week 7 第四章1词义的选择、引申和褒贬
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词义的选择引申和褒贬
2、将带有特征性形象的词译 成该形象所代表的属性的词。
整理ppt
1) Rich and powerful, he always goosesteps on the street.
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1) Goosestep的原义是从名词 “鹅步、正步” 转化而来的动 词，根据上下文引申，译成： “他有钱有势，在街上总是耀 武扬威，横行霸道。”
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2）He is in critical condition, see-sawing between life and death.
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2） See-saw原义是“跷跷 板”，这里引申译为：他的病 况危急，时好时坏，在生死之 间徘徊。
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（二）具体化引申
整理ppt
语时一般作具体化引申。
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2）He is a Shylock!
整理ppt
2） Shylock是莎士比亚笔下 的人物，其人刻薄歹毒，故该 句引申译为：他凶险狡诈。
整理ppt
Every life has its roses and thorns.
整理ppt
这里把玫瑰和刺引申，译为： “每个人的生活有苦有甜。”
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２）他的学位成了他进入那家 公司获得高薪的敲门砖。
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2． 英语中有些词在特定的上 下文中，含义是清楚的，但译 成汉语时还必须作具体化引申， 否则就不够清楚。
整理ppt
1） The car in front of me broke down and I missed the green.
整理ppt
She is a good Christian, a good parent, a good wife, a good daughter and a good teacher.
词义的选择、引申和褒贬
词义的选择、引申和褒贬一、词义的选择英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义的现象。
在英汉翻译过程中，我们弄清原句结构后就要善于选择和确定剧中关键词的词义。
选择和确定词义通常从以下两个方面着手：（一）根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义给出下列练习1.It is not right for children to sit up late.2.The plane was right above our heads.3.In the negative, right and left, and black and white are reversed.4.She tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery.(二) 根据上下文联系以及词汇在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义给出下列练习Account for1.He is ill; that accounts for his absence.2.In this battle he accounted for the five of the enemy3.I want you to account for every cent you spent.Make up1.If the stove is not made up, it will go out.2.There is not any girl called Clementine. He is just made her up.3.Half the roads in the region are still to be made up.4.Society is made up of people with widely differing abilities.5.It took Laurence Oliver more than an hour to make up for the part of “Othello”6.They made up a bed on the sofa for the unexpected visitor.7.We have to drive fast to make up the hour we lost in Boston.Figure1.The foreign trade ha risen to unprecedented figures2.Dr. Eliot was one of the most revered figures in the world of learning.3.On the desk, there was a bronze figure of Plato.4.He saw dim figures moving towards him.5.June was good at figure skating.二、词义的引申英译汉时，有时会遇到某些词在英语词典上找不到适当的词义，如任意硬套或逐个死译，会是译文生硬晦涩，不能确切表达意愿，甚至造成误解。
词义的确定、引申和褒贬
以challenge一词为例：
⑴ I challenge you to answer my question. 我要你回答我的问题。 ⑵ She challenged him for lying. 她指责他说谎。 ⑶ I now challenge Mr. Ford to deny that statement. 现在我要问福特先生敢不敢否认那篇讲话。 ⑷ I’ve constantly challenged my own conclusion. 我一直在重新考虑自己的结论。 ⑸ The United States Government does not challenge that position. 美国政府对这一立场不提出异议。
⑹His question challenged us to think. 他提出的问题促使我们去思考。 ⑺ The task challenged his organizing ability. 这项任务对他的组织能力是一个考验。 ⑻ The sentry challenged us. 哨兵问我们口令。 ⑼ Recent discoveries have challenged their old notion. 最近的发现使得他们原来的观念成了问题。 ⑽They challenge for the Davis Cup. 他们决心争夺戴维斯杯。 ⑾ It’s the challenge of our time. 这是我们时代的要求。 ⑿ Their success is a challenge to my effort. 他们的成就鞭策我做出努力。
词义的选择
英国语言学家Firth说: Each word when
used in a new context is a new word.
第四章第一节英译汉常用的方法和技巧(上)
He is the last man to come.
He is the last person to do it.
He is the last person for such a job.
He should be the last (man) to blame. He is the last person to consult. This is the last place where I expected to meet you.
• He took off his coat and sat down. • She took the pupils off to the art exhibition.
• The professor took off for Shanghai this morning.
• Both students and teachers took Christmas off.
• The plane took off from the airport and headed south towards Hong Kong. • She took off a few pounds in a month.
• Food costs took off.
• Their first major design took off in high schools and colleges.
