Incorporation of The Nihility Medium to Improve The Cylindrical
英美报刊选读passage13thedeclineofneatness（含翻译）
英美报刊选读passage13thedeclineofneatness（含翻译）The Decline of Neatness行为标准的蜕化By Norman Cou s insAnyone with a passion for hanging labels on people or things should have little difficulty in recognizing that an apt tag for our time is the “Unkempt Generation”. 任何一个喜欢给别人或事物贴标签的人应该不难发现我们这个时代合适的标签是“邋遢的一代”。
I am not referring solely to college kids. The sloppiness virus has spread to all sectors of society," People go to all sorts of trouble and expense to look uncombed, unshaved. unpressed.3 我说这话不仅仅是针对大学生。
邋遢这种病毒已经蔓延到社会各个部分。
人们刻意呈现一幅蓬头散发、边幅不修、衣着不整的形象。
The symbol of the times is blue jeans—not just blue jeans in good condition but jeans that are frayed, torn, discolored. They don't get that way naturally. No one wants blue jeans that are crisply clean or spanking new. 如今时代潮流的象征是穿蓝色牛仔裤--不是完好的牛仔裤，而是打磨过的，撕裂开的，和褪色了的牛仔裤。
UnderstandingMedia
Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man - Marshall McLuhanintoroduction"Media hot and cool"Slang offers an immediate index to changing perception. Slang is based not on theories but on immediate experience."the medium is the message" clarified that any technology gradually creates a totally new human environment.in the electronic age, The young student today grows up in an electrically configured world. It is a world not of wheels but of circuits, not of fragments but of integral patterns."the medium is the message" means-in terms of the electronic age, that a totally new environment has been created.The content of this new environment is the old mechanized environment of the industrial age.The new environment reprocesses the old one as radically as TV is reprocessingthe film.The machine turned Nature into an art form."the culturally disadvantaged child."this child exists not only in the slums but increasingly in the suburbs of the upper-income homes. The culturally disadvantaged child is the TV child. For TV has provided a new environment of low visual orientation and high involvementthat makes accommodation to our older educational establishment quite difficult. The power of the arts to anticipate future social and technologicaldevelopments, by a generation and more, has long been recognized.1. The Medium is the Message...in a culture like ours, it is sometiomes a bit of a shock in operational and practical fact.the porsonal and social consequences of any medium, result from the new scalethat is introduced into our affairs by each extension of ourselves, or by any new technology.Many people would be disposed to say that it was not the machine, but what one did with the machine, that was its meaning or message.The medium is the message because Medium shapes and controls the scale and formof human association and action.electric lightis pure informationIt is a medium without a message unless it is used to spell out some verbal asor name.It is not till the elctric light is used to spell out some brand name that it is noticed as a medium. Then it is not the light but the content ( or what is really another medium ) that is noticed.=The message of the movie medium is that of transition from lineal connectionsto configurations. It is the transition that produced the now quite correct observation.An abstract painting represents direct manifestation of creative thought processes as they might appear in computer designs.For cubism substitutes all facets of an object simultaneously for the "point of view" or facet of persperctive illusion. Instead of the specialized illusion of the third dimension on canvas, cubism sets up an interplay of planes and contradiction or dramatic conflict of patterns, lights, textures that "drives home the message" by involvement.cubism by giving the inside and outside, the top, bottom, back, and front andthe rest, in two dimensions, drops the illusion of perspective in favor of instant sensory awareness of the whole. Cubism, by seizing on instant total awareness, suddenly announced that the medium is the message.The effect of the medium is made strong and intense just because it is given another medium as "content"The effects of technology do not occur at the level of opinions or concepts, but alter sense ratios or patterns of perception steadily and without any resistance. The serious artist is the only person able to encounter technology with impunity, just because he is an expert aware of the changes in sense perception.2. Media Hot and ColdHot medium ( low in participation ): Radio, Movie, Photograph, we are hot, past mechanical time, waltz,Cool medium ( high in participation or completion by the audience): Telephone, TV, Cartoon, speech, backward countries , TV age, JazzA hot medium is one that extends one single sense in high definition.High difinition is the state of being well filled with data.It makes all the difference whether a hot medium is used in a hot or a cool culture. The hot radio medium used in cool or nonliterate cultures has a violent effect, quite unlike its effect, where radio is felt as entertainment. A cool or low literacy culture cannot accept hot media like movies or radio as entertainment. They are, at least, as radically upsetting for them as the cool TV medium has proved to be for our high literacy world.。
翻译难句练习
我从来没能在任何人的著作里或谈话中找到 足以令人信服的证据，来反驳我有关主宰人 类社会的、根深蒂固的宿命论。
10. But even he was unable to discover how long the gorilla lives, or how or why it dies, nor was he able to define the exact social patterns of the family groups, or indicate the final extent of their intelligence.
