2011上海交通大学研究生考试建筑史真题
上海交大历年考研真题
同学，你好！如果你打算考上海交大，那么请你花几分钟看下这份文档，这将改变你的一生！本人为交大在校学生，以下资料都是自己历年来在交大收集的第一手资料，全都出自于历届学长学姐，本人花高价收购而来！虽然市面上还有很多人可提供这些科目资料，但他们很多人本身就不是来自交大，对交考研根本不了解。
当然其中也有一些来自交大，但他们大都离开交大好几年了，交大自07年开始考研就已经改革，而他们提供的一些资料早已不适合现今交大的考研。
考研不同于高考，高考科目全部都是统编，但考研专业课的考试确实一门很大的学问，我这的资料很多都来自官方版权威的资料（网上很多电子其实都是照片，而且真题答案都是请人做的，不少答案都是错的，而我这边的材料都来自往年交大自己办考研班的时候发的资料，绝对权威），还有一部分是从历届学长学姐那收购而来，如果有必要我可以帮你找学长和你交流，最主要的是可以为你提供交大考研专业课的信息，这样就可以使你和交大的学生站在同一起跑线上，不会输在专业课的起跑线上，相对于别的同学外校考研，那你就更有优势了！考研也是一种投资，投资好了，你就会得到相当大的回报，可能你会觉花钱就会觉得不值，但当你以一两分的优势就力压群雄的话，那时你就会发现发这份钱很值了，考研每一分都对你很重要，而我所希望做的就是让你专业课的起点至少和交大本部学生一样高，绝不让考研输在专业课上！现在我已经可以提供以下科目资料，如果这下面有你要报考的专业的话，无疑这对你来说是一个最大的喜讯！如果你需要这些资料，请联系yangweitu@或QQ1449791880或上海交大考研淘宝店/!资料还是实时更新中，如果这里没有你想要的资料，也可来邮询问是否已经收集到你想要的资料！●上海交通大学<经济学>考研专业课资料（代码841）●上海交通大学/上海交大<金融学844>历年考研真题和辅导资料最近和一些同学接触后，让我感觉我很有必要写出如下这段话，如果大家有时间的话，就看看吧！大家都是怀揣梦想的有志者，都希望都过各种渠道获得最多最好的专业课资料，但这个市场鱼龙混杂，资料质量参差不齐，一份好的资料可以助你一臂之力，但一份差的资料也有可能影响你的一生。
2011年上海交通大学硕士研究生报考录取人数统计
内科学 儿科学 老年医学 神经病学 影像医学与核医学 临床检验诊断学 外科学 妇产科学 耳鼻咽喉科学 肿瘤学 麻醉学 急诊医学 中医基础理论 内科学 儿科学 老年医学 神经病学 影像医学与核医学 临床检验诊断学 外科学 妇产科学 耳鼻咽喉科学
2
1
32
4
13
3
3
1
44 30
1
7
3
2
2
1
41
9
5
1
1
1
1
生理学 神经生物学 遗传学 发育生物学 细胞生物学 生物化学与分子生物学 免疫学 病原生物学 病理学与病理生理学 药物化学 药理学
100401 100402 100403 107302
流行病与卫生统计学 劳动卫生与环境卫生学 营养与食品卫生学 社会医学与卫生事业管理
100209 护理学 105400 护理硕士
材料科学与工程 材料工程
应用统计硕士 数学
物理学 天体物理 光学工程
生物学 化学工程与技术 生物医学工程 生物医学工程 生物工程
马克思主义哲学 科学技术哲学 中国语言文学 专门史 科学技术史
77 41
65 34
42 19
25
9
5
2128 601
105 46
53 10
14
4
1
10
1
188 62
91 30
15 10
87 30
20
3
20
3
1
1
37 21
1
1
4
3
43 26
20
6
20
6
351
中美物流研究院
2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(含答案)
2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试卷Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D an ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)"The Internet affords anonymity to its users — a boon to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber czar, offered the Osa ma government a 4 to make the Web a safer place —a ―voluntary identify‖ system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identify systems. Users could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on‖ systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 , the approach would create a ―walled garden‖ in safe ―neighborhoods‖ and bright ―streetlights‖ to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a ―voluntary ecosystem‖ in which indivi duals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of the infrastructure that the transaction runs 15 .'"Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such an initiative push toward what would 17 be a license‖ mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some experts, who worry that the ―voluntaryand identify themselves, in drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1.A.swept B. skipped C. walked D. ridden2.A.for B. within C. while D. though3.A.careless B. lawless C. pointless D. helpless4.A.reason B. reminder C. compromise D. proposalrmation B. interference C. entertainment D. equivalent6.A.by B. into C. from D. over7.A.linked B. directed C. chained D. compared8.A.dismiss B. discover C. create D. improve9.A.recall B. suggest C. select D. realize10.A.released B. issued C. distributed D. delivered11.A.carry on B. linger on C. set in D. log in12.A.In vain B. In effect C. In return D. In contrast13.A.trusted B. modernized C. thriving D. competing14.A.caution B. delight C. confidence D. patience15.A.on B. after C. beyond D. across16.A.divided B. disappointed C. protected D. united17.A.frequently B. incidentally C. occasionally D. eventually18.A.skepticism B. tolerance C. indifference D. enthusiasm19.A.manageable B. defendable C. vulnerable D. invisible20.A.invited B. appointed C. allowed D. forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs's