filament wound composite drill pipe
玻璃纤维汉英词典
玻璃纤维汉英词典《玻璃纤维汉英词典》编写组编写CQISAN吐血整理氰基树脂 amino resin安哥拉法 Angola process安山岩 andesite氨基硅烷 amino silane氦基聚酜胺 aminopolyamide氨基法氧基硅烷 aminoalkoxysilane氨水 ammonia water胺基硅烷 amine-functional silane胺类固化剂 amine curing agent八枚缎纹 eight harness satin巴拿马组织 Panama weave巴萨木 balsa (wood)钯依合金 palladium-iridium alloy白垩 chalk白棉[玻璃棉产品] white wool白泡石 white afrodite白砒 white arsenic,arsenic white白水 white water白水池 white water silo白水回收装置 save-all白水盘 save-all pan白炭黑 white carbon白云石 dolomite白云石灰石 dolomitic limestone摆锤法 pendulum process摆锤法铺毡机 pendulum felting machine摆锤机 pendulum unit摆锤式冲击试验 Charpy (impact) test摆动冲击板 oscillating impinge plate半导体玻璃纤维 semi-conducting glass fiber半干法[制吸声板] semidry process,paste process半管壳 half pipe section半硅砖 semi-silica brick半深度的流液洞 intermediate level throat半酸性耐火材料 semi-acid refractory半异形箱 semi-profile reed半硬棉板 semi-rigid (mineral wool) slab棒法[拉丝] rod process, rod-melting process棒法毛纱机 Angola process sliver machine棒管法[制光纤] rod-in-tube process棒磨 rod mill棒条筛 bar screen棒样弯曲强度 rod bending strength磅秤 weigher/ weighing scale包层光纤 cladded optical fiber包胶辊轮 rubber-coated roller包角[拉丝包角] Wraparound angle包芯纱 core-spun yarn宝塔纱 cone yarn饱和电抗供 saturable core reactor饱和聚脂树脂 saturated polyester resin保温带 lamella mat, reoriented insulation保温绳 heat insulating rope保温砖 insulating brick爆皮[球疵] chipped surface贝它纱 Beta yarn贝它纤维 Beta fiber备用料仓 stand-by bin苯酚 phenol苯磺酰气 benzene sulfochloride苯基三乙氧基硅烷 phenyltrie thoxysilane苯甲酸 benzonic acid苯甲酸钠 sodium benzoate苯醌 benzoquinone苯乙烯 styrene苯乙烯-丙烯鲭共聚物 styrene acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN苯乙烯-马来酐共聚物 styrene maleic anhydride copolymer,SMA 苯乙烯溶解度 styrene solubility bang绷带 bandage, casting tape比刚度 specific rigidity比较平板法[测导热系数]comparative plate method比模量 specific modulus比强度 specific strength比热 specific heat比热容 specific thermal capacity比容化效率 melting efficiency比值控制 ratio control比重 specific gravity闭口闪点 closed flash point, Abel flash point闭模成型 closed molding壁布 wall covering cloth壁纸 wall paper边壁吹风系统 air stripping system for sidewall边壁风机 sidewall blower边不良（织疵） poor selvedge边撑 temple, ditcher temple边撑台 temple table边剪 selvedge cutter边界元 boundary element边料 edge trims边纱 selvedge yarn边纱筒子 selvedge bobbin编链组织 pillar stitch编绳机 rope braiding machine, cord braiding machine编织 braiding编织袋 braided tape编织电缆外套braided cable jacket编织管 braided sleeve, braded tubing编织机 braiding machine, braider编织节距 braiding pitch编织拉挤工艺 braiding pultrusion process编织盘根 braided packing编织纱 braiding yarn编织绳 braided cord, braided rope, plaited rope编织筒子 braiding bobbin编织物 braided fabric编织预成型体 braided preform扁椭球封头曲面 oblated spheroid head contour变频调速 frequency-variable speed regulation变频器 inverter变速大卷装拉丝机 speed compensated winder变形 deformation变形纱 textured yarn标志纱 tracer yarn, identification yarn标准锆英石砖 standard zircon brick标准砖standard (size) brick表观松散密度 apparent bulk density表面处理 surface treatment, surface finish表面处理机组 finishing machine, finishing range表面电陌率 surface resistivity表面光洁度 surface finish表面化学处理finishing表面活性剂 surfactant,surface-active agent表面能 surface energy表面涂层 surface coating表面性质 surface properties表面修饰 surface finish表面毡 surfacing mat, surfacing tissue, surfacing veil表面着色 surface coloring丙阶树脂C-stage resin丙三醇环氧树脂glycerol epoxy resin丙烯请-丁二烯一苯乙烯共聚物acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, ABS 丙烯酸类树酯 acrylic resin, acrylics丙烯酸酯处理剂 acrylate finish丙烯酰硅烷 acrylyl silane并捻, , 并线 doubling, folding, secondary twisting并捻机 doubler, doubling machine, secondary twister并捻纱 doubled yarn, folded yarn并轴 beaming, rebeaming并轴辊 beaming roller并轴机 beaming machine并轴上浆 sizing and rebeaming process波特兰水泥 Portland cement波歇炉, 波歇窑 Pochet furnace波形瓦 corrugated sheet, corrugated tile玻璃棒 glass rod玻璃表面结构 surface structure of glass玻璃布 glass (fiber) cloth, fiber glass cloth玻璃布层压板 glass cloth laminate玻璃布接头机 glass cloth jointing machine玻璃成形 glass forming玻璃粉 glass powder玻璃钢 glass fiber reinforced plastics, GRP, GFRP, FRP玻璃钢基布 glass cloth for reinforcing plastics玻璃钢筋 GRP rebar玻璃光纤 glass optical fiber, optical glass fiber玻璃态转变 glass transition玻璃鳞片 glass flake玻璃棉 glass wool玻璃棉板 glass wool board, glass wool slab玻璃棉管壳 glass wool pipe section玻璃棉毡 glass wool batt, glass wool felt, glass wool blanket玻璃漆布 varnished glass cloth玻璃球 glass marble玻璃球二次冒泡温度 reboiling temperature of glass marbles玻璃球均匀性 homogeneity of glass marbles玻璃球缺陷 defects of glass marbles玻璃球网带冷却机 glass marble cooling conveyor玻璃球窑 glass marble furnace玻璃球应力 stress in glass marbles玻璃熔化温度 glass melting temperature玻璃熔体 glass melt玻璃熔窑 glass melting furnace， glass melter玻璃熔制 glass melting, glass making玻璃/树脂比 glass/resin ratio玻璃丝包电磁线 fiberglass magnet wire玻璃丝包线 fiberglass covered [wrapped] wire玻璃丝编织电线 fiberglass braided wire玻璃微纤维 glass microfiber玻璃微珠 glass microsphere玻璃细珠 glass bead玻璃纤维 glass fiber, fiberglass, fiber glass, fibrous glass玻璃纤维布 glass (fiber) cloth, fiberglass cloth玻璃纤维带 glass (fiber) tape, fiberglass tape玻璃纤维纺织品 glass (fiber) textiles， fiberglass textiles玻璃纤锥含量 glass (fiber) content玻璃纤维纱 glass (fiber) yarn, fiberglass yarn玻璃纤维绳 glass (fiber) cord, fiberglass cord, fiberglass rope玻璃纤维套管 glass fiber sleeve, fiberglass sleeve玻璃纤维线 glass (fiber) thread, fiberglass thread玻璃纤维增强材料 glass fiber reinforcement, fiberglass reinforcement玻璃纤维增强硅酸钙 glass fiber [fiberglass] reinforced calcium silicate玻璃纤维增强混凝土 glass fiber [fiberglass] reinforced concrete玻璃纤雄增强胶凝材料 glass fiber [fiberglass] reinforced cementing material玻璃纤维增弹结构泡沬塑料 glass fiber [fiberglass] reinforced structural foam玻璃纤维增强金属 glass fiber [fiberglass] reinforced metal玻璃纤维增强沥青 glass fiber [fiberglass] reinforced asphalt玻璃纤锥增强菱苦土 glass fiber [fiberglass] reinforced magnesite玻璃纤维增强氯氧镁胶结料glass fiber [fiberglass] reinforced Sorel cement, glass fiber reinforced magnesium oxychloride cement玻璃纤维增强热塑性塑料 glass fiber [fiberglass] reinforced thermoplastics玻璃纤锥增强砂浆 glass fiber [fiberglass] reinforced mortar玻璃纤维增强砂轮 glass fiber [fiberglass] reinforced grinding wheel玻璃纤锥增强石膏 glass fiber [fiberglass] reinforced gypsum玻璃纤维增强石棉制品 glass fiber [fiberglass] reinforced asbestos products玻璃纤维增强水泥 glass fiber [fiberglass] reinforced cement, GRC玻璃纤锥增强塑料 glass fiber [fiberglass] reinforced plastics玻璃纤维增强陶瓷 glass fiber [fiberglass] reinforced ceramic玻璃纤维增强橡胶 glass fiber [fiberglass] reinforced rubber玻璃纤维毡 glass (fiber) mat, fiberglass mat玻璃纤雄织物 glass (fiber) fabric f fiberglass fabric玻璃纤维纸 glass fiber paper玻璃形成氧化物 glass forming oxide玻璃液 molten glass, liquid glass玻璃液流 glass flow, glass current斑璃液流股 glass streams玻璃液面(molten) glass level, metal level, flux level玻璃液面高度(molten) glass level玻璃液面控制 glass level control玻璃液面线 metal line, flux line玻璃液润湿角 wetting angle of molten glass玻璃液深度 glass depth玻璃液压头 head of glass玻璃硬化速度 solidification rate of glass玻璃原料 glass-making materials玻璃云母布 glass-mica cloth玻瑰云母带 glass-mica tape玻瑰置换率 rate of glass replacement玻瑰组成 glass composition玻褒组分 glass ingredient, glass component玻纤毡增强热塑性塑料片材glass mat reinforced thermoplastic sheet, GMT 铂坩埚 platinum crucible铂耗 platinum (alloy) loss铂合金回收 recovery of platinum alloy铂合金加工 platinum alloy fabrication铂合金提纯 purification of platinum alloy铂铑 10 合金 10% rhodium-platinum alloy铂铑发热体 Pt-Rh heating element铂铑合金 platinum-rhodium alloy铂铑合金电极 platinum-rhodium electrode铂铑合金漏板 platinum-rhodium bushing, platinum-rhodium nozzle plate铂铑金 3 合金 3% gold-rhodium-platinum alloy铂探针 platinum probe铂中毒 contamination of platinum, poisoning of platinum薄纱罗 leno-marquisette薄毡 tissue, veil (mat)捕纬边线 catch cord不饱和聚酯树脂 unsaturated polyester resin不定位光纤束 unaligned bundle不定形耐火材料bulk refractory不发光火焰 non-luminous flame不干胶带 self-adhesive tape不燃性 non-combustibility不烧砖 unburned brick, unfired brick不完全燃烧 incomplete combustion布边 selvedge, selvage布边成形 selvedge formation布卷 cloth roll布卷大卷装装置 batching motion布纳橡胶[商名] Buna rubber布针 needle arrangement部分热淸洗 partial heat-cleaning, caramelizing采矿 mining can参比漏扳 reference bushing残碳值 carbon residue仓壁振动器 bin vibrator, bin activator槽路现象 