词义的选择、引申和褒贬1
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词义的选择引申和褒贬
2、将带有特征性形象的词译 成该形象所代表的属性的词。
整理ppt
1) Rich and powerful, he always goosesteps on the street.
整理ppt
1) Goosestep的原义是从名词 “鹅步、正步” 转化而来的动 词，根据上下文引申，译成： “他有钱有势，在街上总是耀 武扬威，横行霸道。”
整理ppt
2）He is in critical condition, see-sawing between life and death.
整理ppt
2） See-saw原义是“跷跷 板”，这里引申译为：他的病 况危急，时好时坏，在生死之 间徘徊。
整理ppt
（二）具体化引申
整理ppt
语时一般作具体化引申。
整理ppt
2）He is a Shylock!
整理ppt
2） Shylock是莎士比亚笔下 的人物，其人刻薄歹毒，故该 句引申译为：他凶险狡诈。
整理ppt
Every life has its roses and thorns.
整理ppt
这里把玫瑰和刺引申，译为： “每个人的生活有苦有甜。”
整理ppt
整理ppt
２）他的学位成了他进入那家 公司获得高薪的敲门砖。
整理ppt
2． 英语中有些词在特定的上 下文中，含义是清楚的，但译 成汉语时还必须作具体化引申， 否则就不够清楚。
整理ppt
1） The car in front of me broke down and I missed the green.
整理ppt
She is a good Christian, a good parent, a good wife, a good daughter and a good teacher.
翻译入门三
Edison invented the electric light lamp. 爱迪生发明了电灯。 He invented a story to explain why he was late. 他编造一个谎话，解释为什么迟到。 The beauty of the evening seduced me abroad. 傍晚的美景把我吸引到户外去。 The vile guy tried to seduce the young girl. 那无耻的家伙企图勾引那个女孩。
2. 根据语境及搭配关系判断词义
动词和名词搭配 形容词和名词搭配
形容词与介词搭配
动词与副词搭配
动词和名词搭配---develop
develop the heavy industry develop a method develop an interest develop a habit develop a plan develop one’s competence
我从不喝酒。 Wine
我不喝烈性酒。 spirits
汉译英时单词的选择
根据词的语体色彩来选词
日军的侵略的暴行激起人民极大的愤怒。
The atrocity of Japanese army’s aggression roused the people to great indignation.
Exercise（一）
He halted in the district where by night are found the lightest street, hearts, vows and librettos.
他在一个市区停了下来，那里的夜晚有最明亮的街道， 最愉快的心情，最轻易出口的誓言和最轻松的歌曲。
第四章第一节英译汉常用的方法和技巧(上)
He is the last man to come.
He is the last person to do it.
He is the last person for such a job.
He should be the last (man) to blame. He is the last person to consult. This is the last place where I expected to meet you.
• He took off his coat and sat down. • She took the pupils off to the art exhibition.
• The professor took off for Shanghai this morning.
• Both students and teachers took Christmas off.
• The plane took off from the airport and headed south towards Hong Kong. • She took off a few pounds in a month.
• Food costs took off.
• Their first major design took off in high schools and colleges.
第四章 英汉译常用的方法和技巧（上）
• • • • • • • • •
一、词义的选择、引申和褒贬 二、词类转译法（一） 三、词类转译法（二） 四、增词法（一） 五、增词法（二） 六、重复法（一） 七、重复法（二） 八、省略法 九、正反、反正表达法
• 第一节 词义的选择、引申和褒贬 • 一、词义的选择：
词义的选择、引申、褒贬
词义引申（具体——抽象）
Grey hair should be respected（synecdoche） The pen is mightier than the sword. (metonymy) The invention of machinery had brought into the world a new era---the Industrial Age. Money had become King. (metonymy) 机器的发明使世界进入到一个新纪元即工业时 代，金钱成了主宰一切的权威。 He is a rolling stone. I don’t think he can go far. 他是个见异思迁的人，我想他不会有多大出息。
三、词义的褒贬
有些词义是中立的，本身不表示褒义或者贬义， 但在一定的上下文中可能有褒贬的意味. demanding He found that being a CEO was a demanding job. 他发现当首席执行官是个费力的工作。 As a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and dedication from his employers. 他是个苛刻的老板，要求手下的人对他忠心耿 耿，鞠躬尽瘁。
小结（summary）
词义的选择： 根据词性来选择词义（word meaning） 根据上下文来选择词义(context) 根据搭配关系来选择词义(collocation)
二、词义的引申（extension）
引申的方法：抽象化引申 & 具体化引申 抽象化引申：具体——抽象 Do you think this dictionary of English is the supreme court in all matters concerning English words? 你认为这本英语词典是英语词汇的权威词典吗？ See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous, the news for the next four weeks was never distinct. 在那以后的四个星期内，消息时而部分有所好转，时而 又有点不妙，两种情况不断地交替出现，一直没有明朗 化。
第一讲词义选择引申褒贬解析
Brain drain has been Kangding’s No.1 concern; as a matter of fact, it has been an epidemic in this area. 译：人才外流一直是康定的头号问题，实际上， 它已经成为那一地区带普遍性的严峻问题。 析：brain 由“头脑”抽象化为“人才”， concern 由“关心的事情”抽象化为“问题”， epidemic 由“流行病”抽象化为“带普遍性的 严峻问题”。
实用英汉翻译基础教程
Basic Course on English-Chinese Translation
词义选择 词义引申 词义褒贬 练习
词义的选择
英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词 往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义。一词多义就是说同一个词在 同一个词类中，又往往有几个不同的词义。在英汉翻译过程中，我们在 弄清原句结构后就要善于选择和确定原句中关键词的词义。
“正确的用词同几乎正确的用词之区别就好比闪电同萤火虫之区 别”。 ——马克吐温
选择了恰当的词语，真乃犹如闪电，让你眼前一亮，仿佛看到智慧 的光芒。
I got on horseback within ten minutes after I got your letter. When I got to Canterbury, I got a chaise for town, but I got wet through, and have got such a cold that I shall not get rid of it in a hurry. I got to the Treasury about noon, but first of all got shaved and dressed.
