化学专业英语第11课
化学工程与工艺专业英语Unit_11
Unit 10 What Is Chemical Engineering?什么是化学工程学In a wider sense, engineering may be defined as a scientific presentation of the techniques and facilities used in a particular industry. For example, mechanical engineering refers to the techniques and facilities employed to make machines. It is predominantly based on mechanical forces which are used to change the appearance and/or physical properties of the materials being worked, while their chemical properties are left unchanged. Chemical engineering encompasses the chemical processing of raw materials, based on chemical and physico-chemical phenomena of high complexity.广义来讲，工程学可以定义为对某种工业所用技术和设备的科学表达。
例如，机械工程学涉及的是制造机器的工业所用技术和设备。
它优先讨论的是机械力，这种作用力可以改变所加工对象的外表或物理性质而不改变其化学性质。
化学工程学包括原材料的化学过程，以更为复杂的化学和物理化学现象为基础。
Thus, chemical engineering is that branch of engineering which is concerned with the study of the design, manufacture, and operation of plant and machinery in industrial chemical processes.因此，化学工程学是工程学的一个分支，它涉及工业化化学过程中工厂和机器的设计、制造、和操作的研究。
化学化工专业英语(课本内容)
第二章科技英语构词法词是构成句子的要素，对词意理解的好坏直接关系到翻译的质量。
所谓构词法即词的构成方法，即词在结构上的规律。
科技英语构词特点是外来语多（很多来自希腊语和拉丁语）；第二个特点是构词方法多，除了非科技英语中常用的三种构词法—转化、派生及合成法外，还普遍采用压缩法、混成法、符号法和字母象形法。
2.1转化法（Conversion）由一种词类转化成另一种词类，叫转化法。
例如：water(n.水)→water(v.浇水)charge(n.电荷) →charge(v.充电)yield(n.产率) →yield(v.生成)dry(a.干的) →dry（v.烘干）slow(a.慢的) →slow(v.减慢)back(ad.在后、向后) →back（v.使后退、倒车）square(n.正方形) →square(a.正方形的)2.2派生法（Derivation）通过加前、后缀构成一新词。
派生法是化工类科技英语中最常用的构词法。
例如“烷烃”就是用前缀（如拉丁或希腊前缀）表示分子中碳原子数再加上“-ane”作词尾构成的。
若将词尾变成“-ane”、“-yne”、“-ol”、“-al”、“-yl”，则分别表示“烯”、“炔”、“醇”、“醛”、“基”、等。
依此类推，从而构成千成种化学物质名词。
常遇到这样的情况，许多化学化工名词在字典上查不到，全若掌握这种构词法，能过其前、后缀分别代表的意思，合在一起即是该词的意义。
下面通过表1举例说明。
需要注意的是，表中物质的数目词头除前四个另有名称外，其它均为表上的数目词头。
本书附录为化学化工专业常用词根及前后缀。
此外还可参阅《英汉化学化工词汇》（第三版）附录中的“英汉对照有机基名表”、“西文化学名词中常用的数止词头”及“英汉对照有机词尾表”。
据估计，知道一个前缀可帮助人们认识450个英语单词。
一名科技工作者至少要知道近50个前缀和30个后缀。
这对扩大科技词汇量，增强自由阅读能力，提高翻译质量和加快翻译速度都是大有裨益的。
化学工程与工艺专业英语课后习题参考答案
Key to Exercise Unit 1 Chemical Industries1.the Industrial Revolutionanic chemicals3.the contact process4.the Haber process5.synthetic polymers6.intermediates7.artificial fertilizers 8.pesticides (crop protection chemicals)9.synthetic fibers10.pharmaceutical11.research and development12.petrochemicalputers(automatic control equipment)14.capital intensiveSome Chemicals Used In Our Daily LifeUnit 2 Research and Development1.R&D2.ideas and knowledge3.process and products4.fundamental5.applied6.product development7.existing product8.pilot plant9.profitbility10.environmental impact11.energy cost 12.technical support13.process improvement14.effluent treatment15.pharmaceutical16.sufficiently pure17.Reaction18.unreacted material19.by-products20.the product specification21.Product storageUnit 3 Typical Activities of Chemical Engineers1.Mechanical2.electrical3.civil4.scale-upmercial-size6.reactors7.distillation columns8.pumps9.control and instrumentation10.mathematics11.industry12.academia13.steam 14.cooling water15.an economical16.to improve17.P&I Drawings18.Equipment Specification Sheets19.Construction20.capacity and performance21.bottlenecks22.Technical Sales23.new or improved24.engineering methods25.configurationsUnit 4 Sources of Chemicals1.inorganic chemicals2.derive from (originate from)3.petrochemical processes4.Metallic ores5.extraction process6.non-renewable resource7.renewable sources8.energy source9.fermentation process10.selective 11.raw material12.separation and purification13.food industry14.to be wetted15.Key to success16.Crushing and grinding17.Sieving18.Stirring and bubbling19.Surface active agents20.OverflowingUnit 5 Basic Chemicals 1. Ethylene 2. acetic acid 3.4. Polyvinyl acetate5. Emulsion paintUnit 6 Chlor-Alkali and Related Processes 1. Ammonia 2. ammonia absorber 3. NaCl & NH 4OH 4.5. NH 4Cl6. Rotary drier7. Light Na 2CO 3Unit 7 Ammonia, Nitric Acid and Urea 1. kinetically inert 2. some iron compounds 3. exothermic 4. conversion 5. a reasonable speed 6. lower pressures 7. higher temperatures 8.9. energy 10. steam reforming 11. carbon monoxide 12. secondary reformer 13. the shift reaction 14. methane 15. 