2012职称英语考试新增文章完形填空
2012年职称英语新增为必考内容
写在最前面的关于30分题+15分1. +表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章，考哪一级就看哪一级的内容，别的级别的题目完全不用看。
2. 每个级别新增阅读理解2篇完型填空2篇（今年以前完形填空只新增一篇），考试的时候，这两篇阅读理解必考一篇，文章完全一样，但是问题及答案不一定完全一样，所以仅仅记住答案是不可靠的，一定要结合后面的翻译把这篇文章看懂。
那么这里5道题目15分必定能拿到。
然后完型填空，先说今年以前，只新增一篇完型填空，这篇完型填空必考，只是留空的位置不会完全一样，大约有40%左右的留空位置是一样，所以光背答案是没得用的，一定要把文章看熟。
当然今年由于每个级别新增了2篇完型填空，那么考试的时候肯定也是2选1考一篇。
这里15道题15分也很容易能拿到。
3. 词汇有15道题，替换同义词，找本字典翻翻，这15分也不难，至少12分能拿到吧。
其他的题能拿多少分就看各位的英语底子了。
做最坏的打算，剩下的题目还有55分，按瞎蒙25%的概率能拿到13.75分，加上前面的45分大约也有58分左右，所以要完全靠瞎蒙的朋友考试前多扶扶老奶奶过马路，多积累点人品吧。
4. 以上只是投机取巧的方法，各位有时间的话还是花点时间复习下，但是考前一定要把新增的题目掌握好，就算英语底子好的朋友也起码可以节约不少考试时间。
5. 本人职称英语A\B\C级都是这样考过的，每年的规律都是一样的。
从客观角度说，每年的职称英语考试书都不便宜，新增的内容也不多，如果新增的东西里面没有价值，那么那本书还有谁买？那本书可是考试中心出的，阅读理解*第三＋八篇 "Life Form Found" on Saturn's Titan*第四十篇 Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety完形填空*第十一篇 Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared Cities*第十二篇 Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk*第三＋八篇 "Life Form Found" on Saturn's TitanScientists say they have discovered hints of alien life1 on the Saturn's moon2. The discovery of a sort of life was announced after researchers at the US space agency,NASA3,analyzed data from spacecraft Cassini4,which pointed to,the existence of methane-based form of life on Saturn's biggest moon.Scientists have reportedly discovered clues showing primitive alien beings are"breathing" inTitan's dense atmosphere filled with hydrogen.They argue that hydrogen gets absorbed before hitting Titan's planet-like surface covered with methane lakes and rivers. This,they say,points to the existence of some"bugs"5 consuming the hydrogen at the surface of the moon less than half the size of the Earth."We suggested hydrogen consumption because it's the obvious gas for life to consume on Titan,similar to the way we consume oxygen on Earth,"says NASA scientist Chris McKay."If these signs do turn out to be a sign of life,it would be doubly exciting because it would represent a second form of life independent from water-based life on Earth."To date,scientists have not yet detected this form of life anywhere,though there are liquid-water-based microorganisms on Earth that grow well on methane or produce it as a waste product. On Titan, where temperatures are around 90 Kelvin6(minus 290 degrees Farenheit),a methanebased organism would have to use a substance that is liquid as its medium for living processes, but not water itself. Water is frozen solid on Titan's surface and much too cold to support life as we know it.Scientists had expected the Sun's interactions with chemicals in the atmosphere to produce a coating of acetylene on Titan's surface. But Cassini detected no acetylene on the surface.The absence of detectable acetylene on the Titan's surface can very well have a non-biological explanation,said Mark Allen,a principal investigator7 of the NASA Titan team."Scientific conservatism suggests that a biological explanation should be the last choice after all non-biological explanations are addressed,"Allen said. "We have a lot of work to do to rule out8 possible non-biological explanations. It is more likely that a chemical process,without biology,can explain these results."词汇：Saturn /'sætən/ n．土星 methane/'mi:θein/ n．甲烷，沼气Titan/'taitən/ n．土卫六 acetylene/ə'setili:n/ n．乙炔alien/'eiljən/ n．外星人；adj．外星球的；相异的conservatism/kən'sʒ:vətizəm/ n．保守主义,守旧注释：1.hints of alien life：外星生命迹象。
2012年职称英语理工类教材新增内容详解——完形填空篇
"Liquefaction" Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake DamageThe massive subduction zone1 earthquake in Japan caused a significant level of soil "liquefaction"2 that has surprised researchers with its 1 severity, a new analysis shows."We've seen localized3 examples of soil liquefaction as extreme as this before, but the distance and 2 of damage in Japan were unusually severe," said Scott Ashford, a professor of geotechnical engineering4 at Oregon State University5. "Entire structures were tilted and sinking into the sediments," Ashford said. "The shifts in soil destroyed water, drain and gas pipelines6, crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to 3 . We saw some places that sank as much as four feet."Some degree of soil liquefaction7 is common in almost any major earthquake. It's a phenomenon in which soils soaked with water, particularly recent sediments or sand, can lose much of their 4 and flow during an earthquake. This can allow structures to shift or sink or 5 .But most earthquakes are much 6 than the recent event in Japan, Ashford said. The length of the Japanese earthquake, as much as five minutes, may force researchers to reconsider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this8."With such a long-lasting earthquake, we saw 7 structures that might have been okay after 30 seconds just continued to sink and tilt as the shaking continued for several more minutes," he said. "And it was clear that younger sediments, and especially areas built on 8 filled ground, are much more vulnerable."The data provided by analyzing the Japanese earthquake, researchers said, should make it possible to improve the understanding of this soil 9 and better prepare for it in the future. Ashford said it was critical for the team to collect the information quickly, 10 damage was removed in the recovery efforts9."There's no doubt that we'll learn things from what happened in Japan10 that11 will help us to reduce risks in other similar 11 ," Ashford said. "Future construction in some places may make more use of techniques known to reduce liquefaction, such as better compaction to make soils dense, or use of reinforcing stone columns."Ashford pointed out that northern California have younger soils vulnerable to liquefaction ---on the coast, near river deposits or in areas with filled ground. The "young" sediments, in geologic terms, may be those 12 within the past 10,000 years or more. In Oregon, for instance, that describes much of downtown Portland, the Portland International Airport and other cities.Anything 13 a river and old flood plains is a suspect12, and the Oregon Department of Transportation has already concluded that 1,100 bridges in the state are at risk from an earthquake. Fewer than 15 percent of them have been reinforced to 14 collapse. Japan has suffered tremendous losses in the March 11 earthquake, but Japanese construction 15 helped prevent many buildings from collapse ---even as they tilted and sank into the ground.Germs on banknotesPeople in different countries use different types of 1 yuan in China, pesos in Mexico, pounds in the United Kingdom, dollars in the United States, Australia and New Zealand. They may use 2 currencies, but these countries, and probably all countries, still have one thing in common1: Germs on the banknotes.Scientists have been studying the germs on money for well over2 100 years. At the turn of the 20th 3 , some researchers began to suspect that germs living on money could spread disease.Most studies of germy money have looked at the germs on the currency 4 one country. In a new study, Frank Vriesekoop3 and other researchers compared the germ populations found on bills of different 5 .Vriesekoop3 is a microbiologist at the University of Ballarat in Australia4. He led the study, which compared the germ populations found on money 6 from 10 nations. The scientists studied 1,280 banknotes in total; all came from places where people buy food, like supermarkets street vendors and cafes, 7 those businesses often rely on cash.Overall, the Australian dollars hosted the fewest live bacteria ---- no more than 10 per square centimeter. Chinese yuan had the most ---- about 100 per square centimeter. Most of the germs on money probably would notcause harm.What we call "paper" money usually isn't made from paper. The U. S. dollar, for example, is printed on fabric that is mostly 8 .Different countries may use different 9 to print their money. Some of the currencies studied by Vriesekoop and his 10 such as the American dollar were made from cotton. Others were made from polymers.The three 11 with the lowest numbers of bacteria were all printed on polymers. They included the Australian dollar, the New Zealand dollar and some Mexican pesos.The other currencies were printed on fabric