟祝酒过来A little toast to my brother-in-law. Come here.00:12:00,400 --> 00:12:03,950Walt 你的大脑和威斯康星州一样大Walt. You got a brain the size of Wisconsin.13900:12:04,520 --> 00:12:07,020不过我们并不是要说你坏话But we're not gonna hold that against you.Hold against 认为某人不好,责备14000:12:07,570 --> 00:12:09,490因为你心地善良Because your heart's in the right place man.heart is in the right place或have one’s heart in the right place是习语,意为“心地善良”,“心怀善意”14100:12:09,490 --> 00:12:10,940心地善良Your heart's in the right place.00:12:10,940 --> 00:12:12,390我们爱你我们都爱你We love you man. We love you.14300:12:12,390 --> 00:12:13,990大家举杯敬WaltEverybody! To Walt!14400:12:13,990 --> 00:12:14,900干杯Na zdorovje!14500:12:14,910 --> 00:12:16,210干杯Na zdorovje!14600:12:19,790 --> 00:12:21,510该死打开第三频道Oh shit. Turn on channel 3.14700:12:24,240 --> 00:12:26,250到目前为止我们逮捕了3个人At which point we apprehended three individualsat which point用于引导定语从句,其意为“就在这时”“就在那时”等,在许多情况下相当于 and at that (this) moment。

The last leaf 剧本

The last leaf (最后一片叶子)剧本Scene 1It was the deep autumn of New York. The life there was not as bustling and noisy as it used to be. In November a cold, unseen stranger, whom the doctors called Pneumonia, stalked about the colony, touching one here and there with his icy fingers. In a cabin located in the western part of Washington square, a mite of a little woman with blood thinned by California zephyrs became another victim of him. Unfortunately, it was Johnsy. And she lay, scarcely moving, on her painted iron bedstead, looking through the small Dutch window-panes at the blank side of the next brick house.One morning the busy doctor invited Sue into the hallway with a shaggy, grey eyebrow.D:"She has one chance in - let us say, ten," (边说边甩着体温表)"And that chance is for her to want to live. But it seems your little lady has made up her mind that she's not going to get well. Has she anything on her mind?" S:"She - she wanted to paint the Bay of Naples some day."D:"Paint? - bosh! Has she anything on her mind worth thinking twice - a man for instance?"S:"A man? Is a man worth - but, no, doctor; there is nothing of the kind."(扯着嗓子)D:"Well, it is the weakness, then, I will do all that science, so far as it may filter through my efforts, can accomplish. But whenever my patient begins to count the carriages in her funeral procession I subtract 50 per cent from the curative power of medicines. If you will get her to ask one question about the new winter styles in cloak sleeves I will promise you a one-in-five chance for her, instead of one in ten.(医生走开,苏珊低声啜泣,而后故作镇定地拿着画板进入房间)S:Johnsy.J: Oh,here you come back,Sudie.(有气无力)S:Yes,dear. (走到她床边,握着她的手)J: Has the doctor gone?S: Umm. Well, if it wasn’t me who led him the way, I’m afraid….I’m afraid he would be stuck in the missing alley!(含着怨气)J: Twelve,eleven,ten……S: Johnsy, What are you counting for?J: "Six," (用气音)"They're falling faster now. Oh, there goes another one. There are only five left now."S: Five what, my dear?J: "Leaves. On the ivy vine. Three days ago there were almost a hundred. It made my head ache to count them. But now it's easy.(伤感)S: Oh, don’t do things like that! I’ll pull the shade down so that you won’t catch a cold.J: No! Please don’t, Sue…S: OK,OK, I’ll keep off the curtain. Then lie down my dear, just do not count those leaves any more.J: Poor leaves. There will be none left before long. And would a girl like me who’s about to go to the heaven be afraid of catching cold? No, certainly not.S: Oh, I’ve never heard of such nonsense. The doctor have just said that you’re getting well. How could a slight illness like this do harm to you since you are so young and charming? That’s exactly what the doctor told me!J:Sue, look at me. Don’t deny that you’ve wept. If I were going to recover, why would your face be covered with tears? I’ m not silly. I’ve read the newspaper. The pneumonia caused by flu have taken away so many people’s lives and I….I’ll be the next.旁白:琼西脸色惨白,静静地躺着,活像一尊倒塌下来的塑像,她闭上眼睛说……Johnsy opened her mouth, with her eyes closed, and lying white and still as fallen statue.J: Because I want to see the last one fall before it gets dark. I’m tired of waiting. I’m tired of thinking. I want to turn loose my hold on everything and go sailing down, down, just like one of those poor, tired leaves.S: My child, don’t be so silly. What have old ivy leaves to do with your getting well? How can you link your life with a small ivy leaf? Please do not say things like that. I’ll never let you speak that sort of words, Johnsy.J: Sue, please don’t blame me. Neither do I want to leave you as well as the beautiful world. However, I’ve tried my best to defend, like the weak leaf. I believe it doesn’t want to fall down, but how could it survive without any strength?S: No, Johnsy. Throw away the leaves from your brain, ok? Let’s think about something marvelous. Let’s think about the Bay of Naples, the motherland of VG, and the SN River in Paris.J: Oh, that’s right. We’ve engaged to travel around the Europe together and realize our artistic dreams.S:Yes, and to save up for that, we cut back daily expenses, never dine out, never buy fashionable clothes and keep off any banquet.J:(转头看窗外) There fall down another leaf and only 3 left. Tomorrow…tomorrow there’ll be none left.S: Johnsy, I beg you! Please don’t count the leaves any more.旁白:老贝尔门是住在楼下底层的一个画家。