channeling槽筒络纱机 grooved drum winder槽简排线器 scroll cam traverse槽芯织物 fluted core fabric侧墙 side wallgeodesic line winding测温孔 temperature-measuring hole测温孔转 block with temperature measuring hole测压孔 pressure-measuring hole层合板 laminated plate,laminate层合板弯曲强度 laminate bending strength层合结构 laminated structure层合壳 laminated shell层合理论 lamination theory层合梁 laminated beam层间混杂 interply hybrid层间剪切性能 interlaminar shear properties层间应力 interlaminar stress层内混杂 intraply hybrid层压 laminating层压板 laminated plate, laminated board，laminate层压布 woven cloth for electric laminate, laminating cloth 层压机 laminating press层状对流 Laminar convection插片冷却器 fin cooler, fin shield茶壶效应 teapot effect拆包机,拆袋机 bag slitter, bag breaker掺杂石英包层光纤 doped-silica cladded optical fiber掺杂石英光纤 doped silica optical fiber缠绕标准线型 basic winding pattern缠绕成型 filament winding缠绕成型机 filament winding machine缠绕封头包角 displacement angle at dome缠绕规律 principles of winding缠绕角 winding angle缠绕速比 winding factor缠绕简体进角 displacement angle at cylinder缠绕线型 winding pattern缠绕芯模转角 rotating angle of mandrel缝绕用无捻粗纱 roving for filament winding, winding roving 缠绕张力 winding tension缠绕中心角 displacement angle长度-重最比 length-weight ratio长径比 aspect ratio长棉薄毡 staple fibre mat长石 feldspar长网[造纸用]Fourdrinier wire, fourdrinier wire长网抄取法[制吸声扳]Four-drinier process长网成形机 Fourdrinier machine长网造纸机 Fourdrinier ( paper ) machine长纤维粒料 long fiber pellet长纤维增强热塑性塑料long fiber reinforced thermoplastics, LFT长纤维增强热塑性塑料粒料LFT pellet, LFT-G长纤维增强热塑性塑料直接成型法 LFT-D process长效增塑剂 permanent plasticizer敞模成型 open molding敞模接触成型 open contact molding抄纸法 paper-making technique超高分子量聚乙烯纤维ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene fiber, UHMW polyethylene fiber超声波测厚仪 ultrasonic thickness gauge超声波探伤 ultrasonic detection of defects超细玻璃棉superfine glass wool超细玻璃纤维 superfine glass fiber车床式缠绕机 lathe type winding machine车头巻纬器 weft winder at loom沉降缝 subsidence gap沉降片[针织机件]sinker沉降片座 sinker bar沉降室[制短切毡]forming box, forming hood沉降室[制矿物棉] blowing chamber, fiber collection hood沉入式电极 submerged electrode沉式流液洞 submerged throat, sunken throat衬垫纱 laying-in thread衬经 laying-in衬纬 laying-in, weft insertion称量 weighing称量车 weighing car称量斗 weighing hopper, weighing bucket称量精度 weighing accuracy称量周期 weighing cycle成带性 tapability, ribbonization成滴温度 dripping temperature成棉喷嘴 fiberizing jet成膜剂 film former, film-forming agent成围 loop forming成围比 loop formation ratio成网[形成纤网]web forming, web formation成纤机 fiberizing machine成纤率 fiberizability, fiberization efficiency, fiber-forming efficiency成形段 forming section, forming zone成形室 forming hood, forming chamber, forming box成形速比 collect-traverse speed ratio成型[模塑成型] molding, moulding成型窗 processing window成型缺陷 molding defects, molding faults成型温度 molding temperature成型性 moldability成型压力 molding pressure成型粘度 molding viscosity成型周期 molding cycle称量误差 weighing error承力索 heavy-duty rope, load-bearing rope城市煤气 town gas澄清部 refining end, refining zone, refiner澄淸剂 refining agent, fining agent池壁 tank wall池壁顶丝 jack screw for tank Mock池壁砖 tank block, sidewall block池底 tank bottom池底砖 tank bottom block池窑 tank furnace池窑法[拉丝] direct-melt process, DM process池窑流量[出料量]furnace pull,furnace throughput 驰豫时间 relaxation time尺寸稳定性 dimensional stability齿轮卷曲变形纱 gear crimped yarn充纱罗 mock-leno weave冲击板法 impinge plate process冲击荷载 impact load冲击强度 impact strength冲击韧性 impact toughness冲击撕裂试验 ballistic tear test冲孔吸声板 punched acoustic board冲天炉 cupola冲压 stamping冲压成形转 stamped brick冲压机 stamping machine冲压漏嘴 stamped tip, pressed tip冲压片材 stampable sheet冲液抽吸施胶法 flood and extract method抽风机 suction fan抽风系统 air suction system抽风箱 air suction box稠度变量 consistency variables出料量[池窑出料量](furnace) pull出料率 pullrate出射 emergence出射光线 emergent ray出射角 exit angle, emergent angle初捻 primary twisting初捻机 primary twister初捻纱 primary yarn初始重量 initial weight冲击试验机 impact tester除泡报 defoamer, defoaming agent除铁 iron separation储布器[表面处理机组部件] fabric accumulator储能模量 energy storage modulus储纬管 weft storage tube储纬器 weft storage， weft accumulator储毡器[短切原丝机组部件]mat accumulator处理布 finished fabric, treated fabric处理剂 finish, finishing agent处理纱 treated yarn处理液 finishing liquid触变剂 thixotropic agent触变胶浸润剂 thixotropic size触变性树脂 thixotropic resin触压固化树脂 contact (pressure) resins impression resin穿刺织物 pierced fabric穿经 drawing-in, reaching-in穿经钩, 穿综钩 drawing-in hook, heald hook穿经机 drawing-in frame穿经图 drawing-in pattern穿筘denting, reeding穿筘刀 denter, reeding knife穿筘钩 reed hook穿筘机 reeding machine, reed drawing-in machine穿筘图 reed plan穿综 healding, heald draft穿综筘 drawing-in， entering传递成型机 transfer molding machine传递输送机 transfer conveyor传动带 transmission belt传光束 light guide (bundle)传热系数 thermal transmittance, heat transmission coefficient 传输损耗 transmission loss传像束 image guide (bundle), image-transmitting bundle船用油 bunker oil串级控制 cascade control窗帘 curtain窗纱 insect screening, window screening吹扫风管 purge ducting垂流[成型缺陷]sagging垂直百叶帘 vertical blind垂直喷吹法 vertical blowing process锤磨机 hammer mill穿箱刀 denter,reeding knife纯碱 soda ash纯石英光纤 pure silice optical fiber纯氧燃烧 oxy-fuel combustion， oxy-fuel firing纯氧燃供窑 oxy-fuel fired furnace醇酸树脂 alkyd resin瓷土 china clay磁分离器 magnetic separator磁选机 magnetic separator次梁 secondary beam刺针 barbed needle粗碎 rough crushing促进剂 promotor, accelerator催化剂 catalyst脆裂 brittle fracture脆性 brittleness脆性断裂 brittle fracture淬火法[测玻璃析晶温度] quenching method错缝砖 joint-staggering bricks打浆机[造纸用] beater打纬 beating-up打纬机构 beating-up mechanism大功率光纤 high-power optical fiber大梁 girder大气暴露试检 atmospheric exposure test大小式钢领 reduced ring大芯径大数值孔径光纤 large core and large numerical aperture fiber 大修 major repair大磁 crown， main arch大确碑 crown brick大直径光纤 large diameter optical fiber大砖 block代铂坩埚 platinum-substitute crucible单纱上浆 single-end sizing代铂炉 platinum-substitute crucible代铂率 platinum substitution ratio带斗式提升机 belt bucket elevator带式输送机 belt conveyor带式涂油器 belt-type size applicator袋压成塑, 袋塑 bag molding袋装料 bagged material单边钢领 single flanged ring单材料光纤 single material optical fiber单层作业线[拉丝]single level geometry单辑离心法 single wheel spinning process单剑杆织机 single rapier loom单进单出光缆 single-input and single-out put light cable单进多出光缆 single-input and multi-output light cable单晶纤维 single crystal fiber单螺杆挤出机 single screw extruder单模光纤 single mode optical fiber单纱 single yarn.单纱强力试验机 single yarn strength tester单丝 filament, single fiber单丝成形张力 filament attenuation tension单丝喷雾 water spray for filaments单丝涂油 filament sizing单丝毡 filament mat单丝直径 filament diameter单体 monomer单头拉丝机 single-collet winder单位长度质量 mass per unit length单位耗热量 specific heat con-sumption单位面积质量 mass per unit area单位面积重量 area weight单纤光缆 single-fiber cable单纤维强度试验仪 single fiber strength tester单向带 unidirectional tape单向铺层 unidirectional lamina单向应力 unidirectional stress单向预漫料 unidirectional prepreg单向织物, 单向布 unidirectional fabric单元窑 unit melter单重[单位面积重量]areal weight, basis weight旦, 旦尼尔 denier氮化硅纤维 silicon nitride fiber氮化铝晶须 aluminum nitride whisker氮氧玻璃纤维 oxynitride glass fiber当量直径 equivalent diameter挡砖 skimmer block刀辊cutter roller, cutter barrel刀口卷曲变形纱 edge crimped yarn刀片 cutter blade导布辊 twitch roller, cloth guide roller导布装置 cloth guide导电玻瑱纤维 electric conducting glass fiber导电复合材料 conductive com-posite导电纱 electrically-conductive yarn导风筒基布 base cloth for air ducting导钩扳[捻线机部件]lappet,balloon guide rail导钩板升降装置 lappet lifting motion导光棒 light guide rod, light conducting rod导辑 guide roller导热系数 thermal conductivity导热系数测试仪 thermal conduc-tivity tester导纱钩pigtails twizzle导纱辊(yarn) guide roller导纱器yarn guide导纱眼guide eye导丝器fiber guide导纬器weft guide倒刺针, 倒钩针 barbed needle倒火焰 inverse flame倒盘头rebeaming倒轴 rebeaming倒轴机rebeaming machine捣打料 ramming material, ram-ming mix捣打砖 rammed brick灯光检验台 illuminated inspec-tion table灯芯 wick等静压成形砖 isostatic-pressed brick等静压氧化铬 isostatic-pressed chrome oxide等离子体启动化学汽相沉积法 plasma-activated chemical vapor deposition process等张力封头曲面 isoteosion head contour低毒固化剂 low toxicity curing agent低分子量聚酰胺 low molecular weight polyamide低介电玻璃纤维D-glass fiber, low dielectric constant glass fiber低密度聚乙烯 low density polyethylene低密度模塑料 