中英文翻译

中文翻译中国是世界上机械发展最早的国家之一。

中国古代在机械方面有许多发明创造，在动力的利用和机械结构的设计上都有自己的特色。

许多专用机械的设计和应用，如指南车、地动仪和被中香炉等，均有独到之处。

公元前5000年，中国出现原始耕地工具——耒耜。

这是中国机械史上第一件机械。

随着时间的推移,中国古代冶铸技术开始萌发，后来逐渐趋于成熟,且技术精湛。

如商周时期的青铜器朴质雄浑，春秋时期的青铜器纤细精巧，形成了中国古代青铜器的独特风格.已发现的中国最早的青铜器，如甘肃东乡马家窑出土的铜刀，距今已有4800年左右的历史。

中国在大约40～50万年前，就已出现加工粗糙的刮削器、砍砸器和三棱形尖状器等原始工具。

4～5万年前出现磨制技术, 许多石器都已比较光滑，刃部也较锋利，并有单刃、双刃、凸刃、凹刃和圆刃之分。

中国在28000年前出现弓箭，这是机械方面最早的一项发明；公元前8000～前2800年期间出现了陶轮(制陶用转台)；农具大约出现在公元前6000～前5000年，除石斧石刀外，还有石锄、石铲、石镰、蚌镰、骨镰和骨耜。

石斧和石刀上已有用硬质砂子磨削而成的孔。

夏代以前和夏代，先后出现了无辐条的辁和各种有辐条的车轮；殷商和西周时已有相当精致的两轮车；独木舟和筏等水上运输工具早就相继出现。

新石器时代晚期，人们已能用石范和泥范铸造简陋的工具和武器。

商殷时期，随着手工业生产的发展和技术水平的提高，形成了灿烂的青铜文化。

青铜冶铸技术得到高度发展，青铜铸件司母戊方鼎重达875千克，春秋时期的青铜铸件曾侯乙尊盘已十分精细。

春秋至魏汉时期(公元前770～公元265年)是中国古代机械开始较快发展的时期。

春秋时期铁器和生铁冶铸技术开始出现；黑心可锻铸铁、白心可锻铸铁和锻钢的出现，加速了由铜器向铁器时代的过渡；春秋中期以后发明了失蜡铸造法和低熔点合金铸焊技术；战国时期又有了叠铸和锚链铸造等工艺；西汉中期已炼出灰口铸铁，并出现了壁厚3～5毫米的薄壁铸铁件。

