Perspective in Next-Generation Home Networks-Toward Optical Solutions
家长是否要控制孩子使用网络英语作文
家长是否要控制孩子使用网络英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Should Parents Control Children's Use of Internet Slang?The internet has become an integral part of our daily lives, shaping the way we communicate and interact with one another. As a result, a new form of language has emerged, commonly referred to as "internet slang." This linguistic phenomenon, characterized by abbreviations, acronyms, and creative expressions, has become ubiquitous among the younger generation, raising concerns among parents and educators alike. The question of whether parents should control their children's use of internet slang is a complex one, with valid arguments on both sides. In this essay, I will explore the pros and cons of this issue from my perspective as a student.On one hand, I can understand the apprehension of parents regarding the excessive use of internet slang. They may view it as a degradation of language, a departure from proper grammar and vocabulary. There is a legitimate concern that overreliance on internet slang could hinder a child's ability to communicateeffectively in formal settings, such as academic or professional environments. After all, the use of abbreviations like "LOL" (laugh out loud) or "YOLO" (you only live once) would be deemed inappropriate in a job interview or a scholarly essay.Furthermore, parents may worry that the casual nature of internet slang could foster a lackadaisical attitude towards language and communication. They might fear that their children will become accustomed to shortcuts and lose the ability to express themselves eloquently and precisely. This concern is not unfounded, as clear and effective communication is a crucial skill in today's world.However, as a student who is deeply immersed in the digital age, I believe that internet slang serves a valuable purpose and should not be outright dismissed or prohibited. Language is a living, evolving entity, and the emergence of new linguistic forms is a natural consequence of cultural and technological changes. Internet slang is a reflection of our generation's adaptation to the digital landscape, and it facilitates efficient and concise communication within our online communities.Moreover, the use of internet slang can foster a sense of belonging and identity among peers. It is a way for us to connect with one another, share experiences, and establish a uniquelinguistic culture. By embracing this form of communication, we are actively shaping the evolution of language, just as previous generations have done throughout history.It is also important to recognize that internet slang is not a replacement for formal language but rather a complementary mode of expression. As students, we are fully aware of the need to switch between different registers of language depending on the context. We can seamlessly transition from using internet slang in casual conversations with friends to adopting a more formal tone in academic or professional settings.Additionally, the ability to understand and navigate internet slang can be seen as a valuable skill in our increasingly digital world. It demonstrates an understanding of contemporary culture and an aptitude for adapting to new modes of communication. Employers and educators who recognize the significance of this linguistic phenomenon may view it as a positive attribute, reflecting a student's ability to adapt and communicate effectively in diverse contexts.That being said, I acknowledge the importance of striking a balance and ensuring that the use of internet slang does not overshadow the development of proper language skills. Parents can play a crucial role in guiding their children to understand theappropriate contexts for various linguistic registers. They can encourage their children to maintain a strong grasp of formal language while allowing them to embrace internet slang in suitable situations.In conclusion, the debate surrounding whether parents should control their children's use of internet slang is a complex one, with valid arguments on both sides. While parents may have concerns about the potential negative impact of internet slang on language development and communication skills, it is essential to recognize the value and cultural significance of this linguistic phenomenon. As a student, I believe that embracing internet slang can foster a sense of belonging, facilitate efficient communication within online communities, and demonstrate adaptability in a rapidly evolving digital world.However, I also acknowledge the importance of maintaining a balance and ensuring that the use of internet slang does not overshadow the development of proper language skills. Parents can play a crucial role in guiding their children to understand the appropriate contexts for various linguistic registers, fostering an appreciation for the nuances of language and effective communication.Ultimately, language is a dynamic and ever-changing entity, and the emergence of new linguistic forms is an inevitable consequence of cultural and technological evolution. By embracing internet slang while also nurturing a strong foundation in formal language, we can navigate the complexities of modern communication effectively and continue to shape the future of language itself.篇2Should Parents Control Their Kids' Online Language?As someone who has grown up with the internet and social media being a huge part of my life, I've seen firsthand how it has impacted the way my generation communicates. From acronyms and abbreviations to memes and slang, the language we use online is constantly evolving and often quite different from the formal English taught in school. This has led to a lot of debate and concern from parents and educators about whether this informal "internet language" is detrimental to kids' language skills and academic performance.On one hand, I can completely understand the worries. It's true that a lot of the shorthand and abbreviations used in text messages, social media posts, etc. would be consideredunacceptable in formal writing. Seeing "u" instead of "you", improper capitalization, lack of punctuation, and excessive use of emojis and memes could be seen as lazy or sloppy communication. There's a legitimate fear that overusing this type of informal online language could make it harder for kids to switch to proper English when needed for schoolwork, job applications, etc.However, I also think it's important to recognize that the internet and digital communication are now integral parts of our lives, especially for young people. We don't just use online language for informal chatting - a huge amount of socialization, self-expression, exchanging ideas and information happens via messaging apps, social media, online forums, and more. In that context, internet language with all its quirks and nuances is a valid form of communication, with its own set of rules, aesthetics and culture. It allows us to convey meaning, emotion and nuance in a concise but creative way. Used properly, abbreviations and slang can make digital conversations feel more natural, likeyou're actually talking to someone.Moreover, I'd argue that being truly literate in today's world means having the ability to switch between different communication styles and mediums as needed. It's aboutcode-switching - using formal language for essays and emails, while also being able to leverage more篇3Should Parents Control Their Kids' Internet Slang? A Student's PerspectiveWhat's up, fam? It's ya girl back again with a hot take on a topic that's got everyone from teachers to parents in a tizzy - internet slang and whether it's something that needs to be controlled or not. As a student who's grown up with the web and all its glorious memes and slang terms, I've got a few thoughts to share.First off, let's get one thing straight - slang has existed forever and it's nothing new. Our ancestors probably threw around some wild lingo back in the day that made their elders clutch their proverbial pearls. It's just the natural evolution of language, keeping things fresh and reflecting the culture of the times. The difference now is that the internet has massively accelerated the spread and adoption of new slang terms worldwide.That dank new slang you just learned? It probably originated on some random forum or social media platform before goingviral and becoming a part of the mainstream teen vernacular in a matter of weeks. The web's interconnectivity is both a blessing and a curse, allowing novel lingo to penetrate across borders and generations at light speed. No wonder parents and teachers get big mad about it sometimes.From their perspective, I can kinda see why they get their knickers in a twist over kids peppering their speech with "yeets," "skrrts," and whatever other bizarre verbiage is trendy on TikTok this week. To them, it can seem like their precious offspring are straying into some unholy new language that dilutes and devalues proper English. The horror!As a student though, I