low density mold-ing compound低密度片状模塑料 low density SMC低熔玻璃 low melting glass低释苯乙烯树脂 low styrene emission resin低收缩树海 low shrink resin, low profile resin低收缩添加剂 low-shrink additive, low profile additive低损耗光纤 low-loss optical fiber低压（固化〉树脂 low pressure resin低压模塑料 low pressure molding compound地板毡 flooring mat地秤 ground scale地毯底布 carpet backing点火孔 firing hole点火燃烧器 pilot burner电磁振动器 electromagnetic vibrator电动葫芦 electric hoist电辅助加热 electric boosting电弧炉 arc furnace电绝缘布 electrical insulation cloth电绝缘带 electrical insulation tape电绝缘套管 electrical insulation sleeve电绝缘性能 electrical insulating properties电熔刚玉砖fused corundum brick电熔铬刚玉砖 fused chrome-corundum brick电熔式代铂炉 electric melting type Pt-substitute crucible电熔窑 electric (melting) furnace电熔再结合刚玉砖 fusion re-bonded corundum brick电熔再烧结锆刚玉砖 fused re-bonded AZS brick电熔再烧结莫来石砖 fused re-bonded mullite brick电助熔 electric boosting点火 firing up电子秤 electronic weigher, electronic scale电子级玻璃布[电子布] glass fabric for electronics [electronic fabric] 电阻加热 electric resistance heating电阻炉 electric resistance furnace电阻式代铂炉 electric resistance type Pt-substitute crucible淀粉 starch淀粉浆料 starch size淀粉油浸润剂 starch-oil size吊顶 suspended ceiling吊挂[输送丝饼用]overhead conveying system吊梁 suspended beam吊碹 suspended arch吊综 harness mounting钓鱼杆基布 fishing rod cloth叠边[丝筒疵点]overlaid edge叠氮型硅烷 azido silane丁苯树脂 butadiene-styrene resin丁苯橡胶 butadiene-styrene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber丁吡胶乳 butadiene-pyridine latex丁二烯-苯乙烯-乙烯基吡啶三聚物butadiene-styrene-vinyl pyridine terpolymer 丁二烯橡胶 butadiene rubber丁腈橡胶橡胶 butadiene nitrile rubber, nitrile-butadiene rubber丁钠榇胶 butadiene sodium rubber丁砖层 header course丁砖砌合 header bond顶出机构 knockout mechanism顶破强力 bursting strength顶铁 pressure iron bar定长玻璃纤维staple glass fiber定长纤维布 staple fiber cloth, woven staple fiber fabric定长纤维毛纱 staple (fiber) sliver定长纤维纱 staple (fiber) yarn定长自停（装置）fixed length stop motion定位光纤束 aligned bundle定纹 weave set定纹处理剂 weaveset finish锭轨 spindle rail锭距 spindle gauge, spindle pitch锭位 spindle position锭子 spindle锭子油 spindle oil锭子制动器 spindle brake动态粘弹性 dynamic viscoelasticity动态粘弹仪 dynamic viscoelasticity tester冻融循环试验 freeze-thaw cycles test斗式提升机 bucket elevator毒重石 witherite独居石 monazite镀金属玻璃纤维 metallized glass fiber, metal-coated glass fiber教金属鳞片 metallized flake镀金属纤维 metallized fiber镀铝玻璃纤维 aluminum-coated glass fiber, alununized glass fiber镀镍玻璃纤维nickle-coated glass fiber镀锌玻璃纤维zinc-coated glass fiber镀银玻璃纤维silver-coated glass fiber端墙 end wall端子夹头[漏板附件]terminal clamp短梁剪切试验 short beam shear test短程线缠绕 geodesic line winding短切长度 chopped length, chop length短切机 chopper, chopping ma-chine短切性 choppability短切用无捻粗纱 roving for chopping短切原丝 chopped strands短切原丝干燥机 chopped strand dryer短切原丝机 chopped strand machine短切原丝毡 chopped strand mat,CSM短切原丝毡机组 chopped strand mat machine, CSM machine短切毡用无捻粗纱 roving for CSM短纤维增强热塑性塑料short fiber reinforced thermoplastics， SFT 短效增塑剂 fugitive plasticizer’ temporary plasticizer断经[织疵] broken warp, broken end断经停车杆 warp stop rod断经自停装置 warp stop motion断裂长度breaking length断裂力学 fracture mechanics断裂绕度deflection at break断裂强度 breaking strength断裂强力breaking force断裂韧性fracture toughness断裂伸长 breaking elongation, elongation at break断头 fiber break(age) , end break(age)断头飞丝 filament breakage and fan break-out断头率 fiber breakage rate, end breakage rate断头自停(装置）stop motion断纬[织疵]broken pick断纬自停装置 weft stop motion缎纹 satin (weave)煅烧白云石 burnt dolomite煅烧破酸calcined magnesium carbonate煅烧气化结 calcined alumina煅石灰 burnt lime堆场 stacking yard堆垛机 stacking machine, piling machine堆垛输送机 stacking conveyor对苯二酚 bydroquinone对苯二甲酸型聚酯树脂 terephtbalic polyester resin对流 convection,convection cur-rent对轮法 co-acting roller process对模 matched die对模成型 matched-die molding对位芳族聚酰胺纤维 para-aramid fiber多氨基硅烷 polyamino silane多臂机dobby多臂机构 dobby motion多臂机龙头dobby head多臂提花组织 dobby weave多层结构 multilayer structure多层压机 daylight press， multi-opening press多层织物 multilayer fabric， multiple fabric多次并捻 cabling多氮杂酰胺硅烷 polyazamide silane多管进浆口[造纸用] inlet header多辊离心法 multiwheel spinning process多胶区[模塑缺陷] resin-rich area多进多出光缆 multi-input and multi-output light cable多晶纤维 polycrystalline fiber多孔硅砖 porous silica brick多孔氧化铬砖 porous chrome oxide brick多孔砖 porous brick, perforated brick多模光纤 multimode optical fiber多束光缆 multiple bundle cable多维编织 multidimensional braiding多维织物 multidimensional fabric多纤光缆 multifiber cable多向铺层 multidirectional lamina多轴缠绕机 multi-axis filament winder多轴向经编机 multiaxial warp-knitting machine多轴向经编针织物 multiaxial warp-knitted fabric多轴向织物, 多轴向布 multiaxial fabric多组分玻璃光纤 compound-glass optical fiber, multicomponent glass optical fiber顺式破碎机 jaw crusher恩氏粘度 Engler viscosity二次起泡温度secondary seeding temperature二次气泡 secondary seed二丁脂 dibutyl ester二甲苯树脂 xylene resin二甲基氨基丙基胺/壬酸缩聚物 diraethylaminopropylamine/pelargonic acid condensate 二羧基化丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物 dicarboxylated butadiene-styrene copolymer二缩水甘油醚 diglycidyl ether二维织物 two-dimensional fabric, 2D fabric二氧化锆 zirconia，zirconium dioxide二氧化硅 silica, silicon dioxide二氧化锰 manganesia，manganese dioxide二氧化钛 titania，titanium dioxide二乙基苯胺 diethyl aniline二乙烯三胺 diethylene triamine二异氰酸脂 diisocyanate二甲基苯胺 dimethyl aniline发光火焰 luminous flame发泡促进剂. foaming accelerator发泡剂 foaming agent发生炉煤气 producer gas发烟点 smoke point法向应力 normal stress凡士林 vaseline矾土 alumina clay, alumine反玻化 devitrification反吹风清灰过滤 reverse jet filter, reverse air filter反螺旋缠绕 reverse helical winding反射绝热层 reflective insulation反手捻, Z捻 Z twist反碴 invert arch反应釜 reaction vessel反应注射成型 reaction injection molding, RIM反应注射拉挤 reactive injection pultrusion范德华键 van der Waals bond范德华力 van der Waals force方格布[俗称] roving cloth方解石 calcite, limespar方镁石 periclase方平组织 basket weave芳纶纤维[芳族聚酰胺纤维]aramid fiber芳族胺 aromatic amine芳族聚酰胺纤维 aromatic polyamide fiber, aramid fiber 防尘油 dust binder oil防虫网 insect screening防弹衣 bulletproof clothing防辐射玻璃纤维 radiation-proof glass fiber, L-glass fiber 防腐衬布 anticorrosion lining cloth防腐剂 antiseptic, antiseptic agent防护服 protective clothing防护热板法[测导热性能]guarded hot plate method防护热箱法[测导热性能]guarded hot box method防回火装置 fire check, flame trap防火处理剂 flameproof finish, fireproof finish放铁水孔 iron tapping hole防火服 fire protection clothing,fireproof clothing防火帘 fire curtain防火毯 fire blanket防老剂 antiager, anti-ageing agent防霉剂 mildew inhibitor防燃剂 fire suppressant防水布 waterproof cloth防水材料 waterproof material防水处理剂 waterproof finish防水剂 water repellent防水巻材 waterproof roll, waterproof membrane防烟剂 smoke suppressant防烟帘 smoke curtain防晕带 anticorona tape防粘输送带 non-tacky conveyor belt仿形织物 contoured fabric纺织玻璃纤维textile glass fiber纺织型浸润剂 textile size, size for textiles纺织增强型浸润剂 textile plastic size放玻璃液池 glass draining tank放玻璃液孔 glass draining hole放料漏板 drain bushing放铁水 iron tapping飞锯 flying saw飞丝[拉丝故障] filament fan break-out, snap out非硅烷偶联剂 nonsilane coupling agent非活性稀释剂 non-active diluent非活性增韧剂 non-active toughener非均质性 heterogeneity非离子乳化剂 nonionic emulsifier非离子皂 nonionic soap非连续玻璃纤维 discontinuous glass fiber非迁移性润滑剂 non-migrating lubricant非通信光纤 noncommunication optical fiber非稳态法[测导热性能]non-steady state method非线性缠绕 non-linear winding非相关光纤束 incoherent bundle非约束流动 non-bounded flow非正交三维织物 unorthogonal 3D fabric非织造布 nonwoven fabric非织造网布 nonwoven mesh, nonwoven scrim废漏板 scrap bushing废气 waste gas, exhaust gas废丝 waste fiber废丝处理 waste fiber disposal废丝回炉 remelting of waste fibers废丝回收 recycling of waste fibers废丝通道 waste fiber collecting shoot沸水煮试验 boiling water test fen分辨率 resolution, resolving power分辨能力 resolving power, resolution分别称量 separate weighing分布式控制系统 distributed control system, DCS分层[层间开裂] delamination分隔式料仓 compartment silo分隔式燃烧器 separate burner分股集束器splitting comb分股集束原丝split strand分级燃烧 fractional combustion分绞 lease，leasingt splitting分绞棒 lease rod, lease bar分绞箱 lease reed, lease comb分绞线 lease cord分经棒 lease rod, lease bar分经箱 lease reed分经器 warp separator分拉 tandem (collet) winding分拉拉丝机 tandem collet winder分离式卷取 remote take-up分流阀 diverter valve分批式脱油炉 batch type desizing oven分批整经 back-beaming