专业英语第二章
Monetary policy is usually conducted under the auspice of country’s central bank.
Unit 2 Macroeconomics 宏观经济概论
• 2 Fiscal policy: involves the manipulation of the federal budget ,specifically taxes and governmental expenditures, in order to affect the level of aggregate economic activity and other important variables. Disposable income :可支配收入 可支配收入 Transfer payments:转移支付 转移支付
Unit 2 Macroeconomics 宏观经济概论
• The theory :How to use the instruments to achieve the objectives • Classical economics:古典经济学 古典经济学 • Neo-Classical:新古典经济学 新古典经济学 • Keynesian economics:凯恩斯经济学 凯恩斯经济学 • Neo-Keynesians：新凯恩斯经济学 ： • Monetarism：货币主义 ： • Supply-side economics：供给学派 ： • Rational expectations：理性预期学派 ：
Unit 2 Macroeconomics 宏观经济概论
• A simple macroeconomic model • price level
• • • • O Qe Pe AD Output AS
Unit 2 Macroeconomics 宏观经济概论
• Aggregate Curve AD curve: represents spending forces. • AD curve owes its downward slope to wealth effects and to foreign purchase effect
Unit 2 Macroeconomics 宏观经济概论
The essentials of rational policymaking
• 1.The selection of national economic objectives. • 2.The identification and /or development of appropriate indicators to use in the process of assessing performance. • 3.The design of instruments that may be used in order to achieve those objectives • 4.A theory detailing the proper use of those tools or instruments.
pressures in the economy.
measures changes in the price of a fixed basket of raw materials and semi-finished goods over time. GDP Price Deflator:国内生产总值的价格平减指数 国内生产总值的价格平减指数 measures how the prices of goods and services included in GDP change over time.
Unit 2 Macroeconomics 宏观经济概论
2.Relative price stability (相对稳定的价格 相对稳定的价格) 相对稳定的价格 It is desirable for the overall level of prices to remain relatively stable over time . CPI ( Consumer Price Index) :A useful measure of inflation measures the price of representative basket of goods and services purchased by the household sector of the economy PPI (Producer Price Index): A useful measure of price and cost
（均衡收入分配） 均衡收入分配） • 3.Universal access to quality health care and economic freedom.（普遍 （ 的优质医疗和经济自由） 的优质医疗和经济自由）
Unit 2 Macroeconomics 宏观经济概论
The indicators or means of assessment of national economic performance: 1.Employment/unemployment(就业 失业 就业/失业 就业 失业) Unemployment rate :defined as the number of person unemployed as a percent of the labor force. Labor force: is defined to include those persons who are available for work and are actively seeking employment.
Unit 2 Biblioteka acroeconomics 宏观经济概论
• Technical Terms
• • • • • • • • • • • • Aggregate Economic Analysis National Income Theory Trade balance Economic policy Economic variable Indicator Inflation/deflation Unemployment Price index Autonomous spending Net export Multiplier effect 总量经济分析 国民收入理论 贸易平衡 经济政策 经济变量 指示器 通货膨胀 通货紧缩 失业率 价格指数 自主消费 净出口 乘数效应
Unit 2 Macroeconomics Part A Macroeconomics: overview 宏观经济概论
• • • • • • • • Teaching content 1.The essential of rational policymaking . 2.Measuring national economic performance . 3.The instruments of macroeconomic policy . 4.The theory :How to use the instruments to achieve the objectives. Teaching Objectives 1. To learn about the instruments of macroeconomic policy. 2. To understand how to use the instruments to achieve the objectives.
Unit 2 Macroeconomics 宏观经济概论
1.Employment/unemployment • In addition to the overall unemployment rate, it may be desirable to look at other variables such as the average length of the workweek in order to obtain a more complete picture of how well the economy is performing relative to providing adequate employment and as to the amount of slack, or unused productive potential, exists in the economy.
Unit 2 Macroeconomics 宏观经济概论
Macroeconomics is the study of a nation’s economy as a whole.
• 1.the level of nation’s aggregate income and output • 2.unemployment • 3.inflation • 4.growth • 5.the level of interest rates • 6.the status of a nation’s international trade balance Today .macroeconomics focuses on national economic policy making .
Unit 2 Macroeconomics 宏观经济概论
• The instruments of macroeconomic policy • 1 Monetary policy: may be described as the deliberate manipulation of the money supply and /or interest rates in order to affect the level of national income, prices, employment, and other economic variables .
