Chapter 3 词义的选择和引申 (1)
合集下载
词义的选择引申和褒贬
2、将带有特征性形象的词译 成该形象所代表的属性的词。
整理ppt
1) Rich and powerful, he always goosesteps on the street.
整理ppt
1) Goosestep的原义是从名词 “鹅步、正步” 转化而来的动 词，根据上下文引申，译成： “他有钱有势，在街上总是耀 武扬威，横行霸道。”
整理ppt
2）He is in critical condition, see-sawing between life and death.
整理ppt
2） See-saw原义是“跷跷 板”，这里引申译为：他的病 况危急，时好时坏，在生死之 间徘徊。
整理ppt
（二）具体化引申
整理ppt
语时一般作具体化引申。
整理ppt
2）He is a Shylock!
整理ppt
2） Shylock是莎士比亚笔下 的人物，其人刻薄歹毒，故该 句引申译为：他凶险狡诈。
整理ppt
Every life has its roses and thorns.
整理ppt
这里把玫瑰和刺引申，译为： “每个人的生活有苦有甜。”
整理ppt
整理ppt
２）他的学位成了他进入那家 公司获得高薪的敲门砖。
整理ppt
2． 英语中有些词在特定的上 下文中，含义是清楚的，但译 成汉语时还必须作具体化引申， 否则就不够清楚。
整理ppt
1） The car in front of me broke down and I missed the green.
整理ppt
She is a good Christian, a good parent, a good wife, a good daughter and a good teacher.
Unit 3 词语选择、引申和褒贬
Story
1) The play is really a love story. 2) This war is becoming the most important story of this generation. 3) Some reporters who were not included in the meeting broke the story. 4) The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American TV. 5) Don’t tell stories again, Tom. I don’t believe your stories. 6) It is quite another story now. 7) He storied about his age.
3) Judging from collocation
delicate skin 娇嫩的皮肤 delicate child 娇弱的小孩 易碎的花瓶 delicate vase delicate difference 细微的差别 delicate sense of smell 灵敏的嗅觉 delicate food 美味的食物
褒贬译法： 1. John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well. 2. Hitler pursued an aggressive policy after he seized power. 3.Hans was too obviously flattering the gentleman by saying he was the most courageous man he had ever seen. 4. Mr. Brown felt greatly flattered when he received the invitation to deliver a lecture.
chapter 3(1) 词语的翻译
19
As a demanding boss, he excepted total loyalty and dedication from his employees. 他是个苛刻的老板，要求手下的人对他忠心耿耿，鞠躬 尽瘁。（贬） Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it. 凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙。（贬）
1
[1][2][3][4][5]
Methods
• Based on the speech of the word • Based on the context and the logical relations • Based on the commendatory term or derogatory term • collocation
3
第三章 词语的翻译——词义的选择
[<]
但在下面例句中，like又分属其他几个不同词类： 1) He likes mathematics more than physics. 他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理学。（动词） 2) In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold. 在射入窗内的阳光里，细微的尘埃象金子一般在闪闪发光。
（前置词）
3) Like knows like.
英雄识英雄。（名词）
4
[1][2][3][4][5]
Based on the speech of the word
Your account of what happened is not quite right. 你对于发生的事情的叙述不太正确。 Go right on until you reach the church. 一直往前走，直到你到达教堂为止。 It’s my right of way, so that lorry must stop or slow down until I’ve passed it. 我有优先通行权。 She tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery. 她尽力为她丈夫被控抢劫一案伸冤。
As a demanding boss, he excepted total loyalty and dedication from his employees. 他是个苛刻的老板，要求手下的人对他忠心耿耿，鞠躬 尽瘁。（贬） Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it. 凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙。（贬）
1
[1][2][3][4][5]
Methods
• Based on the speech of the word • Based on the context and the logical relations • Based on the commendatory term or derogatory term • collocation
3
第三章 词语的翻译——词义的选择
[<]
但在下面例句中，like又分属其他几个不同词类： 1) He likes mathematics more than physics. 他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理学。（动词） 2) In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold. 在射入窗内的阳光里，细微的尘埃象金子一般在闪闪发光。
（前置词）
3) Like knows like.
