2020年职称英语新增文章：教材理工类第十四篇
职称英语理工类C级-14
职称英语理工类C级-14(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}第1部分：词汇选项{{/B}}(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.China does a lot of trade with many countries.（分数：1.00）A.a great deal of √B.a great many ofC.a large number ofD.a great level of解析：[解析] 划线词的意思是“许多(的)”，可以修饰可数名词和不可数名词，在此修饰不可数名词trade。
A项意为“大量(的)，许多(的)”，只能修饰不可数名词．例：He has a great deal of native intelligence, ability, charm, etc．他天生聪明、能力强、有魅力等等。
B项中的固定搭配不存在．英语中只有“a great many”，意为“大量”，只能修饰可数名词，例：You might find a great many helpful suggestions．你会得到许多有益的启迪。
C项意为“很多”，只能修饰可数名词，例：A large number of cables are needed in this project．这项工程需要大量电缆。
D项中的固定搭配不存在。
2.You look smart in the new suit.（分数：1.00）A.cleverB.handsome √C.loyalD.brave解析：[解析] 划线词的意思是“漂亮的”，B项意为“帅气的”，与划线词意思相近，例：Tom was a handsome young man．汤姆是一个帅气的小伙子。
A项意为“聪明的”，例：She knew him to be industrious and clever．她知道他既勤奋又聪明。
C项意为“忠诚的”，常和介词“to”，表示“忠于……”，例：We are loyal to our mother-land．我们忠于祖国。
2014年职称英语考试教材理工类新增文章
2014年职称英语考试教材理工类新增文章阅读判断:(A)第十一篇：Bill Gates: Unleashing Your CreativityI've always been an optimist and I suppose it is rooted in my belief that the power of creativity and intelligence can make the word a better place. For as long as I can remember, I've loved learning new things and solving problems. So when I sat down at a computer for the first time in seventh grade, I was hooked. It was a clunky old teletype machine and it could barely do anything compared to the computers we have today. But it changed my life. When my friend Paul Allen and I started Microsoft 30 years ago, we had a vision of "acomputer on every desk and in every home", which probably sounded a little too optimistic at a time when most computers were the size of refrigerators. But we believed that personal computers would change the world. And they have. And after 30 years, I'm still as inspired by computers as I was back in seventh grade.I believe that computers are the most incredible tool we can use to feed our curiosity andinventiveness -- to help us solve problems that even the smartest people couldn't solve on their own.Computers have transformed how we learn, giving kids everywhere a window into all of the world's knowledge. They're helping us build communities around the things we care about and to stay close to the people who are important to us, no matter where they are.Like my friend Warren Buffett, I feel particularly lucky to do something every day that I love to do. He calls it "tap-dancing to Work". My job at Microsoft is as challenging as ever, but what makes me "tap-danceing to work" is when we show people something new, like a computer that can recognize your handwriting or your speech, or one that can store a lifetime's worth of photos, and they say, "I didn't know you could do that with a PC5 !"But for all the cool things that a person can do with a PC, there are lots of other ways we can put our creativity and intelligence to work to improve our world6. There are still far too manypeople in the world whose most basic needs go unmet7. Every year, for example, millions ofpeople die from diseases that are easy to prevent or treat in the developed world.I believe that my own good fortune brings with it a responsibility to give back to the world.My wife, Melinda, and I have committed to improving health and education in a way that can help as many people as possible.As a father, I believe that the death of a child in Africa is no less poignant or tragic than9 the death of a child anywhere else, and that it doesn't take much to make an immense difference in these children's lives.I'm still very much an optimist, and I believe that progress on even the world's toughestproblems is possible -- and it's happening every day. We're seeing new drugs for deadly diseases,new diagnostic tools, and new attention paid to the health problems in the developing world.I'm excited by the possibilities I see for medicine, for education and, of course, fortechnology. And I believe that through our natural inventiveness, creativity and willingness to solve tough problems, we're going to make some amazing achievements in all these areas in my lifetime.注释：1.be rooted in：扎根于;深深地存在于2.It was a clunky old teletype machine and it could barely do anything compared to the computers we have today.那是一台笨重的旧式电传打字机，跟我们今天的电脑相比几乎干不了什么事。
2020年职称英语《理工类》概括大意练习(3)