board as an outside director in January 2000; a year later she became president of Brown University in Rhode Island. For the rest of the decade she apparently juggled both roles (as well as several other directorships) without attracting much criticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms Simmons was under fire from students and alumni for having sat on Goldman's compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February Ms Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm's board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive's proposals. Leaders from other fields are frequently in demand: former presidents or Cabinet members, retired CEOs, and yes, university presidents. If the sky, and the share price, is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers used a database that covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those "surprise" disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They found that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increases by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms, although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they "trade up", leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives, such as increasing pay, says Dr Fahlenbrach.Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1,Ms Simmons was criticized for .A. gaining excessive profits B .failing to fulfill her dutyC .refusing to make compromises D. leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .A. generous investors B .unbiased executivesC .share price forecastersD .independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University，after an outside director’s Surprisedeparture ,the fire is likely to .A. become more stableB. report increased earningsC .do less well in the stock market D. perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .A. may stay for the attractive offers form the firm.B. have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm.C. are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm.D. will decline incentives from the firm.25 The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is.A permissiveB positiveC scornfulD criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspapers? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade Commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them? It will hold another meeting on June 15th. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is little sign of crisis. GermA.n and Brazilian papers shrugged off the recession (see article). Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled corner of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the OECD. In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspapers are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely pruned. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business. Just look at the fate of Otis Chandler’s creation.26.By saying ―Newspapers like ….their own doom‖(lines 3-4,para,1) the author indicates that newspapers .A .neglected the sign of crisisB .failed to get state subsidiesC .were not charitable corporationsD .were in a desperate situation27.Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .A .readers threatened to pay lessB .newspapers wanted to reduce costsC .journalists reported little about these areasD .subscribers complained about slimmer products.pared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspaper are much more stable because they .A .have more sources of revenueB .have more balanced newsroomsC .are less dependant on advertisingD .are less affected by readership29.What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?A .Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.B .Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspapers.C .Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspapers business.D .Readers have lost their interest in car and firm30.The most appropriate title for this text would beA .American Newspapers: Struggling for SurvivalB .American Newspapers: Gone with the WindC .American Newspapers: A Thriving BusinessD .American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G.I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint,in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase ―less is more‖ was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so than Mies.Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact than a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood — materials that we take for granted today but that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation ma sked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet —than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward ―less‖ was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses —usually around 1,200 square feet —than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The ―Case Study Houses‖ commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the ―less is more‖ trend. Aesthetic effect came from the land scape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life — few American families acquired helicopters, though mosteventually got clothes dryers — but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans .A. prosperity an growthB. efficiency and practicalityC. restraint and confidenceD. pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about the Bauhaus?A. It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.B. Its designing concept was affected by World War II.C. Most American architects used to be associated with it.D. It had a great influence upon American architecture.33.Mies held that elegance of architectural design .A. was related to large spaceB. was identified with emptinessC. was not reliant on abundant decorationD. was not associated with efficiency34.What is true about the apartments Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?A. They ignored details and proportions.B. They were built with materials popular at that time.C. They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.D. They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35.What can we learn about the design of the ―Case Study Houses‖?A. Mechanical devices were widely used.B. Natural scenes were taken into consideration.C. Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.D. Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded outlandish not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a ―Bermuda triangle‖ of debt, demographic decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive stragglers the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonisation within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonise.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrowing, spending and competitiveness, backed by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that stray. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects, and even the suspension of a count ry’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French dirigisme.A ―southern‖ camp headed by France wants something different: ―European economic government‖ within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians meddling in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or outright fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the French government have murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonisation: eg, curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more