3:1Unit 8 Petroleum Processing 1. organic chemicals 2. H:C ratios3. high temperature carbonization4. crude tar5. pyrolysis6. poor selectivity7. consumption of hydrogen8. the pilot stage9. surface and underground 10.fluidized bed 11. Biotechnology 12. sulfur speciesUnit 9 PolymersUnit 10 What Is Chemical EngineeringMicroscale (≤10-3m)●Atomic and molecular studies of catalysts●Chemical processing in the manufacture of integrated circuits●Studies of the dynamics of suspensions and microstructured fluidsMesoscale (10-3－102m)●Improving the rate and capacity of separations equipment●Design of injection molding equipment to produce car bumpers madefrom polymers●Designing feedback control systems for bioreactorsMacroscale (>10m)●Operability analysis and control system synthesis for an entire chemicalplant●Mathematical modeling of transport and chemical reactions ofcombustion-generated air pollutants●Manipulating a petroleum reservoir during enhanced oil recoverythrough remote sensing of process data, development and use of dynamicmodels of underground interactions, and selective injection of chemicalsto improve efficiency of recoveryUnit 12 What Do We Mean by Transport Phenomena?1.density2.viscosity3.tube diameter4.Reynolds5.eddiesminar flow7.turbulent flow 8.velocity fluctuations9.solid surface10.ideal fluids11.viscosity12.Prandtl13.fluid dynamicsUnit 13 Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering 1. physical 2. unit operations 3. identical 4. A. D. Little 5. fluid flow6. membrane separation7. crystallization8. filtration9. material balance 10. equilibrium stage model 11. Hydrocyclones 12. Filtration 13. Gravity 14. VaccumUnit 14 Distillation Operations 1. relative volatilities 2. contacting trays 3. reboiler4. an overhead condenser5. reflux6. plates7. packing8.9. rectifying section 10. energy-input requirement 11. overall thermodynamic efficiency 12. tray efficiencies 13. Batch operation 14. composition 15. a rectifying batch 1 < 2 < 3Unit 15 Solvent Extraction, Leaching and Adsorption 1. a liquid solvent 2. solubilities 3. leaching 4. distillation 5. extract 6. raffinate 7. countercurrent 8. a fluid 9. adsorbed phase 10. 400,000 11. original condition 12. total pressure 13. equivalent numbers 14. H + or OH –15. regenerant 16. process flow rates17. deterioration of performance 18. closely similar 19. stationary phase 20. mobile phase21. distribution coefficients 22. selective membranes 23. synthetic24. ambient temperature 25. ultrafiltration26. reverse osmosis (RO).Unit 16 Evaporation, Crystallization and Drying 1. concentrate solutions 2. solids 3. circulation 4. viscosity 5. heat sensitivity 6. heat transfer surfaces 7. the long tube8. multiple-effect evaporators 9.10. condensers 11. supersaturation 12. circulation pump 13. heat exchanger 14. swirl breaker 15. circulating pipe 16. Product17. non-condensable gasUnit 17 Chemical Reaction Engineering1.design2.optimization3.control4.unit operations (UO)5.many disciplines6.kinetics7.thermodynamics,8.fluid mechanics9.microscopic10.chemical reactions 11.more valuable products12.harmless products13.serves the needs14.the chemical reactors15.flowchart16.necessarily17.tail18.each reaction19.temperature and concentrations20.linearUnit 18 Chemical Engineering Modeling1.optimization2.mathematical equations3.time4.experiments5.greater understanding6.empirical approach7.experimental design8.differing process condition9.control systems 10.feeding strategies11.training and education12.definition