method分散剂 dispersing agent分散性 dispersity, dispersivity分束效率 splitting efficiency分束率 splitting ratio分条整经 sectional warping分条整经滚简 sectional warping drum分条整经机 sectional warper, sectional warping machine 分条整经机定幅箱 section space reed分支光纤 bifurcated optical fiber酚醛环氧树脂 phenolic epoxy resin酚醛树脂 phenolic resin焚烧器 incinerator粉剂短切原丝毡 powder-bound chopped strand mat粉煤灰 fly ash粉末沉积法 powder deposition process粉末回收盘 powder recovery tray粉末漫溃法 powder impregnation process粉末涂层 powder coating粉末粘结剂 powder binder粉碎 pulverizing，disintegrating粉碎机 pulverizer，disintegrator风刀 air knife， air cutter风环 air ring风套 air cabinet， air plenum风嘴 air nozzle, tuyere封闭辊 sealing roller封头 dome蜂窝夹层结构 honeycomb sandwich蜂窝芯 honeycomb core缝编 stitching, stitch-bonding缝编短切原丝毡 stitch-bonded chopped strand mat缝编复合轻 stitched combination mat缝编机 stitch-bonding machine,stitching machine缝编线 stitching thread, stitc-hing yarn缝编毡 stitched mat, knitted mat缝编织物 stitched fabric, stitch-bonded fabric缝纫线 sewing thread缝毡 mattress, sewn blanket缝毡机 sewing machine， stitc-hing machine呋喃树脂furan resin， furane resin弗雷泽织物透气性试验仪 Frazier permeometer氟化物玻璃光纤 fluoride glass optical fiber氟树脂 fluororesin氟碳树脂 fluorocarbon resin浮雕吸声板 embossed acoustic board浮球式液面传感器 floating level sensor浮选机 flotation machine浮砖 floater, boat辅助羊脚[导钩板升降杆] auxiliary poker腐蚀干涉法[测玻璃球均匀性] etching-interfering method 附壁效应 wall effect附模性 mold conformance复合材料 composite (material)复合材料力学 mechanics of composites复合绝热层 composite insulation复合滤纸 composite filter paper复合纱 commingled yarn，hybrid yarn, composite yarn复合纤维 commingled fiber, hy-brid fiber，composite fiber 复合敏 combination mat复合针 compound needle复抢纱 doubled yarn, folded yarn复数模量 complex modulus富树脂区 resin-rich area富氧燃烧 oxygen enriched com-bustion覆盖毡 overlay mat覆面毡 veil (mat)覆膜滤料 membrane laminated filter media。
复合管 专业英语
复合管专业英语Composite Pipes: A Comprehensive Exploration of the Engineering MarvelsComposite materials have revolutionized the world of engineering, offering a unique blend of strength, durability, and versatility. Among the most remarkable applications of these innovative materials is the development of composite pipes, which have become increasingly prevalent in a wide range of industries. These specialized structures combine the exceptional properties of various components, creating a synergistic solution that surpasses the capabilities of traditional pipe materials.At the heart of composite pipes lies the intricate interplay between different layers and materials. The primary component is typically a high-performance polymer, such as thermoplastics or thermosets, which provides the structural backbone. This polymer matrix is then reinforced with fibers, often made of glass, carbon, or aramid, that enhance the overall strength and stiffness of the pipe. The strategic placement and orientation of these fibers play a crucial role in determining the directional properties of the composite, allowing engineers to tailor the pipe's performance to meet specificapplication requirements.One of the primary advantages of composite pipes is their remarkable strength-to-weight ratio. Compared to traditional metal or concrete pipes, composite pipes offer a significantly lighter alternative without compromising structural integrity. This lightweight nature translates into easier handling, reduced transportation costs, and simpler installation processes, making them an attractive choice for a variety of industries.Moreover, composite pipes exhibit exceptional corrosion resistance, a critical feature in environments where exposure to harsh chemicals, saltwater, or acidic substances is a concern. The non-metallic composition of these pipes prevents electrochemical reactions, ensuring a longer service life and reduced maintenance requirements. This attribute is particularly valuable in the oil and gas, chemical processing, and water treatment sectors, where the integrity of the piping system is paramount.Another noteworthy characteristic of composite pipes is their enhanced insulating properties. The inherent thermal and electrical insulation capabilities of the composite materials can contribute to improved energy efficiency and reduced heat transfer, making them suitable for applications that involve the transportation of hot or cold fluids. This feature is especially beneficial in the district heatingand cooling, cryogenic, and high-temperature industrial processes.The versatility of composite pipes extends beyond their material properties. These structures can be designed and fabricated in a wide range of shapes, sizes, and configurations to meet the specific needs of various applications. From straight sections to complex bends and elbows, composite pipes can be tailored to navigate intricate routing requirements, allowing for more efficient and space-saving installations.The manufacturing processes employed in the production of composite pipes are equally diverse. Techniques such as filament winding, pultrusion, and centrifugal casting enable the precise control of fiber orientation, resin distribution, and dimensional accuracy, ensuring consistent quality and performance. Advancements in automation and computer-aided design (CAD) have further streamlined the manufacturing process, making composite pipes a viable and cost-effective solution for a broad spectrum of applications.The applications of composite pipes span a wide range of industries, showcasing their versatility and adaptability. In the oil and gas sector, they are widely used for offshore and onshore pipelines, handling the transportation of crude oil, natural gas, and refined products. In the water and wastewater treatment industry, composite pipes areemployed for the conveyance of potable water, sewage, and industrial effluents, offering corrosion resistance and reduced maintenance requirements.The construction and infrastructure domain has also embraced the advantages of composite pipes. These materials are increasingly used in trenchless rehabilitation projects, where they can be seamlessly integrated into existing pipe networks without the need for extensive excavation. Additionally, composite pipes find applications in district heating and cooling systems, providing efficient thermal management in buildings and urban environments.Beyond the traditional industrial applications, composite pipes have also made significant inroads in the renewable energy sector. In the wind power industry, they are utilized for the transportation of cooling fluids within wind turbine nacelles, leveraging their lightweight and corrosion-resistant properties. Similarly, in the solar thermal industry, composite pipes play a crucial role in the distribution of heat-transfer fluids, contributing to the overall efficiency and reliability of solar power systems.The future of composite pipes holds immense promise as the demand for innovative, sustainable, and cost-effective solutions continues to grow. Ongoing research and development in material science, manufacturing techniques, and design optimization aredriving the continuous evolution of composite pipe technology. As the world becomes increasingly conscious of environmental concerns, the inherent advantages of composite pipes, such as their lightweight, corrosion resistance, and reduced carbon footprint, position them as a strategic choice for a wide range of applications.In conclusion, composite pipes represent a remarkable engineering achievement that has transformed the way we approach the transportation and distribution of fluids and gases. Their unique blend of strength, durability, and versatility has made them indispensable in a multitude of industries, from oil and gas to renewable energy and beyond. As the demand for innovative, sustainable, and efficient infrastructure solutions continues to rise, the role of composite pipes in shaping the future of engineering and infrastructure is undeniable.。