don't see what the big deal is. We're not dumb - we know there's a time and place for more formal language, like in the classroom or in professional contexts. But when we're just kicking it with friends, why can't we liven up our banter with some silly Internet-inspired lingo? It's all just harmless fun.Attempting to strictly control or ban this kind of casual slang usage seems futile and a bit draconian to me. You're never going to stop the unrelenting march of language evolution, no matter how much you try to stem the tide of newfangled slang. It's like trying to hold back the ocean with a bucket.I think a better approach is for parents to take a chill pill and embrace their kids' clever punnery and wordsmithing instead of slamming on the brakes. Make it a bonding experience - ask them to explain some of the more wild terminology and where it came from. You might be surprised at the interesting etymologies and cultural contexts behind terms that initially seem nonsensical.At the same time, make sure your children understand that there's a difference between casual social language and the more formal, proper English required in academic and professional spheres. It's all about code-switching and being able to adapt your communication style to fit the situation. That's a valuable skill that will serve them well as they navigate different social and career environments as adults.Personally, I enjoy both the rich, nuanced beauty of the English language as well as the irreverent, ever-evolving slang that keeps it young and vibrant. They're two sides of the same coin in my book. I can Shakespearean soliloquize with the best of 'em when an elegant turn of phrase is required. But I also never pass up an opportunity to hit my friends with a deftly deployed "big mood" or a "no cap" for extra emphasis and flair.At the end of the day, language belongs to the people. It's a living, breathing thing that will continually morph and transform, regardless of what dusty old definitions in the dictionary have to say about it. Slang and memes are just the latest evolution, tailored to the digital age we live in. It's how the youth of today communicate and connect in their own unique way.So my advice to parents is this: instead of fighting the unstoppable tide of youthful linguistics, why not dive in headfirst and enjoy the ride? Who knows, you might actually think some of those nonsensical new slang terms are low-key fire once you understand their fascinating origins and nuanced meanings. And if not, well...okay boomer, I guess.。
中国对人工智能的担忧失业问题的英语作文
中国对人工智能的担忧失业问题的英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1China's AI Job Loss Fears: A Student's PerspectiveAs a university student in China, the rapid development of artificial intelligence is both exhilarating and concerning. On one hand, the incredible potential of AI to revolutionize industries, streamline processes, and unlock new realms of innovation is undeniably exciting. However, the flip side of this technological marvel has left many of my peers and I grappling with a looming sense of uncertainty – the fear of being rendered obsolete in the job market by increasingly capable AI systems.This apprehension is not unfounded. China, with its massive population and labor force, stands to be profoundly impacted by the widespread adoption of AI across various sectors. The allure of AI lies in its ability to perform tasks with unparalleled efficiency, accuracy, and consistency, often surpassing human capabilities. From manufacturing and logistics to finance and healthcare, AI algorithms are rapidly encroaching upon domains traditionally dominated by human workers.The Chinese government has acknowledged these concerns, with President Xi Jinping urging the nation to brace for potential employment challenges posed by AI. Policy makers and industry leaders are grappling with the intricate balance between embracing technological progress and mitigating the socioeconomic repercussions of job displacement.As students, we find ourselves at the crux of this dilemma. Our education and career prospects are inextricably linked to the evolving job landscape, which is being reshaped by AI's relentless march. The fear of our hard-earned degrees becoming obsolete or facing diminished job opportunities is a constant source of anxiety.Consider the field of translation, for instance. Machine translation systems, powered by deep learning algorithms and vast language corpora, are increasingly capable of rendering human translators redundant in certain contexts. As an English major, the prospect of AI encroaching upon this profession is particularly unsettling.Similarly, industries like manufacturing, once bastions of human labor, are rapidly automating with the integration of robotics and AI-driven systems. The allure of increased efficiency and cost savings is prompting many Chinese companies toembrace these technologies, potentially displacing millions of factory workers in the process.Even the realm of creative endeavors, long considered a human bastion, is not immune to AI's encroachment. Generative AI models can now produce art, music, and written content that rivals human creativity, posing a threat to artists, musicians, and writers alike.Amidst these concerns, some argue that AI will create new job opportunities in fields such as AI development, data analysis, and robotics maintenance. However, the skills required for these emerging roles may not align with the educational backgrounds of many current students, exacerbating the job market mismatch.Furthermore, the pace of AI adoption and job displacement may outstrip the ability of educational institutions and policymakers to adapt curricula and reskilling programs, leaving many ill-prepared for the AI-driven workforce.It is essential to acknowledge that these concerns transcend individual career prospects and have far-reaching societal implications. Widespread job losses due to AI could exacerbate income inequality, social unrest, and a widening wealth gap, particularly in a densely populated nation like China.As students, we understand the imperative of embracing technological progress while safeguarding the well-being of the workforce. We call upon policymakers, educators, and industry leaders to proactively address these challenges through amulti-pronged approach.Firstly, educational reforms are crucial to equip the next generation with the skills necessary to thrive in an AI-driven economy. Curriculums must evolve to emphasize interdisciplinary knowledge, critical thinking, and adaptability –traits that will remain valuable as AI automates routine tasks. Fostering a lifelong learning mindset and promoting reskilling initiatives will be pivotal in ensuring a smooth transition for workers whose jobs are impacted by AI.Secondly, a robust social safety net and worker retraining programs are essential to cushion the blow of job displacement and facilitate the transition to new employment opportunities. Initiatives such as unemployment benefits, job placement assistance, and vocational training can mitigate the adverse socioeconomic consequences of AI-driven job losses.Thirdly, regulatory frameworks and ethical guidelines must be established to govern the responsible development and deployment of AI systems. Ensuring transparency, accountability,and adherence to ethical principles can help alleviate concerns about AI's impact on employment while promoting public trust in these technologies.Additionally, encouraging public-private partnerships and fostering an environment conducive to entrepreneurship and innovation could catalyze the creation of new job opportunities in AI-adjacent fields, counterbalancing the job losses in traditional sectors.Ultimately, the path forward lies in striking a delicate balance between embracing the transformative potential of AI and proactively mitigating its disruptive impact on the job market. By addressing these concerns through a collaborative,multi-stakeholder approach, China can navigate the AI revolution while safeguarding the interests and well-being of its workforce, including the students who represent the nation's future.As students, we remain hopeful that with foresight, prudent policymaking, and a commitment to lifelong learning, we can harness the power of AI while minimizing its detrimental effects on employment. The challenges are formidable, but the rewards of a harmonious integration of AI into the workforce could usher in a new era of prosperity and progress for China and its people.