培根简介


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培 根 的 最 后 一 部 著 作
《新 西 特 兰 提 斯 岛 》
最 后 的 著 作
人们完全可以说弗朗西斯· 人们完全可以说弗朗西斯·培根 是一位真正的现代哲学家。 是一位真正的现代哲学家。他的整个 世界观是现世的而不是宗教的( 世界观是现世的而不是宗教的(虽然 他坚信上帝)。 )。他是一位理性主义者 他坚信上帝)。他是一位理性主义者 而不是迷信的崇拜者, 而不是迷信的崇拜者,是一位经验论 者而不是诡辩学者。在政治上, 者而不是诡辩学者。在政治上,他是 一位现实主义者而不是理论家。 一位现实主义者而不是理论家。他那 渊博的学识连同精彩的文笔与科学和 技术相共鸣。 技术相共鸣。
1.只知哲学一些皮毛的人,思想会导向无神论。 只知哲学一些皮毛的人,思想会导向无神论。 只知哲学一些皮毛的人 但是,深入了解哲学,会把人带回宗教。 但是,深入了解哲学,会把人带回宗教。 2.一个机敏谨慎的人,一定会交一个好运。 一个机敏谨慎的人, 一个机敏谨慎的人 一定会交一个好运。 3.一切真正伟大的人物(无论是古人、今人,只 一切真正伟大的人物( 一切真正伟大的人物 无论是古人、今人, 要是其英名永铭于人类记忆中的), ),没有一个因 要是其英名永铭于人类记忆中的),没有一个因 爱情而发狂的人: 爱情而发狂的人:因为伟大的事业抑制了这种软 弱的感情。 弱的感情。
最重要著作
《新工具》和归纳法的创作 新工具》 《新工具》也许是培根最重要的著作。这部著作 新工具》也许是培根最重要的著作。 基本上是号召人们采用实验调查法。 基本上是号召人们采用实验调查法。由于完全依 靠亚里士多德演绎逻辑方法荒诞可笑, 靠亚里士多德演绎逻辑方法荒诞可笑,因而需要 一种新的逻辑方法——归纳法。知识并不是我们 一种新的逻辑方法 归纳法。 归纳法 推论中的已知条件, 推论中的已知条件,而是要从条件中归纳出结论 性的东西,更确切地说是我们要达到目的的结论 性的东西, 人们要了解世界,就必须首先去观察世界。 。人们要了解世界,就必须首先去观察世界。培 根指出要首先收集事实, 根指出要首先收集事实,然后再用归纳推理手段 从这些事实中得出结论。 从这些事实中得出结论。
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NO.1简要生平培根是莎士比亚的同时代人,现在甚至有一种见解,认为莎士比亚的剧作是培根的化名作品。