复合材料缠绕成型工艺流程
复合材料缠绕成型工艺流程English Answer:Filament Winding Process for Composite Materials.1. Preform Preparation.The first step in the filament winding process is the preparation of the preform. The preform is the shape or structure onto which the composite material will be wound. It can be made of various materials, including mandrels, molds, or cores.2. Fiber Impregnation.The next step is to impregnate the fibers with a resin or matrix material. This can be done using various techniques, including wet winding, prepreg winding, or towpreg winding.3. Winding.The impregnated fibers are then wound onto the preform using a winding machine. The winding pattern and tension are carefully controlled to ensure the desired composite properties.4. Curing.Once the winding is complete, the composite material is cured using heat or other processing techniques. This step helps to solidify the resin and bond the fibers together.5. Demolding.After curing, the composite part is removed from the preform. This can be done using various techniques, including mechanical stripping, chemical dissolution, or water jet cutting.6. Post-Processing.The final step is post-processing, which may include additional operations such as trimming, sanding, or painting to prepare the composite part for its intended application.Chinese Answer：复合材料缠绕成型工艺流程。
灌封胶ul认证标准
灌封胶ul认证标准UL（Underwriters Laboratories）是一家全球性的安全科学公司，提供认证、检测、检验、审核和培训等服务。
UL认证（UL Certification）通常涉及产品的安全性和符合性测试，以确保产品符合特定的标准和要求。
关于灌封胶（Potting Compound）的UL认证，主要涉及到以下一些标准和规范：* UL 94 - Standard for Safety of Flammability of Plastic Materials for Parts in Devices and Appliances Testing:* 该标准涉及评估塑料材料的燃烧性能。
灌封胶在一些电子设备和器件中使用，其燃烧性能符合UL 94标准是重要的。
* UL 746C - Standard for Polymeric Materials –Use in Electrical Equipment Evaluations:* 这个标准涉及用于电气设备的聚合材料的评估。
灌封胶作为电子设备中的绝缘和封装材料，需要符合UL 746C标准。
* UL 746E - Polymeric Materials –Industrial Laminates, Filament Wound Tubing, Vulcanized Fiber, and Materials Used in Printed-Wiring Board Substrates:* 此标准涉及工业层压材料、缠绕管、硫化纤维以及印刷电路板基板中使用的聚合材料。
一些灌封胶可能涉及到印刷电路板和相关应用。
* UL 1446 - Systems of Insulating Materials –General:* 该标准规定了绝缘系统的一般要求，涉及到绝缘系统的材料选择和评估。
请注意，具体的认证标准可能会因产品类型、用途和市场而有所不同。
在选择进行UL认证时，制造商通常会咨询UL或相关认证机构，以确保其产品符合适用的标准和要求。
纤维缠绕复合材料气瓶研究进展
第39卷第4期应用科技V ol.39, No.4 2012年8月Applied Science and Technology Aug. 2012 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-671X.2012.04.005纤维缠绕复合材料气瓶研究进展徐君臣, 银建中连理工大学化工机械学院，辽宁大连116024摘要：纤维缠绕复合材料气瓶具有高比强度和比模量、抗疲劳、抗腐蚀等优点，已经成为研究的焦点. 文中分析了纤维缠绕复合材料气瓶在国内外的研究进展，并进行了归纳总结，主要内容包括：纤维缠绕复合材料气瓶的国内外标准、制造过程中应考虑的主要因素、失效准则、失效模式以及优化设计. 通过对比发现，Tsai-Wu失效准则预测的失效压力与实验值最接近. 提出了一些预防复合材料气瓶失效的措施，对气瓶的安全使用有一定的借鉴作用. 最后指出了未来研究的重点.关键词：复合材料气瓶；纤维缠绕；失效准则；失效模式；优化设计中图分类号：TQ 053.2文献标志码：A文章编号：1009-671X（2012）04-0004-09Progress in Filament-wound Composite gas CylindersXU Jun-Chen, YIN Jian-ZhongSchool of Chemical Machinery, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, ChinaAbstract:Filament-wound composite gas cylinders have become a research focus because they exhibit many advantages such as high strength-density and stiffness-density ratios, and excellent resistance to fatigue and corrosion. This review summarizes the progress in filament-wound composite gas cylinders at home and abroad. The domestic and abroad standards, consideration the main factors in manufacturing process, failure criteria, failure mode and optimal design of filament-wound composite gas cylinders are discussed here. By comparison, it was found that the Tsai-Wu failure criterion leads to most accurate failure pressure among all failure criteria. Some measures are put forward to prevent the failure of composite gas cylinders and it is very important to improve composite gas cylinders safety. The future research is summarized finally.Keywords:composite gas cylinders; filament wound; failure criterion; failure mode; optimal design随着科学技术的发展，复合材料已广泛应用在航空、航天、能源、化工、海洋工程、生物医药、武器工业等领域. 在日益崇尚环境友好的今天，燃油汽车的使用导致能源枯竭和城市环境污染已引起全球的关注. 各国政府正在采取各种措施来解决这一问题，措施之一就是使用清洁燃料，如压缩天然气（compressed nature gas，CNG）和H2等，代替柴油和汽油；但这些清洁燃料需要使用压力容器. 一般使用钢制气瓶，这势必会增加车重、占用货箱的空间以及增加汽车行驶的能耗等. 采用纤维缠绕复合材料气瓶代替传统的钢制气瓶能够克服上述缺点，已经成为研究的热点.纤维缠绕复合材料气瓶具有以下优点：1）气收稿日期：2012-01-10.作者简介：徐君臣(1987-), 男，硕士研究生，主要研究方向：复合材料压力容器，E-mail：jzyin@.瓶重量轻、刚性好、强度高；2）金属材料的疲劳破坏通常是没有明显预兆的突发性破坏，而复合材料中的增强物与基体的结合既能有效地传递载荷，又能阻止裂纹的扩展，提高了气瓶的断裂韧性；3）复合材料中的大量增强纤维使得材料过载而少数纤维断裂时，载荷会迅速重新分配到未破坏的纤维上，使整个气瓶在短期内不至于失去承载能力；4）复合材料气瓶在受到撞击或高速冲击发生破坏时不会产生具有危险性的碎片，从而减少或避免了对人员的伤害；5）无需特殊处理就能满足耐腐蚀的要求.纤维缠绕复合材料气瓶一般由金属内衬、纤维、树脂等组成. 复合气瓶内衬内壁直接与介质接触，它的主要作用是气密、防腐、耐温和耐压；因此要求内衬材料具有良好的气密性、耐腐蚀性、耐温和高强度、高韧性等特点. 常用的内衬材料有铝·2·应用科技第39卷和塑料2种. 纤维缠绕增强复合材料层的主要作用是保证气瓶在受力的情况下，具有足够的强度、刚度和稳定性. 复合材料缠绕层承担绝大部分（75%~95%）的压力载荷，其中纤维是主要的承载体，树脂对纤维起粘结作用，并在纤维之间起着分布和传递载荷的作用；因此，选择高强度、高弹性的增强纤维和性能良好的树脂是提高结构承载能力的重要措施. 通常采用高强玻璃纤维环氧树脂或碳纤维环氧树脂和凯夫拉（Kevlar）纤维环氧树脂等高性能复合材料.复合材料气瓶一般采用2种分类方法，一是按照应用领域分为：1）天然气、氢气等燃料汽车的燃料气瓶；2）用于呼吸器系统，包括背负式呼吸器、小型呼吸器以及逃生用的呼吸面具等；（3）用于航空或航海，主要包括逃生滑梯充气装置和航空吸氧装置等. 二是按内胆材料和增强材料分类：按内胆材料可分为金属内胆缠绕气瓶和塑料内胆缠绕气瓶；还可以按增强材料分为高强玻璃纤维缠绕气瓶、碳纤维缠绕气瓶、芳纶纤维缠绕气瓶等. 由于铝内胆具有密封性好、抗疲劳性能强、循环寿命长、稳定性高及质量轻等优点，目前在碳纤维缠绕气瓶中得到了广泛的应用.1复合材料气瓶标准国际上对于复合材料气瓶没有统一的标准. 目前使用较多的标准有美国制定的DOT-CFFC《铝内衬全缠绕碳纤维增强复合气瓶的基本要求》，气瓶的最大水容积≤90.7 L，工作压力≤34.5 MPa. 美国国家标准所（ANSI）于1992年8月首次出版了NGV-2天然气汽车储气瓶标准，该标准包括了金属环向缠绕、金属内胆全缠绕、非金属内胆全缠绕. 对非金属内胆全缠绕，玻璃纤维的安全系数是 3.5，芳纶纤维是 3.0，碳纤维是 2.25. 1989年ISO/TC58/WG17也着手《车用压缩天然气气瓶》国际标准的制定工作，于1992年提出标准草案，经过多次修改，ISO 11439《车用压缩天然气高压气瓶》现已被中国在内的世界上大多数国家认可，标准第1版已于2000年9月正式颁布，它包括CNG-1金属气瓶、CNG-2金属内胆环向缠绕气瓶、CNG-3金属内胆全缠绕气瓶和CNG-4塑料内胆全缠绕气瓶. 此标准是在过去20年来各国经验的基础上制定的，因此目前国内车用压缩天然气气瓶也参考该标准. 国际标准化组织ISO于2002年批准了纤维缠绕复合气瓶标准——ISO 11119《复合结构气瓶−规范和实验方法》. 该标准主要包括环向缠绕复合气瓶、承载金属内胆纤维增强全缠绕复合气瓶、非金属内胆和不承载金属内胆纤维增强全缠绕复合气瓶. 此标准适用于容积450 L以下的容器，用于储存和运输压缩气体和液化气体，其水压实验压力≤65 MPa. 缠绕的纤维可为碳纤维、玻璃纤维、有机纤维或其混杂，但对环向缠绕标准中规定也可采用钢丝缠绕进行周向加强. 关于碳纤维复合气瓶主要的欧洲标准是英国HSE-A1-FW2以及欧洲大陆已批准的衍生版本——欧洲标准化技术委员会（CEN）编制的复合气瓶规范EN 12245-2002《可运输气瓶−全缠绕复合材料气瓶》，以及EN 12257-2002《可运输气瓶−无缝环向缠绕复合材料容器》等. 我国关于纤维缠绕复合材料气瓶的标准比较少，很多企业都参考国外标准，通过消化吸收国外先进技术和标准，制定了企业内部的标准. 我国参考国外的标准以及实际的生产和使用经验制定了GB 24160-2009《车用压缩天然气钢制内胆环向缠绕气瓶》. 该标准适用于设计、制造公称工作压力为20 MPa或25 MPa，公称水容积为30~450 L，工作温度为-40~65 C，设计使用寿命为15年的缠绕气瓶. 该标准还给出了试验方法和检验规则等. 内胆需要进行的试验项目有底部密封性试验、拉伸试验、冲击试验、冷弯试验、金相检查、底部解剖、无损检测、水压爆破试验等；缠绕气瓶需要进行的试验项目有缠绕层层间剪切强度试验、缠绕层抗拉强度试验、缠绕层外观试验、水压试验、水压爆破试验、气密性试验、常温压力循环试验、极限温度压力循环试验、加速应力破裂试验、枪击试验、火烧试验、裂纹容陷试验、酸环境试验、未爆先漏试验、高温蠕变试验等. 而我国至今还没有关于全复合材料CNG车用气瓶的技术标准. 为此，应在有关厂家生产实践的基础上，参照国外先进标准以及国内使用特点，尽快制定出此类气瓶的制造标准、定期检测标准和安全评定标准.2复合材料气瓶的制造复合材料气瓶的纤维增强层主要的作用是承受压力，所以纤维层对复合材料的力学性能有很大的影响. 在制造复合材料气瓶时纤维增强层主要考虑的因素有气瓶的缠绕张力、铺层顺序、缠绕角度、缠绕厚度、纤维缠绕的线型等.复合材料气瓶在缠绕制造过程中需要对纤维施加一定的张力，一方面是为了使纤维在内胆上按第4期徐君臣，等：纤维缠绕复合材料气瓶研究进展·3·照设计线型排列，另一方面是为了使气瓶内胆和缠绕层产生一定的预应力，从而改善气瓶的抗疲劳性能. 陈汝训[1]提出影响纤维强度发挥的重要原因是沿气瓶厚度方向各纤维受力不均匀，而缠绕张力又是纤维受力不均匀的重要因素，对壁厚较厚的气瓶尤其如此；因此，如何合理控制缠绕张力是提高气瓶纤维强度发挥的重要环节. 张宗毅[2]等提出了一种等效降温法，将缠绕张力产生的预应力等效为复合材料层降温产生的预应力，并通过有限元软件研究了缠绕张力对环向缠绕复合材料气瓶应力的影响. 研究结果表明：随着缠绕预应力的增大，环向缠绕复合材料气瓶内胆工作应力减小，复合层工作应力增大，缠绕张力产生的预应力较大时会抵消自紧工艺的效果. 王欣荣[3]研究了缠绕张力对碳纤维缠绕铝内胆复合材料气瓶爆破压力的影响，模拟结果表明有缠绕张力气瓶的爆破压力比无缠绕张力气瓶的爆破压力提高了3.03%. Cohen[4]采用实验设计方法确定了在缠绕工艺过程中纤维预应力对缠绕结构力学性能的影响，发现提高预应力可以有效增加在纤维缠绕结构中缠绕层的纤维体积百分比，从而提高结构的强度.Kalaycioglu等[5]研究了凯夫拉纤维缠绕6061-T6铝内衬的复合材料气瓶，主要集中在纤维的缠绕角度连续变化时，对称与非对称的铺层顺序对气瓶性能的影响，结构如图1所示. 研究结果表明，对称的铺层顺序相对于非对称的铺层顺序爆破压力提高了15%，主要是因为对称的铺层顺序使得气瓶纤维层的应力分布得更加均匀，减少了应力集中. Bertin等[6-7]对聚合物复合材料储氢气瓶进行了实验和模拟研究，主要集中在复合层的铺层顺序对复合材料力学性能的影响上，研究结果如表1所示. 从表中结果可以看出，对称的铺层顺序失效应力值最大. Velosa等[8]研究了以聚乙烯为内衬玻璃纤维缠绕的复合材料气瓶，结果发现纤维的方向、铺层的顺序和铺层的层数都会对纤维缠绕层的强度造成影响.(a)对称的铺层顺序；(b)非对称的铺层顺序图1 纤维缠绕的铺层顺序Wild等[9]通过网格分析得出纤维缠绕复合材料压力容器的最优角度为54.74︒. Parnas等[10]考虑了纤维缠绕复合材料气瓶的内压的作用，得出优化的缠绕角主要取决于几何形状和使用的失效准则，并给出缠绕角的范围为52.1︒~54.2︒. Rosenow[11]利用经典层合理论分析了薄壁复合容器的缠绕角度在15︒~85︒之间变化时的应力与应变情况；对于环向应力和轴向应力之比等于2的圆筒形容器，均衡性缠绕角最优值为55︒. Erkal等[12]对玻璃纤维缠绕塑料内衬的复合材料压力容器疲劳破坏进行了实验研究，玻璃纤维均采用对称的方式缠绕，缠绕的角度分为±75︒、±60︒、±55︒、±45︒，实验结果表明，当缠绕角度为±55︒时，爆破的压力最大，为10.2 MPa.表1 在准静态张力下实验和预测的失效应力值对比[ABABA]S [A2B2A]S [A3B2]S 极限应力实验值/MPa 100 75 72极限应力预测值/MPa 105 77 68 误差 5 2.5 4注：11+/)Aθθ=-（，22(/)Bθθ=+-，而15︒<1θ<35︒，75︒<2θ<90︒纤维缠绕的厚度并不是越厚越好，纤维缠绕得太厚不仅会增加制造成本，而且外层纤维的强度也得不到充分的发挥，造成材料的浪费. 