篇2China's Concerns About AI-Driven Job LossesArtificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly advancing and being integrated into more industries and aspects of life. While AI offers immense potential benefits, there are also valid fears about the technology's disruptive impact on employment. As a university student in China, I am acutely aware of my country's concerns surrounding AI-driven job displacement.China has the world's largest population at nearly 1.4 billion people. Maintaining economic growth and plentiful job opportunities for this massive workforce is a monumental challenge. Any threats to employment need to be taken seriously. AI undoubtedly poses such a threat in the coming decades as the technology grows more sophisticated and capable across multiple sectors.Manufacturing has long been an economic pillar and major employer in China. However, factories are increasingly automating production lines by installing industrial robots and AI systems to monitor operations. Global companies like Foxconn have already fired human workers in favor of machines at their Chinese facilities. While increasing factory productivity,the AI automation trend puts millions of Chinese manufacturing jobs at risk of becoming obsolete.Furthermore, AI could make white-collar office jobs also vulnerable to automation. AI language models can already generate human-like writing, reports, emails, and more. They can parse legal documents, analyze data, give financial advice, answer questions on almost any topic, and complete other knowledge work tasks traditionally performed by educated professionals. As this technology improves, it raises existential fears for many of China's graduates entering fields like law, finance, consulting, journalism, and marketing.The service sector likewise faces threats from advanced AI that could automate roles like customer service, food service, delivery work, and transportation. Self-driving vehicles powered by AI could eventually replace human drivers across industries. Even creative fields like art and music composition are seeing AI make impressive strides through tools like DALL-E for image generation and Dance Diffusion for choreography creation.Given AI's disruptive potential across so many industries, addressing the displacement of human workers is one of the greatest socioeconomic challenges facing China. If not handled properly, severe unemployment caused by AI automation couldspark social unrest, political turmoil, and an overall decline in economic prosperity and living standards for the Chinese people.The Chinese government understands these risks and has been studying and strategizing around AI's impact on jobs. In recent years, Beijing has published policy guidelines emphasizing the need for AI development to create jobs as well as replace them. The policies call for sectors able to effectively integrate human workers and AI to support employment and economic growth.However, many experts are skeptical that this goal can truly be achieved given the relentless pace of AI capabilities expanding across diverse fields. History shows that while new jobs emerge during industrial revolutions, employment transitions are severely disrupted in the short-to-medium term as human labor is made obsolete and redundant.Prominent Chinese AI scientists and researchers have sounded the alarm on this issue as well. For example, Kai-Fu Lee, a pioneering AI researcher and venture capitalist, has warned repeatedly that AI systems will increasingly replace humans across multiple blue-collar and white-collar job categories. He advocates providing widespread re-training programs andpursuing a human-AI collaboration model rather than automating all human work.On university campuses across China, there is palpable anxiety among students regarding AI's potential to limit future career opportunities. Many young people feel growing uncertainty about which majors and jobs will remain viable as AI encroaches into more fields traditionally filled by human workers.Personally, I vacillate between being awed by AI's amazing capabilities and being terrified of what its progression means for my generation's job prospects and long-term economic security. When considering potential career paths, I find myself studying AI employment projection reports perhaps more intensely than my coursework itself.Hearing the perspectives of professors and guest speakers on this issue yields a wide spectrum of opinions and advice. Some firmly believe that human ingenuity, empathy, and creative thinking will always provide value that AI cannot match. Pursuing roles that leverage these unique human traits is their recommendation.Others, however, adopt a more alarmist viewpoint. They argue that continued AI breakthroughs will eventually automateeven roles relying on cognitive skills once believed to be exclusively human capabilities. Under this scenario, perhaps only the small portion of society directly working in AI development would be virtually immune from obsolescence.So where does this leave China's youth in planning for our professional futures? There are no easy answers. Clearly, developing skill-sets and pursuing careers intersecting with AI technologies offers some degree of job security. However, that is little solace given the immense scope of AI's disruption washing over industry after industry.The employment quandary posed by AI requiresmulti-pronged solutions. Policies must be implemented to support displaced workers through re-training programs, universal basic income, subsidized education opportunities, and other societal benefits. Having one's livelihood and purpose tied solely to a job or career eventually made obsolete by machines is an incredibly demoralizing prospect that society cannot ignore.AI governance and ethical development frameworks are essential as well to ensure advancement of the technology proceeds in a manner benefiting humanity rather than imperiling our labor force and socioeconomic fabric. Global cooperationand alignment on AI ethics will be crucial as the technology impacts every nation and culture.Additionally, curricula and pedagogical approaches from childhood through higher education must evolve to prepare future generations for an AI-driven world. Science, technology, engineering, creativity, emotional intelligence, critical thinking, and multi-disciplinary learning should all be reinforced. Understanding and collaborating with AI systems will be vital skillsets.Ultimately, whether one is an optimist or doomsayer regarding AI's impact on employment, the seismic shifts occurring are undeniable and daunting. No individual, organization, or nation will be unaffected. As an aspiring young professional in China, I am deeply concerned about these issues but trying to maintain hope and diligently prepare myself in whatever ways possible. The challenges are historic in magnitude, but so is humankind's capacity for innovating solutions to existential threats.篇3The Rise of AI and China's Employment ConcernsRapid advances in artificial intelligence (AI) technology have set off alarm bells across many nations, sparking fears of widespread job losses and economic disruption. As a major world power heavily invested in AI development, China is no exception to these concerns. The potential impact of AI on employment weighs heavily on the minds of policymakers, businesses, and citizens alike.At the heart of the matter lies the remarkable capability of AI systems to automate a wide range of tasks traditionally performed by humans. From data analysis and customer service to manufacturing and logistics, AI algorithms can replicate and even surpass human abilities with unparalleled efficiency and accuracy. This technological prowess has raised understandable apprehensions about the future of human labor.China's unique position as both a global leader in AI innovation and the world's most populous nation further amplifies these anxieties. With a workforce of over 800 million, even a modest percentage of job displacement could translate into staggering numbers of displaced workers. The ramifications of such an event on societal stability and economic growth could be severe.The specter of job losses haunts various sectors of the Chinese economy. In manufacturing, a cornerstone of China's economic might, AI-powered robotics and automation threaten to render entire production lines obsolete, potentially decimating millions of jobs. The service industry, too, faces disruption as AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants become increasingly sophisticated, raising questions about the future of human customer service representatives.Moreover, the potential impact extends beyond blue-collar and service occupations. With AI's ability to crunch vast amounts of data, analyze patterns, and generate insights, even highly skilled professionals in fields like finance, law, and healthcare could find their roles challenged by machine intelligence.Recognizing these risks, the Chinese government has taken proactive steps to mitigate the potential fallout. Policy initiatives have been introduced to foster AI development while simultaneously addressing employment concerns. These include retraining programs to equip workers with AI-relevant skills, incentives for businesses to retain human employees alongside AI systems, and investments in emerging industries that could generate new job opportunities.However, implementing effective solutions is easier said than done. The sheer scale of China's population and the breakneck pace of AI advancement pose formidable