Research Skills and Referencing
学术英语与写作
学术英语与写作English:Academic English and writing encompass a multifaceted skill set essential for effective communication within scholarly communities. Proficiency in academic English involves not only linguistic competence but also an understanding of the rhetorical conventions, discourse structures, and genre-specific features prevalent in academic discourse. Mastery of academic writing necessitates the ability to articulate complex ideas clearly, logically, and persuasively while adhering to the conventions of academic integrity and ethical scholarship. Furthermore, academic writing often demands the incorporation of evidence from credible sources to support arguments and claims, requiring writers to demonstrate critical thinking, research skills, and the capacity to synthesize diverse perspectives. Effective academic writing also entails attention to detail, including proper citation and referencing formats, as well as clarity in language and coherence in organization. Beyond linguistic proficiency and technical skills, successful academic writing requires engagement with disciplinary norms, audience expectations, and the dissemination of knowledge within specific academic fields,contributing to the advancement of scholarly inquiry and intellectual discourse.中文翻译:学术英语与写作涵盖了一个多方面的技能集，对于在学术界有效交流至关重要。
通用学术英语综合教程蔡基刚
通用学术英语综合教程蔡基刚Here is an essay on the topic of "A Comprehensive Course on General Academic English" by Cai Jigang, with the word count exceeding 600 words:A Comprehensive Course on General Academic English by Cai JigangAcademic English is a crucial skill for students and researchers who aim to participate in the global academic community. It encompasses the linguistic competencies required to effectively communicate research findings, engage in scholarly discussions, and navigate the various genres of academic writing. Cai Jigangs comprehensive course on General Academic English provides a valuable resource for individuals seeking to develop and refine their academic English proficiency.The course covers a wide range of topics essential for success in the academic realm. It begins by introducing the fundamental principles of academic writing, including the organization of research papers, the construction of coherent paragraphs, and the appropriate use of academic vocabulary and grammar. Cai emphasizes the importance of understanding the rhetorical patterns and conventions that areprevalent in academic discourse, enabling learners to craft their written work in a manner that aligns with the expectations of the scholarly community.One of the key strengths of this course is its focus on the development of critical reading skills. Cai guides students through the process of effectively comprehending and analyzing academic texts, equipping them with strategies to identify the main arguments, recognize the underlying structure, and evaluate the authors use of evidence and reasoning. By mastering these critical reading skills, learners can better engage with the scholarly literature in their respective fields, which is crucial for conducting meaningful research and contributing to academic discussions.Additionally, the course delves into the nuances of academic speaking, highlighting the techniques and conventions necessary for delivering effective presentations, participating in seminars and conferences, and engaging in academic discussions. Cai emphasizes the importance of confident and articulate oral communication, as it is a fundamental aspect of academic life and crucial for showcasing ones knowledge and research to a wider audience.Furthermore, the course addresses the complexities of academic citation and referencing, providing comprehensive instruction on the appropriate use of in-text citations and the construction of referencelists in various citation styles, such as APA, MLA, and Chicago. This knowledge is essential for ensuring the integrity of ones academic work and demonstrating a thorough understanding of the scholarly discourse.Throughout the course, Cai encourages learners to develop their critical thinking skills, which are crucial for navigating the nuanced and multifaceted nature of academic writing. By fostering the ability to analyze, synthesize, and evaluate information, students can craft well-reasoned and persuasive academic arguments, ultimately contributing to the advancement of knowledge in their respective fields.The comprehensive nature of Cai Jigangscourse on General Academic English is particularly valuable for students and researchers from diverse educational and linguistic backgrounds. By providing a structured and comprehensive approach to academic English development, the course empowers learners to overcome language barriers and fully participate in the global academic community.In conclusion, Cai Jigangscourse on General Academic English is an invaluable resource for individuals seeking to enhance their academic English proficiency. Through its systematic coverage of essential academic writing, reading, speaking, and citation skills, the course equips learners with the necessary tools to navigate thecomplex landscape of scholarly communication and excel in their academic pursuits. By mastering the principles and techniques presented in this course, students and researchers can unlock new opportunities for growth, collaboration, and intellectual advancement within the global academic arena.。