made 12 of cotton. Fewer germs lived on the polymer notes. This connection suggests that 13 have a harder time staying alive on polymer surfaces. Scientists need to do more studies to understand how germs live on money-----and whether or not we need to be concerned. Vnesekoop is now starting a study that will 14 the amounts of time bacteria can stay alive on different types of bills.Whatever Vriesekoop finds, the fact remains: Paper money harbors germs We should wash our 15 after touching it; after all5, you never know where your money 's been. Or what's living on it.Solar Power without Solar CellsA dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light discovered by University of Michigan1 researchers could lead to solar power without traditional semiconductor-based solar cells.The researchers found a way to make an "optical 1 ," said Stephen Rand, a professor in the departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Physics and Applied Physics.Light has electric and magnetic components. Until now, scientists thought the 2 of the magnetic field were so weak that they could be ignored. What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is traveling through a material that does not conduct electricity, the light field can generate magnetic effects that are 100 million times stronger than 3 expected. 4 these circumstances, the magnetic effects develop strength equivalent to a strong electric effect."This could lead to a new kind of solar cell without semiconductors and without absorption to produce charge separation," Rand said. "In solar cells, the 5 goes into a material, gets absorbed and creates heat. Here, we expect to have a very low heat load2. Instead of the light being absorbed, energy is stored in the magnetic moment3. Intense magnetization can be induced by intense light and then it is ultimately capable of providing a capacitive power 6."What makes this possible is a previously undetected brand of "optical rectification4," says William Fisher, a doctoral student5 in applied physics. In traditional optical rectification, light's electric field causes a charge separation, or a pulling 7 of the positive and negative charges6 in a material. This sets up a voltage, similar to 8 in a battery.Rand and Fisher found that under the right circumstances and in right types of materials, the light's magnetic field can also create optical rectification. The light must be shone through7 a 9 that does not 10 electricity, such as glass. And it must be focused to an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter8. Sunlight isn't this intense on its own, but new materials are being sought that would work at lower intensities, Fisher said."In our most recent paper, we show that incoherent light9 like sunlight is theoretically almost as. 11 in producing charge separation as laser light is," Fisher said.This new 12 could make solar power cheaper, the researchers say. They predict that with improved materials they could achieve 10 percent efficiency in 13 solar power to useable energy. That's equivalent to today's commercial-grade solar cells."To manufacture 14 solar cells, you have to do extensive semiconductor processing," Fisher said. "All we would need are lenses to focus the light and a fiber to guide it. Glass works for 15 . It's already made in bulk10, and it doesn't require as much processing. Transparent ceramics might be even better."Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort Food Fights LonelinessMashed potatoes, macaroni and cheese, may be bad for your arteries．1 according to a study in Psychological Science, they're good for your heart and 2 ．The study focuses on "comfort food" and how it makes people feel．"For me 3 ,food has always played a big role in my family," says Jordan Troisi, a graduate student at the University of Buffalo, and lead author on the study．The study came out of the research program of his co-author Shira Gabriel．It has 4 non-human things that may affect human emotions．Some people reduce loneliness by bonding with their 5 TV show, building virtual relationships with a pop song singer or looking at pictures of loved ones．Troisi and Gabriel wondered if comfort food could have the same effect 6 making peoplethink of their nearest and dearest. In one experiment, in order to make 7 feel lonely, the researchers had them write for six minutes about a fight with someone close to them．Others were given an emotionally neutral writing assignment. Then, some people in each 8 wrote about the experience of eating a comfort food and others wrote about eating a new food．9 ,the researchers had participants 10 questions about their levels of loneliness．Writing about a fight with a close person made people feel lonely．But people who were generally 11 in their relationships would feel less lonely by writing about a comfort food．"We have found that comfort foods are consistently associated with those close to us．"says Troisi．"Thinking about or consuming these foods later then serves as a reminder of those close others．"In 12 essays on comfort food, many people wrote about the 13 of eating food with family and friends. In another experiment, 14 chicken soup in the lab made people think more about relationships, but only if they considered chicken soup to be a comfort food．This was a question they had been asked long before the experiment, along with many other questions, so they wouldn't remember it. Throughout everyone's daily lives they experience stress, often associated with our 15 with others," Troisi says．"Comfort food Can be an easy remedy for loneliness．Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared CitiesA new examination of urban policies has been 1 recently by Patricia Romero Lankao．She is a sociologist specializing in climate change and 2 development．She warns that many of the world's fast-growing urban areas，especially in developing countries．will likely suffer from the impacts of changing climate．Her work also concludes that most cities are failing to 3 emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse 4 ．These gases are known to affect the atmosphere．"Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of the world," says Romero Lankao. "But too few cities are developing effective strategies to 5 their residents."Cities are 6 sources of greenhouse gases．And urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by future climate change. Lankao's findings highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term 7 ．The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters. Potential 8 associated with climate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat 9 paved cities more than surrounding areas．The impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environment．For example，a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution，causing widespread health problems．Poorer neighborhoods that may 10 basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads，are especially vulnerable to natural disasters．Many residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing 11 access to reliable drinking water，roads and basic services.Local governments, 12 ,should take measures to protect their residents."Unfortunately，they tend to move towards rhetoric 13 meaningful responses, Romero Lankao writes, " They don't impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning needs. They don't emphasize mass transit and reduce 14 use. In fact, many local governments are taking a hands-off approach." Thus, she urges them to change their 15 policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities.Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart RiskFast food outlets could provide statin drugs free of 1 so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial College London 2 in a new study．Statins reduce the 3 of unhealthy "LDL" cholesterol in the blood. A wealth of trial data has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a person's heart attack 4 .In a paper published in the American Journal of Cardiology，Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is 5 to offset the increase in heart attack risk from 6 a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshake．Dr Francis，from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London，who is the senior author of the study, said:"Statins don't cut out a11 of the 7 effects of cheeseburgers and French fries．It's better to avoid fatty food altogether．But we've worked out that in terms of your 8 of having a heart attack. Taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the same 9 as a fast food meal increases it." "It's ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthv condiments in fast food outlets as they 10 , but statins, which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed. It makes sense to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are l 1 free of charge．It would cost less than 5 pence per 1 2 一not much different to a sachet of sugar." Dr Francis said．When people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, they're encouraged to take 13 that lower their risk, 1ike 14 a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters. Taking a statin is a rational way of 1 5 some of the risks of eating a fatty meal．。