第四章 英汉译常用的方法和技巧（上）
• • • • • • • • •
一、词义的选择、引申和褒贬 二、词类转译法（一） 三、词类转译法（二） 四、增词法（一） 五、增词法（二） 六、重复法（一） 七、重复法（二） 八、省略法 九、正反、反正表达法
• 第一节 词义的选择、引申和褒贬 • 一、词义的选择：
词义的选择、引申和褒贬1
（二） 根据搭配
Don’t pick up strange boys. 别和不认识的男 before six? 你能不能在6点以前来接我？ She picked up a used camera at the flea market. 她在跳蚤市场买了一架旧照相机。
（二） 根据搭配
我可不吃这一套。
I won’t take all this lying down. 他要请我们吃馆子。
He is going to invite us out to dinner. 这种纸不吃墨水。
This kind of paper doesn’t absorb ink. 这件事你如果说出去，我叫你吃不了兜着走。
If you let this leak out, I’ll make you sorry for it. 只要技术好，到哪儿都吃得开。 A person who has expertise is welcome anywhere. 他在银行存款，吃利息。 He deposits money in the bank to get interests.
（四） 根据词性不同，词义不同
I want to present everyone present a present. 我想给在场的各位赠送一份礼物。 动词，赠送；形容词，在场的；名词，礼物 He was too close to the door to close it. 他离门太近以至于关不了门。 形容词，接近的；动词，关
It is wise to object to the unknown object. 拒绝不明物体是明智的。 动词，拒绝；名词，物体 Peter decided to desert his wife in the desert. 彼得决定把妻子抛弃在沙漠里。 动词，抛弃；名词。沙漠
词义的选择、引申、褒贬
词义引申（具体——抽象）
Grey hair should be respected（synecdoche） The pen is mightier than the sword. (metonymy) The invention of machinery had brought into the world a new era---the Industrial Age. Money had become King. (metonymy) 机器的发明使世界进入到一个新纪元即工业时 代，金钱成了主宰一切的权威。 He is a rolling stone. I don’t think he can go far. 他是个见异思迁的人，我想他不会有多大出息。
三、词义的褒贬
有些词义是中立的，本身不表示褒义或者贬义， 但在一定的上下文中可能有褒贬的意味. demanding He found that being a CEO was a demanding job. 他发现当首席执行官是个费力的工作。 As a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and dedication from his employers. 他是个苛刻的老板，要求手下的人对他忠心耿 耿，鞠躬尽瘁。
小结（summary）
词义的选择： 根据词性来选择词义（word meaning） 根据上下文来选择词义(context) 根据搭配关系来选择词义(collocation)
二、词义的引申（extension）
引申的方法：抽象化引申 & 具体化引申 抽象化引申：具体——抽象 Do you think this dictionary of English is the supreme court in all matters concerning English words? 你认为这本英语词典是英语词汇的权威词典吗？ See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous, the news for the next four weeks was never distinct. 在那以后的四个星期内，消息时而部分有所好转，时而 又有点不妙，两种情况不断地交替出现，一直没有明朗 化。
Unit 4翻译的技巧(一) 词义的引申和褒贬
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英语中专用的褒义词或贬 义词要比汉语少得多， 义词要比汉语少得多，其 褒贬往往取决于特定的上 下文。 下文。 要求译者以原文的立场为 基准， 基准，从原文的上下文出 发，辨别词义的褒贬色彩。 辨别词义的褒贬色彩。
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1、英语中有些单词本身就有 褒贬含义， 褒贬含义，汉译时应相应地表 达。 例：His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death. 他作为流氓的恶名 恶名是他死后 他作为流氓的恶名是他死后 才传开来的。 才传开来的。
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1. 比喻引申为它所象征的语义
比喻可能是一种社会风俗所形成， 比喻可能是一种社会风俗所形成，也可能 是一个人一时的创造， 是一个人一时的创造，但都必须为社会和 人们所了解、接受，才能起到比喻的作用。 人们所了解、接受，才能起到比喻的作用。 由于英、汉语言社会的不同， 由于英、汉语言社会的不同，英语中的比 喻不见得都能为汉语读者所接受 ，因此 翻译时往往需将其象征语义表达出来。 翻译时往往需将其象征语义表达出来。 例：You will get no word from him. He’s a regular oyster.