of problem13.mathematical model14.numerical methods15.tabulated or graphical16.experimental datarmation1.the preliminary economics2.technological changes3.pilot-plant data4.process alternatives5.trade-offs6.Off-design7.Feedstocks 8.optimize9.plant operations10.energy11.bottlenecking12.yield and throughput13.Revamping14.new catalystUnit 19 Introduction to Process Design1. a flowsheet2.control scheme3.process manuals4.profit5.sustainable industrial activities6.waste7.health8.safety9. a reactor10.tradeoffs11.optimizations12.hierarchyUnit 20 Materials Science and Chemical Engineering1.the producing species2.nutrient medium3.fermentation step4.biomass5.biomass separation6.drying agent7.product8.water9.biological purificationUnit 21 Chemical Industry and Environment1.Atmospheric chemistry2.stratospheric ozone depletion3.acid rain4.environmentally friendly products5.biodegradable6.harmful by-product7.efficiently8.power plant emissions 9.different plastics10.recycled or disposed11.acidic waste solutionsanic components13.membrane technology14.biotechnology15.microorganisms。
应用化学专业英语及答案
黄冈师范学院2009—2010学年度第一学期期末试卷考试课程：专业英语考核类型：考试A卷考试形式：闭卷出卷教师：杨一思考试专业：化学考试班级：应用化学200601 一、Translate the following into English（20 points）1.过滤2.浓缩3.结晶化4.吸附5. 蒸馏6．超临界的7.二氯甲烷8.热力学平衡9.亲电性10.表面张力11.共轭的12.酮13.平衡常数14.丙基15.丁基16.亚甲基18.环己酮19.同位素20.标准熵二、Translate the following into Chinese（20 points）1. methyl propanoate2. rate constant3. ethyl methyl ketone4. free energy5. radical intermediate6. isobutyl methyl ether7. 3-chloropropene8. primary radical9. n-propyl bromide10. bond energy 11. circulating electrons12. local magnetic fields13. tetramethylsilane14. mass to charge ratios15 phenylamine16 amide17. amine18. nucleophile19. perchlorate20. carbocation三、Translation the following into chinese （40 points）A卷【第1页共 3 页】1. We can see why benzene is stable: according to resonance theory, the more resonance forms a substance has, the more stable it is. Benzene, with two resonance forms of equal energy, is therefore more stable and less reactive than a typical alkene.2. Membranes can be defined essentially as barrier, which separates two phases and restricts transport of various chemicals in a selective manner. A membrane can be homogenous or heterogeneous, symmetric or asymmetric in structure, solid or liquid, can carry a positive or negative charge or be neutral or bipolar. Transport through a membrane can be effected by convection or by diffusion of individual molecules, induced by an electric field or concentration, pressure or temperature gradient. The membrane thickness may vary from as small as 100 micron to several mms.3. The most common industrial adsorbents are activated carbon, silica gel, and alumina, because they present enormous surface areas per unit weight.A surface already heavily contaminated by adsorbates is not likely to have much capacity for additional binding, but further heating will drive off these compounds to produce a surface with high adsorptive capacity.Temperature effects on adsorption are profound, and measurements are usually at a constant temperature. Graphs of the data are called isotherms. Most steps using adsorbents have little variation in temperature.A卷【第2页共 3 页】4. In the absence of peroxides, hydrogen bromide adds to peopene via the Markovnikov pathway to yield isopropyl bromide. In the presence of peroxides, however, the order of addition is reversed, and the product is n-propyl bromide; the addition in this case is said to be anti-Markovnikov. This is interpreted in terms of initiation of the addition reaction by bromine atom, rather than by a proton, as is the case for electrophilic addition.四、Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese（20 points）1．