语言学第一章重点
语言学概论(第一章)
比语言来得更好。言为心声，语言的表达效果离不开使用者、使 用环境等。
二、语言的思维功能
语言和思维的关系 1.什么是思维
形象思维---抽象思维 苹果的例子
2.其他学科对思维的研究
无论是传统的哲学、逻辑学对思维的研究，还是现代科学对思维 的探索，语言都始终是不可或缺的要素。
语言是思维活动的动因和载体，是思维成果的贮存所。语言和思 维密不可分，语言的思维功能是语言的基本属性。
汉语：红、橙、黄、绿、青、蓝、紫 英语：purple, blue, green, yellow, orange, red 汉语：伯父、叔父、姑父、姨夫；伯母、叔母、姑母、姨母 英语：uncle, aunt 汉语：一本书、三个人、两支笔 英语：one book, three p话语、实词句、成人句
3.儿童语言习得途径论
克拉申的输入假设、斯万的输出假设
4.儿童语言习得关键期论
支持关键期假说的研究、反对关键期假说的研究
二、语言的思维功能
关于聋哑人的语言和思维 1.聋哑人和常人一样，生活在人类社会中，有健全的大脑
和发音器官，他们的大脑也分左右两半球，各有各的分工。 2.大脑是人的一切活动的司令部，人的各种感觉器官由它统
语言学概论
An Introduction to Linguistics
第一章 语言的功能
第一章 语言的功能
每一语言里都包含着一种独特的世界观。 ---洪堡特
一、语言的社会功能
语言的信息传递功能 1.人类社会中语言信息传递的作用
维系社会成员之间的联系 分工协作 彼此分享经验感受 文化传承
2.人类社会信息传递的其他方式及其与语言的关联
2.儿童语言习得和思维发展的关系
语言学复习重点第一章
语言学复习重点第一章第1章语言和语言学(本章主要讨论什么是语言，语言的功能是什么，语言的起源和分类，以及什么是语言学，语言学研究的范围是什么)1.1语言的本质——什么是语言？单句小结，语言是一种用于人类交流的任意发声符号系统。
人类特有的，用于交流)语言是系统的(强调:语言的双重性)解释:语言是系统化的。
二元性:每种语言被组织成两个基本系统:一个声音系统和一个手段系统。
语言是象征性的(强调:图标，索引，这是我第一次能够做到这一点。
但是没有办法，PPT这么说，我认为符号的理解应该是人们用符号来交流。
这是因为:，现代语言学之父，索绪尔:指南是符号学的一个分支。
语言作为人类交流的特殊手段)语言学家感到厌烦，决定对这些混乱的符号进行分类。
所以有:图标索引符号3。
语言是任意的解释:手段和声音之间没有自然的联系。
词和宾语，词的形式和意义。
索绪尔也提出，意义和意义之间没有自然的联系。
但是，换句话说，发明这个词的人可以随意发明它，而你不能随意使用它。
简而言之，你不能把桌子叫做猪。
4 .语言主要是有声的(语言是从一开始说的)有五个理由可以这样说:①儿童在学会阅读和写作之前学会说话(2)儿童在成长过程中自己学习语言(3)在人类历史上，有先说后写(4)写作是以语言为基础的(5)人们说得多写得少(5)。
语言是人类特有的(语言是人类独有的)解释:因为，人类语言具有以下特征:(1)置换199 (2)生产力或创造力:人类有能力生产和理解。
③文化传播:学习作为人类语言的一个因素比动物交流更重要。
4结构复杂性语言的结构复杂无界动物交流系统是封闭的。
当他还是个孩子的时候，他不知道该做什么。
语言不仅是一种心理现象，也是一种社会事实。
语言功能分为两类，一类是通用功能，一类是元功能，元功能(注:通用功能是专用的，特殊应用；元函数涵盖更广泛的更抽象的函数) 1。
一般功能:指个人对语言的具体使用英寸列出了7种一般功能:①生理/表达/情绪功能心理学\ \表达\ \情绪功能:这种功能没有交际目的。
语言学概论第一章
第一章语言学的一个分野，日本语学。
1-1-1 现代言语学和索绪尔语言是以表现想法和感情，传达意志为机能的记号的体系。
言语学是一门把语言作为对象的学问。
现代上制作言语学的基础是瑞士的语言学家，索绪尔。
索绪尔的理论死后呗发行的^一般言语学讲义^而被世人所知。
这里概述了讲义中的最重要的三点。
1，言语记号的恣意性和社会性。
日本语中被称作《いぬ》的生物，在英语里称作《dog》。
中文称作《狗》。
这些叫法，本来的称呼方法和本来的概念没有必然的关系的词语来表示。
例如，现在《いぬ》这样的生物，叫做《ねこ》也没有关系。
就像这样，人类的语言记号，和名字之间没有必然的联系，一般上，言语记号是表现物体音声的侧面，和和只是对象，两者间完全没有必然的联系。
这样的理论就被称为索绪尔的恣意性。
但是可以保证各种语言的不同。
而且，也可以看到语言的的恣意性切断了外界的样子。
例如，在日语中，一个母亲生下的男孩们＜あに＞和《弟》被区别，（也就是说，これは私の兄｜弟です。
即使这样说，也不能说これは私の兄弟です。
）英语两者都叫做brother.（所以，this is my brother 这样的叫法是可以的。
）言语的恣意性是用语言第一次起名字时的性质。
一旦被取了名字，个人就不能改变了。
例如，讨厌《いぬ》这样的称呼虽然把称作《いぬ》这样的生物称作《ねこ》也不通，别人无法理解。
所以，语言记号一旦决定了称呼方法，个人是不能改变的，这就是语言的社会性。
2，ラングとパロール《かかと踵》发这样的音的时候，<kakato>的ka1是呼出气息的ka2却是几乎不发出气息的。
同样的音在title里面的两个音也可以这样说。
这样的情况，两个k音，t音物理上不一样，以日语为母语的人和以英语为母语的人却把这两个音认识为同一种音。
像这样的，母语话的人对于语言有着抽象的认识，各种各样包含变异的实际的音声，按照那种知识来认识。
索绪尔把这种抽象的知识（上面举得例子，无视k,t在物理上性质的不同，称作音素。
《语言学概论》第一章考点手册
《语言学概论》第一章语言和语言学001语言的性质和类型（★★★一级考点，单选，简答，分析）1.人类具有语言能力，是人类跟其他动物区别的最重要的标志。
2..人类的语言跟动物的“语言”相比较，内容更多、用处更大（最主要的交际功能、标志功能、记录功能、思维功能、认知功能）、能够创造。
3..从语言“历时”演变角度来划分不同的语言，可以建立“语言的谱系分类”，也叫做“语言的亲属关系分类”4.语言的谱系分类是个层级系统，从大到小通常分别叫做:“语系--语族--（语支）--语言--方言--次方言（土语）”5.从语言“共时”状态角度来划分不同的语言，就可以建立“语言的形态分类”，也叫做“语言的结构类型分类”。
其中一种主要的分类结果就是把人类语言分成“形态语”和“孤立语”，或者分成“综合性语言”和“分析性语言”，汉语是典型的孤立语。
6.屈折语：主要是句子中某些词本身有丰富的形态变化，典型的如德语、俄语。
7.汉语则是属于没有形态变化的“孤立语”和“分析性语言”。
8.孤立语和分析性语言的汉语有几个主要特点：一是汉语不是通过谓词词形变化来表示“时、体、态”的语法意义，而是有一套非常丰富的表时态的助词（如“了、着、过”等）和表语气的助词（如“的、呢、吗”等）系统；二是汉语没有通过名词词形变化表示的“性、数、格”的语法意义，而是特别突出语序和虚词的作用；三是汉语的各种实词（如名词、动词、形容词）都没有词尾标记，因此词类和句法成分之间不存在形态语那样的一一对应关系。