2020年职称英语《理工类》概括大意练习（3）1 If a super-flu strikes,face masks may not protect you. Whether widespread use of masks will help,or harm,during the next worldwide flu outbreak is a question that researchers are studying furiously. No results have come from their mask research yet. However,the government says people should consider wearing them in certain situations anyway,just in case1.2 But it's a question the public keeps asking while the government are making preparations for the next flu pandemic. So the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention （CDC）came up with2 preliminary guidelines. "We don't want people wearing them everywhere，" said the CDC. "The overall recommendation really is to avoid exposure."3 When that's not possible3,the guidelines say to consider wearing a simple surgical mask if you are in one of the three following situations. First,you're healthy andcan't avoid going to a crowded place. Second,you're sick and think you may have close contact with the healthy,such as a family member checking on you4. Third,you live with someone who's sick and thus might be in the early stages of infection,but still need to go out.4 Influenza pandemics can strike when the easy-to-mutate flu virus shifts to a strain that people never have experienced. Scientists cannot predict when the next pandemic will arrive,although concern is rising that the Asian birdflu might trigger one if it starts spreading easily from person to person.5 During the flu pandemic,you should protect yourself. Avoid crowds,and avoid close contact with the sick unless you must care for someone. Why aren't masks added to this self-protection list？ Because they can help trap virus-laden droplets flying through the air with a cough or sneeze. Simple surgical masks only filter the larger droplets. Besides,the CDC is afraid masks may create a false sense of security. Perhaps someone who should have stayed home would don an ill-fitting mask and hop on the subway5 instead.6 Nor does flu only spread through the air6. Say7 someone covers a sneeze with his or her hand,then touches a doorknob or subway pole8. If you touch that spot next and then put germy hands on your nose or mouth,you've been exposed. It's harder to rub your nose while wearing a mask and so your face may get pretty sweaty under masks. You reach under to wipe that sweat,and may transfer germs caught on the outside of the mask straight to the nose. These are the problems face masks may create for their users.7 Whether people should or should not use face masksstill remains a question. The general public has to wait patiently for the results of the mask research scientists are still doing.练习：1.Paragraph 2 _________.2.Paragraph 3 _________.3.Paragraph 5 _________.4.Paragraph 6 _________.A Reasons for Excluding Masks from the Self-protection ListB Effort to Stop Flu from SpreadingC When to Use Face MasksD Guidelines on Mask UseE Warnings from the CDCF Danger of Infection through Germy Hands and Masks5.The scientists are trying to find out if masks may or may not _________.6.The CDC is afraid that the public may _________.7.The public will not know the answer about masks until scientists _________.8.We can infer from the passage that the US authorities _________.A overuse face masksB deal with the mask problem seriouslyC rub their faces and noses in the subwayD protest against the mask guidelinesE help protect people from being attacked by a fluF announce the results of their mask research答案与题解：1.D 第二段说美国疾病控制和预防中心出台口罩使用原则，防止公众过度使用口罩。
职称英语综合类阅读理解第14篇Sleep
Sleep 睡眠We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7-8 hours sleep alternating with some 16-17 hours wakefulness and that,broadly speaking,the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness.我们都知道人们每天正常活动的周期是大约7—8小时的睡眠与大约16～17小时的清醒相交替。
一般来说，睡眠时间通常与黑夜的长短相一致。
Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified. 我们目前关心的是要改变这一周期可以有多简单，并且可以改变到何种程度。
The question is no mere academic one3.这不只是个简单的学术问题。
The case,for example,with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls insistently for round-the-clock working of machines.例如，有的人从白天工作变为晚上工作，因为在工业生产中，自动化操作需要机器24小时连续工作。
It normally takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness,sleeping during the day and working at night.通常一个人需要五天至一周的时间来适应与常规生活颠倒的睡眠时间和清醒时间，即白天睡觉，晚上工作。
2020年职称英语考试《理工类》阅读理解专项题(2)
2020年职称英语考试《理工类》阅读理解专项题(2) Can Buildings Be Designed to Resist Terrorist Attack?In the aftermath of the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center, structural engineers are trying bard to solve a question that a month ago would have been completely unthinkable：Can building be designed to withstand catastrophic blasts inflict4ed by terrorists?Ten days after the terrorist attacks on the twin towers, structural engineers from the University at Buffalo and the Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (MCEER) headquartered at UB traveled to ground zero as part of a project funded by the National Science Foundation. Visiting the site as part of an MCEER reconnaissance visit, they spent two days beginning the task of formulating ideas about how to design such structures and to search for clues on how to do so in buildings that were damaged, but still are standing.