古海波[13]对容积为2 L的碳纤维缠绕铝内胆复合材料气瓶的环向缠绕厚度进行了设计. 随着环向纤维厚度的增加，工作压力和最小爆破压力下内胆和纤维的应力水平降低，同时纤维的应力比减小. 根据DOT-CFFC标准，得出纤维单层厚度的取值范围为0.13≤t≤0.14 mm.对于纤维缠绕结构，纤维缠绕的线型是一个重要的设计参数. 目前基本的纤维缠绕线型有：环向缠绕、纵向缠绕和螺旋缠绕3种. 环向缠绕是沿容器圆周方向进行缠绕，只能在筒身段进行，纤维缠绕的角度通常在85︒~90︒之间，缠绕工艺简单. 纵向缠绕的纤维轨迹是一条单圆平面封闭曲线，缠绕角度较小，多用于粗短容器. 螺旋缠绕又称为测地线缠绕，缠绕时导丝头按特定速度沿芯模绕轴线匀速自转，可以对筒身段和封头进行纤维缠绕，缠绕角度约为12︒~70︒，缠绕工艺复杂. 池秀芬等[14]通过碰撞损伤研究发现螺旋缠绕方式抵抗损伤的能力要高于普通环向缠绕方式，所以在制造复合材料压力容器时尽量采用螺旋缠绕方式. 在复合材料气瓶·4·应用科技第39卷制造中，一般采用螺旋和环向组成的缠绕形式. 3 复合材料气瓶失效准则复合材料气瓶的失效主要是纤维层的失效，故设计也主要是设计纤维层的强度. 常用的失效准则有最大应力准则、最大应变准则、Tsai-Hill 准则[15]、Hashin 准则[16]、Hoffman 准则[17]和Tsai-Wu 准则[18]. 最大应力准则是指如果某一种材料主方向的应力超过其强度值，材料就破坏，通常适用于对强度有要求的场合. 最大应变准则也是将复合材料的各应力分量与基本强度分量相比较，区别是最大应变准则考虑了另外一个方向应力分量的影响，适用于对构件形状变形有严格要求的场合. 最大应力及Tsai-Wu 准则适用于拉、压应力，Tsai-Wu 及Tsai-Hill 准则都允许二次应力的相互作用；但Tsai-Hill 准则只是二阶标准，没有线性应力，而Tsai-Wu 准则有这种线性应力，并适用于平面的所有象限及三围问题. 其中Tsai-Wu 准则用的最广，表达式见式(1)：2221112226661122121221;F F F F F F σσσσσσσ+++++≥ (1)111t c F X X =,221t cF YY =,6621tc F S =,111t c F X X =-,211t cF Y Y =-,12F =式中：F 为强度系数，X t 、X c 分别为纵向的拉伸和压缩强度，Y t 和Y c 分别为横向的拉伸和压缩强度，S tc 为平面的剪切强度，1σ、2σ分别为纵向和横向拉应力.张晓军等[19]采用了最大应变准则预测了纤维缠绕复合材料气瓶的爆破压力约为66 MPa ，而2次爆破试验中测得的爆破压力分别为65 MPa 和68 MPa. 由此可见，最大应变准则预测复合材料气瓶的爆破压力是比较准确的. Wang 等[20]也基于最大应变准则，采用ANSYS 有限元软件预测了碳纤维缠绕6061-T6铝内胆气瓶的爆破压力为65 MPa ，与实验值比较吻合. Park 等[21]在考虑各种载荷和边界条件的情况下，采用剪切变形理论和Tsai-Hill 失效准则分析了对称的复合材料层，并获得了最优化的设计方案. 在保持强度不变的情况下，Moharrerzadeh 等[22]基于Hoffman 准则对复合材料气瓶的质量进行了优化设计，并且取得了比较理想的结果. Liu 等[23]采用Tsai-Wu 准则设计了碳纤维缠绕铝内胆复合材料气瓶，并采用ANSYS 软件分别计算了复合材料气瓶在预应力、工作压力、水压实验压力、最小破坏压力等下的应力值，计算结果均满足美国制定的DOT-CFFC 标准的要求. 这说明了理论设计的可行性，也为工程上的实际应用提供了理论依据. Antunes 等[24]也采用了Tsai-Wu 准则设计了聚丙烯内衬玻璃纤维缠绕的复合材料气瓶，并采用有限元软件计算了内衬、复合层的应力以及最小的爆破压力，计算的结果均满足EN 12245标准的要求，为实际的生产提供了理论依据. 郑津洋等[25]研究了碳纤维缠绕铝内胆的储氢气瓶，采用了最大应力准则、Hoffman 准则、Tsai-Hill 准则和Tsai-Wu 准则预测了气瓶的失效压力，结果如表2所示[25]. 而实验测得气瓶的爆破压力为125~126 MPa ，通过对比可以看出，这4种准则预测的爆破压力与实验值一致，而Tsai-Wu 准则预测的爆破压力值与实验值最接近.表2 采用4种失效准则计算气瓶的爆破压力值 失效准则 最大应力 Hoffman Tsai-Hill Tsai-Wu 爆破压力/MPa120.6119.6119.6122.74 复合材料气瓶的失效模式气瓶失效是指气瓶丧失了其储存介质的功能. 常见的气瓶失效模式主要分为弹性失效、屈服失效、脆性断裂失效、塑性断裂失效、疲劳断裂失效、冲击断裂失效等类型，其主要表现形式包括瓶身漏气，内胆鼓包、裂纹，纤维断裂，基体开裂、冲击损伤等. 4.1 瓶身漏气全复合材料气瓶的塑料内胆一般采用高密度聚乙烯材料，经滚塑工艺加工成型. 塑料内胆主要对气瓶起密封的作用，而非强度作用；因此，其失效主要是指内胆失去其应有的密封性能，多表现为气瓶出现各种形式的泄露. 内胆由于漏气而失效的原因主要包括2个方面：一方面是内胆制造成型时产生的缺陷，这类原始缺陷在气瓶的使用过程中，经反复疲劳很可能诱发出各种形式的裂纹，最终导致内胆泄露；另一方面是气瓶在运输、安装和使用中遇到的冲击损伤，过大的冲击力导致内胆出现裂纹等缺陷. 可以通过以下措施来防止瓶身漏气而导致的失效. 首先，要合理选择气瓶的制造材料，正确制定和执行标准，实行严格的质量管理和工艺过程及质量认证试验；其次，安装时要避免碰撞、划伤等；最后，使用过程中充气的速率应尽可能小一些，充气气压高限值应控制在20 MPa 以内. 4.2 内胆鼓包、裂纹据报道在复合材料气瓶的定期检验中发现，不第4期徐君臣，等：纤维缠绕复合材料气瓶研究进展·5·合格气瓶中发生内胆鼓包、裂纹的气瓶占全部检测气瓶数的84.85%. 显然内胆鼓包、裂纹是复合材料气瓶失效的主要形式. 雷闽等[26]为了确定复合材料气瓶内胆出现鼓包、裂纹缺陷产生的原因，对复合气瓶内胆材质进行力学性能、微观分析、缠绕层和内胆材料线膨胀系数测试. 测试结果发现缠绕层和内胆材料的线膨胀系数不同是导致复合材料气瓶产生鼓包和裂纹的最根本原因. 充放气过程中，内压和温度的低周循环也是气瓶产生缺陷的直接因素. 夏立荣[27]对车用CNG全复合材料气瓶内胆鼓包的成因进行了研究，研究结果表明，气瓶受内压的变化、充放气过程中内部温度的变化、内胆材料与缠绕层复合材料线膨胀系数、弹性模量以及延伸率的差异以及结合界面本身粘结性较差等都会造成气瓶内胆鼓包，这样在气瓶内气压的高低循环下反复作用，如此一来就会对内胆的最薄弱部位产生循环折弯的疲劳损伤过程，造成内胆层微裂纹的损伤贯通，最终造成气瓶整体泄露失效. 可以适当增加内胆的刚度、在内胆与缠绕层之间增加一种缓冲材料、严格控制气瓶的泄压过程，尽可能使气瓶保持一定的余压（2 MPa左右）等措施来防止气瓶内胆鼓包和裂纹的产生.4.3 纤维断裂复合材料气瓶由于在拆装、搬运、使用等过程中操作不当，使气瓶受到外力冲击、碰撞等损伤，导致复合材料气瓶表面出现划痕，进而使气瓶表面纤维断裂. 在气瓶检测中往往根据经验来作为气瓶判废的标准[28-29]，如建议在割伤深度超过0.15 mm 或磨损露出的纤维深度超过0.25 mm时气瓶便报废. 这些做法缺乏一定的理论依据，会造成不必要的浪费. 签于此，有很多学者对这方面的内容进行了研究. 徐延海等[30]研究了表面损伤对全复合材料车用天然气气瓶强度的影响. 文中取了气瓶嘴附近、上封头附近、筒身、下封头附近和筒底附近5个部位，在轴向和周向2个方向上设置了几种不同长度和深度的表面损伤组合来模拟纤维的断裂状态. 研究结果表明，气瓶在有表面损伤时的应力值比无表面损伤时明显增大；对于相同尺度的表面损伤，轴向表面损伤对气瓶应力的影响比周向表面损伤显著；随着表面损伤长度的增加，气瓶在该处的等效应力逐渐增大；筒身表面的损伤比其他部位损伤的危害性小. Makinson等[31]研究了划痕对碳纤维缠绕聚乙烯内衬的复合材料储氢气瓶爆破压力的影响. 文中研究了划痕分为纵向和环向，划痕的长度为57 mm，宽为 1 mm，深度分别为复合层厚度11.4 mm的10%、20%、30%和40%，对应的爆破压力分别为76.14、69.63、59.27和52.98 MPa，而没有划痕时的爆破压力为74.3 MPa，可见随着划痕深度的增加，气瓶的爆破压力逐渐减小. Kim等[32]研究了划痕对碳纤维缠绕铝内衬复合天然气气瓶疲劳寿命的影响. 文中研究划痕深度为1.5、2.0、3.0和4.0 mm，宽度为2 mm，长度分别为50、100和200 mm，一共进行了12组实验. 实验结果表明，当划痕的深度超过3.0 mm，长度超过100 mm时，对气瓶的疲劳寿命有显著的影响. 而ISO 19078标准中规定的划痕的深度要小于1.25 mm，这是比较保守的.4.4 基体开裂复合层基体开裂主要是由于树脂脆性大，断裂延伸率低，在外载荷作用下，树脂的开裂远早于纤维的断裂，使纤维附近的树脂及树脂与纤维之间的界面处产生应力集中，形成基体开裂. 基体开裂会导致层间分层以及纤维拉出、断裂，最后导致材料的破坏. 张晓兵等[33]对复合材料压力容器基体开裂损伤进行了研究，研究结果表明，缠绕张力能使树脂基体产生预应力，从而可提高基体抵抗开裂的能力. 缠绕张力不合适会造成树脂不均匀，在循环压力载荷作用下，将产生基体开裂、裂纹不断扩展和新裂纹的产生，导致压力容器的刚度、强度下降，影响使用寿命. 王晓宏等[34]采用渐进损伤的模型对纤维缠绕复合材料压力容器基体开裂损伤进行了分析，详细分析了压力容器不同部位随外载荷的增加逐渐失效的情况，与真实情况比较符合，为复合材料压力容器的设计提供了有用的参考价值. Orifici等[35]总结了基体开裂以及失效的准则，采用断裂力学理论预测了基体开裂对复合材料的破坏. 可以在树脂中加入其它助剂，在保证树脂固化后具有高的强度、模量的情况下使树脂具有一定的塑性和韧性，或者采用热塑性基体，这样可以减少基体开裂的发生.4.5 冲击损伤复合材料气瓶在使用的过程中容易受到外来物体的冲击而产生损伤，并且往往在表面损伤很小，而在气瓶内表面以及缠绕层之间损伤严重. 气瓶在冲击载荷作用下的损伤破坏表现为基体开裂、基体挤压、纤维断裂、分层损伤等. 冲击损伤使复合材料层的寿命和强度大大下降，严重影响材料的使用. 目前，对复合材料在冲击载荷作用下的研究主要集中在层合板在不同的冲击载荷作用下的损·6·应用科技第39卷伤规律，复合材料层合板的损伤机理等上. Choi等[36-37]通过实验和模拟的方法研究了在低速冲击载荷作用下复合材料层合板破坏的机理. 在冲击载荷作用下复合层基体开裂是最开始的失效模型，由于基体开裂会导致复合层出现分层和微裂纹；初始的微裂纹缺陷会显著降低复合层抵抗冲击破坏的性能；并且复合层的堆叠顺序对复合层的抗冲击性能有显著的影响. 张彦等[38]研究了碳纤维复合材料层合板在低速冲击作用下层内和层间的失效行为，并采用有限元软件对复合材料层合板在横向低速冲击作用下的损伤和变形行为进行预测分析，模拟的结果与实验的结果比较吻合. Kaneko等[39]采用有限元的方法对在横向载荷作用下的复合材料气瓶的失效进行了分析. 在建模时只考虑气瓶的筒体部分，筒体复合层最外层为玻璃纤维，其余为碳纤维缠绕，并且根据实际的情况考虑了气瓶的内压作用. 模拟使用的冲击器为刚性的半球形，半径为25 mm，质量为554 kg，冲击的速度为10 m/s. 模拟结果如图2所示[39].图2 复合层从开始到穿透载荷与位移的曲线从图2中可以看出，当气瓶内压为17.5~52.5 MPa时，穿透载荷随着内压的增加而增加，主要是因为压力越高，刚度越大；当内压为70 MPa时，穿透载荷反而小，由于压力太高，导致了轴向纤维失效的发生. 所以可以提高压力，但必须小于安全操作压力可以增强气瓶抵抗冲击破坏的能力.5 复合材料气瓶的优化设计优化设计的基本原理是通过建立优化模型，运用各种优化方法，求得满足设计要求范围内的目标函数极值，得到最优化方案. 纤维缠绕复合材料气瓶的优化主要集中在自紧压力的优化、质量的优化等上，主要的目的是改变工作压力下内衬和纤维层的应力分配，充分发挥复合材料高强度的特点，同时在保证强度的条件下尽量减轻气瓶的质量，提高经济性.5.1 自紧压力的优化自紧常常应用于金属厚壁高压容器. 在自紧压力下，让容器在靠近内壁的部分厚度范围内达到屈服而产生塑性变形. 当自紧压力卸掉后，内壁处产生残余压应力. 其目的是使得容器在工作压力下，容器内外壁的拉应力能够相近些，以较充分地利用材料. 纤维缠绕复合材料气瓶不算厚壁容器，但由于内胆和缠绕层材料力学性能的巨大差异，当内胆已经屈服时，纤维还处于低应力状态，纤维优良的高强度性能得不到充分发挥. 复合材料气瓶面临的这个问题恰好通过自紧可以来解决. 古海波等[40]采用有限元软件对2 L的碳纤维全缠绕铝内胆气瓶的预紧压力进行了优化，得到了预紧压力对气瓶应力影响的结果. 并对照DOT-CFFC标准，得到了预紧压力的范围为35.9 MPa≤P pre≤36.6 MPa，取最佳的预紧压力为P pre=36.6 MPa. 李小明等[41]对某型复合材料气瓶进行了优化设计，自紧压力由40 MPa 提高到44 MPa，铺层角度由10︒增加到12︒，而工作压力下气瓶内胆应力减少了25%，可见进行优化分析是有必要的. 郑津洋等[42]对70 MPa车用轻质高压复合材料储氢气瓶进行了自增强处理，内衬圆柱段的应力从147 MPa下降到135 MPa，而纤维层的应力有少量增加. 自增强处理后，内衬材料的承载能力得到提高，在反复充装气体时，不会产生塑性变形的积累. 李玮[43]采用有限元软件对4.3 L碳纤维缠绕铝内胆复合材料气瓶的自紧压力进行了优化. 在满足DOT-CFFC标准的情况下，自紧压力的取值范围为55.1~56.2 MPa. 相对未自紧气瓶而言，通过自紧作用大大提高了气瓶的力学性能，使气瓶具有很强的安全性和可靠性.5.2 气瓶质量的优化在满足气瓶强度要求的情况下，气瓶的质量是设计的重要参数. 纤维的价格相对较高，通过结构优化，减薄纤维层的厚度，可以节省材料，降低成本. 边文凤等[44]对纤维缠绕的车用气瓶进行了整体优化设计，从轻型角度出发给出了优化的目标函数，同时也给出了爆破压力最大的优化约束函数. 这样做的目的是保证了产品在安全使用的前提下，汽车有较高的动力性和较长的续驶里程. 王志辉等[45]采用零阶和一阶方法并按照美国DOT-CFFC设计要求对复合材料气瓶进行了优化设计. 通过优化，纤维强度转换率得到提高，复合材料层体积由306 cm3减小到232 cm3，气瓶的容重比由7.24提高。
管业常用词中英对照
Aabove—ground conduit(pipeline) 地上管道accessible duct 通行地沟acrylonitrile butadiene stryene pipe ABS工程塑料管(ABS) active earth pressure 主动土压力adaptor slab 井筒盖板aerial crossing structure 跨越结构air—tight test 气密性试验anchor 固定墩arriving shaft 终端工作坑asbestos—cement pipe (ACP)石棉水泥管BBackfill 回填土bearing pressure distribution diagram 地基反力图形bedding angle 基础(座)中心角bend 弯管bending test 弯曲试验beveled pipe 斜口管Boussinecq pressure bulb布氏压力图形box(rectangular) conduit 矩形管道breadth of conduit 管道宽度breadth of trench 槽宽buried conduit(pepeline) 埋地管道buttand strap joint 抹带接头Ccable duct 电缆沟cap 盖堵casting place collar joint 现浇套环接头casting place joint 现浇接头(缝)cast—in—place(situ) conduit 现浇管道cast iron pipe(CIP) 铸铁管caulking填料;捻缝cement mortar lining 水泥砂浆内衬cement mortar with steel mesh strap joint 抹带接头centrifugal process 离心法chamber井室;检查室chemically pre-stressed concrete pipe 自应力混凝土管circular conduit 园形管道coating涂层coefficient of vertical earth pressure 竖向土压力系数collar type joint 套管(筒)式接头combined drainage conduit(pipeline) 合流管道combined duct 综合管道;共同沟compaction around the pipe with relatively untamped above thetop of pipe 中松侧实法compaction the two sides of pipe 胸腔夯实compansator 补偿器composite crossing 组合跨越composite pipe 复合管concrete cradle 混凝土管基(管座)concrete pipe(CP) 混凝土管conduit 管道conduit section 管道截面continuous casting process 连续浇铸法cooling water pipeline 冷却水管道core vibrated casting process 芯模震捣法core winding process 管芯缠丝法corrosion prevetive of pipes 管道防腐corrugated pipe 波纹管coupling of bousing 卡箍式管接头cover slab 井筒盖板crack width calculation 