如果我偶然注意到别的孩子比我知道的少， 我断定那不是因为我知道得多，而是由于某 种其他的原因他不怎么懂罢了。
16. And never before has it been so undeniable that mutually beneficial international institutions of cooperation—with the United Nations foremost among them—are a vital global necessity.
这种情况一旦发生，就可能引起政治上的争吵；即 使在最糟糕的情况下即在欧盟很不得人心的情况下， 也可能使更多的权利转移到自己手中。
4. This is the world out of which grows the hope, for the first time in history, of a society where there will be freedom from want and freedom from fear.
美语之所以区别语英语是由本质上的差异决定的， 而主要差异的根源在于两个不同的社会环境和不同 的文化传统。自17世纪以来，美国人和英国人在这 两个方面的差异是很明显的。
新视野大学英语读写教程 第二册 unit 8 text A 单词
Unit81.formal formalness formallyadj.（学校教育或培训）正规的；方式上的；礼仪上的n.<美>须穿礼服的社交集会；<口>夜礼服We were invited to a formal lunch.我们被邀参加一次正式的午宴。
2.poll poller polled polled polling pollsn.1.民意调查，民意测验[C]2.选举投票，计票[C]3.得票数v.1.获得票数[I,T]2.投票，作民意调查Opinion poll show that the public preferred butter to margarine.民意调查表明，公众更喜欢黄油而不是人造奶油。
2.residentn.1.居民，定居者，侨民[C]The resident s of the town are proud of its new library.该镇的居民都为镇上新建的图书馆感到自豪。
I'm not a resident here.我不是本地居民。
2.住院医生[C]3.留鸟，无迁徙习性的动物[C]adj.1.居住的，定居的，常驻的 2.住校的，住院的，住在住所的 3.（鸟类等）无迁徙习性的 4.固有的，内在的pute 词形变化:computed computed computing computesv.1.（用计算机或计算器）计算，估算；推断[I,T]His failure to compute correctly resulted in an explosion.他的计算失误导致了爆炸。
We can compute the circular area with radius我们能用半径计算出圆的面积。
n.1.计算；估算；推断4. consumeristic a. 消费主义的Consume v.1.吃；喝；饮[T]On Superbowl Sunday, Americans hold parties to watch television and consume beer, pizza, and na-chos.举行超级杯赛的星期天，美国人会聚在一起观看比赛，喝啤酒，吃比萨饼和纳克斯。
考研英语（真题）阅读理解专题（十）_考研_
考研英语(真题)阅读理解专题 (十)The Supreme Courts decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect," a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "It's like surgery," he says. "We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're a physician, you can risk your patients suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine hasprolonged the physical agony of dying. Just three weeks before the Courts ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the under treatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. "Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering," to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards "must make it c lear…that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."1. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that .[A]doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients pain.[B]it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives.[C]the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide.[D]patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide.2. Which of the following statements its true according to the text?[A]Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients death.[B]Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.[C]The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.[D]A doctors medication is no longer justified by his intentions.3. According to the NAS's report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is .[A]prolonged medical procedures.[B]inadequate treatment of pain.[C]systematic drug abuse.[D]insufficient hospital care.4. Which of the following best defines the word "aggressive" (line 3, paragraph 7)?[A]Bold.[B]Harmful.[C]Careless.[D]Desperate.5. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they .[A]manage their patients incompetently.[B]give patients more medicine than needed.[C]reduce drug dosages for their patients.[D]prolong the needless suffering of the patients.参考答案:1.B2.C3.B4.A5.D。
欧洲药典嗜血流感杆菌Hib疫苗制药规范
Haemophilus type b conjugate vaccine EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA5.0Sterility (2.6.1).The vaccine complies with the test for sterility.ASSAY Carry out one of the prescribed methods for the assay of diphtheria vaccine (adsorbed)(2.7.6).The lower confidence limit (P =0.95)of the estimated potency is not less than 2IU per single human BELLING The label states:—the minimum number of International Units per single human dose,—the name and the amount of the adsorbent,—that the vaccine must be shaken before use,—that the vaccine is not to be frozen.01/2005:1219HAEMOPHILUS TYPE b CONJUGATE VACCINE Vaccinum haemophili stirpe b coniugatum DEFINITION Haemophilus type b conjugate vaccine is a liquid orfreeze-dried