英雄识英雄。（名词）
4
[1][2][3][4][5]
Based on the speech of the word
Your account of what happened is not quite right. 你对于发生的事情的叙述不太正确。 Go right on until you reach the church. 一直往前走，直到你到达教堂为止。 It’s my right of way, so that lorry must stop or slow down until I’ve passed it. 我有优先通行权。 She tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery. 她尽力为她丈夫被控抢劫一案伸冤。
词义的选择与引申
9). I have butterflies in my stomach. 10). When I heard the news my heart came into my mouth.
9). I have butterflies in my stomach. 译文一：我胃痛。 译文二：我有一种想呕吐的感觉。 译文三：我好紧张。 10). When I heard the news my heart came into my mouth. 译文一：当我听到这个消息时，我心都跳 出来了。 译文二：当我听到这个消息时，我很吃惊。 译文三：当我听到这个消息时，我吓死了。
6 ）Every life has its roses and thorns.
6 ）Every life has its roses and thorns. 译文一：生活中既有鲜花又有芒刺（荆 棘）。 译文二：每个人的生命都其玫瑰和刺。 译文三：生活总会跌荡起伏。（有平坦和 坎坷的时候） 译文四：人生总是有两面性的。
参考译文： 1. 我父亲是那家餐馆的常客, 那里所有的服 务员都认识他. 2. 请看一下上次会议的记录. 3. 在中国我们每到一个城市, 就逛大街, 逛 商店, 逛公园, 上剧院, 下饭馆.
练习分析
5）. There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists.
参考译文： 5. 帝国主义者的性格既残暴, 又狡猾. 6.每个人的生活都是有甜有苦. 7. 我们都被他那种崇高的气质所打动了. . 10. 听到这个消息我吓得要命.
二 词义的引申
词汇Chapter_3
第三节词义一、词义的性质词的声音是词的形式，词的意义是词的内容。
词是声音和意义的结合体。
词义是词的意义的通称。
如果我们仔细分析一下，就会发现词存在着三个方面的关系。
除声音、意义外，还有客观的事物、现象。
这是形成词义的基础。
举例来说，“山”这个词的语音形式是shān，它的意义是“地面形成的高耸的部分”。
山这种客观存在反映到我们的头脑中来，我们就用shān 这个声音来表示它的意义。
因此可以说，词义是和词的语音形式结合在一起的人们对客观事物、现象的反映。
所谓词义是客观事物、现象在人们头脑中的反映，具有两方面的含义：一方面是说它不能是主观的，必须有客观基础；另一方面是说它有可能带进人们的主观态度。
对于同样的客观事物、现象，人们的认识、评价、喜怒爱憎有所不同。
例如同是表示死亡，“逝世、谢世、仙逝”等就带有肃穆、哀婉的情感，而“呜呼哀哉、翘辫子、蹬腿”等则带有轻蔑、嘲讽的意味。
对事物、现象的客观反映是词的理性意义，附加在它上面的主观态度是词的感情色彩。
词的理性意义是词义的核心部分，是我们要研究的主要内容；词的感情色彩我们也要给以足够的关注。
词义对客观事物、现象的反映是概括的反映。
人类在认识过程中，把所感觉到的事物的共同特点加以概括，成为概念，同时用一定的语音形式将它固定下来，从而形成了词义。
比如学生，有男学生、女学生，有大学生、中学生、小学生，有中国学生、外国学生，总之有种种差别。
但是“学生”这个词在反映这类事物时，把一些具体的、个别的特点舍弃掉了，只留下本质的、共同的特点。
《现代汉语词典》的解释是：“在学校读书的人。
”这样就能把这一类人和其他类别的人区别开来，这就是词义的概括性。
词的声音和意义的结合是社会“约定俗成”的，它们之间没有什么必然的联系。
比如汉语里为什么要把“物体燃烧时所发出的光和焰”叫作huǒ（火）呢？其中并没有什么特别的道理，而是人们相约命定，后来长期习用，为社会所公认，因此固定了下来。
早在两千多年以前，我国著名的哲学家荀子就曾说：“名无固宜，约之以命，约定俗成谓之宜，异于约则谓之不宜。
英汉翻译技巧--词义的选择和引申(1)
范例—further
• People can have no further illusions about it. • 在这件事上，人们不能再有别的幻想了。 • They agreed to further the cooperation between the two cities. • 他们同意进一步增进两市间的合作。
• 正确理解词义有赖于对原文的确切理解 和借助于上下文所提供的有关信息。
范例—power
• The doctors restored his power of speech. • 医生恢复了他的说话能力。 • A severe economic slump swept the country shortly after he came into power. • 他上台后不久，严重的经济不景气席卷了全国。