Benzene and its derivatives can be nitrated using a mixture of concentrated nitric and sulphuric acid. The temperature must be controlled to prevent more than one nitro-group going in.2. Benzene can be made to react with halogen derivatives using aluminium chloride as a catalyst. This is called a Friedel-Crafts reaction.can be sulphonated by reacting it with fuming sulphuric acid(oleum). The benzene reacts with sulphur trioxide in the oleum.benzene is converted into ethylbenzene by reacting it with ethene. The ethylbenzene (also called styrene) is used to make polystyrene.黄冈师范学院2009—2010学年度第一学期期末试卷参考答案及评分标准考试课程：专业英语考核类型：考试A卷考试形式：闭卷出卷教师：杨一思考试专业：化学考试班级：应用化学200601 一、Translate the following into English（20 points）2. concentrate 4. adsorption chlorideequilibriumtensionconstant14. propylmagneticresonanceentropy二、Translate the following into Chinese（20 points）1. 丙酸甲酯2. 速率常数3. 甲乙酮4. 自有能5. 自由基中间体6. 异丁基甲醚7. 3-氯丙烯8. 伯自由基9. 正丙基溴化10. 键能11.循环电子12. 局部电磁场13. 四甲基硅烷14. 质荷比15.苯胺16.氨基化合物17.胺18亲核试剂19.高氯酸盐20.碳正离子三、Translation the following into chinese （50 points）1．依据共振理论，物质具有的共振式越多就越稳定。
化学化工专业英语电子版课本
ContentPART 1 Introduction to Materials Science ＆Engineering 1 Unit 1 Materials Science and Engineering 1 Unit 2 Classification of Materials 9 Unit 3 Properties of Materials 17 Unit 4 Materials Science and Engineering: What does the Future Hold? 25 Part ⅡMETALLIC MATERLALS AND ALLOYS33 Unit 5 An Introduction to Metallic Materials 33 Unit 6 Metal Manufacturing Methods 47 Unit 7 Structure of Metallic Materials 57 Unit 8 Metal-Matrix Composites 68 Part ⅢCeramics 81 Unit 9 Introduction to Ceramics 81 Unit 10 Ceramic Structures —Crystalline and Noncrystalline 88 Unit 11 Ceramic Processing Methods 97 Unit 12 Advanced ceramic materials –Functional Ceramics 105 PARTⅣNANOMATERIALS 112 Unit 13 Introduction to Nanostructured Materials 112 Unit14 Preparation of Nanomaterials 117 Unit 15 Recent Scientific Advances 126 Unit 16 The Future of Nanostructure Science and Technology 130 Part ⅤPOLYMERS 136Unit17 A Brief Review in the Development of Synthetic Polymers 136 Unit18 Polymer synthesis: Polyethylene synthesis 146 Unit19 Polymer synthesis: Nylon synthesis 154 Unit 20 Processing and Properties Polymer Materials 165 PART VI POLYMERIC COMPOSITES 172 Unit21 Introduction to Polymeric Composite Materials 172 Unit22 Composition, Structure and Morphology of Polymeric Composites 178 Unit23 Manufacture of Polymer Composites 185 Unit24 Epoxy Resin Composites 191 Part 7 Biomaterial 196 Unit 25 Introduction to Biomaterials 196 Unit 26 Biocompatibility 205 Unit 27 Polymers as Biomaterials 213 Unit 28 Future of Biomaterials 224 PARTⅧMaterials and Environment 237 Unit29 Environmental Pollution & Control Related Materials 237 Unit30 Bio-degradable Polymer Materials 241 Unit 31 Environmental Friendly Inorganic Materials 248 Unit 32 A Perspective on the Future: Challenges and Opportunities 256 附录一科技英语构词法263 附录二科技英语语法及翻译简介269附录三：聚合物英缩写、全名、中文名对照表280附录四：练习题参考答案284PART 1 Introduction to Materials Science ＆EngineeringUnit 1Materials Science and EngineeringHistorical PerspectiveMaterials are probably more deep-seated in our culture than most of usrealize. Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation, and food production —virtually every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another by materials. Historically, the development and advancement of societies have been intimately tied to the members’ ability to produce and manipulate materi- als to fill their needs. In fact, early deep-seated根深蒂固的, 深层的civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials development (Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age).The earliest humans had access to only a very limited number of materials, those that occur naturally: stone, wood, clay, skins, and so on. With time they discovered techniques for producing materials that had propertiessuperior to those of the natural ones; these new materials included pottery and various metals. Furthermore, it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances. At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection process that involved deciding from a given, rather limited set of materials the one best suited for an application by virtue of its characteristics.