研究生学术英语读写教程unit5
Unit 5: Academic WritingAcademic writing is an essential skill for graduate students. Whether it's writing research papers, essays, or dissertations, the ability to conveyplex ideas in a clear and organized manner is crucial for success in academia. In this unit, we will delve into the keyponents of academic writing, including structure, language, and style, and offer practical tips for developing your skills in this area.1. Understanding the Structure of Academic WritingAcademic writing typically follows a specific structure that includes an introduction, body, and conclusion. The introduction should provide background information on the topic and clearly state the purpose of the paper. The body should present evidence, arguments, and analysis to support the m本人n thesis, while the conclusion should summarize the key points and reiterate the significance of the research. Understanding and following this structure is essential for producing coherent and persuasive academic writing.2. Developing an Academic Writing StyleAcademic writing requires a formal and objective tone. This means avoiding colloquial language, personal opinions, and emotional language. Instead, focus on using clear, precise, and formal language to convey your arguments and ideas. Additionally, pay attention to the use of citations and referencing to acknowledge the sources of your information and evidence. Developing a strong academic writing style takes practice, but it is a crucial skill for graduate students to master.3. Using Language Effectively in Academic WritingIn academic writing, it is important to use language that is precise and unambiguous. Avoid vague or ambiguous language, as this can weaken the clarity and effectiveness of your writing. Additionally, pay attention to the use of transitions and cohesive devices to ensure smooth and logical connections between ideas. By using language effectively, you can enhance the coherence and flow of your academic writing.4. Incorporating Research and EvidenceAcademic writing is heavily reliant on research and evidence tosupport arguments and cl本人ms. As a graduate student, it is important to develop strong research skills and the ability to critically evaluate sources. This includes identifying reliable and credible sources, synthesizing information from multiple sources, and effectively integrating evidence into your writing. By incorporating research and evidence, you can strengthen the validity and persuasiveness of your academic writing.5. Editing and Revising Academic WritingEffective academic writing is the result of careful editing and revision. After drafting your paper, take the time to review and revise it for clarity, coherence, and organization. Pay attention to the overall structure and flow of the paper, as well as the language, style, and tone. Additionally, proofread your work for grammar, punctuation, and spelling errors. By editing and revising your academic writing, you can ensure that it meets the highest standards of clarity and accuracy.ConclusionAcademic writing is a fundamental skill for graduate students, and mastering this skill is key to success in academia. Byunderstanding the structure of academic writing, developing a formal and objective writing style, using language effectively, incorporating research and evidence, and editing and revising your work, you can produce high-quality academic writing that is clear, coherent, and persuasive. With practice and dedication, you can continue to refine your skills in academic writing and excel in your academic pursuits.。
英语作文完成的目标是什么
Writing an English essay is a multifaceted task that serves several key objectives: 1. Communication Skills: The primary goal of an essay is to communicate ideas effectively. It helps in honing the ability to convey thoughts clearly and coherently.2. Critical Thinking: Essay writing encourages students to think critically about a topic, analyze different viewpoints, and form wellreasoned arguments.3. Research Skills: It requires the ability to gather, evaluate, and synthesize information from various sources, which is a valuable skill in both academic and professional settings.4. Organizational Skills: Writing an essay involves organizing thoughts and information in a logical and structured manner, which is essential for clear communication.5. Grammar and Syntax Mastery: It provides an opportunity to practice and improve grammar, syntax, and vocabulary usage, contributing to better language proficiency.6. Creativity and Originality: Essays allow for creative expression and the developmentof original ideas, fostering a sense of innovation and uniqueness in writing.7. Academic Achievement: In an educational context, essays are a means to demonstrate understanding of course material and to achieve academic success.8. Professional Development: The skills developed through essay writing are transferable to professional writing, such as reports, proposals, and business communications.9. Cultural Understanding: Writing about diverse topics can lead to a deeper understanding of different cultures, perspectives, and global issues.10. Personal Growth: The process of writing an essay can be a journey