• They will raise the yields still further. • 他们将进一步提高产量。
词义的引申
• 词义引申是英汉翻译的常用手段之一。 英汉两种语言富有各自特点的行文规范 和搭配习惯。针对此种情况，译者应根 据上下文和逻辑关系，从有关词语的基 本含义出发，进行恰如其分地引申，使 原文的内容在译文中确切地再现出来。
A heavy smoker 烟瘾极大的人 A heavy demand 苛求 A heavy sleep 沉睡 Heavy traffic 拥挤的交通
根据词类选择词义
• 大多数英文单词是一词多类，即多词性。 当词性不同时，其词义在一定程度上发 生变化。
• 因此在英汉翻译过程中要首先确定词性， 然后再根据词类选择适当的词义。
• 目的是在该国建立一个有效的联合国管 理机构，以取代那里的非法专制统治。
英语翻译chapter 3
• Jordan is reported to be the celebrity with whom most American children feel most comfortable, and American adults once placed him fifth on a list of all-time "most respected newsmakers".
• His athleticism and fierce competitiveness frightened his opponents, but his graciousness made him an American and international icon. He is most famous as the face of Nike, the athletics shoe and clothing company whose products he has endorsed for the past decade.
• Jordan quickly became a multi-millionaire, thanks to lucrative product endorsement deals such as his Nike promotion. As his fortune grew he put money back into the community, creating a foundation to fund athletics facilities and other projects for children form the inner city of Chicago, his adopted home.
商务英语翻译(英译汉)第二版电子教案第3单元 词义的选择
• 要在翻译中充分传达出它们的意思，往往需要查 阅相关的商务英汉翻译词典才能确定各自的确切 表达。
• “under”不再是“在……之下”这一常用意义，而是 “根据”、“依据”之意。
• 对词义的选择需要注意以下问题：
• （一）注意区分词语使用的是常用意义还是专业 意义
• Often an individual must supply personal accounting information in order to buy a car or home, to qualify for a college scholarship, to secure a credit card, or to obtain a bank loan. Large corporations are accountable to their stockholders, to governmental agencies, and to the public.
• A foreign business representative, neither overly sympathetic toward China nor overly disposed against it, would need to be convinced on a number of scores before he could responsibly commit his firm to taking an equity position in a Chinese enterprise.
• 译文：一名外国企业代表，如果对中国既无过分
好感，又无过分恶意的话，要动真格地实施向一
家中国企业投资入股，就往往需要有一系列评估 数据来帮助他做出最终决定。
• “under”不再是“在……之下”这一常用意义，而是 “根据”、“依据”之意。
• 对词义的选择需要注意以下问题：
• （一）注意区分词语使用的是常用意义还是专业 意义
• Often an individual must supply personal accounting information in order to buy a car or home, to qualify for a college scholarship, to secure a credit card, or to obtain a bank loan. Large corporations are accountable to their stockholders, to governmental agencies, and to the public.