challenges. Retraining millions of workers in a timely and cost-effective manner is a herculean task, and predicting which industries will thrive in an AI-driven future is a guessing game fraught with uncertainties.Furthermore, the societal and cultural implications ofAI-driven job displacement cannot be overlooked. In a nation where stable employment and economic security are deeply ingrained values, the prospect of widespread joblessness could fuel social unrest and erode public trust in technological progress.Despite these daunting challenges, there are also glimmers of hope. Some experts argue that AI will create new job opportunities in tandem with those it eliminates. As AI automates routine tasks, human workers could shift their focus to more creative, strategic, and uniquely human endeavors that machines cannot easily replicate. This potential for job creation in AI-adjacent fields, such as AI development, data science, and ethical AI governance, could partially offset job losses in other sectors.Moreover, the integration of AI into existing workflows could enhance human productivity and efficiency, potentially increasing overall economic output and generating new employment opportunities. For instance, AI-powered diagnostic tools could enable healthcare professionals to handle more patients, while AI-driven supply chain optimization could boost manufacturing output and create demand for human workers.Ultimately, the impact of AI on China's employment landscape will depend on a delicate balancing act between technological advancement and proactive measures to mitigate job displacement. Effective policymaking, workforce retraining, and strategic investments in emerging industries will be crucial in navigating this transition.As a student witnessing these developments unfold, I cannot help but ponder the implications for my own future career prospects. The rapid pace of AI advancement has instilled a sense of urgency to acquire AI-relevant skills and cultivate adaptability. While the prospect of job displacement is daunting, I also recognize the immense potential of AI to generate new opportunities in fields we can scarcely imagine today.Perhaps the greatest challenge lies in striking the right balance between embracing AI's transformative potential andsafeguarding the well-being of workers and societal stability. It is a delicate tightrope walk, but one that must be navigated with foresight, pragmatism, and a deep commitment to ethical and equitable technological progress.As China navigates this uncharted territory, the world watches with bated breath, for the reverberations of its AI journey will undoubtedly echo across the global stage. The choices made today will shape not only China's economic trajectory but also the very nature of work and human endeavor for generations to come.。
关心下一代超过上一代的英语作文
关心下一代超过上一代的英语作文Caring for the Next Generation More Than the Previous GenerationIntroductionIn today's rapidly changing world, it is important for society to prioritize the well-being and success of the next generation over that of the previous generation. By focusing on the needs and challenges faced by young people, we can create a better future for all. In this essay, we will explore the reasons why it is crucial to care for the next generation more than the previous generation and propose some strategies to achieve this goal.Why We Should Care for the Next Generation More1. Greater potential for growth and innovationOne of the main reasons we should prioritize the next generation is that they represent the future of our society. Young people have a boundless potential for growth and innovation, and by investing in their education, skills development, and well-being, we can ensure that they have the tools they need to succeed and make a positive impact on the world.2. Addressing current challengesThe next generation faces a number of unique challenges, such as climate change, technological disruption, and economic instability. By focusing on their needs and supporting them in facing these challenges, we can create a more sustainable and prosperous future for all. In addition, by listening to their concerns and ideas, we can tap into their creativity and fresh perspective to find solutions to complex problems.3. Creating a more inclusive and equitable societyCaring for the next generation also means working to create a more inclusive and equitable society. By investing in programs that support young people from marginalized backgrounds, we can help to level the playing field and ensure that all children have the opportunity to thrive. This not only benefits the individual children but also contributes to a more just and cohesive society as a whole.Strategies for Caring for the Next Generation1. Investing in education and skills developmentOne of the most important ways to care for the next generation is to invest in their education and skills development. This means providing children with access to quality schools, teachers, and resources, as well as opportunities for vocationaltraining and lifelong learning. By equipping young people with the knowledge and skills they need to succeed in the 21st century, we can empower them to reach their full potential and contribute to society.2. Supporting mental health and well-beingAnother crucial aspect of caring for the next generation is supporting their mental health and well-being. Young people today face unprecedented levels of stress, anxiety, and depression, often exacerbated by factors such as social media, academic pressure, and family dynamics. By providing children with access to mental health resources, counseling services, and supportive adults, we can help them navigate these challenges and build resilience for the future.3. Fostering civic engagement and leadershipFinally, caring for the next generation means empowering young people to become active and engaged citizens in their communities and beyond. This can involve providing opportunities for youth leadership, volunteerism, and advocacy, as well as teaching them the importance of social responsibility and sustainable development. By nurturing the next generation of leaders and change-makers, we can ensure that they have theskills and motivation to tackle pressing social issues and create a more just and equitable world.ConclusionIn conclusion, it is imperative that we prioritize the needs and well-being of the next generation over that of the previous generation. By investing in their education, supporting their mental health, and fostering their civic engagement, we can create a more prosperous, equitable, and sustainable future for all. It is only by caring for the next generation that we can ensure a brighter tomorrow for ourselves, our children, and generations to come.。
关心下一代工作总结报告2篇
关心下一代工作总结报告关心下一代工作总结报告精选2篇（一）尊敬的领导：我认为我们应该对下一代工作总结报告给予非常关注。
下一代是我们国家的将来，他们的成长和开展将直接影响着国家的繁荣和稳定。
因此，我们需要认真分析和总结过去的经历教训，为下一代的成长提供更好的时机和环境。
首先，我们需要明确下一代的需求和挑战。
随着社会的快速变化和经济的快速开展，下一代所面临的问题和压力也与以往不同。
他们需要适应新的科技创新和社会变革，同时也需要应对就业竞争和人际关系等方面的挑战。
因此，我们需要通过对下一代的需求进展深化研究，以便为他们提供相应的支持和帮助。
其次，我们需要关注下一代的教育和培训。
教育是培养和开展下一代的关键一环，它不仅涉及到知识的传授，更包括了品德的培养和个性的塑造。
因此，我们需要关注教育体制的改革和创新，进步教育质量和教育公平。
同时，我们也需要关注职业教育和技术培训，为下一代提供更多的就业时机和职业开展的可能性。
最后，我们需要关注下一代的心理安康和社会适应才能。
随着社会的开展，压力和焦虑已经成为下一代面临的一大问题。
因此，我们需要关注心理安康教育，帮助他们认识和管理自己的情绪，进步自身的心理素质。
同时，我们也需要提供更多的社交时机和社会支持，帮助他们更好地适应社会环境。
总之，关注下一代的工作总结报告对于国家的将来开展至关重要。
通过深化研究和总结，我们可以为下一代提供更好的开展时机和支持，推动国家的繁荣和稳定。
因此，我建议我们应该加强对下一代工作总结报告的关注和重视。
关心下一代工作总结报告精选2篇（二）【Title】Next Generation Work Summary: Creating a Brighter Future 【Introduction】As a responsible member of the workforce, it is crucial to reflect upon and summarize the challenges and achievements of our generation, in order to guide and inspire the next generation towards a successful working life. This work summary aims to highlight the key aspects that the next generation needs to address in order to create a brighter future.【Body】1. Adaptability:The rapidly changing global landscape requires professionals to be adaptable. The next generation must embrace flexibility and be willing to learn new skills in order to stay relevant in an ever-evolving job market. They need to be open to change and ready to embrace new technologies and concepts.2. Lifelong Learning:Gone are the days when a formal education could guarantee a successful career. The next generation needs to understand the importance of continuous learning throughout their professional lives. They must actively seek opportunities for personal and professional development, whether through online courses, workshops, or working events.3. Global Perspective:With the world being increasingly interconnected, the next generation needs to cultivate a global perspective. They should strive to understand different cultures, languages, and business practices. Embracing diversity and inclusivity will not only enhance their professional growth but also contribute to building a more harmonious and prosperous world.4. Technological Proficiency:In the digital age, technology plays a central role in every industry. The next generation must grasp technological advancements and strive to be proficient in utilizing various digital tools and platforms. This will enable them to excel in their respective fields and leverage technology to find innovative solutions to plex problems.5. Work-Life Balance:While professional success is important, the next generation must also prioritize their well-being and mental health. Maintaining a healthy work-life balance is essential to avoid burnout and sustain long-term career growth. They should strive to create a harmonious synergy between their personal and professional lives, leading to a more fulfilling and enriching overall experience.【Conclusion】In conclusion, the next generation must be equipped with adaptability, lifelong learning, a global perspective, technological proficiency, and a healthy work-life balance. By embracing these key aspects, they can overe the challenges and seize the opportunities of the future, paving the way for a brighter and more prosperous working life. Let us guide and support them in this journey towards success.。