裂度宽度验算cracking load under three edge bearing test 裂缝荷载crown 顶点culvert 涵洞DD—load D荷载法dead’loadon conduit (pipeline) 管道恒荷载design pressure 设计压力detachable type joint 活接头dewatering 降水distribution of elastic reaction 弹性反力图形double junction 四通downpipe 雨落管downspout 雨落管duckfoot 肘管管托duct 管道ductile castiron pipe(DIP) 可延性铸铁管dynamic water pressure 动水作用力EEarth cover(heightofsoil) over con-duit 覆土高度earth pressure at rest 静止土压力earth pressure on embankment con/duit 上埋式土压力earthpressure on trench conduit 沟埋式土压力earthpressure under soil arch 土拱压力effective length of pipe 管有效长度elastic installation pipeline method 弹性敷管法elastic reaction of soil 土的弹性抗力elbow 弯头electrical conduits 电工套管elliptical conduit 椭园形管道embedded type PCCP(PCCP—E) 埋置式预应力钢筒混凝土管embedded—cylinder pipe(ECP) 埋置式预应力钢筒混凝土管expansion bellows 波纹补偿器expansion bend 弯管补偿器expansion joint 伸缩接头expansion joint 伸缩节expansion loop 弯管补偿器exterior prism 管侧土柱FFiber glass reinforced pipe(FRP) 玻璃纤维管filament winding process 纤维缠绕法finely divided solid transmission pipeline 细颗粒固体输送管道fixed support 固定管托;固定支座fixed trestle 固定支架flange 法兰flanged joint 法兰接头flat subgrade 素土平基flattening test 压偏试验;偏平试验flexible joint 柔性接头flexble pipe 柔性管flexible rubber expansion joint 可曲挠橡胶接头flexible trestle 柔性支架flexural stiffness ratio 刚柔比four—point loading test 四点法荷载试验free—flow conduit(pipeline) 自流管道fusion joint 热溶接头Ggastrans mission pipeline 输气管道gasket ring 密封圈glass fibrere inforced plastics pipe(GRP) 玻璃纤维增强热固性塑料管gravity—flow conduit(pipeline) 重力流管道gray cast iron pipe(CIP) 灰口铸铁管gully grating sand frames 雨水篦gully trap 雨水井Hhanger 吊杆haunches under pipe 管下腋角beaped load 堆积荷载heat—supply pipeline 供热管道heating pipeline 采暖管道height of conduit 管道高度horizontal earth pressure 水平土压力horses hoe conduit 马蹄形管道hydrostatic pressure 静水压力hydrostatic proof test 水压检验试验Iimpact factor 动力系数impact test 冲击试验industrial pipe line 工业管道inner sleeve joint 内套环接头inside diameter 内径inspection chamber 检查井interior prism 管上土柱intermediate jacking station 中继间invert 底点JJacking pressure 顶力Joint angular deflection 接头角位移Joint axial deformation 接头轴向位移Joint deflection test 接头角位移试验Joint packing 接头密封料Ioint sealant 接头密封料Joint straight draw test 接头拉伸试验LLag factor 滞后系数Lateral earth pressure 侧向土压力Leading pipe 导管Leak test 严密性试验lined type PCCP(PCCP—L) 内衬式预应力钢筒混凝土管lined—cylinder pipe(LCP) 内衬式预应力钢筒混凝土管liner 内衬live load on conduit(pipeline) 管道活荷载load on conduit(pipeline) 管道荷载loading distribution diagram 荷载分布图形longitudinal calculation 纵向计算MManhole 检查井manhole cover and flames 检查井盖manhole steps 踏步max. temperature difference between construction and operation 闭合温差mean diameter 平均直径mechanical joint 机械接头mixed structure conduit 混合结构管道Nnatural(original) ground surface 原状(始)地面natural soil 原状土new austrian tunnelling method 新奥法nodular cast iron pipe 球墨铸铁管non—pressure conduit(pipeline) 无压管道norminal diameter(DN) 公称直径OOffset 乙字管Olander’s bulbform distribution 奥兰特分布图形oriented(guiding) trestle 导向支架outer sleeve joint 套环接头outlet 出水口outside diameter 外径oval conduit 椭园形管道over excavation 超挖overhead prpeline 架空管道ovoid conduit 卵形管道Ppartial fixed trestle 半固定支架passive earth pressure 被动土压力petroleum transmission pipeline 输油管道pipe accesory 管道附件pipe bridge 管桥pipe casing slip joint 套筒式伸缩器pipe clip 管卡;管箍pipe crossing 管道跨越pipe diameter 管直径pipe duct 管沟pipefitting 管件pipe in pipe 双层管pipe jacking method 顶管法pipe length 管长pipe roofing method 管棚法pipe support 管托;管道支座pipeline 管道pipeline(conduit)structure 管道结构pipeline eaerial(over) crossing 管道跨越pipeline appurtenance 管道附属构筑物pipeline for waste water(sewerage) in building 建筑排水管道pipeline for water supply in building 建筑给水管道pipeline joint 管道接头pipeline pier 管道支礅pipeline trestle 管道支架pipeline undercrossing 管道穿越plastic sandwich pipe 发泡塑料管polybutylene pipe(PB) 聚丁烯塑料管polyethylene pipe(PE) 聚乙烯塑料管polypropylene pipe(PP) 聚丙烯塑料管precast fabricated conduit 预制装配管道pressure class 压力等级pressure conduit(pipeline) 压力管道prestressed concrete cylinder pipe(PCCP) 预应力钢筒混凝土管prestressed concrete pipe(PCP) 预应力混凝土管profile(ribbed) wall plastic pipe 异型(肋型)塑料管protective cased pipe 保护套管push—on type joint 插入式接头Rrare earth cast iron pipe 稀土铸铁管reaction wall 反力墙rebated pipe 企口管reception pit 接收工作坑red mud plastic anti—weather pipe 红泥聚氯乙烯耐候塑料管reducer 异径管;渐缩管reducerslab 缩颈盖板reinforced concrete pipe(RCP) 钢筋混凝土管reinforced plastic mortar pipe(RPMP) 增强塑料砂浆管reinforced thermo setting resin pipe(RTRP) 增强热固性树脂管rigid joint 刚性接头rigid pipe 刚性管rigid trestle 刚性支架riseofarch conduit 拱沟矢高road(street)gully 雨水口roller support 滚动管托;滚动支座roller suspension process 悬辊法Ssand box casting process 砂型浇铸法sealing gasket 密封圈self—anchoring joint 自锚式接头self—prestressed concrete pipe 自应力混凝土管semi—elliptical conduit 半椭园形管道semi—flexible pipe 半柔性管semi—rigid pipe 半刚性管separate foundation 分离式基础service ebility pressure 工作压力sewage conduit(pipeline) 污水管道shaft 井筒shaped by injection molding 注模成型法shaped by screw rod extruder 挤出成型法shapped subgrade 土弧基础shield tunneling method 盾构法single junction 三通sinking pipeline method 沉管法施工site load 施工荷载site pressure test 现场水压试验sleeve connection 杯口连接sleeve expansion joint 松套伸缩接头sleeve joint 套管(筒)式接头slider support 滑动管托;滑动支座slip—on coupling 活箍socket(bell) and spigot joint 承插式接头socket pipe 承口管soi1improvement 地基处理soil treatment 地基处理solvent cement joint 粘接接头splayed end pipe 斜口管spreading angle 分布角spring hanger 弹簧吊杆spring line 侧点stability calculation 稳定验算stainless steel pipe 不锈钢管starting shaft 起始工作坑stee lpipe 钢管stiffness calculation 刚度验算stiffness calss 刚度等级stiffness ring 刚性环stiffness test 刚度试验storm sewer conduit(pipeline) 雨水管道straight butt(plain) end pipe 平口管strength calculation 强度计算structural crossing 结构跨越subaqueous pipeline 水下管道submarine pipeline 海底管道submerged pipeline 水下管道support feet 肘管管托surcharge load 堆积荷载surface laver 涂层surge pressure 波动压力sustained pressure test 持续压力试验Ttable vibrated casting process 振动台震捣法thermal insulation of pipes 管道隔热;管道保温thickness of conduit structure 管道结构厚度thickness of pipe wall 管壁厚threaded joint 螺纹接头three—edge bearing test 三支承法试验three—point loading test 三点法荷载试验thrust blocks 止推墩thrust pit 顶进工作坑thrust wall 止推墙tongue and groove joint 企口式接头tongue and groove pipe 企口管traffic load 车辆荷载transversal calculation 横向计算trench depth 槽深trench installation 开槽施工;沟槽敷设trench less installation 不开槽施工tunneling method installation 隧道法敷设two—edge bearing test 双支承法试验tyre pressure 轮压Uultimate load under three—edge bearing test 破坏荷载unannealed nodular(ductile)cast iron pipe 铸态球墨铸铁管unback filled trench 末回填沟槽under—ground conduit(pipeline) 地下管道undisturbed earth 未扰动土unpassable duct 不通行地沟unplasticised polyvinyl chloride pipe(UPVC管) 硬聚氯乙烯塑料管Vvacuum pressure 真空压力ventilating duct 通风管道vertical compressed casting process 径向挤压法;立式挤压法vertical earth pressure 坚向土压力;垂直土压力vertical vibrated casting process 立式振捣法vitrified clay pipe 陶土管Wwall pipe chase 穿墙套管water distribution pipeline 配水管道water removal 排水water supply conduit(pipeline) 给水管道water tight test 闭(灌)水实验water transmission conduit(pipeline) 输水管道welding joint 焊接接头wheel pressure 轮压working pressure 工作压力works hydrostatic test 水压检验试验。
ASTM D2996-17 长丝缠绕玻璃纤维(玻璃纤维增强热固性树脂)管道标准规范
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2996; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
管道工程常用术语