• A foreign business representative, neither overly sympathetic toward China nor overly disposed against it, would need to be convinced on a number of scores before he could responsibly commit his firm to taking an equity position in a Chinese enterprise.
• 译文：一名外国企业代表，如果对中国既无过分
好感，又无过分恶意的话，要动真格地实施向一
家中国企业投资入股，就往往需要有一系列评估 数据来帮助他做出最终决定。
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In developing the design, we must consider the feasibility of processing. 进行
根据汉语习惯搭配
英、汉两种语言隶属于不同语系，在句子 结构和表达形式上有各自的特点。翻译时 应注意考虑汉语的语言结构特点，力求用 规范的汉语表达原文意义。
根据词类
英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的 现象。翻译时首先应该根据句法结构判明 一个词在原句中属于哪一词类，然后进一 步确定词义。
It is the atoms that make up iron, water, oxygen and the like. 正是原子构成了铁、水、氧等类物质。
In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold. 在射入窗内的阳光里，细微的尘埃像金子一般闪闪发光。
Then, those sequences of genetic letters were fed into a computer model that looks for hints of mutations where the letters differ. The particular mutations that separate each sample gave hints as to how closely related each was and, because mutations happen naturally at a predictable rate, how long ago they diverged from a common ancestor virus. The networks of transmission from one person to another were laid bare in a laboratory half a world away.
以large为例： large current Large pressure A large amount of electric power Large-screen receiver Large growing Large loads Large capacity
翻译练习 Low a)下半轴瓦 b）弱阻尼 c)下限 d)低强度电流 e)仰视拍摄f)低音调键 g)慢速存取 h)低位 i)低速制动器 1）low damping 2)low brake 3) Low limit 4)low shot 5)low current 6)low order 7)low access 8)low key 9)low brass Keys: 1-5:b i c e d 6-9:h g f a
词义的引申
在英汉互译时，有时会遇到某些词在词典 里难以找到符合上下文的贴切词义，如生 搬硬套，译文就不能确切表达原文的意思， 甚至导致误解。在这种情况下，需要根据 上下文和逻辑关系，根据英汉不同的表达 习惯，从该词固有的基本含义出发，进一 步加以引申。
词义具体化引申
This suggests that matter can be converted into energy, and vice versa.
正像不同的固体和液体的密度不同一样，不同的气体 和蒸汽的密度也不同。（具体化引申）
2. Obviously, there is much room for the improvement in the structure.
显然，其结构还有较大的改进余地。（抽象化引申）
3. The facts have been set down in black and white. 这些事实已经清清楚楚记录下来了。 （抽象化引申）
Like charges repel, unlike charges attract. 同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。
根据词的专业领域
一词多义现象不仅包括了同一个词在不同 专业领域具有不同的意思，而且同一个词 在同一个专业领域中意思也不尽相同。
以carrier为例：
邮政业：邮递员 军事：航空母舰 运输业：搬运工 化学：载体 医药学：带菌者，媒介物 车辆制造：底盘 无线电：载波 机械行业：托架，传导管
这就是说物质可以转化为能量，能量也可以转化为物质。
Many health-conscious women increase their risk by rejecting red meat, which contains the most easily absorbed form of iron.
很多保健意识太强的女性会由于她们拒绝食用牛肉或羊 肉而增加其（缺铁的）风险，因为这些肉中所含的铁质 最义的引申
词义
词是最小的、能够单独运用的语言单位。 英语和汉语词类 一词多类、一词多义 警惕“陷阱”：一般用语和专业用语中不同释
义 e.g. pupil, cell, crown, solution, pig
词义的确定
根据词类 根据词的专业领域 根据词的联立关系（上下文） 根据词的汉语习惯搭配
The combining power of one element in the compound must equal the combining power of the other element. 化合物中一种元素的化合价必须等于另一种元素的化合 价。
fighters of the PLA 中国人民解放军战士
Noise may develop in a worn engine. 产生
Women who drink and smoke heavily are likely to develop cancers of the oral cavity and tongue at a younger age. 患病、染病
词义抽象化引申
Quantum chemistry is still in its infancy. 量子化学仍处于发展初期。
Chemical control will do most of things in pest control.