社会中的爱国者英语作文
社会中的爱国者英语作文Patriots in SocietyIn the ever-evolving landscape of our modern world, the concept of patriotism has become a subject of intense discussion and debate. As individuals, we are constantly confronted with the question of what it means to be a true patriot, and how this sentiment can be channeled to positively impact our communities and society as a whole. At the heart of this discourse lies the fundamental understanding that patriotism is not merely a passive affiliation with one's country, but rather an active engagement in the betterment of one's society.The role of the patriot in today's world is a multifaceted one, encompassing a range of responsibilities and actions. Firstly, a true patriot must possess a deep-rooted sense of civic duty, a willingness to contribute to the greater good of their community. This can manifest in a variety of ways, from volunteering in local organizations and charities to actively participating in the political process and advocating for policies that benefit the common good.One such example of a patriotic individual is John, a middle-aged businessman who has dedicated a significant portion of his time and resources to improving the education system in his city. Recognizing the vital importance of providing quality education to the youth, John has volunteered as a mentor in underprivileged schools, sharing his expertise and guiding young minds towards a brighter future. Additionally, he has spearheaded fundraising initiatives to secure much-needed resources for these institutions, ensuring that students from all backgrounds have access to the tools and opportunities they need to succeed.John's actions exemplify the essence of patriotism – a deep-seated commitment to the betterment of one's community, regardless of personal gain or recognition. By investing in the education of the next generation, he is not only shaping the future of his city but also instilling a sense of civic responsibility in those he mentors. This ripple effect is a testament to the power of individual action, and the profound impact that a patriotic mindset can have on society.However, patriotism is not limited to community-based initiatives; it also encompasses a broader understanding of one's role as a global citizen. In an increasingly interconnected world, the actions of individuals can have far-reaching consequences, both positive and negative. A true patriot, therefore, must be cognizant of their impacton the world stage and strive to be a force for positive change.Take, for example, the case of Sarah, a young environmental activist who has dedicated her life to fighting climate change. Recognizing the global nature of this crisis, Sarah has not only organized local initiatives to promote sustainable practices but has also advocated for international cooperation and policy reform. She has traveled to various countries, sharing her knowledge and inspiring others to join the fight against environmental degradation. By taking this global perspective, Sarah has demonstrated that patriotism is not limited to national borders, but rather encompasses a responsibility to the entire human family.The patriot's role in society is further complicated by the ever-evolving nature of the challenges we face. In an era of rapid technological advancement, the patriot must be adaptable, able to navigate the complexities of a constantly changing landscape. This may involve embracing new technologies and finding innovative solutions to pressing issues, or challenging the status quo and pushing for necessary reforms.One such individual is Alex, a tech-savvy civic-minded entrepreneur who has developed a mobile application to streamline the process of reporting and addressing local infrastructure issues. By empowering citizens to easily identify and report problems, such as potholes orbroken streetlights, Alex's app has facilitated a more efficient and responsive government, ultimately improving the quality of life for his fellow citizens. This innovative approach to civic engagement exemplifies the adaptability and forward-thinking mindset that modern-day patriots must possess.Ultimately, the true patriot is not defined by a single action or characteristic, but rather by a holistic commitment to the betterment of their society and the world at large. They are individuals who recognize the interconnectedness of all people and are willing to make sacrifices, take risks, and challenge the status quo in pursuit of a greater good. Whether it's through community-based initiatives, global advocacy, or innovative problem-solving, the patriot's role is to inspire others, to lead by example, and to create a lasting positive impact on the world around them.In a time of growing social and political divisions, the need for such patriotic individuals has never been more pressing. By embracing the values of civic duty, global responsibility, and adaptability, we can cultivate a society of engaged and empowered citizens, each playing their part in creating a better world for all. It is through this collective effort, this shared sense of patriotism, that we can overcome the challenges we face and build a future of unity, progress, and prosperity.。
大学英语综合教程3
英语复习资料短语unit1（be）free of摆脱，免于draw the line（at）划清最后界限get away from it all远离这一切；have a point和情理；是明智的live with容忍off the grid 没有联网save for除……之外serve up sth.提供sniff at对……嗤之以鼻unit2a host of一大群；许多buck the tread抵制某种趋势；反潮流by definition依据定义；当然地center on以……为中心check off清点get out of the way使某人或某物不碍事in terms of根据，就……而言kick in开始生效unit3act out把……付诸行动be on one's way to 正要成为；正要做connect the dots 理清头绪for fear of 以防；生怕have no awareness of 不知道in service 在使用中；可运用keep sth.in perspective 适当处理；摆正位置play out 把戏演完；让戏上演seek out 追寻到；找到throw sb.off balance 使某人心神不安to that end 为了实现这个目标unit 4at the height of 在......的顶峰或鼎盛时期brim with 充满bring to mind 使想起conjure up 使呈现于脑际；使想起contrast with 与......形成对照；和......相对照draw attention to 吸引人注意...in great demand 需求量大的；受欢迎的refer to 提及unit 5after the manner of 仿效in company with 和...一起in miniature 小规模地jump about 跳来跳去make love to 向...示爱plunge into 纵身投入；一头进去unit6be concerned of 担心；忧虑be stuck in困于；陷于have...to do with与......有关make an appointment预约participate in参与plan ...out为......计划；策划take a toll (on)对......造成损失up to直到，多达，高达Unit7come into contact with与......打交道deter...from阻止in part在一定程度上in the/one's way碍人的，碍事的none the less尽管如此on the offensive处于攻势resonate with与......产生共鸣step in干预Unit8ahead of 在…………前面at risk 处于危险中/处境危险cling to 坚持/墨守excel in 擅长/善于give off 发出/放出/释放lose out to 输给………/被……取代put up with 忍受/容忍reside in 存在于rub off 传播/感染第一单元Landuage in use1.The change in economic environment gives him an (urge) towarda more ambitious goal,which makes him in (urgent) need of big investment.经济环境的变化使他渴望实现更远大的目标，这使他迫切需要大的投资。
英语作文人们应该向年长的人学习