preparation of a polysaccharide,derived from a suitable strain of Haemophilus influenzae type b,covalently bound toa carrier protein.The polysaccharide,polyribosylribitol phosphate,referred to as PRP,is a linear copolymer composed of repeated units of3-β-D -ribofuranosyl-(1→1)-ribitol-5-phosphate [(C 10H 19O 12P)n ],with a defined molecular size.The carrier protein,when conjugated to PRP,is capable of inducing a T-cell-dependent B-cell immune response to the polysaccharide.PRODUCTION GENERAL PROVISIONS The productionmethod shallhave been shown to yield consistently haemophilus type b conjugate vaccines of adequate safety and immunogenicity in man.The production of PRP and of the carrier are based on seed-lot systems.The production method is validated to demonstrate that the product,if tested,would comply with the test for abnormal toxicity for immunosera and vaccines for human use (2.6.9).During development studies and wherever revalidation of themanufacturing processis necessary,it shall be demonstrated by tests in animals that the vaccine consistently induces a T-cell-dependent B-cell immune response.The stability of the final lot and relevant intermediates is evaluated using one or more indicator tests.Such tests may include determination of molecular size,determination of free PRP in the conjugate and the immunogenicity test in mice.Takingaccount of the results of the stability testing,release requirements are set for these indicator tests to ensure that the vaccine will be satisfactory at the end of the period of validity.BACTERIAL SEED LOTSThe seedlots of H.influenzae type b are shown to be free from contamination by methods of suitable sensitivity.These may include inoculation into suitable media,examination of colony morphology,microscopic examination of Gram-stained smears and culture agglutination with suitable specific antisera.No complexproductsof animal origin are included in themenstruum used for preservation of strain viability,eitherfor freeze-drying or for frozen storage.Itis recommended that PRP produced by the seed lot be characterised using nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (2.2.33).H.INFLUENZAE TYPE b POLYSACCHARIDE (PRP)H.influenzae type b is grown in a liquid medium thatdoesnot contain high-molecular-mass polysaccharides;if any ingredient of the medium contains blood-group substances,the process shall be validated to demonstrate thatafter the purificationstep theyare no longer detectable.The bacterial purity of the culture is verified by methods of suitable sensitivity.These may include inoculation into suitable media,examination of colony morphology,microscopic examination of Gram-stained smears and cultureagglutination with suitable specific antisera.The culturemay be inactivated.PRP is separated from the culture medium and purified by a suitable method.Volatile matter,including water,in the purified polysaccharide is determinedby a suitable method such as thermogravimetry (2.2.34);theresult is used to calculate the results of certain tests withreference to the dried substance,as prescribed below.Only PRP that complies with the following requirementsmay be used inthe preparation of the conjugate.Identification .PRP is identified by an immunochemical method (2.7.1)or other suitable method,for example 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (2.2.33).Molecular-size distribution .The percentage of PRP elutedbefore a given K 0value or within arange of K 0values isdetermined by size-exclusion chromatography (2.2.30);anacceptable value is established for the particular product and each batch of PRP must be shown to comply with this limit.Limits for currently approved products,using the indicated stationaryphases,are shownforinformationin Table 1219.