9.语言和民族、国家的关系：（1）语言是民族的重要标志，至今也仍然是最直观和最容易识别的民族标志，同时也是不少国家的标志。
（2）在大多数情况下确实是一个民族使用一种语言。
例如，汉族使用汉语，蒙古族使用蒙古语等。
而且语言在很大程度上又是根据国家来划分的。
（3）西方“一个民族、一种语言，一个国家”的定义对于欧洲以外的国家不完全适用，对于历史悠久、幅员辽阔的国家则可能根本不适用。
语言学概论第1章语言
符号与征候不同（指的是发生某种情况的迹象） （1）符号的含义：符号就是由社会约定俗成的，由
一定的形式构成的表示一定意义的记号或标记， 其作用是指称现实现象。 （2）符号的构成：形式和内容
（3）符号的种类很多 视觉符号、听觉符号触觉符号
（3）语言符号的特点： a、任意性 b、线条性 C、稳定性 d、可变性、发展性 e、生成性 f、概括性、民族性、时代性
a、任意性（约定性、强制性）和二重性（两面性）
思考：为什么人类会有这样多形形色色的语言？
语言符号的任意性特点具体表现
语言符号的任意性特点具体表现：
第一，语言符号的音义的结合是任意性的，由社 会约定俗成的，即什么样的语音形式表达什么样 的意义内容，什么样的意义内容用什么样的语音 形式表现是任意的；
白花 红花 蓝花 紫花 大花 小花 好花
上层 底层
第三级 三级 第二级
第一级
句子 词 语素 音位
音义结合的符号 与符号的序列
性质上的飞跃； 数量上的飞跃
思考：
任何一种语言所包含的句子的数量都是无 限的，那么人类为什么能在有限的时间内掌握 语言呢？
第一、语言是一种层级结构，最底层的音 位（几十个）是很少的；第二、用语素（几千 个）组成的词（几万个）的数量也是有限的， 而且可以重复使用，这样就通过词的不同组合 创造出数量庞大的句子（无数个）来；第三、 更加重要的是词和词组合成为句子的规则也是 有限的。
B,为什么说组合关系、聚合关系是语言系统中两种最基本 的关系？请举例说明。
第一章 语言
（三）社会性——人类语言与动物语言的区别 （四）全民性——怎样理解语言没有阶级性 三、语言的功能 (一)交际职能：语言是人类最重要的交际工具 (二)思维职能 1、思维和思想不同 2、思维能力与思维方式不同 3、语言和思维的关系 4、语言和思维的区别
语言学概论 第一章
二、其他观点
• • • • •
2．资源论： 认为语言是一种资源。 《现代汉语词典》 《现代汉语规范词典》 对外汉语 英语 3．问题论： 把语言看成是一种问题 出发点就是要解决问题，这个国家有语言问题，就要解决语 言问题。在此基础上就有语言规划或计划问题。这出来后就被民 族主义者与政治家利用了。 • 4．权利论： 即天赋人权，天赋语1．载体论： • 认为语言是文化的载体、信息的载体 • （1）文化是人类社会知识的总和，是人类理解和叙述事物的模 式。 • 从外延上看，文化可以分为物质文化、智能文化、制度文化和 精神文化四种类型。 • （2）语言是文化的载体 • A 语言是文化的一部分。 • B 语言反映文化，或者说语言具有文化镜像功能。 • a 语言对文化的反映首先表现在言语作品的内容上。 • b 语言系统本身也记录和反映人类文化的面貌。 • c 通过语言还可以揭示没有被语言作品记录下来的文化。 • C 语言传承文化。
三、语言是一种特殊的社会现象
• 1．语言是一种社会现象 • （1）语言是社会的产物。 • （2）语言不是自然现象，它与自然现象有根本的区别。一方面， 语言的产生、发展等都要受到社会的制约。另一方面，语言的音 义联系是由社会约定俗成的，。 • （3）语言不是个人现象，与个人现象有区别。 • 2 ．语言是一种特殊的社会现象 • 语言不是经济基础，也不是上层建筑。 • 经济基础是社会生产关系的总和，是社会发展一定阶段上的社会 经济制度。 • 上层建筑是社会上政治、法律、哲学等观点和相应的制度设施， 同一定历史时期的社会经济基础相适应，同人的生产行为没有直 接联系。
第一章 语言的社会功能
• • • • •
• • • • • • •
一、工具论 工具论认为,语言是人类最重要的交际工具 1．语言是人类的交际工具 2．语言是最重要的交际工具 3．语言是全民的交际工具。
语言学概论—重点知识总结
语言学概论—重点知识总结第一章：语言和语言学第一节认识人类的语言1.只有人类才有语言；与动物鸣叫的区别：内容更多、用处更大、能够创造；语言与民族、国家的关系？——三者关系复杂语言是最直接、最易识别的民族标志；同一民族可以有多种语言；2.语言的类型历时-谱系分类：亲属关系——英语、德语都属于日耳曼语系；汉语、藏语都属于汉藏语系；共时-形态分类：孤立语（汉语：突出语序和虚词的作用）；形态语（英德俄-屈折语；日韩维-黏着语）3.语言的表现形式：语言和言语、本体和外围、口语和书面语1)语言和言语语言：说话的工具，是约定成俗的；比如：普通话、英语；言语：说话，包含言语作品和言语动作，比如：说：“翠花，上酸菜”；2)选择/名词：本体和外围本体：语言内部包含的要素，比如：语音、语法、语义；外围：语言和其他事物的关系，比如：语言和思维、语言和历史、语言和民族文化；3)口语和口语口语：说的话；第一性的，是书面语产生的基础书面语：写的字；第二性，在口语的基础上，加工提炼而成；第二节语言符号和语言结构1.语言符号必须同时具有表示具体意义的物质实体（红绿灯）和物质实体所表示的特定意义（红灯停绿灯行）；2.语言的符号特性：能指和所指、约定和任意、不变和可变；1)能指和所指（口诀：能声所意）能指：把语言符号中能够指称某种意义的声音称为“能指”；所指：把语言符号中有特定声音表示的意义称为“所指”；2)约定和任意约定：人为的规定任意：符号表示意义没有必然联系，只需人人都认定或气就行3)不变和可变可变性的根本原因在于任意性3.语言的结构特性：线性和离散、组合和聚合、层次和层级1)线性和离散：构成语言结构的基础条件；线性：语言符号只能一个一个按工夫顺序成一条线排列；离散性：语言符合可以分解还原成一个一个的符号（词）；2)组合和聚合组合：哪一个成分在前、哪一个成分在后的结构特征；（又叫句法功用）聚合：同一类成分可以相互替换的结构特性；3)层次和层级层次：一个小单位内部的成分组合叫做“层次”；（语素组合成词、词组合成词组、词组组合成句子）层级：各个小单位之间的联系叫做“层级”；（词和词一级的内在分别）第三节研究语言的科学1.学科研究的方向分类：本体研究、语言与心理、语言和使用；1)本体研究：对语音、语汇、语法、语义的研究；2)语言与心理研究：语言和心理之间的关系和相互影响；3)语言与应用研究：语言学和信息处理，把理论在实践中的运用；2.语言与哲学1)“名无固宜，约之以命，约定俗成谓之宜……”出自XXX的《正名篇》；2)“小学”包括：《文字学》、《音韵学》、《训诂学》；3.语言研究1)XXX的《通俗语言学教程》提出了“结构主义语言学”“能指和所指”，是结构语言学的奠基人；2)XXX：北美结构主义学家，间接成分分析法；3)乔姆斯基的“转换生成语法”，包括普遍语法、句法自治等观点；第二章语言的物质载体——语音第一节语音概说1.语音：“人说话的声音”，更严格地说，语音是人的发音器官发出的、用于人与人之间交际并表达一定意义的声音。