他是一位政治家,但是他的政治事业并不成功。

他之所以名垂青史,主要是作为一个文学家、科学家、思想家、经验主义哲学家。

他在文艺复兴时期的巨人中被尊称为哲学史和科学史上划时代的人物,伯特兰·罗素说他是近代归纳法的创始人,他也被马克思称为“英国唯物主义和整个现代实验科学的真正始祖”。

但是金无足赤,也有很多人把培根评价成历史上最见利忘义的卑鄙小人兼才子。

那么这个卑鄙是怎么回事呢,我们稍后会讲到。

培根于1561年1月22日出生于伦敦一个官宦世家。

父亲尼古拉〃培根是伊丽莎白女王的掌玺大臣,曾在剑桥大学攻读法律,思想倾向进步,信奉英国国教,反对教皇干涉英国内部事物。

母亲安尼是一位颇有名气的才女,精通希腊文和拉丁文,是加尔文教派的信徒。

良好的家庭教育使培根有些早熟,各方面都表现出异乎寻常的才智。

12岁时被送入剑桥大学三一学院深造。

在校期间,他对传统的观念和信仰产生了怀疑,开始独自思考社会和人生的真谛。

在剑桥大学学习三年后,培根作为英国驻法大使埃米阿斯〃鲍莱爵士的随员来到了法国,在旅居巴黎两年半的时间里,他几乎走遍了整个法国,接触到不少的新鲜事物,汲取了许多新的思想,这对他的世界观的形成起到了很大的作用。

1579年,培根的父亲突然病逝,他要为培根准备日后赡养之资的计划破灭,培根的生活就开始陷入贫困。

在回国奔父丧之后,培根住进了葛莱法学院,一面攻读法律,一面四处谋求职位。

1582年,他终于取得了律师资格,1584年当选为国会议员,1589年,成为法院出缺后的书记,也就是候补书记,要等原来在职的官员死了以后才能填补,但是他比较倒霉,这个职位长达20年都没有空出来。

他四处奔波,却始没有得到任何职位。

此时,培根在思想上更为成熟了,他决心要把脱离实际,脱离自然的一切知识加以改革,把经验观察、事实依据、实践效果引入认识论。

这一伟大抱负是他的科学的"伟大复兴"的主要目标,是他为之奋斗一生的志向。

1602年,伊丽莎白去世,詹姆士一世继位。

由于培根曾力主苏格兰与英格兰的合并,受到詹姆士的大力赞赏。

培根因此平步青云,扶摇直上。

1602年受封为爵士,1604年被任命为詹姆士的顾问,1607年被任命为副检察长,1613年被委任为首席检察官,1616年被任命为枢密院顾问,1617年提升为掌玺大臣,1618年晋升为英格兰的大陆官,授封为维鲁兰男爵,1621年又授封为奥尔本斯子爵。

但培根的才能和志趣不在国务活动上,而存在与对科学真理的探求上。

这一时期,他在学术研究上也取得了巨大的成果。

并出版了多部著作。

培根的一生事业到此可算是登峰造极了。

官爵、地位、名望、财富,他统统有了。

但是在他得意之中恐怕也免不了要记起他取得这些富贵荣华的时候,有些手段是可耻的吧?他受了国王和巴金汉的嗾使,曾做过好几件昧良丧心的事。

如赞成若莱爵士之处极刑;耶外吞检察长(培根友人)被审枉法案之背友;一方已主张与荷兰(西班牙之敌国)签订攻守同盟,且明知英国人民极其憎恶西班牙而同时又赞成国王与其幸臣之与西班牙联盟;又如允许剥削人民的“专卖权”;听任巴金汉伯爵干涉司法……种种这些他都难辞其咎。