“Our objective in visiting ground zero was to go and look at the buildings surrounding the World Trade Center, those buildings that are still standing, but that sustained damage,” said M. Bruneau, Ph.D. “Our immediate hope is that we can develop a better understanding as to why those buildings remain standing, while our long-term goal is to see whether earthquake engineering technologies can be married to existing technologies to achieve enhanced performance of buildings in the event of terrorist attacks,” he added.Photographs taken by the investigators demonstrate in startling detail the monumental damage inflicted on the WorldTrade Center towers and buildings in the vicinity. Onebuilding a block away from the towers remains standing, but was badly damaged. “This building is many meters away fromthe World Trade Center and yet we see a column there thatused to be part of that building,” explained A Whittaker, Ph.D. “The column became a missile that shot across the road, through the window and through the floor.”The visit to the area also revealed some surprises, according to the engineers. For example, the floor framing system in one of the adjacent buildings was quite rugged, allowing floors that were pierced by tons of falling debristo remain intact. “Highly redundant ductile framing systems may provide a simple, but robust strategy for blast resistance,” he added. Other strategies may includeproviding alternate paths for gravity loads in the event that a load-bearing column fails. “We also need a better understanding of the mechanism of collapse,” said A Whittaker. “We need to find out what causes a building to collapse and how you can predict it.”A Reinhorn, Ph. D. noted that “Earthquake shakin g hasled to the collapse of many buildings in the past. It induces dynamic response and extremely high stresses and deformations in structural components. Solutions developed for earthquake-resistant design may be directly applicable to blast engineering and terrorist-resistant design. Part of our mission now at UB is to transfer these solutions and to develop new ones where none exist at present.”31 The question raised in the first paragraph is one__________.A that was asked by structural engineers a month agoB that is too difficult for structural engineers to answer even nowC that was never difficult for before the terrorist attackD that terrorists are eager to find a solution to32 The project funded by the National Science Foundation __________.A was first proposed by some engineers at UBB took about two days to completeC was to investigate the damage caused by the terrorist attackD was to find out why some buildings could survive the blasts33 The column mentioned by Dr. Whittaker _________.A was part of the building close to the World Trade CenterB was part of the World Trade CenterC was shot through the window and the floor of the World Trade CenterD damaged many buildings in the vicinity of the World Trade Center34 A surprising discovery made by the investigators during their visit to ground zero is that __________.。
2020职称英语《理工类》阅读判断模拟题及参考答案(4)
2020职称英语《理工类》阅读判断模拟题及参考答案（4）Engineering EthicsEngineering ethics is attracting increasing interest in engineering universities throughout the nation. At Texas A&M University, evidence of this interest in professional ethics culminated in the creation of a new course in engineering ethics, as well as a project funded by1 the National Science Foundation to develop material for introducing ethical issues into required undergraduate engineering courses. A small group of faculty and administrators actively supported the growing effort at Texas ASM, yet this group must now expand to meet the needs of increasing numbers of students wishing to learn2 more about the value implications of their actions as professional engineers.The increasing concern for the value dimension3 of engineering is, at least in part, a result of the attention that the media has given to cases such as the Challenger disaster, the Kansas City Hyatt-Regency Hotel walkways collapse, and the Exxon oil spill. As a response to this concern, a new discipline, engineering ethics, is emerging. This discipline will doubtless4 take its place5 alongside such well-established fields as medical ethics, business ethics, and legal ethics.The problem presented by this development is that most engineering professors are not prepared to introduceliterature in engineering ethics into their classrooms. Theyare most comfortable with quantitative concepts6 and often do not believe they are qualified to lead class discussions on ethics. Many engineering faculty members do not think that they have the time in an already overcrowded syllabus to introduce discussions on professional ethics, or the time in their own schedules to prepare the necessary material. Hopefully, the resources presented herein will be of assistance.练习：1.Engineering ethics is a compulsory subject in every institute of science and technology in the Uniled States.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned2.The number of students wishing to take the course of engineering ethics is declining at Texas A&SM University.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned3.The National Science Foundation involves itselfdirectly in writing up material about ethical issues.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned4.It seems that medical ethics and business ethics are more mature than engineering ethics.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned5.Several engineering professors have quit from teaching to protest against the creation of a new course in engineering ethics.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned6.Many engineering professors may not have time toprepare material for class discussion on professional ethics.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned7.It is likely that following this introductory passage, the author will provide the necessary material related to the topic of engineering ethics.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned答案与题解：1.C 本文没有述及engineering ethics是一门必修课，也没有提到美国所有的理工院校都开设了这门学科。