化学防治能在病虫害防治中起主要作用。
翻译练习
1. Just as different solids and liquids vary in density, so do gases and vapors.
On June 4th, Stephen Gire, a public health researcher at the Broad Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts, took delivery of a polystyrene box from Kenema, Sierra Leone. Inside were vials of deactivated biological samples from 78 patients suspected to have Ebola.MrGire and a colleague began to tease out the letters of each virus sample's genetic code with some of the most advanced technology yet devised for the task; before long, half of MrGire's 30-strong laboratory had volunteered to help.
That others may live
Aug 29th 2014, 17:00 by C.B. | BAMAKO
IT IS a solemn custom in science to mark the names of collaborators who pass away during the course of an article's publication with a superscript no different than that indicating their academic affiliation. Very rare indeed is the case that five names on a single report should share that mark. Such a report was published in Science this week. It demonstrates the astonishing speed at which genetic sequencing can now be carried out. At the same time, the fact that Ebola claimed five of its authors is testament to the deadliness of the paper's subject.
科技翻译中词义的选择与确定,要慎之又慎,一字失 万金之事并不鲜见。翻译时要勤查词典,还要强化综 合思维能力。翻译要精确,在必要时应合理升华。此 外,科学技术发展至今,各学科各行业领域互相渗透, 互相补充。所以译者除了要具备扎实的中外文功底 外,还要了解多学科知识,要尽量作到“通百业而专 一行”,只有这样,才能胜任翻译工作 。
fighter escort wing 护航战斗机联队
根据词的联立关系
词与词是相互关联的，我们不能从单个的 词来判断每个词的词义，应把它放在句、 段乃至篇章的语言环境中加以考虑，也就 是强调语境（语言语境以及文化语境）对 词义的限定和选择问题。
以develop为例：
In 1943 the British developed a new type of radar set which used a much shorter wavelength. 研发。研制、发明
根据汉语习惯搭配
英、汉两种语言隶属于不同语系，在句子 结构和表达形式上有各自的特点。翻译时 应注意考虑汉语的语言结构特点，力求用 规范的汉语表达原文意义。
根据词类
英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的 现象。翻译时首先应该根据句法结构判明 一个词在原句中属于哪一词类，然后进一 步确定词义。
It is the atoms that make up iron, water, oxygen and the like. 正是原子构成了铁、水、氧等类物质。
In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold. 在射入窗内的阳光里，细微的尘埃像金子一般闪闪发光。
Then, those sequences of genetic letters were fed into a computer model that looks for hints of mutations where the letters differ. The particular mutations that separate each sample gave hints as to how closely related each was and, because mutations happen naturally at a predictable rate, how long ago they diverged from a common ancestor virus. The networks of transmission from one person to another were laid bare in a laboratory half a world away.
以large为例： large current Large pressure A large amount of electric power Large-screen receiver Large growing Large loads Large capacity
翻译练习 Low a)下半轴瓦 b）弱阻尼 c)下限 d)低强度电流 e)仰视拍摄f)低音调键 g)慢速存取 h)低位 i)低速制动器 1）low damping 2)low brake 3) Low limit 4)low shot 5)low current 6)low order 7)low access 8)low key 9)low brass Keys: 1-5:b i c e d 6-9:h g f a
词义的引申
在英汉互译时，有时会遇到某些词在词典 里难以找到符合上下文的贴切词义，如生 搬硬套，译文就不能确切表达原文的意思， 甚至导致误解。在这种情况下，需要根据 上下文和逻辑关系，根据英汉不同的表达 习惯，从该词固有的基本含义出发，进一 步加以引申。
词义具体化引申
This suggests that matter can be converted into energy, and vice versa.