语言学教程第一章总结
1115101044 李素萍Chapter1 Invitation to Linguistics1.1 Why Study Language?Language is such an integral part of our life and humanity that too much about it has been taken for granted.Language plays a central role in our lives as individuals and social beings.1.2 What Is Language?Language is the systematic, conventional use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression.(David Crystal, 1992)Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.(Ronald Wardhaugh)To give the barest of definition, language is a means of verbal communication. In short, language distinguishes us from animals because it is far more sophisticated than any animal communication system.1.3 Design Features of LanguageArbitrarinessArbitrariness means that the form of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their sound and meaning. The dog barks wow wow in English but “汪汪汪” in Chinese.Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning. Arbitrariness at the syntactic level. language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level.The link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention. DualityThe property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization:Primary units …words‟ (meaningful) consist of secondary units …sounds‟ (meaningless).CreativityLanguage is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. We can use it to create new meanings.Words can be used in new ways to mean new things, and can be instantly understood by people who have never come across that usage before. Information imparted by animals is severely limited and confined to a small set of messages, as birds, bees.Because of duality the human speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard.Language is creative in another sense,that is, its potential to create endless sentences.DisplacementHuman languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. Thus, we can refer to Confucius, or the North Pole.In a word, intellectual benefits of displacement to us is that it makes possible for us to talk and think in abstract terms.1.4 Origin of LanguageThe”bow-wow”, the” po oh-pooh” and the” yo-he-yo” theory1.5 Functions of LanguageLinguists talk about the functions of language in an abstract sense, that is, not in terms of using language to chat, to think, to buy and sell, to read and write, to greet, praise and condemn people, etc.For Jakobson, language is above all for communication.While for many people, the purpose of communication is referential, for him (and the Prague school structuralists), reference is not the only, not even the primary goal of communication.In conjunction with speaker, addressee, context, message, code, contact, Jakobson established a well-known framework of language functions based on the six key elements of communication, namely:referential (to convey message and information), poetic (to indulge in language for its own sake), emotive (to express attitudes, feelings and emotions), conative (to persuade and influence others through commands and