生物工程专业英语翻译(第二章)
Lesson TwoPhotosynthesis内容：Photosynthesis occurs only in the chlorophyllchlorophyll叶绿素-containing cells of green plants, algae藻, and certain protists 原生生物and bacteria. Overall, it is a process that converts light energy into chemical energy that is stored in the molecular bonds. From the point of view of chemistry and energetics, it is the opposite of cellular respiration. Whereas 然而 cellular细胞的 respiration 呼吸is highly exergonic吸收能量的and releases energy, photosynthesis光合作用requires energy and is highly endergonic.光合作用只发生在含有叶绿素的绿色植物细胞，海藻，某些原生动物和细菌之中。
总体来说，这是一个将光能转化成化学能，并将能量贮存在分子键中，从化学和动能学角度来看，它是细胞呼吸作用的对立面。
细胞呼吸作用是高度放能的，光合作用是需要能量并高吸能的过程。
Photosynthesis starts with CO2 and H2O as raw materials and proceeds through two sets of partial reactions. In the first set, called the light-dependent reactions, water molecules are split裂开 (oxidized), 02 is released, and ATP and NADPH are formed. These reactions must take place in the presence of 在面前 light energy. In the second set, called light-independent reactions, CO2 is reduced (via the addition of H atoms) to carbohydrate. These chemical events rely on the electron carrier NADPH and ATP generated by the first set of reactions.光合作用以二氧化碳和水为原材料并经历两步化学反应。
汽车专业英语第二章第六节资料
• 两种基准参考燃料正庚烷和异辛烷分别被 定义成辛烷值为0和辛烷值为100，将它们 混合产生与实验样本相等敲缸强度的爆震。
混合物中异辛烷的百分比就认为是实验样
本的辛烷值。这样，依照实验方法，如果 匹配的混合物由15%的正庚烷和85%异辛 烷组成，那么按照所用的实验方法，对比 实验样本的辛烷值就是85。
• 凸圆旋转带动油泵中的摇臂运动。油泵中 可膜片变形的泵膜通过膜片回位弹簧和膜 片拉杆与摇臂相连。
• 2. Carburetor
• Complete burn • theoretical requirement - 14.7:1
• Excess-air factor λ: • λ=air mass supplied/ theoretical requirement • 过量空气系数
2.6.4 Carburetor Fuel System
• 1. Fuel pump:
• Most cars today have a mechanical fuel
pump. This pumps fuel out of the tank
and through the fuel lines to the
the fuel-gauge-sending unit.
• 当前大多数汽车采用机械汽油泵，汽油泵 从油箱抽出汽油，通过油管送到化油器或 喷射系统。大部分汽车的汽油泵安装在缸 体上。一些汽车采用电动汽油泵，汽油泵 安装在油箱上，附带有油量传感器和燃油 表油量传送装置。
• The rotation of the lobe moves a rocker arm in the pump. Inside the pump, a flexible diaphragm connects to the rocker arm though a diaphragm spring, pull rod and link.
汽车专业英语第二章
Fig2-1 A Typical combination car instrument panel
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Fig2-2 On-Board Computer of BMW
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2.1 Toyota Corolla Repair Manual
2.1.4 Temperature Gauge
This shows the temperature of the engine's coolant. During normal operation, the pointer should rise from the bottom blue mark to about the middle of the gauge.
Traditional instruments widely use the combination analog displaying instruments, and various measuring instruments are fixed on the dashboard in front of the driver's seat. (Figure 2-1)
Inspect Tachometer – 1. Connect a tune-up test tachometer, and start the engine. 2. Compare the test with tachometer indications.
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2.1 Toyota Corolla Repair l
2.1.3 Fuel Gauge
The fuel gauge displays approximately how much fuel you have in the fuel tank.