正像不同的固体和液体的密度不同一样，不同的气体 和蒸汽的密度也不同。（具体化引申）
2. Obviously, there is much room for the improvement in the structure.
显然，其结构还有较大的改进余地。（抽象化引申）
3. The facts have been set down in black and white. 这些事实已经清清楚楚记录下来了。 （抽象化引申）
Like charges repel, unlike charges attract. 同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。
根据词的专业领域
一词多义现象不仅包括了同一个词在不同 专业领域具有不同的意思，而且同一个词 在同一个专业领域中意思也不尽相同。
以carrier为例：
邮政业：邮递员 军事：航空母舰 运输业：搬运工 化学：载体 医药学：带菌者，媒介物 车辆制造：底盘 无线电：载波 机械行业：托架，传导管
这就是说物质可以转化为能量，能量也可以转化为物质。
Many health-conscious women increase their risk by rejecting red meat, which contains the most easily absorbed form of iron.
很多保健意识太强的女性会由于她们拒绝食用牛肉或羊 肉而增加其（缺铁的）风险，因为这些肉中所含的铁质 最义的引申
词义
词是最小的、能够单独运用的语言单位。 英语和汉语词类 一词多类、一词多义 警惕“陷阱”：一般用语和专业用语中不同释
义 e.g. pupil, cell, crown, solution, pig
词义的确定
根据词类 根据词的专业领域 根据词的联立关系（上下文） 根据词的汉语习惯搭配
The combining power of one element in the compound must equal the combining power of the other element. 化合物中一种元素的化合价必须等于另一种元素的化合 价。
fighters of the PLA 中国人民解放军战士
Noise may develop in a worn engine. 产生
Women who drink and smoke heavily are likely to develop cancers of the oral cavity and tongue at a younger age. 患病、染病
词义抽象化引申
Quantum chemistry is still in its infancy. 量子化学仍处于发展初期。
Chemical control will do most of things in pest control.
化学防治能在病虫害防治中起主要作用。
翻译练习
1. Just as different solids and liquids vary in density, so do gases and vapors.
On June 4th, Stephen Gire, a public health researcher at the Broad Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts, took delivery of a polystyrene box from Kenema, Sierra Leone. Inside were vials of deactivated biological samples from 78 patients suspected to have Ebola.MrGire and a colleague began to tease out the letters of each virus sample's genetic code with some of the most advanced technology yet devised for the task; before long, half of MrGire's 30-strong laboratory had volunteered to help.
That others may live
Aug 29th 2014, 17:00 by C.B. | BAMAKO
IT IS a solemn custom in science to mark the names of collaborators who pass away during the course of an article's publication with a superscript no different than that indicating their academic affiliation. Very rare indeed is the case that five names on a single report should share that mark. Such a report was published in Science this week. It demonstrates the astonishing speed at which genetic sequencing can now be carried out. At the same time, the fact that Ebola claimed five of its authors is testament to the deadliness of the paper's subject.
科技翻译中词义的选择与确定,要慎之又慎,一字失 万金之事并不鲜见。翻译时要勤查词典,还要强化综 合思维能力。翻译要精确,在必要时应合理升华。此 外,科学技术发展至今,各学科各行业领域互相渗透, 互相补充。所以译者除了要具备扎实的中外文功底 外,还要了解多学科知识,要尽量作到“通百业而专 一行”,只有这样,才能胜任翻译工作 。
fighter escort wing 护航战斗机联队
根据词的联立关系
词与词是相互关联的，我们不能从单个的 词来判断每个词的词义，应把它放在句、 段乃至篇章的语言环境中加以考虑，也就 是强调语境（语言语境以及文化语境）对 词义的限定和选择问题。
以develop为例：
In 1943 the British developed a new type of radar set which used a much shorter wavelength. 研发。研制、发明