①It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties. This knowledge, acquired over approximately the past 100 years, has empowered them to fashion, to a large degree, the characteristics of materials. Thus, tens of thousands of different materials have evolved with rather specialized charac- teristics that meet the needs of our modern and complex society; these include metals, plastics, glasses, and fibers.The development of many technologies that make our existence so comfortable has been intimately associated with the accessibility of suitable materials. An advancement in the understanding of a material type is often the forerunner to the stepwise progression of a technology. For example, pottery // 陶器structural elements结构成分；property //.性能automobiles would not have been possibl- e without the availability of inexpensive steel or some other comparable substitute. In our contemporary era, sophisticated electronic devices rely on components that are made from what are called semiconducting materials.Materials Science and EngineeringThe discipline of materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast, materials engineering is, on the basis of these structure–property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.“Structure’’is at this point a nebulous term that deserves some explanation. In brief, the structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components. Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei. On an atomic level, structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another. The next larger structural realm, which contains large groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated together, is termed ‘‘microscopic,’’meaning that which is subject to direct observation using some type of microscope. Finally, structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye are termed ‘‘macroscopic.’’The notion of ‘‘property’’ deserves elaboration. While in service use, all materials are exposed to external stimuli that evoke some type of response. stepwise//逐步的sophisticated//精制的，复杂的；semiconducting materials 半导体材料nebulous//含糊的，有歧义的subatomic//亚原子的microscopic//For example, a specimen subjected to forces will experience deformation; or a polished metal surface will reflect light. Property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus. Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material shape and size.Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and deteriorative. For each there is a characteristic type of stimulus capable of provoking different responses. Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force; examples include elastic modulus and strength. For electrical properties, such as electrical conductivity and dielectric constant, the stimulus is an electric field. The thermal behavior of solids can be represented in terms of heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Magnetic properties demonstrate the response of a material to the application of a magnetic field. For optical properties, the stimulus is electro- magnetic or light radiation; index of refraction and reflectivity are representative optical properties. Finally, deteriorative characteristics indicate the chemical reactivity of materials.In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials, viz. ‘‘processing’’and ‘‘performance.’’With regard to the relationships of these four components, the structure of a material will depend on how it is processed. 微观的// 宏观的deformation// 变形deteriorative//破坏（老化的）elastic modulus 弹性模量strength //强度；dielectric constant介电常数；heat capacity 热容量refraction。