requests), phatic (to establish communion with others)，metalingual (to clear up intentions and meanings).Halliday proposes a theory of metafunctions of language, that is, language has ideational, interpersonal and textual functions.Informative function(ideational function)信息功能Language is the instrument of thought and people often feel need to speak their thoughts aloud.Language serves for the expression of content and give helps to determine our way of looking at things.Interpersonal Function人际功能By far the most important sociological use of language, and by which people establish and maintain their status in a society， e.g. Dear Sir, Dear Professor, Johnny, yours, your obedient servant.It is concerned with interaction between the addresser and addressee in the discourse situation.Performative Function施维功能Language canbe used to do things, to perform action.It is primarily to change the social status of persons and is usually quite formal and even ritualized. For example, in Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an. Emotive Function感情功能It is one of the most powerful uses of language because it is crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something.It is a means of getting rid of our nervous energy when we are under stress, e.g. God, My, Damn it, What a sight, Wow, Ugh, Oh.It is also discussed under the term expressive function. The expressive function can often be entirely personal and totally without any implication of communication to others.Phatic Communion寒暄功能It refers to the social interaction of language.We all use small, seemingly meaningless expressions to maintain a comfortable relationship between people without involving any factual content. Ritual exchanges about health or weather such as Good morning, God bless you, Nice day often state the obvious.Recreational Function娱乐功能The recreational function of a language is often overlooked because it seems so restrictive in purpose and supposedly so limited in usefulnessThe use of language for the sheer joy of using it, such as a baby's babbling or a chanter's chanting.Metalingual Function元语言功能Our language can be used to talk about itself, for example, I can use the word book to talk about a book, and I can also use the expression “the word book” to talk about the sign “book” itself.1.6 What Is Linguistics?Linguistics is usually defined as the scientific study of language or, alternatively, as the scientific study of language. Linguistics is a rich and exciting field.Linguistics has firmly established its place as a major branch of humanities and social sciences as well.1.7 Main Branches of LinguisticsPhonetics语音学Phonetics studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech, etc.Phonology音系学Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. It deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme as the point of departure.A phoneme is the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning.Morphology形态学Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning — morphemes and word-formation processes. Syntax 句法学Syntax