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（四）内涵化引申：根据 内涵化引申： 词的内涵加以引申。 词的内涵加以引申。
例： Year after year and century after century, the moon goes through its cycles of changes. • 月亮的盈亏变化一年又一年，一世 月亮的盈亏变化一年又一年， 盈亏变化一年又一年 纪又一世纪，周而复始。 纪又一世纪，周而复始。
你别想从他嘴里得到一个字，他总是守 你别想从他嘴里得到一个字，他总是守 口如瓶。 口如瓶。
英语中专用的褒义词或贬 义词要比汉语少得多， 义词要比汉语少得多，其 褒贬往往取决于特定的上 下文。 下文。 要求译者以原文的立场为 基准， 基准，从原文的上下文出 发，辨别词义的褒贬色彩。 辨别词义的褒贬色彩。
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1、英语中有些单词本身就有 褒贬含义， 褒贬含义，汉译时应相应地表 达。 例：His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death. 他作为流氓的恶名 恶名是他死后 他作为流氓的恶名是他死后 才传开来的。 才传开来的。
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1. 比喻引申为它所象征的语义
比喻可能是一种社会风俗所形成， 比喻可能是一种社会风俗所形成，也可能 是一个人一时的创造， 是一个人一时的创造，但都必须为社会和 人们所了解、接受，才能起到比喻的作用。 人们所了解、接受，才能起到比喻的作用。 由于英、汉语言社会的不同， 由于英、汉语言社会的不同，英语中的比 喻不见得都能为汉语读者所接受 ，因此 翻译时往往需将其象征语义表达出来。 翻译时往往需将其象征语义表达出来。 例：You will get no word from him. He’s a regular oyster.
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（四）内涵化引申：根据 内涵化引申： 词的内涵加以引申。 词的内涵加以引申。
例： Year after year and century after century, the moon goes through its cycles of changes. • 月亮的盈亏变化一年又一年，一世 月亮的盈亏变化一年又一年， 盈亏变化一年又一年 纪又一世纪，周而复始。 纪又一世纪，周而复始。
你别想从他嘴里得到一个字，他总是守 你别想从他嘴里得到一个字，他总是守 口如瓶。 口如瓶。
笔译(词语的选择、引申和褒贬)
(二) 根据上下文联系以及句中的搭配关系 来选择和确定词义。 He is the last man to come. 他是最后来的。 He is the last man to do it. 他决不会干那件事。
He is the last person for such a job. 他最不配（最不适合）干这工作。 最不配（最不适合） He should be the last to blame. 怎么也不应该去怪他。 He is the last man to consult. 根本不宜找他商量。 This is the last place where I expected to meet you. 我怎么也没有料到会在这个地方见到你。
In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold. (prep.) 在射入窗户的阳光里，细微的尘埃象金子一般在闪闪 发亮。 Like knows like. (n.) 英雄识英雄。
练习
1. It is not right for children to sit up late. The plane was right above our heads. In the negative, right and left, and black and white are reversed. She tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery.
4. No sooner was the avalanche of Christmas cards swept away the publishers began to fill the shops with their novel valentines. 5. The habit of sending gifts is dying out, which is disappointing for the manufacturers, who nevertheless still hopefully dish out presents for Valentine’s Day in an attempt to cash in.
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轻音乐 轻微的损失 轻便的汽车 轻松的心情 轻快的脚步 轻浮的举止 轻巧的装备 轻松的工作 轻柔的声音
Reasons for using diction： Polysemy and different collocation
eat soup heavy rain
strong wind
black tea
第四章
第一节 词义的选择、引申和褒贬
一、词义的选译 Diction
By ―diction‖ we mean the proper
choice of words and phrases in
translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original.