化学工程与工艺专业英语课后答案
Key to Exerci se Unit 1 Chemic al Indust ries1.the Indust rialRevolu tionani c chemic als3.the contac t proces s4.the Haberproces s5.synthe tic polyme rs6.interm ediat es7.artifi cialfertil izers 8.pestic ides9.synthe tic fibers10.pharma ceuti cal11.resear ch and develo pment12.petroc hemic alput ers14.capita l intens iveSome Chemic als Used In Our DailyLifeFood artifi cialfertil izers, pestic ide, veteri naryproduc ts Health antibi otics, β-blocke rsClothi ng synthe tic fibers (e.g. polyes ters, polyam ides),synthe tic dyesShelte r synthe tic polyme rs (e.g. urea-formal dehyd e,polyur ethan es),plasti csLeisur e plasti cs and polyme rs (e.g. nylon)Transp ort additi ves (e.g. anti-oxidan ts, viscos ity indeximpove ments),polyme rs, plasti csUnit 2 Resear ch and Develo pment1.R&D2.ideasand knowle dge3.proces s and produc ts4.fundam ental5.applie d6.produc t develo pment7.existi ng produc t8.pilotplant9. a emergi ng case10.enviro nment al impact11.energy cost 12.techni cal suppor t13.proces s improv ement14.efflue nt treatm ent15.pharma ceuti cal16.suffic ientl y pure17.Reacti on18.unreac ted materi al19.by-produc ts20.the produc t specif icati on21.Produc t storag eUnit 3 Typica l Activi tiesof Chemic al Engine ers1.Mechan ical2.electr ical3.civil4.scale-upmer cial-size6.reacto rs7.distil latio n column s8.pumps9.contro l and instru menta tion10.mathem atics11.indust ry12.academ ia13.steam14.coolin g water15.an econom ical16.to improv e17.P&I Drawin gs18.Equipm ent Specif icati on Sheets19.Constr uctio n20.capaci ty and perfor mance21.bottle necks22.Techni cal Sales23.new or improv ed24.engine ering method s25.config urati onsUnit 4 Source s of Chemic als1.inorga nic chemic als2.derive from3.petroc hemic al proces ses4.Metall ic ores5.extrac tionproces s6.non-renewa ble resour ce7.renewa ble source s8.energy source9.fermen tatio n proces s10.select ive 11.raw materi al12.separa tionand purifi catio n13.food indust ry14.to be wetted15.Key to succes s16.Crushi ng and grindi ng17.Sievin g18.Stirri ng and bubbli ng19.Surfac e active agents20.Overfl owingUnit 5 BasicChemic als1.Ethyle ne2.acetic acid3.Polyme rizat ion4.Polyvi nyl acetat e5.Emulsi on paintHigh-volume sector Low-volume sectorProduc tionscaletens to hundre ds of thousa ndstons per yeartens to a few thousa nds tonsper yearProduc ts / a plantsingle produc t multi-produc ts Operat ion manner contin uousbatchPriceor profit fairly cheapvery profit ableUsageinterm ediat es end-produc tsChalle ngesreduce d demand, enviro nment pollut ionProdu c ts in the secto r sulph u ric acid,phosp h orus -conta i ning compo u nds, nitro g en-conta i ning compo u nds, chlor -alkal i , petro c hemi c als, commo d ity polym e rsagroc h emic a ls,dyest u ffs, pharm a ceut i cals , speci a lity polym e rsUnit 6 Chlor -Alkal i and Relat e d Proce s ses 1. Ammon i a 2. ammon i a absor b er 3. NaCl & NH4OH 4. Carbo n dioxi d e5. NH4Cl 6. Rotar y drier 7. Light Na2CO 38. Water Produ c tRaw mater i alMajor steps or Princ i pal react i ons UsesSoda-ashbrine ,limes t oneammon i atin g ,carbo n atin g , preci p itat i ng, filte r ing, dryin g , calci n ingraw mater i al forglass m akin g , sodiu m silic a te; as an alkal i Chlor i ne brine 2Na + + 2Cl -+2H 2O →NaOH +Cl 2 +H 2as water purif i cati o n, bleac h ing of wood pulp;produ c tion of vinyl chlor i de, solve n ts,inorg a nic chlor i ne-conta i ning produ c ts Caust i c soda brine 2Na + + 2Cl - +2H 2O →NaOH +Cl 2 +H 2for paper -makin g ,manuf a ctur e of inorg a nicchemi c