of selfdiscovery, as it often involves introspection and the exploration of personal beliefs and values.11. Preparation for Higher Education: Higher education often requires extensive writing assignments, and mastering essay writing at an earlier stage prepares students for these demands.12. Digital Literacy: In the digital age, the ability to write well is complemented by the skills to present and share information online effectively.13. Citation and Referencing: Essay writing teaches the importance of proper citation andreferencing, which is crucial for academic integrity and legal compliance.14. Time Management: It helps students learn to manage their time effectively, balancing research, writing, and revision within set deadlines.15. SelfExpression: Essays provide a platform for students to express their opinions, beliefs, and perspectives on various issues, fostering a sense of selfadvocacy.By achieving these goals, students not only improve their writing skills but also develop a comprehensive set of competencies that are beneficial in various aspects of life.。
英语作文原因有哪些方面
When it comes to writing English essays, there are several key aspects to consider that contribute to the overall effectiveness and quality of the work. Here are some of the primary factors that influence the reasons for writing an English essay:1. Academic Requirements: Essays are a common academic assignment that helps students demonstrate their understanding of a subject, their ability to analyze information, and their capacity for critical thinking.2. Language Proficiency: Writing in English helps nonnative speakers improve their language skills, including grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure.3. Communication Skills: Essays are a means to practice and refine the ability to communicate complex ideas clearly and coherently.4. Research Skills: The process of writing an essay often involves conducting research, which helps students learn how to find, evaluate, and synthesize information from various sources.5. Critical Thinking: Essays require students to analyze and interpret information, encouraging them to think critically about the subject matter.6. Argument Development: Writing an essay helps students learn how to construct a logical argument, present evidence, and refute opposing viewpoints.7. Cultural Understanding: Through the study of literature and other texts, essays can provide insights into different cultures and perspectives.8. Personal Growth: The act of writing can be reflective, allowing students to explore their own thoughts, beliefs, and values.9. Preparation for Higher Education: Writing essays is a skill that is essential for success in college and university, where students are expected to produce written work regularly.10. Professional Development: The ability to write well is valuable in many professional fields, and practicing essay writing can prepare students for future career demands.11. Creativity and Imagination: While some essays require strict adherence to facts and evidence, others allow for creative expression and the exploration of imaginative ideas.12. Time Management: Writing an essay involves planning, drafting, revising, andediting, which helps students learn to manage their time effectively.13. Digital Literacy: In the digital age, many essays are written using computers and require familiarity with word processing software and online research tools.14. Citation and Referencing: Essays teach students how to properly cite sources and avoid plagiarism, which is an important ethical consideration in academic and professional writing.15. SelfExpression: Essays can be a platform for students to express their unique perspectives and voices on a variety of topics.Understanding these aspects can help students approach essay writing with a clearer purpose and a more strategic mindset, ultimately leading to more successful and satisfying academic experiences.。
英文介绍英语的作文
英文介绍英语的作文Title: A Comprehensive Guide to Writing English Essays。
Writing an English essay can be a rewarding yet challenging task for many students. Whether you're a native English speaker or learning English as a second language, mastering the art of essay writing requires practice, patience, and a solid understanding of the fundamentals. In this guide, we'll explore key strategies and techniques to help you excel in writing English essays.1. Understanding the Essay Prompt:Before diving into writing, it's crucial to thoroughly comprehend the essay prompt. Analyze the prompt carefully to identify the main topic, key instructions, and any specific requirements. This initial step sets the foundation for your essay and ensures that you stay focused on the topic throughout your writing process.2. Conducting Research:Research plays a vital role in crafting a well-informed and compelling essay. Utilize various resources such as books, academic journals, reputable websites, and databases to gather relevant information and evidence to support your arguments. Take thorough notes during your research process, ensuring to record key points and citations for proper referencing later.3. Developing a Strong Thesis Statement:A thesis statement serves as the backbone of your essay, providing a concise summary of the main argument or viewpoint you'll be presenting. Craft a