2012年职称英语理工A新增完形填空第十四篇中英文对照
+第十四篇Sharks Perform a Service for Earth's Waters鲨鱼有益于地球水系It is hard to get people to think of sharks as anything but a deadly enemy. They are thought to attack people frequently. But these fish perform a valuable service for earth's waters and for human beings. Yet business and sport fishing are threatening their existence .Some sharks are at risk of disappearing from Earth.要让人们相信鲨鱼不是人类的死敌不是一件很容易的事。
人们认为鲨鱼经常袭击人类。
但鲨鱼在为地球水系和人类做着有价值的贡献。
商业和捕鱼运动仍在威胁着它们的生存，有些鲨鱼面临着从地球上消失的危险。
Warm weather may influence both fish and shark activity. Many fish swim near coastal areas because of their warm waters. Experts say sharks may follow the fish into the same areas, where people also swim. In fact, most sharks do not purposely charge at or bite humans. They are thought to mistake a person for a sea animal, such as a seal or sea lion. That is why people should not swim in the ocean when the sun goes down or comes up. Those are the times when sharks are looking for food. Experts also say that bright colors and shiny jewelry may cause sharks to attack.温暖的气候影响着鱼类和鲨鱼的活动。
2012年职称英语教材(理工类)完形填空新增内容
2012年职称英语教材(理工类)完形填空新增内容2012年职称英语教材（理工类）完形填空新增内容第三篇： Germs on BanknotesPeople in different countries use different typesof 1 ：yuan in China，pesos in Mexico, pounds in the United Kingdom，dollars in the United States，Australia and New Zealand．They may use 2 currencies，but these countries，and probably all countries，still have onething in common：Germs on the banknotes．Scientists have been studying the germs on money for well over 100 years．At the turn of the20th 3 ，some researchers began to suspect that germs living on money could sprea disease．Most studies of germy money have looked at the germs on the currency 4 country．In a new study，In print on fabric that is mostly 8 Different countries may use different 9 to print their money．Some of the currencies studied by Vriesekoop and his 10 ，such as the American dollar，were made from cotton．Others were made from polymers．The three 11 with the lowest numbers of bacteria were all printed on polymers．They included the Australian dollar，the New Zealand dollar and some Mexican pesos．The other currencies were printed on fabric made 12 of cotton. Fewer germs lived on the polymer notes. This connection suggests that 13 have a harder time staying alive on polymer surfaces. Scientists need to do more studies to understand how germs live on money—and whether or not we need to be concerned．Vriesekoop is now starting a study thatwill 14 the amounts of time bacteria can stay alive on different types of bills．Whatever Vriesekoop finds，the fact remains：Paper money harbors germs．We should wash our 1 5 after touching it after all, you never know where your money’s been．Or what’s living on it．第十篇 Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort FoodFights LonelinessMashed potatoes，macaroni and cheese，may be bad for your arteries． 1 according to a studyin Psychological Science，they’re good for your heart and 2 ．The study focuses on“comfort food”and how it makes people feel．“For me 3 ，food has always played a big role in my family，”says Jordan Troisi, a graduate student at the University of Buffalo，and lead author on the study．The study came out of the research program of his co—author Shira Gabriel．It has 4 non-human things that may affect human emotions．Some people reduce loneliness by bonding with their 5 TV show，building virtual relationships with a pop song singer or looking at pictures of loved ones．Troisi and Gabriel wondered if comfort food could have the sameeffect 6 making peoplethink of their nearest and dearest. In one experiment，in order to make 7 feel lonely，the researchers had them write for six minutes about a fight with someone close to them．Others were given an emotionally neutral writing assignment．Then，some people in each 8 wrote aboutthe experience of eating a comfort food and others wrote about eating a new food． 9 ，the researchershad participants 10 questions about their levels of loneliness．Writing about a fight with a close person made people feel lonely．But people who were generally 11 in their relationships would feel less lonely by writing about a comfort food．“We have found that comfort foods are consistently associated with those close to us．”says Troisi．“Thinking about or consuming these foods later then serves as a reminder of those closeothers．”In 12 essays on comfort food，many people wrote about the 13 of eating food with family and friends． In another experiment， 14 chicken soup in the lab made people think more about relationships，but only if they considered chicken soup to be a comfortfood．This was a question they had been asked long before the experiment，along with many other questions, so they wouldn’t remember it．Throughout everyone’s daily lives they experience stress，often associated with our 15 with others，“Troisi says．”Comfort food Can be an easy remedy for loneliness．练习：1．A but B if C though D while2．A personality B movement C emotions D will 3．A privately B usefully C awfully D personally 4．A looked for B looked at C lookedafter D looked up5．A favorite B trustful C boring D annoying6．A with B on C by D at7．A professors B participants Cassistants D scientists8．A group B class C section D part9．A Previously B Formally C Initially D Finally 10．A remember B explain C rewrite D complete 11．A sad B secure C shy D angry12．A your B our C his D their13．A accident B harm C experience D model 14．A eating B exchanging C buying D keepingl 5．A expressions B estimation C cooperationD connections第十一篇 Climate Change Poses Major Risks forUnprepared CitiesA new examlnation of urban policies hasbeen 1 recently by Patricia Romero Lankao．She is a sociologist specializing in climate changeand 2 development．She warns that many of the world’s fast-growing urban areas，especially in developing countries．will likely suffer from the impacts of changing climate．Her work aso concludes that most cities are failing to 3 emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse 4 ．These gasesare known to affect the atmosphere．“Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of the world，”says Romero Lankao．“But too few cities are developing effectivestrategies to 5 their residents."Cities are 6 sources of greenhouse gases．And urban populations are likely to be among those mostseverely affected by future climate change．Lankao’s findings highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable，and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term 7 ．The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populatlons at greater risk for natural disasters．Potential 8 associated with climate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather．Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weathe can heat 9 paved cities more than surrounding areas．The impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environment．For example，a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution，causing widespread health problems．Poorer neighborhoods that may 10 basic facilities such asdrinking water or a dependable network of roads，are especiallyvnlnerable to natural disasters．