-1.Where applicable,the molecular-size distribution is also determined after chemical modificationof the polysaccharide.Liquid chromatography (2.2.29)with multiple-angle laser light-scattering detection may also be used for determination of molecular-size distribution.A validated determination of the degree of polymerisation or of the weight-average molecular weight and the dispersion ofmolecular masses may be used instead of the determination of molecular size distribution.Ribose (2.5.31).Not less than 32per cent,calculated withreference to the dried substance.Phosphorus (2.5.18):6.8per cent to 9.0per cent,calculatedwith reference to the dried substance.Protein (2.5.16).Not more than 1.0per cent,calculated with reference to the dried e sufficient PRP to allow detection of proteins at concentrations of 1per centor greater.Nucleic acid (2.5.17).Not more than 1.0per cent,calculated with reference to the dried substance.Bacterial endotoxins (2.6.14):less than 25IU per microgram of PRP.Residualreagents .Where applicable,tests are carried outto determine residues of reagents used during inactivation and purification.An acceptable value for each reagent is established for the particular product and each batch of PRPmust be shown to comply with this limit.Where validation studies have demonstrated removal of a residual reagent,thetest on PRP may be omitted.662See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 5.0Haemophilus type b conjugatevaccine Table 1219.-1.–Product characteristics and specifications for PRP and carrier protein in currently approved productsCarrier Haemophilus polysaccharideConjugationType Purity Nominal amount per dose Type of PRP Nominal amount per dose Coupling method Procedure Diphtheria toxoid >1500Lf per milligram of nitrogen 18µg Size-reduced PRP K 0:0.6-0.7,using cross-linked aga-rose for chroma-tography R 25µg cyanogenbromide activation of PRPactivateddiphtheria toxoid(D-AH +),cyanogenbromide-activated PRPTetanus toxoid >1500Lf per milligram of nitrogen 20µg PRP ≥50%≤K 0:0.30,usingcross-linked aga-rose for chroma-tography R10µg carbodi-imidemediated ADH-activatedPRP (PRP-cov.-AH)+tetanus toxoid +EDACCRM 197diphtheria protein >90%of diphtheria protein 25µg Size-reduced PRP Dp =15-35or 10-3510µg reductive amina-tion (1-step meth-od)or N -hydrox-ysuccinimide ac-tivation directcoupling ofPRP to CRM 197(cyanoborohydride activated)Meningococcal group B outer membrane protein (OMP)outer membrane protein vesicles:≤8%of lipopolysaccharide 125µg or 250µg Size-reduced PRP K 0<0.6,usingcross-linked aga-rose for chroma-tography R or M w >50×1037.5µg or 15µg thioether bond PRP activation by CDI PRP-IM +BuA2+BrAc =PRP-BuA2-BrAc +thioactivated OMPADH =adipic acid dihydrazide BrAc =bromoacetyl chloride BuA2=butane-1,4-diamide CDI =carbonyldiimidazole Dp =degree of polymerisationEDAC =1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimideIM =imidazoliumM w =weight-average molecular weightCARRIER PROTEIN The carrier protein is chosen so that when the PRP is conjugated it is able to induce a T-cell-dependent B-cell immune response.Currently approved carrier proteins and coupling methods are listed for information in Table 1219.-1.The carrier proteins are produced by culture of suitable micro-organisms;thebacterialpurity of the culture is verified;the culture may be inactivated;the carrier protein is purified by a suitable method.Only a carrier protein that complies with the following requirements may be used in the preparation of theconjugate.Identification .The carrier protein is identified by a suitable immunochemical method (2.7.1).Sterility (2.6.1).Carry out the test using for each medium10ml or the equivalent of one-hundred doses,whichever is less.Diphtheria toxoid .Diphtheria toxoid is produced as described in Diphtheria vaccine (adsorbed)(0443)and complies with the requirements prescribed therein for bulk purified toxoid.Tetanus toxoid .Tetanus toxoid is produced as described in Tetanus vaccine (adsorbed)(0452)and complies with the requirements prescribedtherein for bulk purified toxoid,except that the antigenic purity is not less than 1500Lf per milligram of protein nitrogen.Diphtheria protein CRM 197.It contains not less than 90per cent of diphtheria CRM 197protein,determinedby asuitable method.Suitable tests are carried out,for validation or routinely,to demonstrate that the product is nontoxic.OMP (meningococcal group B Outer Membrane Proteincomplex).OMP complies with the following requirements for lipopolysaccharide and pyrogens.Lipopolysaccharide .Not more than 8per cent of lipopolysaccharide,determined by a suitable method.Pyrogens (2.6.8).Inject into each rabbit 0.25µg of OMP per kilogram of body mass.BULK CONJUGATEPRPis chemicallymodified to enable