实用英汉翻译基础教程
Basic Course on English-Chinese Translation
词义选择 词义引申 词义褒贬 练习
词义的选择
英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词 往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义。一词多义就是说同一个词在 同一个词类中，又往往有几个不同的词义。在英汉翻译过程中，我们在 弄清原句结构后就要善于选择和确定原句中关键词的词义。
“正确的用词同几乎正确的用词之区别就好比闪电同萤火虫之区 别”。 ——马克吐温
选择了恰当的词语，真乃犹如闪电，让你眼前一亮，仿佛看到智慧 的光芒。
I got on horseback within ten minutes after I got your letter. When I got to Canterbury, I got a chaise for town, but I got wet through, and have got such a cold that I shall not get rid of it in a hurry. I got to the Treasury about noon, but first of all got shaved and dressed.
week 7 第四章1词义的选择、引申和褒贬
轻音乐 轻微的损失 轻便的汽车 轻松的心情 轻快的脚步 轻浮的举止 轻巧的装备 轻松的工作 轻柔的声音
Reasons for using diction： Polysemy and different collocation
eat soup heavy rain
strong wind
black tea
第四章
第一节 词义的选择、引申和褒贬
一、词义的选译 Diction
By ―diction‖ we mean the proper
choice of words and phrases in
translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original.
brown sugar
strong tea prime time
喝汤 大雨 大风 红茶 红糖 浓茶 黄金时间
选择词义的要领
1. 根据词性选择词义
2. 根据上下文及逻辑关系选择词义 3. 根据搭配选择词义
1. 根据词性选择词义
Every penny I earned from the work was
词义的引申主要包括：
– 抽象化引申 – 具体化引申 – 典故的词义引申
2.1 抽象化引申
I was practically on my knees but he still
refused. 我几乎是苦苦哀求，但他依然拒绝。 The two sisters were usually in agreement on most issues, but they were at swords’ points on the matter of abortion. 在很多问题上姐妹俩的意见通常是一致的， 但在人工流产问题上，她们是有激烈争 执的。
词义的选择、引申和褒贬1
（三） 根据全文或句子的知识内容
There are known knowns. These are things we know that we know. There are known unknowns. These are things that we know we don’t know. But there are also unknown unknowns. These are things we don’t know. 我们懂得我们知道一些人所知的情况，我们也懂得我们还不知道 众所周知的不可预测的形势，但还存在我们没有意识到我们不懂的 尚未了解的未知局面。
The insurance was invalid for the invalid. 该险种对残疾人无效。形容词，无效的；名词，残疾人
The wind was too strong to wind the soil. 风太大以至于吹不起风帆。名词，风；动词，吹动
The dump was full to refuse more refuse. 垃圾堆已堆满，不能再堆了。动词，拒绝；名词，垃圾
（二） 根据搭配
请让一让。
Excuse me. / Please let me pass. 她让我在雨里等了两个钟头。
She kept me waiting in the rain as long as two hours. 大夫让我卧床。
The doctor advised me to stay in bed. 他把客人让进来。
剧痛 急转弯 激烈的斗争
4. 尖刻，苛刻，易怒： A sharp tongue A sharp temper A sharp criticism
5. 刺骨，刺鼻，刺耳： A sharp frost A sharp smell A sharp voice
英汉互译常用技巧一
英汉互译常用技巧（一）词义的选择、引申和褒贬课后练习一、词义选择与延伸1.Japanese army killed millions of innocent people during the war.2.Three men were killed in the accident .3.The engine was killed by the flood .4.Y our joke nearly kill me .5.He is a man of confidence.6.He walked at the head of the funeral procession，and every now and then wiped away hishypocritical tears with a big handkerchief．7.We insist that international trade should not be a one-way street.8.Watergate consumes Richard Nixon’s presidency.9.The lack of confidence failed her in the competition.二、词义甄别1.数以万计的中外客商云集申城。
2.大量难民涌入了巴基斯坦。
3.19世纪有大批的人涌入南非去淘金。
4.在她生日那天，信函和礼物像雪片一样飞来。