Many residents in poorer countries live in substandardhousing 11 access to reliable drinking water，roads and basic services.Local governments， 12 ，should take measures to protect their residents.“Unfortunately，they tend to move towards rhetoric 13 meaningfulresponses， Romero Lankao writes．“They don’t impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning needs．They don't emphasize mass transit and reduce 14 use. ln fact，manylocal governments are taking ahands—off approach．”Thus，she urges themto change tneir 15 policies and to take strong stepsto prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities.1．A carry along B carried away C carried out D carried back2．A economic B industrial C rural D urban3．A reduce B increase C study D measure4．A crops B gases C fruits D Plant55．A educate B evaluate C protect D identify6．A doubtful B possible C repeatable D major7．A uses B chances C cures D benefits8．A threats B interests C functions D differences 9．A locally B heavily C suddenly D mildlyl0．A provide B improve C lack D update11．A without B with C in D on12．A moreover B therefore C however D though13．A other than B more than C less than D rather than14．A train B automobile C bus D bike15．A idle B smart C busy D secure第十二篇 Free Statins With Fast Food CouldNeutralize Heart RiskFast food outlets could provide statin drugs freeof 1 so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food，researchers at Imperial College London 2 in a newstudy．Statins reduce the 3 ofunhealthy“LDL”cholesterol in the blood．A wealth oftrial data has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a person’s heart attack 4 ．In a paper published in the American Journal of Cardiology，Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is 5 to offset the increase in heart attack risk from 6 a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshake． Dr Francis，from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London，who is the senior author of the study，said：“Statins don’t cut out a11 of the 7 effects of cheeseburgers and French fries．It’s better to avoid fatty food altogether．But we’ve worked out that in terms of your 8 of having a heart attack，taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the same 9 as a fast food meal increases it．”“It’s ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthvcondiments in fast food outlets as they 10 ，but statins，which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed．It makes sense to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are l 1 free of charge．It would cost less than 5 pence per 1 2 一not much different to a sachet of sugar。
2012年英语职称考试理工类B级新增完型填空2篇便携版
Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared CitiesA new examination of urban policies has been carried out recently by Patricia Romero Lankao．She is a sociologist specializing inclimate change and urban development．She warns that many of the wo rld’s fast-growing urban areas，especially in developingcountries．will likely suffer from the impacts of changing climate．Her work also concludes that most cities are failingto reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases．These gases are known to affect the atmosphere．”Climate change isa deeply local issue and poses profound threats to the growing cities of the world,” says Romero Lankao. ”But too few cities aredeveloping effective strategies to evaluate their residents."Cities are major sources of greenhouse gases．And urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by futureclimate change. Lankao’s findings highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventionsthat could offer immediate and longer-term benefits．The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters.Potential threats associated with climate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas andprolonged hot weather can heat heavily paved cities more than surrounding areas．The impacts of such natural events can be more seriousin an urban environment．For example，a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution，causing widespread healthproblems．Poorer neighborhoods that may lack basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads，are especiallyvulnerable to natural disasters．Many residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing without access to reliable drinking water，roads and basic services.Local governments, therefore,should take measures to protect their residents.”Unfortunately，they tend to move towards rhetoricrather than meaningful responses, Romero Lankao writes, ” They don’t impose construction standards that could reduce heating and airconditioning needs. They don't emphasize mass transit and reduce automobile use. In fact, many local governments are taking ahands—off approach.” Thus, she urges them to change their idle policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects ofclimate change on cities.Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart RiskFast food outlets could provide statin drugs free of charge so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food,researchers at Imperial College London sugges in a new study．Statins reduce the amount of unhealthy ”LDL” cholesterol in the blood. A wealth of trial data has proven them to be highly effective atlowering a person’s heart attack risk .In a paper published in the American Journal of Cardiology，Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heartattack risk offered by a statin is enough to offset the increase in heart attack risk from eating a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshake．Dr Francis，from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London，who is the senior author of the study, said:”Statinsdon’t cut out a11 of the unhealthy effects of cheeseburgers and French fries．It’s better to avoid fatty food altogether．But we’ve workedout that in terms of your possibility of having a heart attack. Taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the same degree as a fastfood mea l increases it.”“It’s ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthv condiments in fast food outlets as they like, but statins,which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed. It makes sense to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as theunhealthy condiments that are provided free of charge．It would cost less than 5 pence per customer—not much different to a sachet ofsugar.” Dr Francis said．When people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, they’re enc ouraged to take measures that lower their risk, 1ikewearing a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters. Taking a statin is a rational way of lowering some of the risks of eating a fattymeal．356。
2012年职称英语(综合类A级)考试教材新增内容(完整版)
2012年职称英语（综合类）考试教材新增内容（完整版）1. 词汇选项：没有变动2. 阅读判断：C级新增1篇，B级新增1篇，A级没有新增3. 概括大意与完成句子：C级新增1篇，B、A级没有新增4. 阅读理解：C级新增5篇、B级新增15篇，A级新增8篇5. 补全短文：C级新增2篇、B级新增1篇，A级没有新增6. 完形填空：C级、B级、A级各新增5篇阅读理解（8篇）+第三十四篇To Have and Have Not 逃亡+第三十五篇Going Her Own Way选择她自己的路+第三十六篇 A Tale of scottish Rural Life（2011为B级文章）一个关于苏格兰乡村生活的故事+第三十七篇Pop Music in Africa 非洲的流行音乐+第三十八篇Why So Many Children?为什么有这么多的孩子+第三十九篇Eat To Life（2011为B级文章）为了活着吃饭+第四十篇Narrow Escape （2011为B级文章）美国疾病预防新政策+第四十七篇Narrow Escape九死一生完形填空（5篇）+第十一篇School Lunch+第十二篇 A Powerful Influence+第十三篇The Old Gate+第十四篇Family History+第十五篇Helen and Martin注：1、+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章；阅读理解+第三十四篇To Have and Have NotIt had been boring hanging about the hotel all afternoon. The road crew were playing a game with dollar notes. Folding them into small planes to see whose would fly the furthest.1 Having nothing better to do，I joined in and won five，and then took the opportunity to escape with my profit. Despite the evil-looking clouds，I had to get out for a while.I headed for a shop on the other side of the street. Unlike the others，it didn't have a sign shouting its name and business，and instead of the usual impersonal modern lighting，there was an appealing glow inside. Strangely nothing was displayed in the window. Not put off by this，I went inside.It took my breath away. I didn't know where to look, where to start. On one wall there hung three hand-stitched American quilts that were in such wonderful condition they might have been newly-made. I came across tin toys and antique furniture, and on the wall in front of me, a 1957 Stratocaster guitar , also in excellent condition. A card pushed between the strings said $50. I ran my hand along a long shelf of records, reading their titles. And there was more...