conjugation;it is usually partly depolymerised either before or during this procedure.Reactive functional groups or spacers may be introducedinto the carrier protein or PRP prior to conjugation.As a measure of consistency,the extent of derivatisation is monitored.The conjugate is obtained bythe covalentbinding of PRP and carrier protein.Where applicable,unreacted but potentially reactogenic functional groups are made unreactive by means of capping agents;the conjugate is purified to remove reagents.Onlya bulk conjugatethat complies with the following requirements may be used in the preparation of the final bulkvaccine.For each test and for each particular product,limitsofacceptance are established and each batch of conjugate must be shown to comply with these limits.Limits applied tocurrently approved products for some of these tests are listed for information in Table 1219.-2.For a freeze-dried vaccine,some of the tests may be carried out on the final lot rather than on the bulk conjugate where the freeze-drying process may affect the component being tested.PRP.The PRPcontentis determinedby assay of phosphorus (2.5.18)or by assay of ribose (2.5.31)or by animmunochemical method (2.7.1).Protein.The protein content is determined by a suitablechemical method (for example,2.5.16).PRP to protein ratio .Determine the ratio by calculation.Molecular-size distribution .Molecular-size distribution is determined by size-exclusion chromatography (2.2.30).FreePRP .Unbound PRP is determined afterremoval of theconjugate,for example by anion-exchange,size-exclusion or hydrophobic chromatography,ultrafiltration or othervalidated methods.Freecarrier protein .Determine the content by a suitable method,eitherdirectly or byderiving the content bycalculation from the results of other tests.The amount iswithin the limits approved for the particular product.General Notices (1)apply to all monographs and other texts 663Hepatitis A(inactivated)and hepatitis B(rDNA)vaccine EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA5.0Table1219.-2.–Bulk conjugate requirements for currently approved products Test Protein carrierDiphtheria toxoid Tetanus toxoid CRM197OMP Free PRP<37%<20%<25%<15% Free protein<4%<1%,where applicable<1%or<2%,dependingon the coupling methodnot applicable PRP to protein ratio 1.25-1.80.30-0.550.3-0.70.05-0.1Molecular size(Ko):cross-linked agarose forchromatography R95%<0.7560%<0.250%0.3-0.685%<0.3cross-linked agarose forchromatography R10.6-0.785%<0.5Unreacted functional groups.No unreacted functional groups are detectable in the bulk conjugate unless process validation has shown that unreacted functional groups detectable at this stage are removed during the subsequent manufacturing process(for example,owing to short half-life). Residual reagents.Removal of residual reagents such as cyanide,EDAC(ethyldimethylaminopropylcarbodi-imide) and phenol is confirmed by suitable tests or by validation of the process.Sterility(2.6.1).Carry out the test using for each medium 10ml or the equivalent of100doses,whichever is less. FINAL BULK VACCINEAn adjuvant,an antimicrobial preservative and a stabiliser may be added to the bulk conjugate before dilution to the final concentration with a suitable diluent.Only a final bulk vaccine that complies with the following requirements may be used in preparation of the final lot. Antimicrobial preservative.Where applicable,determine the amount of antimicrobial preservative by a suitable chemical or physico-chemical method.The content is not less than85per cent and not greater than115per cent of the intended amount.Sterility(2.6.1).It complies with the test for sterility,carried out using10ml for each medium.FINAL LOTOnly a final lot that is satisfactory with respect to each of the requirements given below under Identification and Tests may be released for use.Provided the test for antimicrobial preservative has been carried out on the final bulk vaccine, it may be omitted on the final lot.pH(2.2.3).The pH of the vaccine,reconstituted if necessary, is within the range approved for the particular product. Free PRP.Unbound PRP is determined after removal of the conjugate,for example by anion-exchange,size-exclusionor hydrophobic chromatography,ultrafiltration or other