财务管理专业英语第二章
corporate managers cannot effectively serve many masters. Purposeful behavior requires the existence of
这就是说公司经理不能有效的服务多个目标。 a single-valued objective function. 一个单一的价值目标。
2
The article translation 文章翻译
division of opinion exists on the goal of financial management, two leading contenders are stakeholder 对财务管理的目标存在着很大的分歧, theory and value(wealth) maximization. 理论和价值最大化。 但是两种最主要的理论是利益相关者
Why focus on maximizing share price? First, using stock price maximization as an objective function
2.3.1 Stakeholder Theory 2.3.1 利益相关者理论
Stakeholder theory is the main contender to value maximization as the corporate goal. Stakeholder
作为企业的目标，利益相关者理论是价值最大化理论的主要竞争理论。 理论认为管理者所做的决策要考虑公司所有相关者的利益。 stakeholders. Such stakeholders include not only financial claimholders * but also employees, managers, 这些利益相关者不仅包括所有者还包括员工、管理者、 利益相关者
材料成型及控制工程专业英语- 2. HEAT TREATMENT OF STEEL
Particle 粒子, 点, 极小量, 微粒 Appreciably 1.有一点儿的; 可以感到的; 2.可观的, 值得重视的
早期形成的片状(或li状)珠光体渗碳体，其含碳量高于 片状铁素体，这就是奥氏体（成分）不均匀的原因。 lamellae薄片状的, 薄层状的
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2.1.2 formation of austenite
In order to obtain homogeneous austenite, it is essential on heating not only to pass through the point of the end of pearlite to austenite transformation, but also to overheat the steel above that point and to allow a holding time to complete the diffusion processes in austenitic grains
如果加热速率（或冷却速率）变化，则实际速率由给定 温度确定，更严格的说，是温度对时间的无穷变化：即 温度对时间的一阶导数。
Infinite无限的东西(如空间、时间), [数]无穷大
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2.1.1 temperature and time 温度和时间
Heat treatment may be a complex process, including multiple heating stages . interrupted or stepwise heating ( cooling) , cooling to subzero temperatures, etc . Any process of heat treatment can he described by a diagram in temperature-time coordinates . interrupt－中断stepwise－楼梯式的, 逐步的subzero- 零度 以下的（温度）
计算机专业英语 第二章
标点符号
Seven-and Eight-Bit Codes
排列
With 7 bits , it’s possible to provide 128 变化， different arrangements; With 8 bits , 256 变种 variations are possible. They are sufficient number to code 小写字母 lower-case-letters (26) , and a large number of other characters (28) .
Registers
跟踪
全部的， 全面的
A register is a storage location inside the processor . Register in the control unit are used to keep track of the overall status of the program that is running . Control unit registers store information such as the current instruction .
2-2 WHAT IS A PROCESSOR
2-2
什么是处理器
Notes:
Instruction set 指令系统 Processor 处理器 Operation 操作 Operand 操作码 Clock 时钟 Megahertz(MHz) 兆赫 Word size 字长
Seven-and Eight-Bit Codes
The 7-bit American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) is widely used in data communications work and is by far the most popular code used to represent data internally in personal computers . by far 修饰比较级、最高级，强调数量、程度 等，意为“……得多，最……”。
专业英语
第二章课文翻译在开始深入电路分析之前，我们需要对电路设计有一个总的认识，尤其是电路的设计部分，这个概述的母的是为你提供一个关于电路分析在整个电路设计中的作用的认识。
所有的工程设计都是为了迎合某种需要而展开的，正如图表1.1所示。
这种需要可能会来源于渴望对已经存在的某种产品的改进，也可能来源开发新的东西。
对于需求的细致评估可以使得整个被提出的设计中的那些可以测量要素的具体化。
一旦这个设计被提出来之后，设计的具体化可以使我们评估设计的结果满足需要的要求。
下面是设计的概念，这个设计的概念源自对设计具体化的彻底的裂解和对需要的完全洞悉，同时也源自知识和经验。
这个概念可以理解为一个纲领，抑或是明文描述，或者是一些其他的形式。
通常，下一步是将这个概念转化为数学模型，一个使用的电子和计算机系统的数学模型就是一个电路模型。
组成电路的原件被称作是理想电路元件。
一个理想的电路元件是一个数学模型上的电子元件，例如一个干电池或一个白炽灯泡。
重要的是，理想电路元件中使用的电路模型，代表的行为达到实际电气元件可接受的准确度。
这本书关注的焦点是，电路分析的工具应用与电路分析。
电路分析是基于数学建模的基础之上用来分析电路模型和分析电路中的理想电路元件，在设计要的行为和描述的行为之间的比较，可以直接导致优化电路模型和其中的电路元件。
一旦要求的行为和电路模型描述的行为达成一致，一个物理模型就可以被创建了。
根据实际的电子元件建立的物理模型其实就是一个电子系统。
现有的测量技术其实决定着实际的物理系统的行为，实际的行为与设计要求的行为和数学模型所描述的行为相比，结果可能会导致对电路模型或者数学模型或者两者的进一步优化。
最终，通过对这个模型中的组成部分和整个系统的反复的优化，将可能会产生一个设计要求的精确匹配的设计，进而满足需要。
通过以上的描述，我可以清晰的认识到电路分析在电路设计过程中扮演者重要的角色。
因为电路分析应用于电路模式，实践工程师会努力尝试在第一次的优化过程中使用成熟的电路模型，使所产生的设计来满足设计规范；你可任务这些都是成熟的电路模型。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语第二章课文翻译
第二章第一篇To say that we live in an age of electronics is an understatement. From the omnipresent integrated circuit to the equally omnipresent digital computer, we encounter electronic devices and systems on a daily basis. In every aspect of our increasingly technological society—whether it is science, engineering, medicine, music, maintenance, or even espionage—the role of electronics is large, and it is growing.谈论关于我们生活在一个电子学时代的论调是一种空泛的论调。