管道工程常用术语管道conduit, pipeline, duct管道结构pipeline (conduit) stucture埋地管道,地下管道buried conuit (pipeline), under-ground conduit (pipeline)地上管道above=ground conduit (pipeline)水下管道submerged pipeline, subaqueous pipeline海底管道submarine pipeline架空管道overhead pipeline管桥pipe bridge工业管道industrial pipeline给水管道water supply conduit (pipeline)输水管道water transmission conduit (pipeline)配水管道water distribution pipeline排水管道sewer conduit (pipeline)雨水管道storm sewer conduit (pipeline)河流管道combined drainage conduit (pipeline)污水管道sewage conduit (pipeline)涵洞culvert建筑给水管道pipeline for water supply in building建筑排水管道pipeline for waste water (sewerage) in building雨落管down pipe, down spout冷却水管道cooling water pipeline输油管道petroleum transmission pipeline输气管道gas transmission pipeline供热管道heat-supply pipeline采暖管道heating pipeline通风管道ventilating duct细颗粒固体输送管道finely divided solid transmission pipeline管沟pipe duct电缆沟cable duct通行地沟accessible duct不通行地沟unpassable duct综合管道，共同沟combined duct电工套管electrical conduits无压管道non-pressure conduit (pipeline)自流管道，重力流管道free-flow conduit (pipeline), gravity-flow conduit (pipeline) 管道穿越pipeline under crossing管道跨越pipeline aerial (over) crossing管道支架pipeline trestle管道支墩pipeline pier刚性管rigid pipe柔性管flexible pipe半柔性管，半刚性管semi-flexible pipe, semi-rigid pipe内衬liner涂层coating, surface layer管道接头pipeline joint管件pipe fitting管道附件pipe accessory管道附属构筑物pipeline appurtenance止推墩，固定墩thrust blocks, anchor管道防腐corrosion prevetive of pipes管道隔热，管道保温thermal insulation of pipes钢管steel pipe焊接钢管welded steel pipe无缝钢管seamless steel pipe螺旋焊接钢管spiral welded steel pipe直缝焊接钢管longitudinal welded steel pipe电阻焊electirc resistence welding, ERW不锈钢管stainless steel pipe合金钢管alloy steel pipe铸铁管cast iron pipe (CIP)灰口铸铁管grey cast iron pipe (CIP)稀土铸铁管rare earth cast iron pipe球墨铸铁管，可延性铸铁管nodular castiron pipe, ductile cast iron pipe (DIP)铸态球墨铸铁管unannealed nodular (ductile) cast iron pipe混凝土管concrete pipe (CP)钢筋混凝土管reinforced concrete pipe (RCP)预应力混凝土管prestressed concrete pipe (PCP)自应力混凝土管self-prestressed concrete pipe, chemically prestressed concrete pipe预应力钢筒混凝土管prestressed concrete cylinder pipe (PCCP)内衬式预应力钢筒混凝土管lined type PCCP (PCCR-L), lined-cylinder pipe (LCP)埋置式预应钢管混凝土管embedded type PCCP (PCCP-E), embeded-cylinder pipe (ECP)石棉水泥管asbestos-cement pipe (ACP)陶土管vitrified clay pipe硬聚氯乙烯塑料管unplasticised polyvinyl chloride pipe (UPVC管)聚乙烯塑料管polyethylene pipe (PE管)聚丙烯塑料管polypropylene pipe (PP管)聚丁烯塑料管polybutylene pipe (PB管)红泥聚氯乙烯耐候塑料管red mud plastic anti-weather pipeABS工程塑料管acrylonitrile butadiene stryrene pipe (ABS管)玻璃纤维管，玻璃纤维增强热固性塑料管fiberglass reinforced pipe (FRP), glass fibre reinforced plastics pipe (GRP)增强热固性树脂管reinforced thermosetting resin pipe (RTRP)增强塑料砂浆管reinforced plastic mortar pipe (RPMP)复合管composite pipe混合结构管道mixed structure conduit圆形管道circular conduit (pipeline)矩形管道box (rectangular) conduit马蹄形管道horseshoe conduit半椭圆形管道semi-elliptical conduit椭圆形管道oval conduit, elliptical conduit卵形管道ovoid conduit波纹管corrugated pipe螺纹状helical corrugation圆圈状annular corrugation单壁波纹管single wall corrugated pipe双臂波纹管double wall corrugated pipe波纹钢管corrugated steel pipe波纹塑料管corrugated plastic pipe异型（肋型）塑料管profile (ribbed) wall plastic pipe开孔肋形管open profile pipeT形肋T-rib section竖肋vertical rib section闭孔肋形管closed profile pipe发泡塑料管plastic sandwich pipe保护套管protective cased pipe双层管pipe in pipe平口管straight butt (plain) end pipe斜口管beveled pipe, splayed end pipe承口管socket pipe企口管tongue and groove pipe, rebated pipe现浇管道cast-in-place (situ) conduit预制装配管道precast fabricated conduit离心法centrifugal process连续浇筑法continuous casting process砂型浇注法sand box casting process悬辊法roller suspension process径向挤压法，立式挤压法vertical compressed casting process 立式振捣法vertical vibrated casting process芯模振捣法core vibrated casting process振动台振捣法table vibrated casting process震动挤压法vibrohydro pressed casting process管芯缠绕法core winding process纤维缠绕法filament winding process挤出成型法shaped by screw rod extruder单螺杆挤出机single-screw extruder双螺杆挤出机double-screw extruder注模成型法shaped by injection molding管道截面conduit section管道宽度breadth of conduit管道高度height of conduit管长pipe length管有效长度effective length of pipe管直径pipe diameter公称直径norminal diameter (DN)内径inside diameter外径outside diameter平均直径mean diameter管壁厚thickness of pipe wall顶点crown底点invert侧点springline拱沟矢高rise of arch conduit管道结构厚度thickness of conduit structure管道荷载load on conduit (pipeline)管道恒荷载dead load on conduit (pipeline)管道活荷载live load on conduit (pipeline)竖向土压力，垂直土压力vertical earth pressure侧向土压力，水平土压力lateral earth pressure, horizontal earth pressure 沟埋式土压力earth pressure on trench conduit上埋式土压力earth pressure on embankment conduit土拱压力earth pressure under soil arch竖向土压力系数coefficient of vertical earth pressure管上土柱interior prism管侧土柱exterior prism主动土压力active earth pressure静止土压力earth pressure at rest被动土压力passive earth pressure土的弹性抗力elastic reaction of soil车辆荷载traffic load轮压wheel pressure, type pressure动力系数impact factor堆积荷载surcharge load, heaped load施工荷载site load工作压力working pressure, serviceability pressure设计压力design pressure波动压力surge pressure静水压力hydrostatic pressure动水作用力dynamic water pressure真空压力vacuum pressure三支承法试验three-edge bearing test双支承法试验two-edge bearing test裂缝荷载cracking load under three-edge bearing test破坏荷载ultimate load under three-edge bearing test刚度等级stiffness class刚度试验stiffness test刚柔比flexural stiffness ratio压扁试验，扁平试验flattening test冲击试验impact test压力等级pressure class水压检验试验works hydrostatic test, hydrostatic proof test 持续压力试验sustained pressure test四点法荷载试验four-point loading test三点法荷载试验three-point loading test弯曲试验bending test横向计算transversal calculation纵向计算longitulinal calculation强度计算strength calculation稳定验算stability calculation刚度验算stiffness calculation裂缝宽度验算crack width calculation基础（基座、管基、管座）中心角bedding angle素土平基flat subgrade土弧基础shapped subgrade混凝土管基（管座）concrete cradle槽宽breadth of trench覆土高度earth cover (height of fill) over conduit分布角spreading angle负载分布图形loading distribution diagram地基反力图形bearing pressure distribution diagram布氏压力图形Boussinecq pressure bulb奥兰特分布图形Olander’s bulb form distribution弹性反力图形distribution of elastic reactionD-荷载D-lead滞后系数lag factor刚性环stiffness ring分离式基础separate foundation跨越结构aerial crossing structure管道跨越pipe crossing结构跨越structural crossing组合跨越composite crossing固定支架fixed trestle刚性支架rigid trestle柔性支架flexble trestle半固定支架partial fixed trestle导向支架oriented (guiding) frestle刚性接头rigid joint柔性接头flexible joint伸缩接头expansion joint插入式接头push-on type joint套管（筒）式接头collar type joint, sleeve joint自锚式接头self-anchoring joint活接头，活箍detachable type joint, slip-on coupling热溶接头fusion joint粘结接头solvent cement joint法兰接头flanged joint螺纹接头threaded joint承插式接头socket (bell) and spigot joint企口式接头tongue and groove joint机械接头mechanical joint抹带接头butt and strap joint钢丝网水泥砂浆抹带接头cement mortar with steel mesh strap joint 套环接头outer sleeve joint内套环接头inner sleeve joint现浇套环接头cast in place collar joint接头密封料joint sealant, joint packing密封圈gasket ring, sealing gasket填缝，捻缝caulking接头角位移joint angular deflection接头角位移试验joint deflection test接头轴向位移joint axial deformation接头拉伸试验joint straight draw test穿墙套管wall pipe chase杯口连接sleeve connection现浇接头（缝）cast in place joint管托，管道支座pipe support滑动管托，滑动支座slider support滚动管托，滚动支座roller support固定管托，固定支座fixed support肘管管托support feet, duck foot异径管，渐缩管reducer弯管bend弯头elbow三通single junction四通double junction乙字管offset法兰flange盖堵cap补偿器compansator弯管补偿器expansion loop, expansion bend伸缩节expansion joint松套伸缩接头sleeve expansion joint套管式伸缩器pipe casing slip joint卡箍式管接头coupling of housing波纹补偿器expansion bellows可曲绕橡胶接头flexible rubber expansion joint吊杆hanger弹横吊杆spring hanger管卡，管箍pipe clip检查井inspection chamber, manhole井室，检查室chamber井筒shaft缩颈盖板reducer slab井筒盖板cover slab, adaptar slab检查井盖manhole cover and flames踏步manhole steps雨水口road (street) gully雨水井gully trap雨水蓖gully gratings and frames出水口outlet开槽施工，沟槽敷设trench installation不开槽施工，隧道法敷设trenchless installation, tunnelling method installation顶管法pipe jacking method盾构法shield tunnelling method新奥法New Austrian tunnelling method管棚法pipe roofing method沉管法施工sinking pipeline method浮拖法floating pulling method底拖法under water dragging method弹性敷管法elastic installation pipeline method原状（始）地面natural (origina) ground surface原状土，未扰动土natural soil, undisturbed earth降水，排水dewatering, water removal槽深trench depth超挖over excavation地基处理soil treatment, soil improvement顶进工作坑，起始工作坑thrust pit, starting shaft接受工作坑，终端工作坑reception pit, arriving shaft中继间intermediate jacking station导管leading pipe止推墙，反力墙thrust wall, reaction wall顶力jacking pressure管下腋角haunches under pipe未回填沟槽unbackfilled trench回填土backfil胸控夯实compaction the two sides of pipe中松侧实法compaction around the pipe with relatively untamped above the top of pipe 闭合温差max temperature difference between construction and operation闭（灌）水试验water fight test现场水压试验site pressure test严密性试验leak test气密性试验air-tight test水泥砂浆内衬cement mortar lining果博东方，缅甸果博东方，果博东方娱乐meDhJo8fFlla。