validated methods.The amount of free PRP is not greater than that approved for the particular product. IDENTIFICATIONThe vaccine is identified by a suitable immunochemical method(2.7.1)for PRP.TESTSPRP.Not less than80per cent of the amount of PRP stated on the label.PRP is determined either by assay of ribose (2.5.31)or phosphorus(2.5.18),by an immunochemical method(2.7.1)or by anion-exchange liquid chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection(2.2.29).Aluminium(2.5.13):maximum1.25mg per single human dose,if aluminium hydroxide or hydrated aluminium phosphate is used as the adsorbent.Antimicrobial preservative.Where applicable,determine the amount of antimicrobial preservative by a suitable chemical or physico-chemical method.The content is not less than the minimum amount shown to be effective and not greater than115per cent of the quantity stated on the label. Water(2.5.12):maximum3.0per cent for freeze-dried vaccines.Sterility(2.6.1).It complies with the test for sterility. Pyrogens(2.6.8).It complies with the test for pyrogens. Inject per kilogram of the rabbit’s mass a quantity of the vaccine equivalent to:1µg of PRP for a vaccine with diphtheria toxoid or CRM197diphtheria protein as carrier;0.1µg of PRP for a vaccine with tetanus toxoid as carrier;0.025µg of PRP for a vaccine with OMP as carrier. LABELLINGThe label states:—the number of micrograms of PRP per human dose,—the type and nominal amount of carrier protein per single human dose.01/2005:1526 HEPATITIS A(INACTIVATED)ANDHEPATITIS B(rDNA)VACCINE(ADSORBED)Vaccinum hepatitidis A inactivatum ethepatitidis B(ADNr)adsorbatum DEFINITIONHepatitis A(inactivated)and hepatitis B(rDNA)vaccine (adsorbed)is a suspension consisting of a suitable strainof hepatitis A virus,grown in cell cultures and inactivated by a validated method,and of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg),a component protein of hepatitis B virus obtained by recombinant DNA technology;the antigens are adsorbed on a mineral carrier,such as aluminium hydroxide or hydrated aluminium phosphate.PRODUCTIONGENERAL PROVISIONSThe two components are prepared as described inthe monographs on Hepatitis A vaccine(inactivated, adsorbed)(1107)and Hepatitis B vaccine(rDNA)(1056) and comply with the requirements prescribed therein.The production method is validated to demonstrate that the product,if tested,would comply with the test for abnormal toxicity for immunosera and vaccines for human use(2.6.9). Reference preparation.The reference preparation is part of a representative batch shown to be at least as immunogenic in animals as a batch that,in clinical studies in young healthy664See the information section on general monographs(cover pages)。
天津市自学考试英语(二)考试选择题范围
My little house can’t compare _______ his villa.A. asB. fromC. withD. by【答疑编号9488,点击提问】【您的答案】 C【正确答案】C【答案正确】【答案解析】compare with：与……相比/匹敌。
句意：我的小房子是无法和他的别墅相比的。
答案选C。
The furniture is _______ the modern style of the house．A. consistent withB. coping withC. dealing withD. sticking with【答疑编号9491,点击提问】【您的答案】 A【正确答案】A【答案正确】【答案解析】be consistent with：与...一致。
答案选A。
窗体顶端(1).I _______ four universities and was accepted by all of them.A. applied toB. applied fromC. applied inD. applied off【答疑编号9495,点击提问】【您的答案】 A【正确答案】A【答案正确】【答案解析】题目意思：我申请了四所大学，并都被他们录取了。
apply to 向…正式申请；向…要求，答案选A。
窗体底端There are too many big things involved ________ this.A. beforeB. forD. to【答疑编号9496,点击提问】【您的答案】 C【正确答案】C【答案正确】【答案解析】be involved in：牵涉，涉及到，答案选C 。
1).In either case, you must recognize and take into______ any differences between your values and attitudesA.reasonB.accountC.explanationD.interpretation【答疑编号9499,点击提问】【您的答案】 B【正确答案】B【答案正确】【答案解析】题目意思：考虑到你的价值观和态度的任何差异。
形式美法则英语