“Can I help you？”She startled me. I hadn't even seen the woman behind the counter come in. The way she looked at me, so directly and with such power. It was a look of such intensity that for a moment I felt as if I were wrapped in some kind of magnetic or electrical field. I found it hard to take and almost turned away. But though it was uncomfortable. I was fascinated by the experience of her looking straight into me, and by the feeling that I was neither a stranger, nor strange, to her.Besides amusement her expression showed sympathy. It was impossible to tell her age；she reminded me faintly of my grandmother because, although her eyes were friendly, I could see that she was not a woman to fall out with. I spoke at last. 'I was just looking really,' I said, though secretly wondering how much of the stuff I could cram into the bus.The woman turned away and went at once towards a back room, indicating that I should follow her. But it in no way lived up to the first room. The light made me feel peculiar, too. It came from an oil lamp that was hung from the centre of the ceiling and created huge shadows over everything. There were no rare electric guitars, no old necklaces, no hand-painted boxes with delicate flowers. It was also obvious that it must have taken years, decades, to collect so much rubbish, so many old documents arid papers.I noticed some old books, whose gold lettering had faded, making their titles impossible to read. 'They look interesting,' I said, with some hesitation. 'To be able to understand that kind of writing you must first have had a similar experience,' she said clearly. She noted the confused look on my face, but didn't add anything.She reached up for a small book which she handed to me. 'This is the best book I can give you at the moment,' she laughed. “If you u se it.” I opened the book to find it full. or rather empty, with blank white pages, but paid her the few dollars she asked for it, becoming embarrassed when I realised the notes were still folded into little paper planes. I put the book in my pocket, thanked her and left.词汇：impersonal /im'pə:sənəl/ adj. 客观的；非个人的；没有人情味的；[语] 非人称的n.[语]非人称动词；不具人格的事物antique /æn'ti:k/ adj. 古老的，年代久远的n. 古董，古玩startle /'stɑ:tl/ vt. vi. 使吓一跳，使惊奇n.惊愕，惊恐arid / 'ærid/ adj. 干旱的，枯萎的。
2012综合类完形填空新增文章
2012年职称英语综合类完形填空新增文章（含正确答案）第一篇 A Life with BirdsFor nearly 17 years David Cope has worked as one of the Tower of London's yeoman warders, ___ 1better _ known to tourists as beefeaters. David, 64, lives in a three-bedroomed flat right at the __2 top __ of the Byward Tower, one of the gatehouses. "__3 From __ our bedroom we have a marvellous view of Tower Bridge and the Thames, " says David.The Tower of London is famous __4 for __ its ravens, the large black birds which have lived there for over three centuries. David was immediately fascinated by the birds and when he was __5 offered __ the post of Raven Master eight years ago he had no __6. hesitation __ in accepting it. "The birds have now become my life and I'm always __7 aware __ of the fact that I am __8 maintaining __ a tradition. The legend says that if the ravens leave the Tower, England will fall to enemies, and it's my job to __9 make __ sure this doesn't happen!"David_10 devotes _about four hours a day to the care of the ravens. He has grown to love them and the _11 fact __ that he lives right next to them is ideal. "I can _12 keep __ a close eye on them all the time, and not just when I'm working." __13 At first __, David's wife Mo was not __14 keen __ on the idea of life in the Tower, but she too will be sad to leave when he retires next year. "When we look out of our windows, we see history __15 all __ around us, and we are taking it in and storing it up for our future memories."第二篇 A Lucky BreakActor Antonio Banderas is used to breaking bones, and it always seems to happen when he's 1 doing sport. In the film Play It to the Bone he 2 plays the part of a middleweight boxer alongside Woody Harrelson. 3 During the making of the film Harrelson 4 kept complaining that the fight 5 scenes weren't very convincing, so one day he suggested that he and Banderas should have a fight for real. The Spanish actor wasn't 6 keen on the idea at first, but he was 7 eventually persuaded by his co-star to put on his gloves and climb into the boxing ring. However, when he realized how seriously his 8 opponent was taking it all, he began to regret his decision to fight. And then in the third round, Harrelson hit Banderas 9 so hard in the face that he actually broke his nose. His wife, actress Melanie Griffith, was furious that he had been playing "silly macho games". "She was right," confesses Banderas, "and I was a fool to 10 take a risk like that in the middle of a movie."He was 11 reminded of the time he broke his leg during a football match in his native Malaga. He had always 12 dreamed of becoming a soccer star, of performing in front of a big crowd, but doctors told him his playing days were probably over. "That's when I decided to take 13 up acting; I saw it as 14 another way of performing, and achieving recognition. What happened to me on that football 15 another was, you might say, my first lucky break."第三篇Global WarmingFew people now question the reality of global warming and its effects on the world's climate. Many scientists (1) put the blame for recent natural disasters on the increase (2) in the world's temperatures and are convinced that, more than (3) ever before, the Earth is at (4) risk from the forces of the wind, rain and sun. (5) According to them, global warming is making extreme weather events, (6) such as hurricanes and droughts, even more (7) severe and causing sea levels all around the world to (8) rise .Environmental groups are putting (9) pressure on governments to take action to reduce the (10) amount of carbon dioxide which is given (11) off by factories and power plants, thus attacking the problem at its source. They are in (12) favour of more money being spent on research into solar, wind and wave energy devices, which could then replace existing power (13) stations .Some scientists, (14) however believe that even if we stopped releasing carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere tomorrow, we would have to wait (15) several hundred years to notice the results. Global warming, it seems, is here to stay.第四篇 A Success StoryAt 19, Ben Way is already a millionaire, and one of a growing number of teenagers who have (1) made Their fortune through the Internet. (2) What makes Ben's story all the more remarkable is that he is dyslexic, and was (3) told by teachers at his junior school that he would never be able to read or write (4) properly . "I wanted to prove them (5) wrong ", says Ben, creator and director of Waysearch, a net search engine which can be used to find goods in online shopping malls.When he was eight, his local authorities (6) provided him with a PC to help with school work. Although he was (7) unable to read the manuals, he had a natural ability with the computer, and (8) encouraged by his father, he soon began (9) charging people $l0 an hour for his knowledge and skills. At the age of 15 he (10) set up his own computer consultancy, Quad Computer, which he ran from his bedroom, and two years later he left school to (11) devote all his time to business."By this time the company had grown and I needed to take on a (12) couple of employees to help me", says Ben. "That enabled me to start (13) doing business with bigger companies.” It was. his ability to consistently (14) overcome difficult challenges that led him to win the Young Entrepreneur of the Year award in the same year that he formed Waysearch, and he has recently signed a deal (15) worth $25 million with a private investment company, which will finance his search engine.