is about principles of forming and understanding correct sentences. Semantics语义学Semantics examines how meaning is encoded in a language.Pragmatics语用学Pragmatics is the study of meaning in particular context. In other words, pragmatics is concerned with the way language is used to communicate rather than with the way language is internally structured.1.8 MacrolinguisticsOther disciplines such as psychology, sociology, ethnography, the science of law and artificial intelligence etc. are also preoccupied with language. Psycholinguistics心理语言学Psycholinguistics investigates the interrelation of language and mind, for example, in processing and producing utterances and in language acquisition. Sociolinguistics社会语言学Sociolinguistics is the study of the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions, and the characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interact and change within a speech community. Anthropological Linguistics人类语言学Anthropological linguists are interested primarily in the history and structureof formerly unwritten languages.Computational Linguistics计算语言学Computational linguistics centers around the use of computers to process or produce human language(also known as “natural language”, to distinguish it from computer languages).To this field, linguistics contributes an understanding of the special properties of language data, and provides theories and descriptions of language structure and use.1.21.What are synchronic and diachronic studies?The description of a language at some point of time (as if it stopped developing)is a synchrony study (synchrony). The description of a language as it changes throughtime is a diachronic study (diachronic). An essay entitled “On the Use of THE”, for example, may be synchronic, if the author does not recall the past of THE, andit may also be diachronic if he claims to cover a large range or period of time whereinTHE has undergone tremendous alteration (see Hu Zhuanglin et al.,pp25-27).1.22.What is speech and what is writing?No one needs the repetition of the general principle of linguistic analysis,namely, the primacy of speech over writing. Speech is primary, because it existedlong long before writing systems came into being. Genetically children learn to speak before learning to write. Secondly, written forms just represent in this way or thatthe speech sounds : individual sounds, as in English and French as in Japanese.In contrast to speech, spoken form of language, writing as written codes, giveslanguage new scope and use that speech does not have. Firstly, messages can be carriedthrough space so that people can write to each other. Secondly, messages can be carriedthrough time thereby, so that people of our time can be carried through time thereby,so that people of our time can read Beowulf, Samuel Johnson, and Edgar A. Poe. Thirdly,oral messages are readily subject to distortion, either intentional or unintentional(causing misunderstanding or malentendu), while written messages allow and encouragerepeated unalterable reading. Most modern linguistic analysis is focused on speech,different from grammarians of the last century and theretofore.1.23.What are the differences between the descriptive and the prescriptive approaches?A linguistic study is “descriptive” if it only describes and analyses the facts of language, and “prescriptive” if it tries to lay down rules for??