铸铁热处理技术也有所发展。

春秋时期出现弩，控制射击的弩机已是比较灵巧的机械装置。

到汉代，弩机的加工精度和表面光洁度已达到相当高的水平。

汉弩有一石至十石等八种规格，这些规格的形成表明机械制造标准在汉代已初步确立。

弩机上留下了作工、锻工、磨工等的名字。

战国时期流传的《考工记》是现存最早的手工艺专著，其中记有车轮的制造工艺。

对弓的弹力、箭的射速和飞行的稳定性等都作了深入的探索。

汉代已有各类舰艇和大量的三四层舱室的楼船。

有些舰船已装备了艉舵和高效率的推进工具橹。

西汉时的被中香炉构造精巧，无论球体香炉如何滚动，其中心位置的半球形炉体都能经常保持水平状态。

接下来就是交通和传动机械的出现,1980年出土的秦始皇陵铜车马代表了当时铸造技术、金属加工和组装工艺的水平。

东汉以后出现了记里鼓车和指南车。

记里鼓车有一套减速齿轮系，通过鼓镯的音响分段报知里程。

三国马钧所造的指南车除用齿轮传动外，还有自动离合装置，在技术上又胜记里鼓车一筹。

自动离合装置的发明，说明传动机构齿轮系已发展到相当的程度。

东汉时已有不同形状和用途的齿轮和齿轮系。

有大量棘轮，也有人字齿轮。

特别是在天文仪器方面已有比较精密的齿轮系。

张衡利用漏壶的等时性制成水运浑象，以漏水为动力通过齿轮系使浑象每天等速旋转一周。

公元132年张衡创制了世界上第一台地震仪，即候风地动仪。

汉代纺织技术和纺织机械也不断发展，绫机已成为相当复杂的纺织机械。

到三国时期，马钧将50综(分组提放经线的综片)50蹑(踏具)和60综60蹑的绫机都改成50综12蹑和60综12蹑，提高了生产效率。

马钧还创制了新式提水机具翻车，能连续提水，效率高又十分省力。

汉代的农具铁犁已有犁壁，能起翻土和碎土的作用，汉武帝时赵过既已创制三脚耧，一天能播种一顷地。

在这一时期，大型铜铁铸件和大型机械结构陆续出现。

五代时铸造的沧州铁狮子重约40吨，宋代木结构水运仪象台高3丈5尺，宽2丈1尺。

唐末时期机械制造已有较高水平。

如西安出土的唐代银盒，其内孔与外圆的不同心度很小，子母口配合严紧，刀痕细密，说明当时机械加工精度已达到新的水平。

在运输工具方面，人力和水力并用，在技术上有进一步发展。

南朝齐祖冲之所造日行百里的所谓千里船和南朝粱侯景军中的160桨快艇，都是人力推进的快速舰艇，南北朝时期出现了车船。

唐代的李皋对车船的改进起了承前启后的作用。

水力机械也有新的进展，唐代已有筒车，从人力提水发展为水力提水。

南末末期又创造出先进的水转大纺车，三摧、五摧(锭)手摇纺车曾是当时世界上比较先进的人力纺纱机具。

元代薛景石所著《梓人遗制》是木工名家总结亲身经验之作，并详细记述了当时通行的纺织机具和车辆，以古代著名的木制机械技术专著而留世。

这一时期天文和计时仪器发展迅速。

北宋苏颂和韩公廉等制成的木构水运仪象台，能用多种形式表现天体时空的运行。

它由水力驱动，其中有一套擒纵机构。

水运仪象台代表了当时机械制造的高度水平，是当时世界上先进的天文钟。

元代的滚柱轴承也属当时世界上先进的机械装置。

明初的造船业已有很大进展。

郑和下西洋的船队是当时世界上最大的船队。

郑和所乘宝船长约137米，张12帆，舵杆长11米多，是古代最大的远洋船舶。

当时的机械制造主要仍靠手工操作。

大者如千钧锚，是靠人工先锻成四爪，然后依次逐节锻接。

小者如制针用的冷拔钢丝，也用手工制成。

明代已有活塞风箱。

它是宋元木风扇的进一步发展，风箱靠活塞推动和空气压力自动启闭活门，成为金属冶铸的有效的鼓风设备。

在明中叶或稍前，木帆船已能逆风行驶，并拥有全风向航行的能力。

扬州立帆式风轮是将八扇纵帆等距装置在八角形木架上，围绕一个垂直轴旋转，并能自动调节帆面角度。

这是中国古代独具特色的木船风帆的进一步发展。

长期以来，中国沿海一带多利用它推动翻车，以提取海水晒制食盐。

机械技术的进步促进了学术研究。

王徵于1627年编译和出版了《远西奇器图说录最》，介绍了西方机械工程的概况。

来自西方的自鸣钟表和水铳等也在一定范围内得到流传。

1634～1637年，明朝的宋应星编著和出版了《天工开物》，记录了许多先进的工艺技术和科学创见。

它反映出当时的农业和手工业的生产技术水平。

记载了不少有关机械制造和产品性能的情况。

内容涉及泥型铸釜、失蜡法铸造以及铸钱等铸造技术，还记述了千钧锚和软硬绣花针的制造方法、提花机和其他纺织机械以及车船等各种交通工具的性能和规格等。

《天工开物》被称为中国17世纪的工艺百科全书。

清乾隆年间宫廷造办处曾制造大更钟，它依靠悬锤的重力驱动，并增添了精确的报更机构，加工精致，富有中国民族特色。

明清两朝中国钟表工匠创制了不少新奇的钟，当时的广州、苏州、南京、扬州等，成为有名的制造钟表的城市直到现代化的中国,机械的历史仍在延续着,科学在进步,机械也在发展.一批批现代化机械的出现引领这中国大步向前发展。