porous to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalisation, and make capitalism benign.36.The EU is faced with to many problems thatA .it has more or less lost faith in marketsB .even its supporters begin to feel concernedC .some of its member countries plan to abandon euroD .it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37 The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powersA .are competing for the leading positionB .are busy handling their own crisesC. fail to reach an agreement on harmonisationD .disagree on the steps towards disintegration38 To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed thatA .EU funds for poor regions be increasedB .stricter regulations be imposedC .only core members be involved in economic co-ordinationD .voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39 The French proposal of handling the crisis implies thatA. poor countries are more likely to get fundsB .strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countriesC .loans will be readily available to rich countriesD .rich countries will basically control EurobondsA .pessimisticB .desperate C. conceited D. hopefulPart BDirections：You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A — G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text （41 — 45）. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government's role in promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose "fat taxes" on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet.The demands follow comments last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food producers such as McDonald's.They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain's addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiraling rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or binge drinking."Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now. Are we willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be," said the leader of the UK's children's doctors.Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead. He said that manufacturers of crisps and confectionery could play a central role in the Change4Life campaign, the centrepiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticised the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver's high-profile attempt toimprove school lunches in England as an example of how "lecturing" people was not the best way to change their behaviour.Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before the 9pm watershed and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas. "If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes – by setting stringent limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events," he said.Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald's, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering "inducements" such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: "If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front."He also urged councils to impose "fast-food-free zones" around schools and hospitals – areas within which takeaways cannot open.A Department of Health spokesperson said: "We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new 'responsibility deal' with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this."The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade.Section III TranslationDirections: In this section there is a passage in English. Translate it into Chinese and write your version on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)We would have thought that globally, the IT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do- roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment Google