在他的“论交涉”一文中有一段文章开首是这几句:“同有所需求的人交涉比较同已获所需的人交涉要好的多……”。

这一段文章好象是故意写得有点晦涩似的。

可是其中有一种愤懑不平之意,对于作者一生不得不逢迎旨意、奉承权势(先是塞西父子,后是詹姆斯一世及其幸臣)之事颇具牢骚,这是无疑义的。

我们有个词语叫乐极生悲,此后不久这个词就在培根身上应验了。

作为一个法官,培根当面接受诉讼当事人4万英镑的所谓“礼物”,虽然这件事非常普遍,但是却很明显违反了法律。

他在议会中的政敌就千方百计的抓住这个机会好把他赶下台去。

1621年,培根被国会指控贪污受贿,被高级法庭判处罚金四万磅,监禁于伦敦塔内,终生逐出宫廷,不得任议员和官职。

虽然后来罚金和监禁都被免除,但培根却由此身败名裂,从此不理政事,开始专心从事理论著述。

其实在培根逝世以前有相当的时期,他的健康已经有些不好的迹象了,但他一直忍着,没当回事儿。

他的死可以说是为科学而牺牲,事情是这样的:1626年3月底,培根坐车经过伦敦北郊。

当时他正在潜心研究冷热理论及其实际应用问题。

那天的天气非常非常冷,当路过一片雪地的时候,他突然想作一次实验,于是就买了一只鸡,把它杀了,再亲自用手拿雪塞满了鸡的肚子,以便观察冷冻在防腐上的作用。

他刚弄完这些,就觉得浑身发冷,连家都回不了了,所以就被抬到爱伦德爵士(Lord Arundel)家中,到了那里之后一星期的工夫,由于他本来体质就比较弱的缘故,支气管炎复发,病情持续恶化,于1626年4月9日清晨病逝。

遗命葬于圣尔本斯的圣迈考尔(St.Michael)教堂中他母亲的墓旁。

培根死后,人们为怀念他,就为他修建了一座纪念碑,亨利〃沃登爵士为他题写了墓志铭:圣奥尔本斯子爵如用更煊赫的头衔应称之为"科学之光"、"法律之舌"NO.2埃塞克斯伯爵这一段老师之前已经讲过,我们今天再提一下,因为这位伯爵在培根的政治生涯中占据着比较重要的地位。

培根生活奢侈,挥霍无度,“借”债累累,无所顾忌。

曾一度因欠债而被捕。

再加上政治上的不得志,使他转附艾塞克斯伯爵(Earl of Essex)之党。

伯爵年少贵显,意气飞扬,当时极得女王宠信,这个里面的实际情况大家都知道,就不再说了。

艾塞克斯因为欣赏培根的文采,对培根发生了诚挚、热情的友谊,在某种程度上成了培根的慷慨捐助人,伯爵还屡次为他亲自向女王请求要职。

曾先后替他请求过法部长官(或检察长Attorney-Generalship),次官(或辩护长,审判长Solicitor-Generalship),以及案卷司长(Master of the Rolls)之职,但是他请求得太过频繁,女王后来都烦了,直接让他“谈别的问题”。