形式美法则英语The Principles of Formal AestheticsFormal aesthetics is a branch of philosophy that examines the underlying principles and structures that contribute to the perception of beauty and harmony in art and design. These principles, sometimes referred to as the "laws of form," provide a framework for understanding how the arrangement and interplay of various visual elements can evoke emotional and intellectual responses in the viewer. By understanding and applying these principles, artists, designers, and architects can create works that are not only visually appealing but also deeply meaningful and impactful.One of the fundamental principles of formal aesthetics is balance. Balance refers to the distribution of visual weight within a composition, ensuring that the various elements are arranged in a way that feels stable and harmonious. This can be achieved through symmetrical or asymmetrical balance, with the former creating a sense of order and stability, and the latter adding a sense of dynamism and tension.Symmetrical balance is often found in classical and traditional art forms, where the composition is divided equally along a central axis, with mirrored elements on either side. This creates a sense of stability and equilibrium, conveying a sense of formality and timelessness. Asymmetrical balance, on the other hand, is more common in modern and contemporary art, where the elements are arranged in a more dynamic and uneven manner. This can create a sense of movement and energy, inviting the viewer to explore the composition more actively.Another key principle of formal aesthetics is rhythm. Rhythm refers to the repetition of visual elements, such as shapes, lines, or colors, that create a sense of movement and flow within the composition. This can be achieved through the use of patterns, alternating elements, or the placement of similar forms at regular intervals. Rhythm can also be used to guide the viewer's eye through the composition, leading them on a visual journey and creating a sense of unity and cohesion.Proportion is another important principle of formal aesthetics. Proportion refers to the relative size and scale of the various elements within a composition, and how they relate to one another. The concept of the "golden ratio," a mathematical formula that describes a harmonious and aesthetically pleasing relationshipbetween two quantities, has long been a guiding principle in art and design. By adhering to principles of proportion, artists and designers can create compositions that feel visually balanced and harmonious, with a sense of inherent rightness.Emphasis is another key principle of formal aesthetics. Emphasis refers to the way in which certain elements within a composition are highlighted or given greater visual weight, drawing the viewer's attention and creating a focal point. This can be achieved through the use of contrasting colors, the placement of larger or more prominent forms, or the use of directional cues that guide the viewer's gaze.Harmony is another important principle of formal aesthetics. Harmony refers to the way in which the various elements within a composition work together to create a sense of unity and cohesion. This can be achieved through the use of complementary colors, the repetition of similar shapes or forms, or the overall sense of visual coherence and integration.Finally, the principle of simplicity is also an important consideration in formal aesthetics. Simplicity refers to the idea that the most effective and impactful compositions are often those that are stripped down to their essential elements, without unnecessary clutter or distractions. By focusing on the core visual elements andtheir relationships, artists and designers can create works that are elegant, powerful, and deeply resonant.In conclusion, the principles of formal aesthetics provide a valuable framework for understanding and creating visually compelling and meaningful works of art and design. By applying these principles, artists and designers can create compositions that are not only beautiful, but also deeply expressive and impactful. Whether working in traditional or contemporary mediums, the principles of formal aesthetics offer a rich and enduring source of inspiration and guidance.。
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1054-4887 © 201ACES
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ACES JOURNAL, VOL. 29, No. 1, JANUARY 2014