als, synth e ses of organ i cchemi c als,produ c tion of alumi n a andsoap Sulfu r ic acideleme n tal sulph u rS +O 2 → SO 2SO 2 + O 2 → SO 3 SO 3 + H 2O → H2SO4feeds t ock for ferti l izer s ; produ c tion of ethan o l, hydro f luor i c acid, alumi n um sulph a tesUnit 10 What Is Chemi c al Engin e erin gMicro s cale (≤10-3m) ● Atomi c and molec u lar studi e s of catal y sts● Chemi c al proce s sing in the manuf a ctur e of integ r ated circu i ts ●Studi e s of the dynam i cs of suspe n sion s and micro s truc t ured fluid sMesos c ale (10-3－102m)●Improv ing the rate and capaci ty of separa tions equipm ent●Design of inject ion moldin g equipm ent to produc e car bumper s madefrom polyme rs●Design ing feedba ck contro l system s for biorea ctorsMacros cale(>10m)●Operab ility analys is and contro l system synthe sis for an entire chemic alplant●Mathem atica l modeli ng of transp ort and chemic al reacti ons ofcombus tion-genera ted air pollut ants●Manipu latin g a petrol eum reserv oir during enhanc ed oil recove rythroug h remote sensin g of proces s data, develo pment and use of dynami cmodels of underg round intera ction s, and select ive inject ion of chemic alsto improv e effici encyof recove ryCourse Course conten tScienc e and Math. Chemis try, Physic s, Biolog y, Materi al Scienc e, Mathem atics,Comput er Instru ctionChemic al Engine eringThermo dynam ics, Kineti cs, Cataly sis,Rector Design and Analys is, Unit Operat ions, Proces s Contro l, Chemic al Engine ering Labora torie s, Design / Econom icsOtherENGINe ering Electr icalEngine ering, Mechan ics, Engine ering Drawin gHumani tiesand SocialSCIENc e Unders tandthe origin sofone’sowncultur e as well as that ofothersUnit 21 Chemic al Indust ry and Enviro nment1.ATMOSp heric chemis try2.strato spher ic ozonedeplet ion3.acid rain4.enviro nment allyfriend ly produc ts5.biodeg radab le6.harmfu l by-produc t7.effici ently8.powerplantemissi ons9.differ ent plasti cs10.recycl ed or dispos ed11.acidic wastesoluti onsani c compon ents13.membra ne techno logy14.biotec hnolo gy15.microo rgani smsFronti er Resear ch activi tiesor proble ms facedIn-site proces singFieldtests;Uncert ainti es of the proces s, Advers e enviro nment impact sProces s solidsImprov e solids fractu re proces ses,Resear ch on the mechan ics of pneuma tic and slurry transp ort, Unders tandthe chemic al reacti on proces ses,Equipm ent design and scale-upSepara tionproces sResear ch on:membra ne separa tions, chemic al select ive separa tionagents, shape-select ive porous solids,tradit ional separa tionmethod sMateri alsFind constr uctio n materi als, Develo p new proces s-relate d materi als, Develo p less energy intens ive materi alsDesign and scale-up Comple xity, Lack of basicdata,。
化学专业英语--------有机物的命名ppt课件
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复杂的烷烃命名时须注意分子中有两个等长碳链时，按以下原则进行比较： 1）带支链数目较多者为主链，例如：
2,3,5-Trimethyl-4-propylheptane
2）支链定位号较小者为主链
4-Isobutyl-2,5-dimethylheptane
32-Alkane 33-Alkane 34-Alkane 35-Alkane 36-Alkane
Dotriacontane Tritriacontane Tetratriacontane pentatriacontane Hexatriacontane
;.
5
40~90Alkane = Number prefix-contane
有机物的命名 只由碳和氢两种元素组成的有机化合物称为碳氢化合物，简称烃（hydrocarbon) 1 烷烃（alkanes） 1.1 直链烷烃 烃类化合物的命名是有机命名的基础。英文名称除了含1到4个碳原子以外，
其余均用希腊文和拉丁文的数词加上相应的词尾（-ane）来命名，10个碳原子以上的则 在数词前加前缀un、do、tri、tetra、penta等。 如：甲烷 methane 乙烷 ethane 丙烷 propane butane 戊烷 pentane 己烷 hexane 庚烷 heptane octane 壬烷 nonane 癸烷 decane 十一烷 undecane 十二烷 dodecane
heptane
;.
9
1.4 一些可采用普通命名的支链烷烃： 对取代的烷基也可以在相应的烃名前加“异”（iso-）、“新”（neo-）、“仲”(sec-)、“叔” （tert-) 等字命名。
英语专业 高级英语第11课 beauty (课堂PPT)
Story
• “beauty” is a chapter in Scott Sanders’ book Hunting for Hope, published in 1998. In this essay, sanders makes a comparison of his daughter’s shinning beauty on her wedding day to the beauty of physics and cosmos.