“correct” language behavior. Linguistic studies before this century were largely prescriptivebecause many early grammars were largely prescriptive because many early grammarswere based on “high” (literary or religious) written records. Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive, however. It (the latter) believes that whatever occurs in natural speech (hesitation, incomplete utterance, misunderstanding, etc.) should bedescribed in the analysis, and not be marked as incorrect, abnormal, corrupt, or lousy.These, with changes in vocabulary and structures, need to be explained also.1.24.What is the difference between langue and parole?F. de Saussure refers “langue”to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and refers “parole” to the actual or actualizedlanguage, or the realization of langue. Langue is abstract, parole specific to thespeaking situation; langue not actually spoken by an individual, parole always anaturally occurring event; langue relatively stable and systematic, parole is a massof confused facts, thus not suitable for systematic investigation. What a linguistought to do, according to Saussure, is to abstract langue from instances of parole,i. e. to discover the regularities governing all instances of parole and make thanthe subject of linguistics. The langue-parole distinction is of great importance, which casts great influence on later linguists.1.25.What is the difference between competence and performance? According to N. Chomsky, “competence” is the ideal language user‟s knowledgeof the rules of his language, and “performance” is the actual realization of thisknowledge in utterances. The former enables a speaker to produce and understand anindefinite number of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities.A speaker‟s competence is stable while his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors. So a speaker‟s performance does not always match or equal his supposed competence.Chomsky believes that linguists ought to study competence, rather than performance. In other words, they should discover what an ideal speaker knows of hisnative language.Chomsky‟s competence-performance distinction is not exactly the same as , thoughsimilar to , F. de Saussure‟s langue-parole distinction. Langue is a social product,and a set of conventions for a community, while competence is deemed as a propertyof the mind of each individual. Sussure looks at language more from a sociologicalor sociolinguistic point of view than N. Chomsky since the latter deals with his issuespsychologically or psycholinguistically.。
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Duality: Or double-structured. Language consists of two sets of structures, or two levels.