第五篇Traffic in Our CitiesThe volume of traffic in many cities in the world today continues to expand. This causes many problems, including serious air pollution, lengthy delays, and the greater risk (1) of accidents. Clearly, something must be done, but it is often difficult to (2) )persuade people to change their habits and leave their cars at home.One possible (3) approach is to make it more expensive for people to use their cars by (4)increasing charges for parking and (5) bringing in tougher fines for anyone who (6) breaks the law. In addition, drivers could be required to pay for using particular routes at different times of the day. This system, (7) known as "road pricing", is already being introduced in a (8) number of cities, using a special electronic card (9) fixed to the windscreen of the car.Another way of (10) dealing with the problem is to provide cheap parking on the (11) outskirts of the city, and strictly control the number of vehicles allowed into the centre. Drivers and their passengers then use a special bus service for the (12) final stage of their journey.Of course, the most important (13) thing is to provide good public transport. However, to get people to (14) give up the comfort of their cars, public transport must be felt to be reliable, convenient and comfortable, with fares (15) kept at an acceptable level.第六篇Teaching and learningMany teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the student. If a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect students to be familiar with the (1) information__in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The (2) idea ___ student is considered to be one who is motivated to learn for the sake of(3) learning__, not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned(4) with_ brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is(5) responsible __ for learning the material assigned. When research is(6) assigned ___ , the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with(7) minimum __ guidance. It is the student's responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain(8) how __ a university library works; they expect students(9) particularly ____ graduate students to exhaust the reference(10) _ sources _ in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but(11) prefer that their students should not be (12) too dependent on them. In the United Stats professors have many other duties (13) besides teaching，such as administrative or research work. Therefore, the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is (14) limited . If a student has problems with classroom work , the student should either (15) _ approach _ a professor during office hours or make an appointment.*第七篇The Difference between Man and ComputerWhat makes people different from computer programs? What is the missing element that our theories do n’t yet (1) account__ for? The answer is simple: People read newspaper stories for a reason: to learn more about (2) _ what _____they are interested in. Computers, on the other hand，don't. In fact，computers don't (3) __ even ____ have interests; there is nothing in particular that they are trying to find out when they read. If a computer (4) __ program ____is to be a model of story understanding ，it should also read for a "purpose".Of course ，people have several goals that do not make (5) __ sense ____to attribute to computers. One might read a restaurant guide (6) __ in ____order to satisfy hunger or entertainment goals, or to (7) __ find ____a good place to go for a businesslunch. Computers do not get hungry, and computers do not have business lunches.However ，these physiological and social goals give (8) _ rise _____to several intellectual or cognitive goals. A goal to satisfy hunger gives rise to goals to find (9) __ information ____ about the name of a restaurant which (10) ___ serves ___ the desired type of food ，how expensive the restaurant is，the location of the restaurant, etc. These are goals to (11) __ acquire _ information or knowledge, what we are calling (12) _ learning _____ goals. These goals can be held by computers too; a computer (13) __ might ____ "want" to find out the location of a restaurant ，and read a guide in order to do so (14) _ in _____ the same way as a person might. While such a goal would not (15) __ arise ____out of hunger in the case of the computer，it might well arise out of the "goal" to learn more about restaurants.*第八篇Look on The Bright SideDo you ever wish you were more optimistic, someone who always (1) __ expected _ to be successful? Having someone around who always (2) __fears _ the worst isn’t really a lot of (3) __ fun ___. We all know someone who sees a single cloud on a sunny day and says ，"INooks ( 4 ) like __ rain. " But if you catch yourself thinking such things，it's important to do something (5) _ about _ it.You can change your view of life ，(6) __ according _to psychologists. It only takes a little effort ，and you'll find life more rewarding as a (7) __ result __. Optimism，they say，is partly about self-respect and confidence but it's also a more positive way of looking at life and all it has to (8) __ offer __. Optimists are more (9) ___ likely __ to start new projects and are generally more preparedto take risks.Upbringing is obviously very important in forming your (10) __ attitude ___to the world. Some people are brought up to (11) ___ depend ___too much on others and grow up forever blaming other people when anything (12) __ goes ___wrong. Most optimists，on the (13 ) _ other hand, have been brought up not to (14) __ regard ___failure as the end of the world—they just (15) __ get on __ with their lives.*第九篇The First BicycleThe history of the bicycle goes back more than 200 years. In 1791，Count de Sivrac (1) delighted __onlookers in a park in Paris as he showed off his two-wheeled invention ，a machine called the celeriferé. It was basically an (2) __ enlarged __version of a children’s toy which had been in (3) __ use ___ for many years. Sivrac's "celeriferéhad a wooden frame，made in the (4) ____ shape ____ of a horse ，which was mounted on a wheel at either end. To ride it ，you sat on a small seat ，just like a modem bicycle ，and pushed (5) ___ hard ___ against the (6) ____ ground ____ with your legs—there were no pedals. It was impossible to steer a celeriferéand it had no brakes，but despite these problems the invention very much (7) __ appealed _to the fashionable young men of Paris. Soon they were (8) _ holding __ races upand down the streets.Minor (9) ___ injuries ___were common as riders attempted a final burst of ( 10 ) ____ speed____ . Controlling the machine was difficult ，as the only way to change (11) __ direction __ was to pull up the front of the "celeriferé" and (12) ___ turn ___it round while the front wheel was (13) ___ spinning __ in the air. "Celeriferés" were not popular for long ，however ，as the (14) ___ combination ___of no springs ，no steering and rough roads made riding them very uncomfortable. Even so，the wooden celeriferéwas the (15) __ origin __of the modem bicycle.*第十篇Working MothersCarefully conducted researches that have followed the children of working mothers have not been able to show any long-term problems，compared with children whose mothers stayed at home. My personal (1) __ view _____ is that mothers should be allowed to work if they wish. Whether we like it or not ，there are a (2) ___ number _ of mothers who just have to work.. There are those who have invested such a big part of their lives in establishing a career that they cannot (3) ___ afford ____ see it lost. Then there are many who must work out of pure economic (4) __ necessity _____. Many mothers are not (5) __ cut _____ out to be full-time parents. After a few months at home with a much loved infant ，they feel trapped and isolated.There are a number of options when it (6) __ comes_____ to choosing childcare. These range from child minders and nannies through to Granny or the kind lady (7) ____ across ___ the street. (8) ___ In reality __, however ，many parents don't have any choice; they have to accept anything they can get. Be prepared! No (9) __ matter _____ how good the childcare may be ，some children are going to protest wildly if they are left. This is a (10) __ perfectly ___ normal stage of child development. Babies separate well in the first six months，but soon after that they start to get a crush on Mum and close family (11) ___ members ___ . Make sure that in the first week you allow (12) __ plenty of____ time to help your child settle in.All children are different. Some are independent ，while others are more (13) ___ no ___ to their mothers. Remember that if you want to(14) __ do ___ the best for your children ，it's not the quantity of time you spend with them，it's the (15) __ quality ___ that matters.