brown sugar
strong tea prime time
喝汤 大雨 大风 红茶 红糖 浓茶 黄金时间
选择词义的要领
1. 根据词性选择词义
2. 根据上下文及逻辑关系选择词义 3. 根据搭配选择词义
1. 根据词性选择词义
Every penny I earned from the work was
词义的引申主要包括：
– 抽象化引申 – 具体化引申 – 典故的词义引申
2.1 抽象化引申
I was practically on my knees but he still
refused. 我几乎是苦苦哀求，但他依然拒绝。 The two sisters were usually in agreement on most issues, but they were at swords’ points on the matter of abortion. 在很多问题上姐妹俩的意见通常是一致的， 但在人工流产问题上，她们是有激烈争 执的。
2. 根据上下文及逻辑关系选择 词义
story:
3. Some reporters who were not included in the sessions broke the story. 有些没有参加那次会议的记者把内情捅出 去了。 4. The Rita Hayworth story is one of the saddest. 丽泰•海华丝的遭遇算最惨的了。
2. 根据上下文及逻辑关系选择 词义
story:
5. Last December, the Post first reported that probes were being made in each of those cities, but officials refused to confirm the story. 去年12月，《邮报》首先报道侦察工 作已在那些城市里进行，但官员们拒 绝证实这条消息。
2. 根据上下文及逻辑关系选择 词义
help:
12. Humor often helps a tense situation. 幽默常能缓和紧张局面。 13. —Do you let your holiday cottage? —Oh yes, it helps with the upkeep. 甲：你出租你的度假别墅吗？ 乙：是啊，这样可以补贴房屋的保养费。
译2：我们又一次领略了他那广博的知识、 丰富的经验和无穷的智慧。
3. 根据搭配选择词义
In every Chinese city, we go into the
streets, shops ,theaters and restaurants. 在中国我们每到一个城市，就逛大街、逛 商店、上剧场、下饭馆。
sweat money. 我工作时赚的每一分钱可都是血汗钱。 In the states, schools as well as many families encourage these activities in order to teach young people the value of money and that they must sweat to earn their share. 在美国，为使年轻人懂得金钱的价值，并 且懂得应当靠劳动挣钱，学校和家庭都 积极提倡这一活动。
2. 根据上下文及逻辑关系选择 词义
help:
1. He helped sweep the floors of the waiting rooms. 他帮助打扫了候车室。 2. The government needs to help the needy. 政府要救济穷人。 3. Trade helps the development of industry. 贸易促进工业的发展。
不过偶尔也有个把人，死后确 实当得起那些好话。真的是虔 诚的教徒、慈爱的父母、贤良 的妻子、尽职的丈夫。
3. 根据搭配选择词义
He once again imparted to us his great
knowledge , experience and wisdom.
译1：我们又一次领略了他那许多的知识、 经验和智慧。
Reasons for using diction： Polysemy and different collocation
Peter passed.
(examination)：
彼得考试通过了。 (bridge game)： 彼得未叫牌。 (football game)： 彼得把球传给了队友。
（5）好景不长。
Good times don’t last long．
（6）形势有好转。
The situation took a favorable turn．
汉译英的例子：关于词义的选择
（7）我已经好久没有看见他了。
I haven't seen him for a long time．
（8）我好几个星期都不在家。
3. 根据搭配选择词义
You cannot build a ship, a bridge or a
house if you don’t know how to make a design or how to read it.
不会制图或看不懂图纸，就不可能 造船、架桥或盖房子。
3. 根据搭配选择词义
一些词组的抽象化引申
make fish of one and flesh of another 厚此
薄彼 lick one’s boots 巴结 keep sth. under one’s hat 保密 eat one’s heart out 极度悲痛 be in sb’s pocket 被某人操纵 put one’s cards on the table 表明观点 eat like a bird 吃得极少 walk on air 得意洋洋
2.2 具体化引申
The publishing house has to take the
readability of the novel into consideration. 出版社不得不考虑这部小说的可读性。
It sometimes happens that a person
departs his life, who is really deserving of the praises; who is a good Christian, a good parent, a good child, a good wife or a good husband.
2. 根据上下文及逻辑关系选择 词义
story:
1.This war is becoming the most important story of his generation. 这场战争行将成为这一代人的最重大的事 件。 2. It is quite another story now. 现在的情况完全不同了。
2.1 抽象化引申
I must bare my heart to someone, or I
shall go mad! 我一定要和人说说心里话，否则我就会发 疯了！ I have no head for music. 我没有音乐方面的天赋。 His little sister dogs him a whole day long. 他的小妹一整天都如影随形地跟在他后面。
2. 根据上下文及逻辑关系选择 词义
help:
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
10. Mr. Stokes helped himself to some more rum. 斯托克斯先生又自己动手斟了些朗姆酒 。 11. He’s been helping himself to the contents of the till again! 他又在偷账台抽屉里的钱了。
Reasons for using diction： Polysemy and different collocation
light: light music light loss light car light heart light step light manners light outfit light work light voice
2. 根据上下文及逻辑关系选择 词义
help:
7. This room is so depressing—I suppose new curtains would help. 这房间让人觉得压抑——我想换上新窗帘 会觉得好些。 8. I helped Oakley inside. 我扶奥克利走进去。 9. Can I help you to some more meat? 给你再来点肉好吗？
2. 根据上下文及逻辑关系选择 词义
help:
4. I couldn’t help crying. 我忍不住哭了。 5. This organization may be able to help you with such information. 这个组织也许能为你提供这类信息。 6. Maybe it would help if you took some adult education courses. 你要是学点成人教育课程也许会有好处。