search an leak between 0.2 and 0.7 grams of C2O,depending on how many attempts are needed to get the "right‖ answer. To deliver results to its needs quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centers around the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of C2O,these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centre need to be well air-confirmed gases even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency quickly and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the need to production, but there is much more to be done, and not just by big companies.Section IV WritingPart A47.Directions:Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write him/her a letter to:(1)congratulate him/her, and(2)give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Zhang Wei" instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B48.Directions:Write a short essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should:1)interpret the chart and2)give your comments.You should write at least 150 wordsWrite your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2.(15points)2008、2009年国内轿车市场部分品牌份额示意图参考答案选择题：1-5ACBDD 6-10BACCA 11-15DBACA 16-20CDACD21-25BBDAA 26-30DBCBB 31-35BDCDB 36-40DCBAC 41-45EDCFG46翻译有谁会想到，在全球范围内，IT行业产生的温室气体跟全球航空公司产生的一样多？占二氧化碳总排量的2%.很多日常工作对环境造成了让人震惊的破坏作用。
中外建筑史期末试题及答案
中外建筑史期末试题及答案一、试题1.什么是建筑史？2.中外建筑史有哪些重要的里程碑事件？3.请列举一些中国古代建筑的代表作品，并简要介绍其特点。
4.请列举一些西方古代建筑的代表作品，并简要介绍其特点。
5.新古典主义建筑有哪些典型代表？请简要介绍其中一座代表性建筑。
6.现代主义建筑有哪些典型代表？请简要介绍其中一座代表性建筑。
7.东方建筑和西方建筑在哲学观念和设计风格上有何不同？举例说明。
8.城市化进程对建筑产生了怎样的影响？9.未来建筑发展的趋势是什么？10.请你谈谈你对建筑史的理解和感悟。
二、答案1.建筑史是研究建筑发展历程、建筑风格、建筑学派等方面的学科。
通过对不同时期、不同地域的建筑作品进行研究，可以了解人类社会的发展变迁以及文化、艺术的传承。
2.中外建筑史的重要里程碑事件有很多，其中包括埃及金字塔的建造、古代希腊的多立克柱、罗马斗兽场的建造、东京塔的竣工、纽约世贸中心的倒塌等。
3.中国古代建筑的代表作品有乐游原、颐和园、圆明园等。
乐游原是一座古代皇家园林，以其规模宏大、建筑精美而闻名。
颐和园则是一座集山水园林、汉代宫苑建筑于一体的皇家园林，其特点是富丽堂皇，注重空间布局与景观呼应。
圆明园是中国古代一座宫苑式园林，其建筑风格与布局充分体现了中国文化与自然融为一体的理念。
4.西方古代建筑的代表作品有巴黎圣母院、罗马斗兽场、埃菲尔铁塔等。
巴黎圣母院是一座哥特式教堂，以其精巧的雕饰和尖顶尖拱窗的特点而闻名。
罗马斗兽场是古罗马时期的建筑杰作，采用了椭圆形的设计，可以容纳上万观众同时观看角斗赛。
埃菲尔铁塔是法国的标志性建筑物，高达300多米，采用了铁制结构，具有独特的工业风格。
5.新古典主义建筑的典型代表有巴黎凯旋门、美国国会大厦等。
其中，巴黎凯旋门是为了庆祝拿破仑的胜利而建造的，其设计灵感来源于古代罗马的凯旋门。
美国国会大厦是美国的国家象征，采用了古希腊和古罗马建筑的元素，展现了古代民主政体的精神。
上海交通大学历年考研真题2002-2012(1)
上海交通大学历年考研试题2002年行政学一、名词解释（每题4分，10题，共40分）1、行政制度2、行政行为3、行政主体4、编制5、行为科学6、行政协调7、行政文化8、行政过程9、预算 10、组织行政二、简述题（每题10分，4题，共40分）1、行政激励的方法。
2、非正式组织及其特点。
3、公正性的标准。
4、我国社会主义民主政治下的行政监督。
三、论述题（1题，共20分）略论新形势下提高我国政府机构行政效率的方法与途径。
2002硕士研究生入学考试试题-管理学一、简述题（每小题5分，共40分）1、如何理解管理的自然属性？2、简述三种控制类型的含义。
3、简述谈判的基本方法。
4、简述矩阵结构组织形式的优缺点。
5、组织设计需要考虑哪几个基本原则？6、管理的法律方法及作用是什么？7、有效沟通的障碍有哪些？8、常用的盈利比是什么？二、判断题（每小题2分，共20分）1、高层管理者的主要工作是决策。
2、领到这之所以对部下有影响力，全靠手中的权力，拥有权力才能有影响力，权力越大，影响力越大。
3、股份有限公司的最高权力机构是股东会。
4、对于管理人员的选聘来说，从组织外部招聘一般优于从组织内部提升。
5、企业的规章制度一旦制定出来，就必须不折不扣地加以执行。
6、知识越来越引起人们的高度重视，原因在于知识是一种特殊的资源。
其特殊性表现在快速贬值、价值难以评估等方面。
7、管理学是有国界的。
8、由高层管理者制定而且时间跨度很长的计划就成为战略计划。
9、依据系统管理理论的思想，企业的竞争优势取决于策略组合的优势而不是单个策略的优势。
10、创新是管理的基本职能，而维持则已过时。
三、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1、在一定规模条件下，管理幅度越大，其管理层次就会：[A]越少越多[C]不变[D]时多时少2、下列非正式组织的作用中，哪一种是对组织管理工作最不利的？[A]不同正式组织的成员集中于同一非正式组织中在非正式组织中传播着小道消息[C]非正式组织间有明显的竞争关系[D]非正式组织中的核心人物具有相同或者大于政治组织领导的影响力和号召力3、“科学管理理论”的创始人是：[A]法约尔[B]泰罗[C]梅奥[D]福特4、当人们认为自己的报酬与劳动之比与他们的报酬与劳动之比相等时，就会有较大的激励作用，这种理论称为：[A]双因素理论效用理论[C]公平理论[D]强化理论5、以下哪种情况不是由于过分集权引起的？[A]降低决策质量降低企业员工的工作热情[C]增加企业各部门之间的摩擦[D]削弱了企业的应变能力6、根据某地统计年鉴，该地区去年的电话占有率为每百人34.5部。
2011上海交通大学841经济学考研真题
上海交通大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试试题试题代码：841试题名称：经济学(I)考试时间：3小时满分值：150分1.（10分）在两个消费者和两种商品的纯交换经济里，张三初始禀赋有9单位商品1和6单位商品2；李四初始禀赋有18单位商品1和3单位商品2。
他们具有相同的效用函数U(x1,x2)=x1x2，x1，x2表示商品1和商品2的数量，求：1a.达到竞争均衡的相对价格。
1b.表示帕累托最优分配的契约线的表达式。
2.（20分）某小镇有两类生产能力不同的工人a和b，a类工人每月可以生产价值1500元的产品，b类工人每月可以生产价值3000元的产品。
在镇上，a类工人看起来像b类工人，且总是声称自己是b类工人。
而b类工人总是说实话。
公司区分两类不同工人的成本太高，所以只能支付同样的工资。