英语作文人们应该向年长的人学习全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Learning from the elder is a common practice in many cultures around the world. It is believed that older people possess valuable knowledge, wisdom, and life experiences that can benefit the younger generation. In this essay, I will discuss why people should learn from older individuals and provide examples to support this idea.First and foremost, older people have accumulated a wealth of knowledge and wisdom over the course of their lives. They have lived through various experiences, both good and bad, and have gained insights that younger individuals may not have yet acquired. By learning from the elder, younger people can avoid making the same mistakes and can benefit from the advice and guidance of those who have been through similar situations.Moreover, older individuals often have a different perspective on life that can be valuable for younger people to learn from. They have witnessed significant historical events, societal changes, and personal challenges that have shaped theirviews and beliefs. By listening to their stories and experiences, younger individuals can gain a deeper understanding of the world around them and develop a more nuanced perspective on issues that affect society.Furthermore, older people serve as role models for the younger generation. They have typically lived a longer life and have had more time to establish themselves in their careers, relationships, and communities. By observing how older individuals navigate challenges, handle adversity, and maintain their integrity, younger people can learn valuable lessons on perseverance, resilience, and character.In addition to knowledge, wisdom, and life experiences, older people also possess valuable skills and expertise that can be passed down to the younger generation. Whether it is a craft, a trade, a hobby, or a profession, older individuals often have specialized knowledge that can benefit others. By learning from the elder, younger people can acquire new skills, discover new interests, and develop talents that they may not have otherwise explored.To illustrate the importance of learning from older individuals, let us consider the example of a young entrepreneur seeking advice on starting a business. By seeking guidance froman older, more experienced entrepreneur, the young individual can learn valuable insights on managing finances, marketing products, and building a successful company. The older entrepreneur can offer practical advice, share personal experiences, and provide mentorship that can help the younger individual avoid common pitfalls and achieve success in their business venture.In conclusion, it is clear that people should learn from older individuals for a variety of reasons. From gaining knowledge and wisdom to developing a broader perspective on life, older people have much to offer the younger generation. By listening to their stories, seeking their advice, and emulating their actions, younger individuals can benefit from the valuable lessons and experiences of the elder. In a rapidly changing world, the wisdom and guidance of older individuals can serve as a valuable resource for the next generation.篇2People Should Learn from Older PeopleAs the saying goes, wisdom comes with age. It is true that older people often have a wealth of knowledge and life experience that younger generations can benefit from. In today'sfast-paced world, it is more important than ever for people to learn from those who have come before them. In this essay, we will explore the reasons why people should look to older people for guidance and wisdom.First and foremost, older people have a unique perspective on life that comes from years of experience. They have lived through many ups and downs, successes and failures, and have a wealth of knowledge to share with the younger generation. By listening to their stories and learning from their mistakes, younger people can gain valuable insight into how to navigate the challenges of life and achieve their goals.In addition, older people often have a deep understanding of human nature and relationships. They have had more time to develop their emotional intelligence and are better equipped to handle difficult situations with grace and maturity. By observing how older people interact with others and learning from their example, younger people can improve their own communication skills and build stronger relationships with those around them.Furthermore, older people can provide valuable guidance in career and personal development. They have been through the trials and tribulations of the working world and can offer advice on how to succeed in a competitive environment. By seeking outmentorship from older professionals, younger people can gain valuable insights into how to advance their careers and achieve their goals.In conclusion, it is clear that people should look to older people for guidance and wisdom. By learning from their experiences and listening to their advice, younger generations can benefit from the wealth of knowledge that older people have to offer. In an increasingly complex and fast-paced world, it is more important than ever for people to seek out the wisdom of those who have lived before them.篇3People Should Learn from ElderlyIn today's fast-paced society, it is easy to overlook the wisdom and experience that older generations have to offer. However, it is important for people to take the time to learn from the elderly and appreciate the knowledge and insight they have gained over the years. There are several reasons why people should look to older individuals as sources of wisdom and guidance.First and foremost, the elderly have a wealth of life experience that younger people can benefit from. They havelived through decades of trials and tribulations, and have a unique perspective on life that can only be gained through years of living. By listening to their stories and advice, younger individuals can gain valuable insight into how to navigate the challenges of life.Additionally, the elderly often possess a deep knowledge of history and tradition that is invaluable in today's world. They can offer a perspective on current events and social issues that is informed by a lifetime of observing the world around them. By listening to their perspectives, younger generations can gain a greater understanding of the world and the forces that shape it.Furthermore, the elderly serve as living examples of resilience and perseverance. They have weathered countless storms and overcome numerous obstacles in their lives, and can offer valuable lessons on how to face adversity with grace and dignity. By learning from their example, younger individuals can develop the strength and resilience needed to overcome their own challenges.In conclusion, there is much that people can learn from the elderly. Their wisdom, experience, and resilience make them valuable sources of guidance and inspiration for younger generations. By taking the time to listen to their stories and learnfrom their example, people can gain a greater understanding of themselves and the world around them. It is important for individuals to remember the value of the elderly and to seek out their wisdom and guidance in all aspects of life.。
两代人的不同英语作文
Generational Differences: A Cross-CulturalPerspectiveIn the tapestry of life, each generation leaves its unique imprint, shaped by the blend of cultural influences, technological advancements, and societal norms prevalent during its time. The divide between two generations, often labeled as the "old" and the "young," is not merely a matter of age, but a reflection of distinct worldviews, values, and aspirations. This essay delves into the complexities of generational differences, highlighting the varying perspectives and challenges faced by two distinct generations.The older generation, often rooted in traditional values and ways of life, holds a deep respect for authority and hierarchy. They were raised in an era where stability and security were paramount, and their worldview is shaped by the certainties of the past. They value loyalty, hard work, and perseverance, and their lives are often centered around family, community, and established institutions. Technology, for them, is a tool to enhance these aspects of life, rather than a disruption.On the other hand, the younger generation, oftenlabeled as the "digital natives," has grown up in a worldof constant change and uncertainty. They are shaped by the rapid pace of technological advancements, the interconnectedness of the global village, and the quest for individuality and expression. They value flexibility, innovation, and collaboration, and their lives are often defined by their online identities, social media networks, and digital gadgets. Technology for them, is not just a tool, but an extension of their beings.This divide in worldviews often leads to misunderstandings and conflicts between the two generations. The older generation may find the younger one's obsession with technology and quest for individuality to bedisruptive and irresponsible. Conversely, the younger generation may find the older one's adherence totraditional values and reluctance to embrace change as stifling and outdated.However, it is important to recognize that both generations have valuable contributions to make to society. The older generation's wisdom, experience, and stabilityprovide a solid foundation for societal growth and progress. The younger generation's创新精神、技术熟练度和全球视野, 则为社会的持续发展注入了新的活力和动力。