clear and debatable thesis statement that effectively encapsulates the central theme of your essay. Ensure that your thesis statement is specific, focused, and provides a roadmap for the reader to follow your argumentation.4. Structuring Your Essay:A well-structured essay enhances readability and coherence, making it easier for your audience to grasp your ideas. Follow a traditional essay structure comprising an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. In the introduction, provide background information on the topic and present your thesis statement. The body paragraphs should present supporting evidence and arguments, each with a topic sentence and relevant examples. Conclude your essay by summarizing the main points and reinforcing your thesis statement.5. Utilizing Proper Language and Style:Pay careful attention to your language usage and writing style throughout the essay. Use clear, concise language to convey your ideas effectively. Avoid overly complex sentences and jargon that may confuse your readers. Maintain a formal tone appropriate for academic writing, and ensure consistency in tense and point of view throughout the essay.6. Incorporating Evidence and Examples:Supporting your arguments with relevant evidence and examples strengthens the credibility of your essay. Cite reputable sources to back up your claims and provide real-life examples or case studies to illustrate your points. Be sure to properly integrate quotations and paraphrases into your writing, following the appropriate citation style guidelines such as APA, MLA, or Chicago.7. Revising and Editing:The revision and editing process is essential for refining your essay and correcting any errors or inconsistencies. Take time to review your essay carefully, focusing on aspects such as grammar, punctuation, spelling, and sentence structure. Consider seeking feedback from peers, teachers, or tutors to gain valuable insights and perspectives on your writing.8. Finalizing Your Essay:Once you've completed the revision process, makefinal adjustments to polish your essay. Ensure that your essay adheres to any formatting guidelines specified byyour instructor or academic institution. Double-check all citations and references to ensure accuracy and consistency. Finally, take pride in your work and submit your essay with confidence.In conclusion, writing a successful English essay requires careful planning, research, and attention to detail. By following the strategies outlined in this guide, you can improve your essay writing skills and achieve academic excellence. Remember to practice regularly andseek feedback to continuously refine your writing abilities. With dedication and perseverance, you'll become aproficient and confident English essay writer.。
chicago harvard 注释法
1Chicago Author-Date Referencing 2008Curtin University Library.auThe Chicago Author-Date referencing style has two basic systems of documentation. There is the humanities style (which can also be known as the footnote and endnote or the notes and bibliography style), as well as the author-date style. This guide follows the author-date system of referencing. This involves citations within the text corresponding to a full bibliographic entry in the reference list at the end of the document. The in-text citations include the author’s last name, followed by the date of publication in parentheses. The bibliographic entry in the reference list includes all the other necessary publication information.When using EndNote , it is recommended that the style system to use is Chicago Curtin 2007.Note: this page is only an introduction to the Chicago Author-Date referencing system. Curtin University Library provides a modified version of the author-date system presented in:The Chicago manual of style. 2003. 15th ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.How to cite references: Chicago style . 2008..au/find/citation/chicago.htmlThe information and examples contained on this page are chiefly derived from the above sources.It is very important that you check your department or school's assignment guide as some details, eg. punctuation, may vary from the guidelines on this page. You may be penalised for not conforming to your school's requirements.What is Referencing?Referencing is a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information and ideas that you have used in your assignment in a way that uniquely identifies their source. Direct quotations, facts and figures, as well as ideas and theories, from both published and unpublished works must be referenced.There are many acceptable forms of referencing. This information sheet provides a brief guide to the Chicago Author-Date referencing style. Within the text of the assignment the author’s name is given first, followed by the publication date. A reference list at the end of the assignment contains the full details of all the in-text citations.Why Reference?Referencing is necessary to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations, and to enable readers to follow-up and read more fully the cited author’s arguments.Steps Involved in Referencing1. Note down the full bibliographic details including the page number(s) from which the information is taken.In the case of a book , ‘bibliographical details’ refers to: author/editor, year of