假设劳动力市场是竞争性的。
回答以下问题：2a.支付给工人的工资是多少？2b.现在小镇上某公司聘一位教授每月讲座40小时的讲座，这讲座对两类工人来说非常无聊。
对a类工人来说，参加1小时的讲座带来的痛苦相当于损失收入100元，对b类工人来说，参加1小时的讲座带来的痛苦相当于损失50元。
该公司决定给坚持听讲座的工人每月55元的加薪。
那么该公司工人的生产率发生什么变化？a类工人和b类工人参加讲座的行为受何影响？2c.能够保持分离均衡的最少讲座小时数是多少？3.（15分）某厂商有2个工厂生产同一种产品：第1个工厂生产函数为y1=min(,x2)，第2个工厂的生产函数为y2=，其中x1，x2，x3，x4，x5，x6和x7是生产所需的7种可变生产要素。
除以上7中可变要素外，工厂1和工厂2还各自需要5单位和10单位某种固定要素x8。
8种生产要素价格分别为ω1=1，ω2=4，ω3=2，ω4=2，ω5=1，ω6=1，ω7=2，ω8=2。
求：3a.两个工厂对7种可变要素的条件要素需求函数及各自的成本函数；3b.该厂商的总成本函数。
4.（15分）如果政府对消费者（具有严格凸的良性偏好）征收汽油消费的从量税，并按消费者税前的消费量进行补贴，补贴价格等于从量税率。
建筑学考研--深大建筑史问答题归类总结
深大真题问答题归类中国建筑史部分：1。
（2011）2述）。
（2011）3、的主要构筑方式类型、特点及其分布区域是怎样的？列举五种类型进行说明。
（2010）4、试对其空间组织，建筑处理手法进行分析。
（2010）5、使用同构关系理论并结合实例（宜图示）分析其中的构图规律。
（2009）6（2009）7的主要的建筑构成及其建筑群体布局的艺术特点（2008）82008）9102007）112006）12（2005）13（2005）142004）152004）16（2004）17（2002年；30分）18年；15分）19（2001年；15分）20年；20分/1999年；15分）21（1999年；15分）考点涉及：住宅与院落（聚落）：2011；2010；2007故宫：2010；2008；2000；1999古典园林：2009——同构关系；2006——颐和园；2004——拙政园，江南园林；2001；1999结构技术：2005年两题；2004坛庙建筑：天坛——2011；2006 ；2004礼制建筑：2004佛教建筑：2002宋代建筑：2007 延伸：汉、唐、明建筑发展过程及其主要成就城市：2001岭南地域建筑：2009外国建筑史部分：1（2011）2(2011)3（2010）456789101112（2006）13、（2006）14（2005）15（2005）1617）12（2002年；30分/2001年；20分）18（2000年；20分）******************************************************************************************** 考点涉及：现代建筑：2011；2007；2004大师：2011；2010；2005；2002；2002；2001古希腊建筑、古罗马建筑、拜占庭建筑：2010；2008；2006；2005哥特建筑：2010；2009；2008；圣马可广场：2006；2000芝加哥学派：2009；法国理性主义：2007多元化：2006雅典卫城：2004。
上海交通大学研究生试题.doc
上海交通大学研究生试题(2007至2008学年第二学期)科目________________ 班级代号_________ 学号__________ 姓名_________ 成绩______^o.oi5 =2.17,Zo.o3 =1.88,仏(9) = 1.8331,仏(15) = 1.7531,仏(4) = 2.1318加。
5 ⑷=9.48&加。
5 ⑸=11・°71,加95 ⑷二0.71 l，Zo.95(5) = 1-145 , 九05(9」6) = 2.54, F005 (4,7) = 3.51,尬(16,7) = 2.81, F005 (3,16) = 3.24.填空：(6X5分)1.设X\,X“…，XJidNWQ?),〃未知，则假设检验H°:Q2 vs H l:a<2的水平为Q的拒绝域为____________________________________________________ .2.设X〜F(n,m),贝0丄.的分布为 _________________________________ .X3・设X],X…，X9〃4V(3,9),则EX= _____________________ , DX = ___________________ .4.设某保险丝熔化时间X〜N取一样本，容量为16,均值与方差分别、为15,0.36,则“的95%的单侧置信区间下限为 ______________________________ .5.在一为零假设，为对立假设，显著水平为Q的假设检验中，问：P(第一类错误)二 ___________ o6.设X], X?,…，XQidN(0,9),与乙,匕,YjidN(0,16)独立，贝I](X +••• + X )2z= -------------------- 为__________________ 分布。
(需写岀自由度)(乙+…+绻).(10分)理论上压缩机的冷却用水的温度升高值T〜N0Q冷,升高的平均值不多于5度，现随机抽取5台压缩机，测得温度升高为：6.4, 4.3, 5.7, 4.9, 5.4,问：是否可认为这批数据与理论一致？(0 = 5%)。
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外建史部分：
1、太阳神庙的形制在___王国时期定型，实际上发展了贵族府邸的中央部分，神庙有两个艺术重点：一个外部的___；一个为内部的___。
2、山岳台是一种土坦砌筑的高台，一般为___层，自上而下逐层缩小，由坡道或台阶通达台顶，顶上有一间不大的___。
3、公元前6世纪前半叶建设起来的___城的主要城门___是琉璃砖饰面技术的典型代表。
4、著名的雅典卫城山门采取前后断开的特殊形制，它主要为___柱式的，帕提农神庙的主要设计师为___，它主要为___柱式，而伊瑞克提翁神庙的主要建筑师为___，它主要为___柱式的。
5、万神庙采用了集中式构图，是罗马时代穹顶技术的最高代表，其穹顶直径达到创造时记录的___米，顶端高度___米，中央开一个___米的圆洞以引进阳光，其技术处理、结构水平都一举创造了当时最高记录。
6、___为意大利中世纪最高的建筑群之一。
7、赖特四个著名代表性作品___、___、___、___。
二、问答题（2*10分）
1、田园城市
2、德意志制造联盟
三、论述题（15分）
1、综述世博园建筑在中国建筑界的历史、地位、价值及贡献。
（涉及建筑形制几实例的须绘图说明）
中建史部分
1、大木作由___、____、____、____等构成。
2、斗拱由___、____、____、____等构件组成，按位置大体分为___、____两类。
它还作为封建社会中___制度的象征和重要建筑____衡量标准。
3、中国古典园林功能上大体分为___、____、____、____等四类，颐和园的前身为___。
4、我国西南少数民族地区的木构建筑中，广西三江侗族的___楼、___桥，是其中最有特色者，他们属木构___式建筑，此外主要分布在川北青藏高原的___，也是藏羌等少数民族住居的典型。
5、石窟寺是在山崖上开凿的___佛寺，从建筑功能上看可氛围三类：一是___，以佛塔为中心，这在大同___石窟中较多，二是____以佛像为中心，三是____，主要供僧众大作修行用。
6、清代才华主要表现在梁枋和天花之上，常用的有___、____、____三大类。
其中___等级最高。
二．名次辨析与解释（4*8）
1、水戗发戗与嫩戗发戗
2、计心造与偷心造
3、材与栔
4、天花与藻井
5、直棂窗、木窗与支摘窗
6、厦两斗造与不厦两斗造
7、五脊殿与四阿顶
8、五岳与四读
三．作图及简述题（7*3）
1、画出应县佛宫寺释迦塔立面（或剖面）及平面图、并简述中国佛塔形制的渊源。
2、画出宋代重台勾阑和清式勾阑立、剖面，并简述其同异。
3、简略画出故宫（前朝部分）纵、剖面，结合简论古代“三朝五门”制度。
四．综合题（7分）
周记《考工记。
卷上》“国有六职，百工舆居一焉。
或坐而论道；或作而行之；或审曲面势，以饬五材，以辨民器；或通四方之珍异以资之；或饬力以长地财；或治丝麻以成之。
‘坐而
论道，谓之王公；作而行之，谓之士大夫’；审曲面执，以饬五材，以辨民器，谓之百工；
通四方之珍异以资之，谓之商旅；饬力以长地财，谓之农夫；治丝麻以成之，谓之妇功。
”的记载。
翻译为白话文，并结合你所在的职业谈你对中国古代文化的认识。