2020年职称英语押题理工类阅读判断题及答案
2020年职称英语押题理工类阅读判断题及答案Irish scientists monitoring dolphins living in a river estuary in the southwest of the country believe they may have developed a unique dialect to communicate with each other. The Shannon Dolphin and Wildlife Foundation （SDWF）1 has been studying a group of up to 120 bottle-nose dolphins in the River Shannon2 using vocalisations collected on a computer in a cow shed3 near the River Shannon.As part of a research project, student Ronan Hickey digitised and analysed a total of 1,882 whistles from the Irish dolphins and those4 from the Welsh dolphins on a computer and separated them into six fundamental whistle types and 32 different categories5. Of the categories, he found most6 were used by both sets of dolphins7 — but eight were only heard from the Irish dolphins.“We are building up a catalogue of the different whistle types they use and trying to associate them with behaviour like foraging, resting, socialising and the communications of groups with calves,” project leader Simon Berrow said. “Essentiall y we are building up what is like a dictionary of words they use or sounds they make.”Berrow, a marine biologist, said the dolphins' clicks are used to find their way around and locate prey. The whistles are communications. “They do a whole range of oth er sound like barks, groans and a kind of gunshot,” he said. “The gunshot is an intense pulse of sound. Sperm whales use it to stun their prey.”“When I first heard it I was surprised as I thought sperm whales were the only species who used it. We can speculate the dolphins are using it for the same reason asthe sperm whales.” Borrow said.References in local legend8 indicate there have been dolphins in the Shannon estuary for generations and they may even have been resident there as far back as the 6th century9.They are regularly seen by passengers on the Shannonferry and an estimated 25,000 tourists every year takespecial sightseeing tours on local boats to visit them.练习：1. The difference in eating habits between the bottle-nose dolphins and the sperm whales interested the SDWF scientists.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned2. Ronan Hickey analysed almost 2,000 different dialects of the bottle-nose dolphins.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned3. Of the 32 categories, eight were produced only by the Irish dolphins.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned4. Whistles could also be used to communicate between adult dolphins and baby dolphins.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned5. Sperm whales can produce stronger ultrasonic waves to kill their prey than dolphins.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned 6. As early as the 6th century, Irish fishermen started raising dolphins in the Shannon estuary.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned7. Irish dolphins attract tourists and over 25,000 people come to see them every year.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned答案与题解：1. C 本题所说的意思是宽吻海豚与巨头鲸送食习惯上大相径庭,这个点令科学家很感兴趣。
2020年职称英语考试真题理工类C(阅读理解)
2020年职称英语考试真题理工类C （阅读理解）第三部分：概况大意与完成句子New research lights the way to super-fast computers1) New research published today in the journal Nature Communications, has demonstrated how glass can be manipulated to create a material that will allow computers to transfer information using light. This development could significantly increase computer processing speeds and power in the future.2) The research by the University of Surrey, in collaboration with the University of Cambridge and the University of Southampton, has found it is possible to change the electronic properties of amorphous chalcogenides, a glass material integral to data technologies such as CDs and DVDs. By using a technique called ion doping, the team of researchers have discovered a material that could use light to bring together different computing functions into one component, leading to all-optical systems.3) Computers currently use electrons to transfer information and process applications. On the other hand, data sources such as the internet rely on optical systems; the transfer of information using light. Optical fibres are usedto send information around the world at the speed of light, but these signals then have to be converted to electrical signalsonce they reach a computer, causing a significant slowdown in processing.4) "The challenge is to find