从无处不在的集成电路到同样无处不在的数字计算机，我们在日常活动中总会遇到电子设备和电子系统。
在我们日益发展的科技社会的方方面面——无论是在科学、工程、医药、音乐、维修方面甚至是在谍报方面——电子学的作用是巨大的，而且还将不断增强。
In general, all of the tasks with which we shall be concerned can be classified as "signal-processing “tasks. Let us explore the meaning of this term一般说来，我们将要涉及到的工作被归结为“信号——处理”工作，让我们来探究这个术语的含义吧。
A signal is any physical variable whose magnitude or variation with time contains information. This information might involve speech and music, as in radio broadcasting, a physical quantity such as the temperature of the air in a room, or numerical data, such as the record of stock market transactions. The physical variables that can carry information in an electrical system are voltage and current. When we speak of "signals", therefore, we refer implicitly to voltages or currents. However, most of the concepts we discuss can be applied directly to systems with different information-carrying variables. Thus, the behavior of a mechanical system (in which force and velocity are the variables) or a hydraulic system (in which pressure and flow rate are the variables) can often be modeled or represented by an equivalent electrical system. An understanding of the behavior of electrical systems, therefore, provides a basis for understanding a much broader range of phenomena. 信号就是其与时间有关的量值或变化包含信息的任何物理变量。
(完整版)电气工程及其自动化专业英语第二章课文翻译
第二章第一篇To say that we live in an age of electronics is an understatement. From the omnipresent integrated circuit to the equally omnipresent digital computer, we encounter electronic devices and systems on a daily basis. In every aspect of our increasingly technological society— whether it is science, engineering, medicine, music, maintenance, or even espionage—the role of electronics is large, and it is growing.谈论关于我们生活在一个电子学时代的论调是一种空泛的论调。
从无处不在的集成电路到同样无处不在的数字计算机，我们在日常活动中总会遇到电子设备和电子系统。
在我们日益发展的科技社会的方方面面——无论是在科学、工程、医药、音乐、维修方面甚至是在谍报方面——电子学的作用是巨大的，而且还将不断增强。
In general, all of the tasks with which we shall be concerned can be classified as "signal-processing“tasks. Let us explore the meaning of this term一般说来，我们将要涉及到的工作被归结为“信号——处理”工作，让我们来探究这个术语的含义吧。
A signal is any physical variable whose magnitude or variation with time contains information. This information might involve speech and music, as in radio broadcasting, a physical quantity such as the temperature of the air in a room, or numerical data, such as the record of stock market transactions. The physical variables that can carry information in an electrical system are voltage and current. When we speak of "signals", therefore, we refer implicitly to voltages or currents. However, most of the concepts we discuss can be applied directly to systems with different information-carrying variables. Thus, the behavior of a mechanical system (in which force and velocity are the variables) or a hydraulic system (in which pressure and flow rate are the variables) can often be modeled or represented by an equivalent electrical system. An understanding of the behavior of electrical systems, therefore, provides a basis for understanding a much broader range of phenomena. 信号就是其与时间有关的量值或变化包含信息的任何物理变量。
汽车专业英语第二章02-air induction systmtem
further reduce noise, some systems have a tuning venturi
inside the housing.
See fig.2-2. The shape and size of the tuning venture
SECTION 2 Air Induction Operation and Diagnosis
2.1 Air Induction System Components The air induction system is the system that supplies clean air
to the engine and controls the flow of air through the engine. See fie.2-1.
空气滤纸，也称为空气滤芯或过滤介质，必须足够坚 固以防撕裂。
如果发动机通过进气系统回火，过滤器必须是阻燃的。 为防止灰尘在过滤器周围传播，过滤器必须紧紧密封 在空气过滤器外壳上。
The air passing from the filter housing, around the
throttle plate, and into the engine creates noise.
Airflow n. 气流；空气的流动 Density n. 密度
Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP)Sensor 歧管绝对压力(MAP)传感器 intake air temperature (IAT) sensor 进气温度传感器
engine coolant temperature (ECT) sensor 发动机冷却剂温度(ECT)传感器 mass airflow (MAF) sensor 空气流量(MAF)传感器 vacuum n. 真空；空间；真空吸尘器adj. 真空的；利用真空的 barometric pressure气压 fuel economy 燃油经济性