publication, title, edition, volume number, place of publication and publisher as found on the front and back of the title page. (Not all of these details will necessarily be applicable).In the case of a journal article , the details required include: author of the article, year of publication, title of the article, title of the journal, volume and issue number of the journal, and page numbers.For all electronic information , in addition to the above you should note the date that you accessed the information, and database name or web address (URL).2. Insert the citation at the appropriate place within the text of the document (see examples below).3. Provide a reference list at the end of the document (see examples below).In-Text CitationsUse the name of the author, followed by the year of publication when citing references within the text of an assign-ment.Where authors of different references have the same family name, include the author’s initials in the in-text cita-tion i.e.(Hamilton, C. L. 1994) or C. L. Hamilton (1994). If two or more authors are cited at the same point in the text then they are included in the same in-text citation, separated by a semicolon e.g. (Brown 1991; Smith 2003). They are presented alphabetically by author.When directly quoting from another source, the relevant page number must be given and quotation marks placed around the quote. It is not necessary to include the page number when paraphrasing or referring to an idea from another source which is a book or lengthy text.You can view an example of a Reference List using the Chicago Author-date What is a Reference List?referencing style at.au/research_and_information_skills/referencing/reference_list.pdfA reference list only includes books, articles etc that are cited in the text. A bibliography is a list containing the sources used in developing a publication and other sources the author considers might be of use or interest to the reader. The reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. Where an item has no author it is cited by its title, and ordered in the reference list or bibliography alphabetically by the first significant word of the title.Page numbers should only be included in in-text citations when directly quoting from anothersource.What is a Reference/Citation?A reference or citation consists of the elements that allow the reader to trace the original book or article you have read or cited from. When citing a book you need the following elements, in this order:Author (year of publication): Book title. City of publication: Name of the publisher.For example, if you looked at a book with these elements:Author: Mack, CharlesYear of publication: 2005Title: Looking at the Renaissance essays: toward a conceptual appreciationPublisher: Taylor & FrancisPlace of Publication: LondonYour citation would look like this:Mack, C. 2005. Looking at the Renaissance: essays toward a conceptual appreciation. London: Taylor & Francis. For a journal article, you need the following elements:Author(s) (year of publication): Title of article. Title of journal volume number (issue number): Page numbers.Authors of article: Labonte, R. Schrecker, T.Year of publication: 2007Tile of article: Globalisation and social determinants of healthTitle of Journal: Globalisation and HealthVolume: 3Issue: 7Pages: 190-200Your citation would look like this:Labonte, R., and T. Schrecker. 2007. Globalisation and social determinants of health. Globalisation and Health 3(7): 190-220.For information on citing electronic journals, see the examples in the list below.2。
外研社学术英语写作进阶教程
Advanced Academic English Writing Coursebook by Foreign Languages Research PressIntroduction:The "Advanced Academic English Writing Coursebook" by Foreign Languages Research Press is an essential guide for students aiming to enhance their academic writing skills. This comprehensive coursebook covers various aspects of academic writing, from basic structure and grammar to advanced techniques and strategies.Features:Comprehensive Coverage: The coursebook covers all the essential elements of academic writing, including essay planning, research methods, referencing styles, and more.Practical Exercises: It includes a range of practical exercises and writing tasks to help students apply their learning to real-world scenarios.Focused on Academic Writing: The focus is on developing skills for academic writing, with a strong emphasis on clarity, coherence, and critical thinking.Teacher-Friendly: The coursebook is easy to use and includes comprehensive guidance for teachers, making it suitable for both self-study and classroom use.Conclusion:The "Advanced Academic English Writing Coursebook" by Foreign Languages Research Press is an invaluable resource for students seeking to develop their academic writing abilities. With its focus on practical application and teacher-friendly design, it is an ideal choice for both independent learners and those studying in a classroom environment.简介：《外研社学术英语写作进阶教程》是外研社出版的一本重要指南，旨在帮助学生提升学术英语写作技能。
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1. Introduction
• Assessments require you to undertake critical thinking, this means you must develop arguments. • However the development of any argument requires supporting evidence. • Evidence is collected together through the process of topic research.