英文翻译China is the world's first mechanical development of one of the countries. In ancient China there are many aspects of mechanical invention, the driving force in the use of mechanical and structural design has its own characteristics. Many of the mechanical design and special applications such as vehicle guidance and the earth was moving in the instrument and incense burner, and so on, are unique. 5000 BC, the Chinese appear primitive tools of arable land - Lei Si. This is the first in the history of China National Machinery and mechanical.Over time, ancient Chinese metalworking techniques to start germination, then gradually mature and skilled. Shang and Zhou dynasties, such as the simple bronze forceful, fine bronze of the Spring and Autumn Period sophisticated form of ancient Chinese bronzes unique style. Have been found in the earliest Chinese bronzes, such as Gansu Dongxiang Majiayao unearthed copper knives, had lapsed since 4800 About history. China has about 40 to 50 million years ago, has emerged processing crude scrapers, choppers and three sharp prism-like device, such as primitive tools. 4 to 5 million years ago, grinding technology, a number of stone tools have been relatively smooth, also a sharp edge, as well as single-blade, double-edged, convex edge, concave edge and a round of sub-edge.China 28,000 years ago in the bow and arrow, this is the first of the mechanical aspects of an invention; 8000 BC to 2800 before during a round of the Tao (with ceramic table); tools appear in about 6000 BC to before 5000, with the exception of Stone knives, there are stone hoe, shovel rock, stone sickle, sickle mussels, bone and bone sickle Si. Stone axes and knives have been used on the hard sand grinding from the hole.Xia Xia ago and has not appeared in the Quan spoke and wheel spokes are; the Shang and Western Zhou Dynasty, there was quite a sophisticated two-wheelers; canoe and raft, and other water transport has long been emerging one after another.The late Neolithic Age, people have been able to Dan Fan Fan and mud casting of simple tools and weapons. Business Yin period, with the development of handicraft production and technical level, forming a brilliant bronze culture. Bronze metallurgy technology is highly developed, and bronze casting SECRETARY mother FANG Ding E, weighing 875 kg, bronze castings of the Spring and Autumn Period Cenghou Yi Pan statue has been very fine.WEI Han to the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC-265 AD) is the ancient Chinese machinery to start a period of rapid development. Spring and Autumn Period and pig ironmetallurgy technology began to emerge; malleable iron black and white heart malleable iron and steel appearance, accelerated by the Iron Age to the Bronze transition; Spring and Autumn since the mid-invented lost wax casting and low melting point solder alloy casting technology ; The Warring States period, there has been stacked, such as casting and cable casting process; the mid-Western Han Dynasty have been a gray cast iron smelting, and there have been 3 to 5 mm in wall thickness of the thin-walled cast iron pieces. Cast iron heat treatment technology development.Spring and Autumn Period crossbows appear to control the fire Nuji has a more ingenious mechanical devices. To the Han Dynasty, Nuji processing accuracy and surface finish has reached a very high level. Han crossbow with a ten stone to stone, and so on eight standards, these specifications indicate that the formation of machine building standards in the Han Dynasty have been initially established. Nuji to conduct their left, the blacksmith, mill workers, and other names.The spread of the Warring States period, "Kao Gong Ji" is the earliest existing crafts monographs, which have wheels in mind the manufacturing process. The stretch of the bow, arrows and speed of flight, have made the stability of the in-depth exploration. Han has been a large number of various types of ships and three or four layers of the cabin floor boat. Some ships have been equipped with a rudder stern and efficient tool to promote the organizations. When was the Western Han Dynasty incense burner in the delicate structure, no matter how the ball rolling incense burner, the center of the hemisphere of the furnace can keep the state level.The next is to drive traffic and machinery, in 1980 unearthed the tomb of the First Qin Emperor Tong Juma on behalf of the casting technology of that time, metal processing and assembly processes. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, there have been recorded drum cars and car guide. Hutchison, a car slowed drum gear system, through the sub-drum sound of the bracelet reported to the mileage. Ma Jun of the three countries created guidelines addition to the car with gear drive, there are automatic on-off device, technically and recorded wins in a drum car financing. The invention of automatic on-off device on gear transmission system has been developed to a considerable extent.When the Eastern Han Dynasty have been a different shape and use of gears and gear system. There are a large number of ratchet, it was word of gear. Particularly in astronomical instruments have been relatively sophisticated gear system. Zhang Heng, such as when the use of Louhu of celestial globe made of water to leak through the gear-driven system so that the celestial globe every day a week rotation speed. Zhang Heng in 132 AD to create the world's first seismograph, that is, the waiting earth windinstrument.Han textile technology and textile machinery is also growing, Aya machine has become very