这样连续N次都没有成功之后,伯爵可能是觉得自己没办成事儿,有些不好意思,就把自己在退肯南(Twickenham)价值二千镑的大宅子与田地家产一块儿白送给了培根。

1599年艾塞克斯出兵讨伐爱尔兰泰隆(Tyrone)之乱,无功而返,受到朝中政敌的猛烈攻击。

结果又失权又失宠,而且被短期拘禁。

虽然第二年就被释放,可是艾塞克斯心里不痛快,总觉得可以恢复以往的宠信,谁知道又因某项专卖权请求展期的事受了女王的挫。

于是恼羞成怒,就企图外结苏格兰、爱尔兰,内连失意的教派,如天主教、清教徒等。

不久他便带了少许的武装侍从直扑伦敦,以清君侧为名,发动叛乱。

但是他的企图完全失败,被捕入狱。

1601年2月19日受审,25日斩决。

我们在前面提到,培根被一些人称为历史上最见利忘义的卑鄙小人,这个“卑鄙”的名号就起源于这次案件。

在埃塞克斯两次受审的时候,培根都是奉王命陪审的。

尤其最后一次审判的时候,他似乎还很替皇家出力,并且在艾塞克斯被处极刑以后又奉命起草伯爵的罪状。

正是因为这件事情,很多人都开始厌恶培根。

从伯爵出兵平乱到培根起草罪状为止止,其间两人的关系以及培根个人行事的动机都是很微妙复杂的,很难下论断。

伯爵死后不久,在詹姆斯一世(JamesI)掌权的初年,培根曾经发表过一篇“自白”,来解释他在伯爵一案中的行为,但是这也不完全可靠,其中的措辞令人不满之处也不少。

不过,下面的这几项,可说是相当明显的:1.培根是忠于女王的。

2.征爱失败之后,艾塞克斯初次受审以及谋反以前的那些时间内,培根曾屡次替他向女王求过情。

3.艾塞克斯的谋叛至少在他的行动的表面上看来是没有疑义的。

4.培根自己当时的处境相当危险。

虽然无人告他同谋叛逆,但他不能不表示忠诚,因而不得不认真的参加对艾塞克斯的审讯,这也是没有问题的。

所以加丁纳教授(Professor Gardiner)的话似乎是最公允的论断。

他说:“培根的行为表现出他缺乏道义之感,这是不能否认的。

然而我们现在认为个人友谊的关系应该重于政治上的关系,这种看法是基于一种日见增强的政情安定之感的。

这种看法对于培根当日的政局不能适用。

在当时,如果可以用武力来推翻女王任命大臣之权(案此即艾塞克斯案之政治意义)的话,那末英国将陷于无政府状态,以及这种状态所产生的种种祸乱之中了。

”在1607年培根写了一篇“论友谊”的文章。

其中有一段开首是这么两句:“世间有些人,他们的生活好象永远是在舞台上度过似的。

这种生活对于别人是掩饰起来的,唯有自己可以明了。

然而永远的掩饰是痛苦的,而一个只顾荣华,不顾天性的人可算是一个十足的奴才……”这段文章在1625年出版的《论说文集》中是删去了的。

我们不妨认为这些话与艾塞克斯案有直接的关系。

【性格分析】培根的一生追求知识、追求权力,思想复杂多变。

从《随笔》的“论真理”、“论死亡”、“论人的天性”等篇章中,可以看到一个热爱哲学的培根。

从“论高官”、“论王权”、“论野心”等篇章中,可以看到一个热衷于政治,深谙官场运作的培根。

从“论爱情”、“论友情”、“论婚姻与独身”等篇章中,可以看到一个富有生活情趣的培根。

从“论逆境”、“论幸运”、“论残疾”等篇章中,可以看到一个自强不息的培根。

从“论作伪与掩饰”、“论言谈”等篇章中,可以看到一个工于心计、老于世故的培根。

现在到处都有高级政客因受贿或以其它手段来践踏公众的信任而被捕的例子。

当这样的人被捕时,他们往往起诉为自己辩护,声称其他每个人也都在行骗。

如果认真对待这种辩护,看来那就意味着行骗的政客会逍遥法外,除非惩罚事有先例。

培根服罪的话却与众不同:“我是这五十年来英国最正义的法官,但给我的定罪却是这两百年来议会所做的最正义的谴责”。

NO.3第一部文学著作有这样一种积极而充实的政治生涯,应该就没有时间再去干别的什么了。

但是培根不朽的名气和在世界文学史上占有的名次都是缘于他的哲学著作,而非政治活动。

他的第一部重要著作《随笔》(Essays)最初发表于1597年,是英国随笔文学的开山之作,被誉为英语散文发展的重要里程碑,其中所运用的一些新鲜词汇还进入了英国文学传统。

该作品由短小精美的短文组成,每篇文章通过摆事实,讲道理的方式,以深刻老练、沉稳有力的文字,警示世人。

几乎篇篇都是警句格言层见叠出。

在世界文学史上占据了非常重要的地位,被译成多种文字出版,至今畅销不衰。

1985年被美国《生活》杂志评选为“人类有史以来的20种最佳书”之一;同年入选美国《优良读物指南》的推荐书目。

这本书一五九七年初版时只收有十篇文章,一六一二年版增至三十八篇,一六二五年版(即末版)增至五十八篇。

在培根逝世三十一年后的一六五七年,有一个Rawley版将培根的未完稿《论谣言》(Of Fame)作为第五十九篇收入,但由于该篇只有“启承”没有“转合”,后来的通行本仍多以五十八篇为标准。

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