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I NTRODUCTIONAs the number of mobile broadband sub-scribers and the traffic volume per subscriber are rapidly increasing, quality of service (QoS)is becoming significant as operators move from single to multiservice offerings, and emerging rich devices capable of running mul-timedia and gaming applications. Fourth-gen-eration (4G) broadband wireless technologies such as IEEE 802.16e, IEEE 802.16m, and Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)Long Term Evolution (LTE) have been designed with different QoS frameworks and means to enable delivery of the evolving Inter-net applications.As the Internet evolves, Internet applications and associated traffic patterns are also evolving over time. Web 2.0 supports rich media applica-tions such as interactive voice and video ser-vices, web audio/video streaming services, and online gaming services, with smart optimization engines at both the client and server sides [1].QoS specifically for evolving Internet applica-tions is a fundamental requirement to providesatisfactory service delivery to end users and also to manage network resources. In other words, today’s popular Internet applications,including real-time and non-real-time traffic such as multimedia services and online gaming,have very different traffic patterns and distinct QoS requirements. The traffic patterns of these emerging Internet applications show non-peri-odic variable-sized packet arrivals. The tradi-tional QoS framework is no longer efficient and/or sufficient to support these new mobile Internet applications with good or required user experience.The organization of the article is as follows.The next section reviews the key elements of the QoS framework in IEEE 802.16e. We then high-light some advanced features in IEEE 802.16m to improve performance of a WiMAX network compared to a legacy network based on IEEE 802.16e. We then explain QoS framework of the LTE wireless technology. We then provide a high-level comparison between QoS frameworks of these three 4G wireless technologies focusing on the air interface. The final section draws some conclusions.Q O S IN IEEE 802.16EThe QoS framework in IEEE 802.16e is based on service flows (SFs). An SF is a logical unidi-rectional flow of packets between the access service network gateway (ASN-GW) and a mobile station (MS) with a particular set of QoS attributes (e.g., packet latency/jitter and throughput) identified by a connection ID [2].Based on IEEE 802.16e, packets traversing the medium access control (MAC) interface are associated with SFs according to classifier rules. Figure 1 demonstrates SFs in IEEE 802.16e.Traffic mapping to appropriate SFs is done at the ASN-GW for downlink (DL) and at the MS for uplink (UL) directions, respectively.Between the ASN-GW and the base station (BS), the QoS of the SFs is supported by back-haul transport QoS. On the air interface, a BS scheduler provides QoS for DL, and coopera-tion between the BS and MS schedulers pro-vides QoS for UL. This air interface scheduler at the MAC sublayer determines how radio resources are assigned among multiple SFsA BSTRACTA quality of service framework is a funda-mental component of a 4G broadband wireless network for satisfactory service delivery of evolving Internet applications to end users, and managing the network resources. Today’s popu-lar mobile Internet applications, such as voice,gaming, streaming, and social networking ser-vices, have diverse traffic characteristics and,consequently, different QoS requirements. A rather flexible QoS framework is highly desir-able to be future-proof to deliver the incum-bent as well as emerging mobile Internet applications. This article highlights QoS frame-works and features of OFDMA-based 4G tech-nologies — IEEE 802.16e, IEEE 802.16m, and LTE — to support various applications’ QoS requirements. A few advanced QoS features such as new scheduling service (i.e., aGP),quick access, delayed bandwidth request, and priority controlled access in IEEE 802.16m are explained in detail. A brief comparison of the QoS framework of the aforementioned tech-nologies is also provided.Mehdi Alasti and Behnam Neekzad, Clearwire Jie Hui and Rath Vannithamby, Intel LabsQuality of Service inWiMAX and LTE Networksenough bandwidth for the BR message before sending the BR header.–In contention-free BR, a signaling header or a piggybacked bandwidth request is used by appending it to UL data transmission when there is available UL resource or when BS polls MSs [2]. In this case the MS is allocated sufficient bandwidth to send a BR message. Although the UPI is an SF parameter, the polling is always on a per MS basis. An MS with an active UGS con-nection is not polled, but the MS uses the poll me (PM) bit in the header of a UGS SF packet instead. Once the BS detects this request, it individually polls the MS to satis-fy its request.The piggyback request mechanism allows an MS to perform incremental BR per SF using the piggyback field in the grant man-agement subheader (GM SH) [2]. This mechanism avoids the BS allocating for the BR header. However, the capability of pig-gyback request is optional.•UL ban dwidth grants: After the BS isinformed of a UL SF status, it makes a scheduling decision and allocates some bandwidth to the SF. However, by this time the status of the UL SF might have changed due to new packet arrivals. Therefore, the bandwidth grant mechanism in IEEE 802.16e is on a per MS basis. In other words, the BS assigns a UL burst to the MS for all of its SFs. This allows real-time reac-tion of the MS to QoS needs for any redis-tribution of bandwidth among the SFs. Also, this simplifies the system by sending only one grant (UL M AP IE) per M S instead of a number of grants per each SF. An intelligent MS scheduler distributes the allocated bandwidth among its SFs.A voice service can be served using a UGS type SF with no need for BR during a talk spurt period; it does not need any BR during a silence period, either. However, there is a need for BR for a silence to talk spurt. IEEE 802.16e has provisioned ertPS for this purpose.Request/Grant for ertPS— The ertPS SF type is designed to reduce the complexity of the BR mechanism for some services such as VoIP with silence suppression. With ertPS and during a talk spurt, a BS provides unicast grants in an unsolicited manner as in UGS, but packet sizes with ertPS allocations are not fixed [2]. An MS uses its periodic allocation for both data transfer and bandwidth request adjustments (e.g., using an extended piggyback request field of the GMSH). During a silence period, the allocation is taken from the ertPS SF, and with a silence-to-talk-spurt transition, the MS sends a BR mes-sage to the BS to establish the periodic allocation during this talk spurt.IEEE 802.16M Q O S F RAMEWORK The next-generation WiMAX air interface, IEEE 802.16m advanced air interface (AAI), provides a more flexible and efficient QoS framework to support emerging and evolving mobile Internet applications. The new features introduced in the AAI QoS framework include a new scheduling service, adaptive granting and polling (aGP) service, quick access, delayed BR, and priority controlled access.A GP S ERVICEIn IEEE 802.16e the scheduling services UGS, ertPS, and rtPS are not efficient for applica-tions such as online games, VoIP with adaptive multirate (AMR), and delay-sensitive TCP-based services that show ON-OFF traffic pat-terns with variable packet rates [4]. Furthermore, applications such as Skype show variable rate traffic patterns not only with vari-able packet size, but also with variable periodi-cal intervals [5]. Therefore, it is desirable to have a more flexible QoS scheduling service to support the adaptation of both the allocation size and interarrival.A new scheduling service, aGP service [6], has been introduced in AAI to support not only granting and polling-based services, but also the adaptation of the QoS parameters to serve the dynamic traffic characteristics of applications with better efficiency.The new QoS parameters introduced in the aGP service are mandatory: primary grant polling interval (GPI) and primary grant size; and optional ones: secondary GPI, secondary grant size, and adaptation method. Advanced BS (ABS) may grant advanced MS (AMS) UL allo-cation GPI with grant size, or poll AMS for BR periodically every GPI. During a service, the traffic characteristics and QoS requirements may change; for example silence-suppression enabled VoIP alternates between talk-spurt and silence period, which triggers adaptation of the schedul-ing service state machine as described below. Adaptation of scheduling state includes switch-ing between using primary and secondary SF QoS parameters or changing the GPI and/or grant size to values within the QoS flexibility range (i.e., without exceeding the maximal QoS requirement or violating the minimal QoS guar-antee).Depending on the three adaptation methods specified during SF negotiation, the grant size and/or GPI can be changed by an ABS automat-ically upon detecting a certain traffic condition if the adaptation method is implicit, or triggered by explicit signaling from an AMS if the adapta-tion method is explicit sustained or explicit and one time only. Explicit signaling from an AMS includes a piggybacked BR, service-specific BR header, quick access message in the BR channel, or an ertPS/aGP service BR codeword in the pri-mary fast feedback channel (P-FBCH). For explicit adaptation, if GPI_secondary and Grant_Size_secondary are defined, GPI and grant size switch between primary GPI/ Grant_Size_primary and GPI_secondary and Grant_Size_secondary as requested by the explicit signaling; otherwise, GPI and grant size changes as indicated by QoS requirements carried in the explicit signaling, as in the mecha-nisms mentioned above.It is important to have appropriate support when a mix of IEEE 802.16m and legacy IEEE 802.16e BSs and devices are around. An IEEE 802.16m aGP SF can be mapped to an SF ofbuffer status reports (BSR) that are required to provide support for QoS-aware packet scheduling, elapsed time.