+第十一篇School LunchResearch has shown that over half the children in Britain who take their own lunches to school do not eat (1) _ properly _ in the middle of the day. In Britain schools have to (2) provide __meals at lunchtime. Children can (3) choose __ to bring their own food or have lunch at the school canteen.One shocking (4) _ finding _ of this research is that school meals are much healthier than lunches prepared by parents. There are strict (5) _ standards _ for the preparation of school meals, which have to include one (6) portion __ of fruit and one of vegetables, as well as meat, a dairy item and starchy food like bread or pasta. Lunchboxes (7) examined __by researchers containedsweet drinks, crisps and chocolate bars. Children (8) consume _ twice as much sugar as they should at lunchtime.The research will provide a better (9) understanding __ of why the percentage of overweight students in Britain has (10) increased __in the last decade. Unfortunately, the government cannot(11) criticise __ parents, but it can remind them of the (12) nutritional __value of milk, fruit and vegetables. Small changes in their children's diet can (13) affect __their future health. Children can easily develop bad eating (14) _ habits_ at this age, and parents are the only ones who can (15) _ prevent _it.+第十二篇 A Powerful InfluenceThere can be no doubt at all that the Internet has made a huge difference to our lives. Parents are worried that children spend too much time playing on the Internet, hardly (1) ___ ever___ doing anything else in their spare time. Naturally, parents are (2) ___ curious ____ to find out why the Internet is so attractive, and they want to know if it can be (3) ___ harmful ____ to their children. Should parents worry if their children are spending that much time (4) __ staring at ____ their computers?Obviously; if children are bent over their computers for hours, (5) _ absorbed___in some game, instead of doing their homework, then something is wrong. Parents and children could decide how much use the child should (6) _ make ___ of the Internet, and the child should give his or her (7) __ word ___ that it won’t interfere with homework. If the child is not (8) _ holding __to this arrangement, the parent can take more drastic (9) __ steps __ dealing with a child's use of the Internet is not much different from (10) _ negotiating ___ any other soft of bargain about behaviour.Any parent who is (11) __ seriously ___ alarmed about a child's behaviour should make an appointment to (12)_ discuss ___ the matter with a teacher. Spending time in front of the screen does not (13) _ necessarily ___ affect a child's performance at school. Even if a child is (14) ___ absolutely __ crazy about using the Internet，he or she is probably just (15) _ going ___through a phase, and in a few months there will be something else to worry about!+第十三篇The Old GateIn the Middle Ages the vast majority of European cities had walls around them. This was partly for defensive (1) _ reasons _but another factor was the need to keep out anyone regarded as undesirable, like people with contagious (2) diseases __. The Old City of London gates were all (3) demolished__by the end of the 18th century. The last of London's gates was removed a century ago, but by a (4) _ stroke _ of luck, it was never destroyed.This gate is, in (5) actual __fact, not called a gate at all; its name is Temple Bar, and it marked the (6) _ boundary _between the Old City of London and Westminster. In 1878 the Council of London took the Bar down, numbered the stones and put the gate in (7) storage__ because its design was (8) unfashionable __ it was expensive to (9) maintain __ and it was blocking the traffic.The Temple Bar Trust was (10) set out __ in the 1970's with the intention of returning the gatehome. The aim of the trust is the (11) preservation __ of the nation's architectural heritage. Transporting the gate will mean physically pulling it (12) down __, stone by stone, removing and rebuilding it near St Paul's Cathedral. Most of the facade of the gate will probably be (13)_ replaced _, though there is a good (14) _ chance _ that the basic structure will be sound. The hardest (15) _ job _ of all, however, will be to recreate the statues of the monarchs that once stood on top of the gate.+第十四篇Family HistoryIn an age when technology is developing faster than ever before, many people are being (1) attracted __to the idea of looking back into the past. One way they can do this is by ìinvestigating their own family history. They can try to (2) _ find_ out more about where their families came from and what they did, This is now a fast—growing hobby, especially in countries with a (3) _ fairly _short history, like Australia and the United States.It is (4) one __ thing to spend some time (5) going __through a book on family history and to take the (6) _ decision _ to investigate your own family's past. It is (7) quite __ another to carry out the research work successfully. It is easy to set about it in a disorganized way and (8)_ cause _ yourself many problems which could have been (9) _ avoided _ with a little forward planning.If your own family stories tell you that you are (10)_ connected _ with a famous character, whether hero or criminal, do not let this idea take over your research. Just (11) treat __it as aninteresting possibility. A simple system (12) _ for _ collecting and storing your information willbe adequate to start with; a more complex one may only get in your (13) _ way _. The mostimportant thing, though, is to (14) get __started. Who knows what you (15) _ might _ find ?+第十五篇Helen and MartinWith a thoughtful sigh, Helen turned away from the window and wa1ked back to her favourite armchair. (1) _ Would _her brother never arrive? For a brief moment, she wondered if she really cared that much.Over the years Helen had given (2)_ up _waiting for Martin to take an interest in her.Her feelings for him had gradually (3) _ weakened _until now, as she sat waiting for him, she experienced no more than a sister's. (4)_ curiosity _to see what had (5) _ become _of her brother.Almost without (6) _ warning _, Martin had lost, his job with a busy publishing company after spending the last eight years in New York as a key figure in the US office. Somehow the two of them hadn't (7) bothered __ to keep in touch and, left alone, Helen had slowly found her (8) confidence __ in her own judgment growing. (9) Ignoring __the wishes of her parents, she had left university halfway (l0) _ through _ her course and now, to the astonishment of the whole family, she was (11) gaining __a fast-growing reputation in the pages of respected art magazines and was actually earning enough to live (12) _ drop_ from her paintings.Of course, she (13) took __no pleasure in Martin's sudden misfortune, but she couldn't (14) _ help _ looking forward to her brother's arrival with (15) quiet __ satisfaction at what she had achieved.。
2012职称英语A新增完形填空