a single material that can effectively use and control light to carry information arounda computer. Much like how the web uses light to deliver information, we want to use light to both deliver and process computer data,"said project leader, Dr Richard Curry of the University of Surrey.5) "This has eluded researchers for decades, but now we have now shown how a widely used glass can be manipulated to conduct negative electrons, as well as positive charges, creating what are known as 'pn-junction' devices. This should enable the material to act as a light source, a light guide and a light detector - something that can carry and interpret optical information. In doing so, this could transform the computers of tomorrow, allowing them to effectively process information at much faster speeds."6) The researchers expect that the results of this research will be integrated into computers within ten years. In the short term, the glass is already being developed and used in next-generation computer memory technology known as CRAM, which may ultimately be integrated with the advances reported.23. ______________ Paragraph 224. ______________ Paragraph 325. ______________ Paragraph 426. ______________ Paragraph 5A. Expectation of the discoveryB. the problem of current computersC. A new findingD. The purpose of the researchE. Public reaction to the discoveryF. The use of the new material27. _____ The result of the research can help computers toincrease ____28. ________________________________________ Current computers transfer information using _________________29. ____________________ The new glass material makes it possible to fulfill different computing function30. Glass is used in the research to carry and processA. optical informationB. processing speedsC. electronsD. positive chargesE. data technologiesF. all-optical systemsWhy Buy Shade-Grown Coffee?When people argue about whether coffee is good for health, they're usually thinking of the health of the coffee drinker. Is it food for your heart? Does it increase blood pressure? Does it help you concentrate? However, coffee affects the health of the human population in other ways, too.。
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2020年职称英语新增文章：教材理工类第十四篇
第十四篇 Primer on Smell
In addition to bringing out1 the flavor of food, what
does the sense of smell do for us?
Smell “gives us information about place, about where we are，” says Randall Reed, a Johns Hopkins University
professor whose specialty is the sense of smell. 1 “Whether we realize it or not, we collect a lot of information about who is around us based on smell，，，says Reed.
Even at a distance, odors can warn us of2 trouble —
spoiled food, leaking gas, or fire. “It’s a great alert，，，offers Donald Leopold, a doctor at Johns Hopkins. For example, if something in the oven is burning, everyone in the house knows it.
With just a simple scent, smell can also evoke very
intense emotion. Let’s say, for example，that the smell is purple petunias. 2 Now let’s imagine that your mother died when you were three, and she used to have a flower garden.
You wouldn’t need to identify the smell or to have conscious memories of your mother or her garden. You would feel sad as soon as you smelled that spicy odor.
Compared with3 animals, how well do people detect smelts?
That depends on what you mean by “how well”. We are low on receptor cells ： current estimates say that humans have roughly five million smell-receptor cells，about as many as a mouse.
Reed says that, across species, there is a relatively good correlation between the number of receptor cells and how strong the sense of smell is. “You can hardly find the olfactory bulb in a
human brain it’s a pea-sized object. In a mouse, it，s a little bigger. It’s bean-sized in a rat, about
the size of your little finger in a rabbit, and the size of yo ur thumb in a bloodhound.”
Does that mean that our sense of smell is not very acute?
Not exactly. While we may not have the olfactory range of other creatures, the receptors we do have are as sensitive as those of any animal. 4 A trained “nose，，，such as that of a professional in the perfume business, can name and distinguish about 10,000 odors. Reed says that a perfume expert can sniff a modem scent that has a hundred different odorants in it, go into the lab, and list the ingredients.
“In a modes t amount of time, he comes back with what to you or me would smell like a perfect imitation of that perfume. It’s amazing.”
What happens to4 our sense of smell as we age?
Many people continue to have good olfactory function as they get older. 5 Leopold says that smell is generally highest in childhood, stays the same from the teens through the 50s, and drops starting at about 60 for women and 65 for men. “The average 80-year-old is only able to smell things half as well as the average 20-year-old,says Leopold.
词汇：
scent /sent/ n.气味，香味 petunia /pa^tjurnia/ n. _ 队花olfactory /DlTaekt(0)ri/ adj.嗔觉的，味道的 sniff/snif v.嗔，闻，用力吸
注释：
1. bring out：使显出，使变得明显
2. warn of：发出关于的警告。
wamsb. ofsth.：警告某人某事。