complex textile machinery. To the Three Kingdoms period, Ma Jun 50 Overview (warp group to release the film Overview) 50 step (step-) 60 and 60 Overview of the Aya step into a machine all 50 Overview 12 and 60 Overview 12-step step to improve productivity . Ma Jun also created new tools to roll-over water can put a row of water, energy efficiency is very high.Han Li Tie has tools plow wall, and soil pulverizer can play the role of the Emperor Zhao had been created when the three-Aquilegia, planting day to 1 ares. During this period, large-scale iron castings and large-scale structure of the machine being pushed out. Five at the Cangzhou cast iron lions, weighing about 40 tons, the structure of the Song Dynasty wooden clock tower 3, Joe 5-foot high, ten feet wide 2-foot 1.During the late Tang machinery has a relatively high level. Such as the Tang Dynasty unearthed in Xian Yin He, the hole in the outer circle with a different heart of a small, tight cluster with the mouth, as well as the marks on time precision machining has reached a new level.In the transport, water and human and technical further development. Southern Zizou's red lines created on Barry's boats Trinidad and the so-called Southern Liang Jing Jun of 160 paddle boats are fast ships forward manpower, the Northern and Southern Dynasties period, there have been travel. Tang Li Gao travel to the effect of improving the link between past and future.Hydraulic machinery are also new progress, Tang Dynasty barrel have cars, from the human development of water water water. South at the end of the end of another to create an advanced water to big spinning wheel, destroy three of the five catalytic (ingot) hand spinning wheel at the time was the world's more advanced human spinning machines. Shi Xue Yuan Dynasty written by "people left Zi" is a master carpenter summed up in person for the experience and a detailed account of the prevailing at the time of the textile machinery and vehicles to the famous ancient wooden machinery and technical expertise of the world to stay.During this period astronomy and the rapid development of time machines. Northern Song Su Song and Han Gong-lian, and other wood structure made of the clock tower, can take on many forms of running time and space objects. It consists of hydraulic drive, which has a Escapement. The clock tower on behalf of the machinery at the time of a high level, at that time was the world's advanced astronomical clock. The Yuan Dynasty was a roller bearing is also the world's advanced mechanical devices.The shipbuilding industry in the early Ming has been great progress. Zheng He's fleet was the world's largest fleet. Zheng Bao Chuan riding about 137 meters, the 12-fan Zhang, the rudder stock more than 11 meters long, is the largest ancient ocean-going ships.At that time, the major machinery manufacturers still rely on manual. Qian large anchor who, by forging into ARTIFICIAL first four legs, to be followed by section-by-weld. Small needles were used in the system, such as cold drawing steel wire, also made by hand.Pistons have been in the Ming Dynasty bellows. It is a fan of the Song and Yuan Mu further development of the bellows push by the Pistons and the automatic air pressure valve gate has become the metal metalworking equipment effective blast.In the middle of the Ming or earlier, wooden sailboat has been able to travel against the wind, wind direction and has the ability to sail. Y angzhou Li-fan wind-round is 8 equidistant vertical fan installed in octagonal wooden stand, rotating around a vertical axis, and can automatically adjust fan side point of view. This is a unique ancient Chinese wooden sailing further development. For a long time, China's coastal areas to promote more use of its roll-over in order to extract Shaizhi sea salt.Mechanical and technological progress to promote the academic research. Wang Zheng in 1627 to compile and publish a "far-Milicic recorded chart, said the most", introduced the general situation in the West in mechanical engineering. From the West Ziming Zhong table and water pistol, and so must also be within the scope of spread.1634 ~ 1637, the Ming Dynasty to Song of the stars and edited by the publication of "Heavenly Creations", a record number of advanced process technology and innovative science. At that time, it reflects the agricultural and handicraft production technology. A lot of records relating to the manufacture and mechanical properties of the product. Mud-covered kettle casting, lost wax casting method and casting techniques, such as Zhu Qian, also described Qian anchors and hardware and software, embroidery needle manufacturing methods, jacquard and other textile machinery, as well as travel and other transportation performance and Specifications and so on. "Heavenly Creations", known as China's 17th century Encyclopedia of Technology.Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty years court building Department has to do more to create large bell, which rely on the gravity-driven hammer hanging, and added a more precise agencies reported, the refined processing, full of Chinese national characteristics. Chinese Ming and Qing Dynasties watch craftsmen to create a lot of novelty clocks. At that time, the Guangzhou, Suzhou, Nanjing, Y angzhou, and so on, has become a well-known manufacturer of watches and clocks cityUntil modern China, the machinery is still continuation of the historical, scientific progress, and also the development of machinery. Groups of the emergence of modern machinery to lead this major step forward in the development of China.。