三、词义褒贬1、The president was respected by his people for his foresightedness.2、The politician was notorious for his double dealing.3、Y ou flattered me!4、She felt greatly flattered when she received the invitation to deliver a lecture.5、Edison invented the gramophone and the electric light.6、People sometimes invent excuses to go out of work.7、The years steal by.8、That thermometer must be lying.9、对不起，我还没有请教您的尊姓大名呢？段落练习：A Translate the underlined part of the following text into English.我想不起来哪一个熟人没有手机。
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（二） 根据搭配
Don’t pick up strange boys. 别和不认识的男 before six? 你能不能在6点以前来接我？ She picked up a used camera at the flea market. 她在跳蚤市场买了一架旧照相机。
（二） 根据搭配
我可不吃这一套。
I won’t take all this lying down. 他要请我们吃馆子。
He is going to invite us out to dinner. 这种纸不吃墨水。
This kind of paper doesn’t absorb ink. 这件事你如果说出去，我叫你吃不了兜着走。
If you let this leak out, I’ll make you sorry for it. 只要技术好，到哪儿都吃得开。 A person who has expertise is welcome anywhere. 他在银行存款，吃利息。 He deposits money in the bank to get interests.
（四） 根据词性不同，词义不同
I want to present everyone present a present. 我想给在场的各位赠送一份礼物。 动词，赠送；形容词，在场的；名词，礼物 He was too close to the door to close it. 他离门太近以至于关不了门。 形容词，接近的；动词，关
It is wise to object to the unknown object. 拒绝不明物体是明智的。 动词，拒绝；名词，物体 Peter decided to desert his wife in the desert. 彼得决定把妻子抛弃在沙漠里。 动词，抛弃；名词。沙漠
The insurance was invalid for the invalid. 该险种对残疾人无效。形容词，无效的；名词，残疾人
The wind was too strong to wind the soil. 风太大，吹动了风帆。名词，风；动词，吹动
The dump was full to refuse more refuse. 垃圾堆已堆满，不能再堆了。动词，拒绝；名词，垃圾
（二） 根据搭配
请让一让。
Excuse me. / Please let me pass. 她让我在雨里等了两个钟头。
She kept me waiting in the rain as long as two hours. 大夫让我卧床。
The doctor advised me to stay in bed. 他把客人让进来。
（三） 根据全文或句子的知识内容
There are known knowns. These are things we know that we know. There are known unknowns. These are things that we know we don’t know. But there are also unknown unknowns. These are things we don’t know. 我们懂得我们知道一些人所知的情况，我们也懂得我们还不知道 众所周知的不可预测的形势，但还存在我们没有意识到我们不懂的 尚未了解的未知局面。
His health picked up after a week in hospital.
他在医院住了一个星期，身体有所恢复。 How did you manage to pick up the language in such a short period of time? 你怎么能在这么短的时间里学会这种语言？ There are men in the factory picking up eighty pounds a week? 那个工厂的工人一周能挣80英镑？
词义的选择、引申和褒贬
一 词义的选择
toilet
Toilet table 梳妆台 Toilet water 花露水 Toilet powder 爽身粉 An elaborate toilet 盛装
make
Make way 让路 Make progress 取得进步 Make bed 铺床 Make a dictionary 编字典
词义选择的考虑因素
（一） 根据名词的单复数 （二） 根据搭配 （三） 根据全文或句子的知识内容 （四） 根据词性不同，词义不同 （五） 根据词性相同，词义不同
（一） 根据名词的单复数
air 空气 airs 神气 time 时间 times 时代 good 好的 goods 货物 wood 木材 woods 森林 work 工作 works 著作 salt 食盐 salts 泻药 custom 习俗 customs 关税 minute 分钟 minutes 会议记录
He invites the guest in. 他是你弟弟，你该让着他点儿。 He is your brother. You should humor him a little. (迁就，迎合)
店主让我父亲一天干16个小时的活。 The shop-owner made my father work 16 hours a day.
吃
吃喜酒 吃醋 吃香
吃透 吃不消
Attend the wedding banquet Be jealous
Be very popular Have a thorough grasp more than one can stand
意见
征求意见 Ask one’s suggestion 取得一致意见 Reach an agreement 补充几点意见 Add some points to 对某人很有意见 Have complaints about/of