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• I can summon up hundreds of details from that radiant day, but on the day itself I was aware only of a surpassing joy.(P13)
• summon (up): to call forth; to make an effort (to recall the details of that day)
Outline
• --Warming up • 1.about the author • 2.brief introduction of text • 3.appreciation of rhetorical devices • 4.analysis of difficult sentences • Notes on the text
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第11课不饱和化合物
不饱和化合物及其一价基团
含有一个双键或三键的不饱和无支链无环碳氢化合物是通过以“烯” “炔”代替相应饱和烷烃名字末端的“烷”来命名的。
如果含有两个或多个双键或三键，名称末尾则为“二烯，三烯”或“二炔，三炔”等。
这类碳氢化合物（有支链或无支链）总称为烯烃，二烯，三烯或炔烃，二炔，三炔等。
在给长链编号时应使双键或三键的编号尽可能最小。
例如：2-己烯，1,4-己二烯
以下非系统命名仍然在使用；乙烯，丙二烯，乙炔，异戊二烯。
由不饱和非环的碳氢化合物中烃衍生的一价基团,命名时以“烯基,炔基,二炔基”等结尾，必要时标出双键或三键的位置，含自由价的碳原子编号为1。
例如：乙炔基，2-丙炔基，1-丙烯基，2-丁烯基，1,3-丁二烯基
例外：以下是保留使用的命名:乙烯基，丙烯基，异丙烯基
物理性质
烯烃通常也被认为是烯的碳氢化合物和烯烃。
术语烯烃是成油的意思, 被早期的化学家使用，因为这个系列中的气态化合物能够和氯、溴结合形成油的加合产物。
烯烃和相应的饱和烃没有明显区别。
它的沸点仅仅略低于分子量稍大的烷烃的沸点，而密度却比烷烃的略高。
这两类的前几个化合物在熔点上有明显的相似性。
环烷烃与烷烃的区别要比烯烃与烷烃的区别大。
因此环的存在对物理性质的影响要比引入烯烃对物理性质的影响大。
己烯的燃烧热不管是按重量计算还是按体积计算都几乎与正己烷相同。
热解脱水
乙醇脱水是制备乙烯最有用的方法。
从一个碳原子脱去-OH，从另一个碳原子脱去-H，就生成乙烯。
实验步骤中的其中一步是催化脱水。
乙醇通过一支填满氧化铝颗粒的管子进行蒸馏，蒸馏期间温度通过电热炉保持在350-400℃。
此反应类似于烷烃的高温分解，因为它涉及了在提高温度的情况下，从饱和的碳氢化合物中产生不饱和产物，但是酒精热解所需的温度显然较低，过程简单且产物单一。
硫酸方法
硫酸是一种二羟基酸。
它可以用结构式Ⅰ简单的表示。
在结构式Ⅱ中这种物质可能含有一个半极化键。
硫扩展了它的外电子层容纳了12个电子，或者他可能含有两个双键,以结构式Ⅲ表示。
在冰浴中当把浓硫酸慢慢加入乙醇中时，两种化合物失水以后生成乙基硫酸。
此反应可以进行完成,因为生成的水被浓硫酸吸收。
这是一个平衡过程,当用过量的水处理生成物反应就会逆向进行。
乙基硫酸是无机二元酸的单酯。
在硫酸和水中它是一个强酸，在低温下很稳定，但一经加热就会分解，分解的主要有机产物是乙烯,通过脱去一个碳原子上的
OSO2OH和邻位的氢产生硫酸。
反应的副产物在于通过乙基硫酸中乙醇作用形成二乙基醚（常见的醚）。
生成醚的反应通过调节试剂的比例，维持温度在140℃来实现。
生成烯烃和醚的最适温度差异很小，以至于每一个产物都是另一个产物的副产物。
第三种产物是硫酸二乙酯。
它的制备可以通过在低于140℃，在足够的压力下加热乙基硫，使其从非挥发性酸中蒸馏出来而得到。
二乙基硫酸盐是常见的硫酸的酯或二酯，它是很有用的乙基化试剂，通常作为乙基卤代烷的一个选择。
二甲基也有类似的用途。
酸催化脱水—脱水可以通过盐酸，磷酸，酸式硫酸钾，草酸来实现。
这些都是强酸以催化剂量实现脱水，有些不能形成中间体—酯。
脱水的难易程度—在无活泼基团的醇类化合物中，脱水的难易程度取决于醇的类型，并按下列的顺序脱水：叔醇＞仲醇＞伯醇。
这些差异在随后的例子中说明。
例如乙醇，它时一种伯醇，(脱水时)所用酸的强度是96%，温度在170℃，仲醇在62%酸强度和蒸气浴温度下脱水，而叔醇在相同温度下仅与46%的酸反应就产生了乙烯。
脱水的方向—醇分子的结构可以有两种脱水方式。
2-戊醇的1位或3位提供一个可能脱去的氢，与邻位的羟基结合脱水，但是3位的氢几乎是专属性的,生成的产物2-戊烯。