at perturb bed void re egion in [15 5]. A Green n’s function approach a to calculate c scatt tering width for f cylindrica al cloaks has s been discu ussed by J. S. McGuirk [16]. The idea of nihi ility medium m is given by b Lakhtakia a [17], and has received a lot of intere est within th he electromag gnetic comm munity. Nihili ity medium is a medium m in which h both relati ive permittivi ity and perme eability are nu ull-valued. Th his idea eng gaged many researchers s in studying problem related r to ele ectromagnetic cs [18-24]. Due to this fact f the med dium does not allow the t electroma agnetic energ gy to propag gate in it. For F nihility condition Ma axwell's equa ations have the t form as, 0 (1) 0. (2) material with h both negati ive permittivi ity Metam and perm meability, also o known as backward b (BW W) medium or o double ne egative (DNG G) medium has h of been ex xtensively studied. Scattering S electroma agnetic plane waves by a nihility n cylind der is coated with w different types of metamaterials m investigat ted by Ahmed d et al., [23-24 4]. In th he current work w an inv visibility clo oak termed as cylind drical invis sibility clo oak incorporating nihility as core is discussed. Our O main fo ocus is to explore the t scatterin ng characteri istics of the cylindrical in nvisible nihili ity cloak and d to improve the converge ence rate of the t scattered fields in free space beca ause in nihili ity case the zeroth-orde er contributi ion of Bess sel functions changes to first-order fo or n = 0, th hus decreasing g the scattered fields. The next n sections deal with the e formulation of the proble em. Using th he properties of the nihili ity medium, conclusions about the better cloak are a drawn an nalytically. We W have used e−jwt tim me dependence, which is suppressed throughout the t analysis.
I. INTRODUCTION
Cloaks have attracted attentions of many researchers in the scientific community due to its amazing characteristics. Scientists have already developed such devices, which can render things invisible to electromagnetic waves. Metamaterials used for making such devices are required to have negative refraction index and are known as lefthanded (LH) metamaterials. Metamaterials are a class of artificially engineered composite materials having extraordinary electromagnetic properties. Negative refraction index material has been discussed by many scientists [1-4]. Pendry is pioneer of the cloaking concept and Pendry et al., [5] first illustrated through theoretical simulations, that an object can be cloaked from electromagnetic fields by exploiting coordinate transformation in inhomogeneous and anisotropic metamaterials. Cummer et al., analyzed the full-wave simulations
1
Department of Electronics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan (45320) gondalanjum@, snfawan@, nqaisar@
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia chabdulghaffar@ of electromagnetic cloaking structures [6]. They worked on the electromagnetic simulations of the cylindrical version of this cloaking structure using ideal and non-ideal electromagnetic parameters. They showed that the low reflections and power flow banding properties of electromagnetic cloaking structures are not especially sensible to modest permittivity and permeability variation. Schuring et al., described metamaterial electromagnetic cloak at microwave frequencies [7], which was the first practical realization of such a cloak. Ruan et al., [8] confirmed that a cloak with ideal material parameters in a perfect invisibility cloak by symmetrically studying the scattering coefficient from the near ideal case to the ideal one. Yan et al., explored important scattering characteristics of cylindrical invisibility cloak [9-12]. They described that cylindrical cloak having simplified material parameter inherently allowing the zeroth-order cylindrical wave to pass through the cloak as if the cloak is made of a homogenous isotropic medium and thus visible to all higher-order cylindrical waves. Their numerical simulation suggests that the simplified cloak inherits some properties of the ideal cloak, but some scattering exist. Greenleaf et al., worked on the improvement of cylindrical cloak with soft and hard surfaces (SHS) lining [13]. They showed that the cloak is significantly improved by the use of SHS lining with both the far field of the scattering wave significantly reduced and the blow up of electric field density and magnetic field density prevented. Leonhardt discussed optical conformal mapping in [14]. Shahzad et al., analyzed the cylindrical invisibility cloak incorporating PEMC