• Journals
– Jones C. (1980) ‘The Welfare of the French Footsoldier’ History 65. (no. 214), 193-213
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Other
• Material cited within another text where you have not quoted the original source.
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Source Materials
• Use signposts provided within texts to help verify source coverage, these pointers are in:
– – – – – – Contents pages; Chapter headings; Indexes; Summaries; Abstracts; Publication dates.
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Classroom Activity
• Suggest suitable keyword search terms for these examples:
– 1) The staff at South School is concerned about the possible misuse of computers by students. – 2) A citizen of San Francisco wishes to find out more about the possibility of local earthquakes.
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5. Referencing
• The purpose of referencing is to give credit to the author of the work that you used for evidence when developing your arguments. • This referenced information must be sufficiently accurate to enable the reader of your work to find the sources that you used.
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Internet Search Log
Use the Excel ‘sort’ command to sort your information.
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3. Research Techniques & Sources
• Many of us when given a piece of work to do, may think we know the answer and leap in immediately, trying to answer the question then realise we need to find out more supportive information. • Planning is needed, but this may not conform to a set model, see>>>>>
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Keeping Track
• Keep a research journal/ search log for each piece of work tackled. Keep a note of all sources used, including authors, book titles, website addresses, page numbers etc. See next slide. • Keep your notes collated together for each assignment.
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2. Resources
• Find out about the resources that are available to you. • These will be in the form of Libraries, many of these are now on-line, all have books, journals, newspapers etc. • Local authority libraries are another good information source, but can appear to be limited. The answer is to ask the librarian for help .
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4. Keywords.
• Use keyword searching to narrow down a complex search topic. • Use subject searching for a broad subject search. • Keywords are the trigger to a search process; the words used are those that best describe the topic.
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A subject development model
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Assess Expected Outcomes
• Are you writing an essay, a report or giving a presentation? How long is it expected to be in words or duration? • Use these answers to assess how much time to spend on researching each element of your work.
Research Skills and Referencing
Section 1.4 -2006 #1
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Contents
• In this session you will be covering the following topics:
1. Introduction; 2. Resources;
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Include These
• • • • • • • • • Name and initials of author(s) Title in full Year of publication Name and number of any journal Edition if relevant Location of publisher Name of publisher Page numbers where needed Full Internet web addresses
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The Process
• The previous linear flow chart of the steps that might be followed may not be appropriate. • Because it is quite possible to cover these processes in any order, and repeatedly until our research is completed. • Generally the process is more like a spiral that goes round, back and forwards, or linking in and out.
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Reference Lists
• Books
– Cottrell S. The Study Skills Handbook. 1999. Basingstoke: Palgrave – Payne E. & Whittaker L. Developing Essential Study Skills. 2000. Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd.
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Other available resources
• On-line access to all of the above, also specialist sources. • But it is essential to learn how to use the systems to your best advantage. • The Internet – do on-line tutorial to improve discriminate use, such as the Internet Detective • Anything else around you – news programmes, videos etc. all can be good sources.
• Using references is essential and will improve the quality of your work. As Stella Cottrell (1999, p.124) points out, ‘a few words, carefully chosen, make the most powerful quotations and demonstrate that you can select appropriately’.