Generally accepted definition:
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication
• System: Linguistic elements are arranged systematically,rather than randomly. Its being a “system” accounts for its learnability and teachability. • Vocal: sound or speech is the primary medium for all human laguages. • Symbol: people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to • Human: to specify that language is “human-specific”.
Chapter1 language & linguistic
Why study Linguistic?
Degree paper
TEM-8
MA
Further research
The Goals for this Course
1. To get a scientific view on language 2. To understand some basic theories on linguistics 3. To understand the applications of the linguistic theories. 4. To prepare for the future research work.
What is language?
“language makes us human.” This shows the importance of language to humans There are 2800 or more languages in the world, 70% having no writing. Only 13 of them enjoy a population of over 60,000,000, like Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Japanese, German, Italian, to name but a few.
Cultural transmission: Language is not biologically or genetically. A language is taught and learned within a particular cultural background.
Functions of language
interrogative function
• 询问功能
• When language is used to inquire about or have access to information, usually about the listener’s side or things the speaker does not but want to know, it serves an interrogative function. This includes all questions that expect replies.
• According to the “Indirect Speech Act Theory”, statements may carry out this function as well
• • 我姓贺，我是外语系的老师 -知道知道 / 哦！认识你很高兴！
• Rhetorical question(修辞问句/设问句) make an exception, since they demand no answer
Directive function
• 指令功能
• Language may be used to get the hearer to do something. Most imperative(not all) sentence perform this function:
• Call me in two hours. • Kiss my ass, son of a bitch! (pseudo-directives)
Lower level: sounds which are meaningless. Higher level: units of meaning by grouping or regrouping sounds.
A small number of sounds can be grouped into a large number of semantic units(words), and these units can be arranged into an infinite number of sentences.
Creativity (productivity): Peculiar to human languages, users of language can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before.
e.g. we can understand sentence like “ A pink elephant is dancing on the hotel bed”, though it does not describe a common happening in the world.
The Requirements for this course
Class attendance
Classroom discussion
Assignment
Examination
About 100 years ago, there was a move to abolish character. Someone proposed the idea of replacing characters with a phonetic representation.The characters for China, 中国, would be replaced by a spelling of its sound: „zhong guo‟. But a professor at Beijing University wrote a short, nonsensical but intelligible story in response. The professor published his story without any comment.
• The link between signifier and signified is arbitrary. （书 in Chinese, book in English, livre in French, 本 【hon】in Japanese, check in Korean.）
• It is the essential, fundamental feature.(first principle as called by Saussure) • Language is not absolutely arbitrary.
Properties of language
1.Arbitrariness
2. Duality 3. Creativity (productivity) 4. Displacement
5. Cultural transmission
Arbitrariness: Generally there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.
Performative function
• 行事功能
• It means that people speak to “do things” or to perform actions. • The judge’s imprisonment sentence, the president’s war or independence declaration, etc…，are all such performatives.
施氏食狮史
石室诗士施氏,嗜食狮,誓食十狮。氏时时适市视狮。十时， 氏适市，适十狮适市。是时，氏视是十狮，恃十石矢势，似时十 狮逝世。氏拾是十狮尸适石室，石室湿，似侍试拭石室，石室拭， 氏始试食是十狮尸，是时，氏始识事是事实。 试释是事
shi shi shi shi shi Shi shi shi shi shi shi, shi shi shi, shi shi shi shi. Shi shi shi shi shi shi shi. Shi shi, shi shi shi, si shi his shi shi. Shi shi, shi shi shi shi, shi shi shi shi shi, shi shi shi shi shi. Shi shi shi shi shi shi shi shi shi shi shi. Shi shi shi sshi shi, shi shi, shi shi shi……