•The QoS attributes of bearers and packet forwarding parameters associated with the QCIs.•The nterference situation in the neighboring cells. The LTE scheduler can try to control intercell interference on a slow basis. This improves the QoE associated with the MSs at the cell edge.B UFFER S TATUS R EPORTINGSimilar to the bandwidth request mechanism in WiMAX, LTE also has buffer status reporting mechanism. The buffer status reporting mechanism informs the UL packet scheduler about the amount of buffered data at the UE. This mechanism con-sists of triggering and reporting events. The trigger-ing event can be periodic or regular. A periodic BSR trigger does not cause a service request (SR) transmission from the UE. When a BSR event is triggered and UE has resources allocated in thephysical uplink shared channel (PUSCH), thenBSR is transmitted. When a regular BSR event istriggered, an SR needs to be transmitted. If SRallocation is available in the physical uplink controlchannel (PUCCH), the SR is transmitted at thenext opportunity; otherwise, the SR is transmittedvia a random access procedure. Buffer status isreported per radio bearer group. There are twoBSR formats: Short and Long. Short format can beused to report on one radio bearer group whereasthe long one can be used for four groups.802.16M AND LTE C OMPARISON:Q O S A SPECTThere are more components and functionalitiesin an end-to-end network providing QoS thanthe air interface QoS features discussed above,such as policy control and charging (PCC) func-tions in QoS provisioning. Here, we focus on acomparison of the QoS framework between LTEand IEEE 802.16e/IEEE 802.16m at the airinterface:•QoS transport unit: The basic QoS trans-port unit in the IEEE 802.16e/IEEE802.16m system is an SF, which is a unidi-rectional flow of packets either UL fromthe M S/AM S or DL packets from theBS/ABS [6]. The basic QoS transport inLTE is a bearer between UE and the PDN-GW. All packets mapped to the same bear-er receive the same treatment.•QoS scheduling types: There are six schedul-ing service types in IEEE 802.16m includingUGS, ertPS, rtPS, nrtPS, and BE from IEEE802.16e and the newly defined aGP service.LTE supports GBR and non-GBR bearers.The GBR bearer will be provided by thenetwork with a guaranteed service rate, andits mechanism is like rtPS; the non-GBR hasno such requirement and performs like BEin IEEE 802.16e/IEEE 802.16m.•QoS parameters per tran sport un it:Depending on the SF type, IEEE 802.16e/IEEE 802.16m can control maximum pack-et delay and jitter, maximum sustained traf-fic rate (MSTR), minimum reserved trafficrate (MRTR), and traffic priority. LTEM BR and GBR are similar to IEEE802.16e/IEEE 802.16m MSTR and MRTR,respectively. However, MBR and GBR areonly attributes of GBR bearers, while inIEEE 802.16e/IEEE 802.16m even a BE SFcan be rate limited using its MSTR. Also,with 3GPP Release 8, GBR and MBR areset equal, while IEEE 802.16e/IEEE802.16m allows the operator to select inde-pendent values for MSTR and MRTR. Onthe other hand, LTE AMBR allows theoperator to rate cap the total non-GBRbearers of a subscriber.•QoS handling in the control plane: The SFQoS parameters are signaled in IEEE802.16e/IEEE 802.16m via DSx/AAI-DSxmessages. In LTE the QCI and associatednine standardized characteristics are not sig-naled on any interface. Network initiated orclient initiated QoS are both supported inIEEE 802.16e/IEEE 802.16m systems.Therefore, both operator managed serviceand unmanaged service can be supported.The flexible architecture gives the mobileclient opportunities for differentiation. LTEonly supports network initiated QoS control.•QoS user plane treatment: The ARP param-eter in LTE provides the following flexibili-ties to the operator:–Accept or reject establishment or modifi-cation of bearers during the call admissioncontrol decision based on not only therequested bandwidth, available bandwidth,or number of established bearers, but alsothe priority of the bearer–Selectively tear down bearers based ontheir priorities during an overload situationC ONCLUSIONSProviding the required QoS is vital to deliver agood user experience over mobile Internet. Thenotion of QoS is becoming even more importantas device capabilities have revealed the desire forconsumers to use more rich media content suchas video. Fourth-generation wireless technologiessuch as IEEE 802.16e, IEEE 802.16m, and LTEare designed to support current and future QoSneeds. Connection-oriented per-flow-based unidi-rectional QoS support in IEEE 802.16e allowsseveral service flow types such as UGS, rtPS,nrtPS, ertPS, and BE to deliver real-time andnon-real-time traffic. The UL bandwidth requestand granting mechanism allows MSs to requestand receive the required resources to transmitdata in the UL direction. Advanced features suchas a new scheduling service (i.e., aGP), quickaccess, and delayed bandwidth request in IEEE802.16m further enhances the capabilities in pro-viding the required QoS for next-generationmobile Internet applications. The LTE QoSmechanisms follow a network initiated QoS con-trol based on GBR and non-GBR bearers, whichis a class-based packet forwarding treatment fordelivering real-time and non-real-time traffic.This article explains the QoS framework of IEEE802.16e, IEEE 802.16m, and LTE, and comparestheir QoS features against each other.R EFERENCES[1] Keynote, “Rich Internet A pp lications: Design, Measure-ment, and Management Challenges,” White Pa p er, 2009.[2] IEEE Std 802.16-2009, “Part 16: Air Interface for Broad-band Wireless Access Systems.”[3] 3GPP TS 23.401 v. 8.8.0, “General Packet Radio Service(GPRS) Enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) Access,” Dec. 2009. [4] C. Nie, M. Venkatachalam, and X. Yang, “Ada p tivePolling Service for Next-Generation IEEE 802.16 WiMAX Networks,” IEEE GLOBECOM, 2007.[5] J. Zhu, “On Sky p e Voice Traffic Characteristics, RateAda ptation, and User Ex perience,” to a pp ear, IEEEWCNC 2010, A p r. 2010.[6] IEEE 802.16m/D4, “Draft Amendment to IEEE Standardfor Local and Metro p olitan Area Networks — Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Systems, Advanced Air Interface,” Feb. 2010. [7] 3GPP TS 36.300 v. 8.11.0, “Evolved Universal TerrestrialRadio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRAN); Overall Descri p tion; Stage 2,”Jan. 2010.[8] M. Alasti and B. Neekzad,”WiMAX QoS,” Ch. 10,WiMAX Technology and Network Evolution, K. Etemad and M. Lai, Eds., Wiley-IEEE Press, 2010.[9] H. Ekstrom et al., “QoS Control in the 3GPP EvolvedPacket System,” IEEE Commun. Mag., Feb. 2009, pp.76–83.[10] 3GPP TS 23.203 v. 8.8.0, “Policy and Charging ControlArchitecture,” Dec. 2009.A DDITIONAL R EADING[1] IEEE Std. 802.16-2009, “Standard for Local andMetro p olitan Area Networks — Part 16: Air Interface for Broadband Wireless Access Systems,” May 2009.B IOGRAPHIESM EHDI A LASTI received a Ph.D. in electrical and com p uter engineering from the University of Maryland at College Park in 2001. He has been with Clearwire as a wireless technical consultant working in different 4G wireless technologies such as WiMAX and LTE. Prior to Clearwire he was with Nextwave, S p rint Nextel, Airvana, and Zagros Networks.B EHNAM N EEKZAD received his Ph.D. in electrical and com-p uter engineering from the University of Maryland at Col-lege Park. He has been involved in different as p ects of 4G wireless technologies develo p ment and network architec-ture engineering, including end-to-end QoS architecture design. He is currently with Clearwire and p rior to that was with S p rint Nextel.J IE H UI received her B.S. in electrical engineering from Xi’an Jiaotong University in 1996, and her M.S. in electrical engi-neering from the Institute of S p ace Electronic Equi p ment in 1999 in China. She was with ZTE Cor p. from 2000 to 2001. After graduation from North Carolina State University with a Ph.D. in CPE, she joined Intel Labs in 2006. Her research interests include QoS p rovisioning and QoE o p timization for multimedia over wireless networks, medium access control, modeling, and p erformance evaluations of wireless networks. R ATH V ANNITHAMBY[SM] received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the University of Toronto, Cana-da. He is currently a senior research scientist at Intel Labs. He leads and manages a team res p onsible for 4G/WiMAX research and standardization. Previously, he was a researcher at Ericsson. He has p ublished 25+ p a p ers and has 75+ p atents granted/p ending. He has authored cha p ters of two books. He was a TPC member for ICC, GC, VTC, and WCNC, and a Guest Editor for EURASIP Journal on Wireless Commu-nications and Networking. His research interests are in the area of MAC, RRM, and cross-layer o p timization for 4G.。