+12 Dreams（新增）Everyone can dream．Indeed, everyone does dream．Those who claim that they never dream at all actually dream just as frequently as the rest of us, though they may not remember anything about it．Even those of us who are perfectly aware of dreaming night after night very seldom remember those dreams in great detail but merely retain an untidy mixture of seemingly unrelated impressions. Dreams are not simply visual-we dream with all our senses , so that we appear to experience sound, touch, smell, and taste．One of the world's oldest known written documents is the Egyptian Book of Dreams．This volume is about five thousand years old, so you can see that dreams were believed to have a special significance even then．Many ancient civilizations believed that you should never ask a sleeping person as, during sleep, the soul had left the body and might not be able to return in time if the sleeper were suddenly awoken .From ancient times to the present day ,people have been making attempts to interpret dreams and to explain their significance．There are many books available on the subject of dream interpretation．although unfortunately there are almost as many meanings for a particular dream as there are books．+14 A Health Profile （新增）A Health profile is a portrait of all of the factors that influence your health．To draw your health profile，you will need to know what diseases run in your family，what health hazards you may be exposed to at work,ow your daily diet compares to the recommended standards，how nluch time per week you spend exercising and what type of exercise you engage in ,how stressful your work and family environments are，what kinds of illnesses you get regularly,and whether or not you have any one of a number of addictions. To complete this portrait,you should have a checkup to determine how your blood，heart，and lungs are functioning.This checkup will serve as a baseline,to which you can then compare later tests．Once this profile is thoroughly drawn，you can begin to think about setting health priorities based on your particular portrait．For example，if you drink two martinis every evening,have a high-stress job ,are overweight，smoke a pack of cigarettes a day,and use marijuana occasionally on weekends，you should quit smoking first，followed by losing the excess weight，reducing the stress of your job，giving up your marihuana habit，and then finally giveing some thought to those martinis if you want to prevent first cancer，and then heart disease．Even for the youthful working person who has never been sick a day in his life,who is in excellent health．a good look at all health habits and at work and home environments may suggest changes that will benefit him in the future．+15 Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years （新增）A hundred years ago，life expectancy in developed countries was about 47: in the early 21st century, men in the United States and the United Kingdom can expect to live to about 74. Women to about 80, and these ages are rising all the time. What has brought about these changes? When we look at the life span of people l00 years ago, we need to look at the greatest killers of the time. In the early 20th century, these were the acute and often highly infectious diseases such as smallpox. Many children died very young from these diseases and others, and the weak and elderly were always at risk.In the developed world these diseases are far lessdeadly today, and in some cases have almost disappeared. A number of factors shave led to this: improvements in sanitation and hygiene, the discovery and use of antibiotics, which make bacterial diseases much less dangerous, and vaccinations against common diseases. In addition, people's general health has improved with improvements in our general environment: cleaner air, better means of preserving food，better and warmer housing，and better understanding of nutrition.Genetically，we should all be able to live to about 85 but while people do live longer today, there are still some big killers around that are preventing US from consistently reaching that age. The problems that affect people today are the more chronic illnesses, such as heart disease and strokes, and those spread by viruses, such as influenza and AIDS l. Of course, cancer is a huge killer as well. In most cases these diseases affect older people, but there are worrying trends in the developed world with problems such as obesity leadingto more heart disease and illnesses such as diabetes at younger ages.The killers today can be classed as "lifestyle diseases"，which means that it may be possible to halt their progress.。
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2012职称英语理工类教材新增内容：完形填空篇1来源：考试大 【考试大：中国教育考试第一门户】 2012年1月5日 People in different countries use different types of 1 yuan in China, pesos in Mexico, pounds in the United Kingdom, dollars in the United States, Australia and New Zealand. They may use 2 currencies, but these countries, and probably all countries, still have one thing in common1: Germs on the banknotes. Scientists have been studying the germs on money for well over2 100 years. At the turn of the 20th 3 , some researchers began to suspect that germs living on money could spread disease. Most studies of germy money have looked at the germs on the currency 4 one country. In a new study, Frank Vriesekoop3 and other researchers compared the germ populations found on bills of different 5 . Vriesekoop3 is a microbiologist at the University of Ballarat in Australia4. He led the study, which compared the germ populations found on money 6 from 10 nations. The scientists studied 1,280 banknotes in total; all came from places where people buy food, like supermarkets street vendors and cafes, 7 those businesses often rely on cash. Overall, the Australian dollars hosted the fewest live bacteria ---- no more than 10 per square centimeter. Chinese yuan had the most ---- about 100 per square centimeter. Most of the germs on money probably would not cause harm. What we call "paper" money usually isn't made from paper. The U. S. dollar, for example, is printed on fabric that is mostly 8 .Different countries may use different 9 to print their money. Some of the currencies studied by Vriesekoop and his 10 such as the American dollar were made from cotton. Others were made from polymers. The three 11 with the lowest numbers of bacteria were all printed on polymers. They included the Australian dollar, the New Zealand dollar and some Mexican pesos. The other currencies were printed on fabric made 12 of cotton. Fewer germs lived on the polymer notes. This connection suggests that 13 have a harder time staying alive on polymer surfaces. Scientists need to do more studies to understand how germs live on money-----and whether or not we need to be concerned. Vnesekoop is now starting a study that will 14 the amounts of time bacteria can stay alive on different types of bills. Whatever Vriesekoop finds, the fact remains: Paper money harbors germs We should wash our 15 after touching it; after all5, you never know where your money 's been. Or what's living on it. 词汇： pesos n ．比索 bacterium /k?k'ti?ri?m/ n ．细菌（单数） germ n．病菌 bacteria /b?kti?ri?／细菌（复数） banknote n．纸币 centimeter/senti,mi:t?。/ n．厘米 microbiologist n.微生 polymer n. ［高分子」聚合物 物学家 harbor v．怀有，藏有 vendor n．小贩 注释： 1.have one thing in common ：有一个共同点 2. well over ：大大超过 3. Frank Vriesekoop : Frank Vriesekoop 博士是巴拉瑞特大学的食品微生物学家，他率领一个全球研究小组对至少10个国家的纸币展开了分析。他的研究结果是：相对于比较落后贫穷的国家，富裕发达国家的纸币所携带的病菌较少。重要的是，世界各地纸币上的病菌数量都没有达到令人担心的程度。研究还发现纸币使用的年限和材质对纸币的污染程度也有影响。 4. University of Ballarat in Australia：澳大利亚巴拉瑞特大学。该校建立于1994年，位于维多利亚省的巴拉瑞特市。 5. after all：毕竟 练习： 1. A coins B money C cheques D loans 2. A different B clean C hard D foreign 3. A anniversary B year C decade D century 4. A along B with C within D outside 5. A countries B areas C regions D provinces 6. A delivered B borrowed C gathered D designed 7. A because B though C when D where 8. A plastic B rubber C cotton D paper 9. A languages B colors C substances D materials 10. A family B team C advisor D boss 11. A expenses B banks C statements D currencies 12. A nearly B mostly C likely D merely 13. A dirt B water C germs D oil 14. A compare B connect C conduct D command 15. A arms B hands C face D clothes 答案与题解： 1.B 冒号后面说的是各国使用钱币的名称:"yuan in China ，pesos in Mexico，pounds in the United Kingdom ，dollars in the United States，Aus往'alia and New Zealand" ，所以填人的词必 定与这些钱币有关，而且应该是钱币的总括词。因此选 money 最为恰当。coins 是"硬币"，cheques 是"支票" ，loans是"贷款"，它们都不会是答案。 2.A 本题的句子说的是:虽然各国使用的纸币各不相同，它们有一个共同点，那就是纸币上 有病菌。四个选项中 different 是答案。 3.D 选century 最合理。选 anniversary （周年），year （年）或decade都不合逻辑。 4.C 本段第二句提供了解答本题的线索。Frank Vriesekoop 的研究与以前的科学家的研究不同，他比较了各国钱币上的病菌数量， 在他之前的科学家的研究范围局限于一个国家的纸币。四个选项中只有 within 表达"在（一个国家）里"的意思。 5. A 经过第四题选词的思索过程，本题的形容词很自然会在 different 之后用 countries，指不同的国家。 6. C 上一句说 Vriesekoop 比较不同国家纸币携带病菌的数量。本题的句子明确指出他对比 的纸币涉及十个国家。四个选项中只有 gathered （收集）与上下文的意思相匹配。 7. A 填词所在的句子与前面的主句存在因果关系。为什么要从食品店和食品摊收集纸币呢?因为这些地方常要用现金支付。本题答案是 because。 8. C fabric 是"织物"，其制作原料不会是 plastic（塑料）或 rubber（ 橡胶）。选 paper 也不对， 因为本句是说明纸币的制作原料通常不是纸。制作 fabric 的原料是 cotton（ 棉花），这是合乎常理的。而且该段倒数第二句也提供了答案。所以答案是 cotton。 9.D 本段说纸币的材料一般不是纸，通常是用棉花织物或高分子聚合物制作的。所以选择materials（ 材料、原料）是正确的。