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考研英语阅读难度年份排行

考研英语阅读难度年份排行

考研英语阅读难度年份排行(实用版)目录1.考研英语阅读难度年份排行概述2.近五年考研英语阅读难度分析3.考研英语阅读难度对照表4.考研英语阅读难度与复习建议正文一、考研英语阅读难度年份排行概述考研英语阅读难度年份排行是对历年考研英语阅读题目难度的一种评价和总结。

通过分析历年考研英语阅读题目的难度,可以为备考考研英语的同学提供复习方向和策略。

根据相关资料,近五年的考研英语阅读难度逐渐趋稳,为 2023 届考研的同学提供了一个复习的大方向:打牢基础,反复磨练真题。

二、近五年考研英语阅读难度分析1.英语(一)阅读难度分析2017 年:平均分为 0.513,难度系数为 0.497,选题来源难度为0.872。

2018 年:平均分为 0.515,难度系数为 0.467,选题来源难度为0.519。

2019 年:平均分为 0.508,难度系数为 0.486,选题来源难度为0.523。

2020 年:平均分为 0.511,难度系数为 0.474,选题来源难度为0.508。

2021 年:平均分为 0.516,难度系数为 0.485,选题来源难度为0.512。

2.英语(二)阅读难度分析2017 年:平均分为 0.529,难度系数为 0.502,选题来源难度为0.545。

2018 年:平均分为 0.532,难度系数为 0.491,选题来源难度为0.537。

2019 年:平均分为 0.521,难度系数为 0.476,选题来源难度为0.534。

2020 年:平均分为 0.526,难度系数为 0.469,选题来源难度为0.529。

2021 年:平均分为 0.534,难度系数为 0.481,选题来源难度为0.528。

通过以上数据分析,我们可以发现近五年的考研英语阅读难度较为稳定,难度系数集中在 0.47-0.53 之间。

同学们可以根据这个难度系数,调整自己的复习计划和策略。

三、考研英语阅读难度对照表考研英语阅读难度对照表可以帮助同学们更好地了解历年考研英语阅读题目的难度,如果某一年错的特别多,可以对照一下难度,找出问题所在。

考研英语一阅读理解的技巧和方法

考研英语一阅读理解的技巧和方法

考研英语一阅读理解的技巧和方法一、技巧1. 仔细阅读题目在开始阅读文章之前,一定要仔细阅读题目,明确题目的要求,确定题目中的关键词,这有助于在阅读文章时有针对性地寻找答案。

2. 理清文章结构阅读理解文章一般包括题干、选项和文章三个部分,而文章的结构大多有开头、中间和结尾三个部分。

理清文章结构可以帮助我们更好地理解文章的内容和逻辑关系。

3. 掌握解题技巧在考研英语一阅读理解中,常见的解题技巧包括精读和泛读相结合、排除法和选项分析等。

掌握这些解题技巧可以帮助我们更快更准确地找到答案。

4. 注重细节把握在阅读文章时,一定要注重细节把握,有时候答案就隐藏在文章的细枝末节中。

要善于捕捉文章中的细节信息,从中寻找答案。

二、方法1. 多读英文文章多读英文文章是提高阅读理解能力的有效方法。

通过阅读英文文章,可以提高我们的阅读速度和理解能力,培养对英文语境的适应能力。

2. 多做模拟题通过做大量的考研英语一阅读理解的模拟题,可以帮助我们熟悉题型和题目,掌握解题技巧,提高解题效率和准确率。

3. 多积累词汇在阅读理解中,词汇是理解文章的基础,因此要多积累词汇,提高词汇量,以便更好地理解文章内容。

4. 注重语法和逻辑英语阅读理解考试涉及到语法和逻辑的使用,因此要抓住语法和逻辑的要点,加强语法和逻辑的训练,以提高阅读理解能力。

5. 注重专业知识考研英语一阅读理解中,经常涉及到一些专业知识,因此要注重积累和掌握专业知识,以便更好地理解和解答相关题目。

三、总结考研英语一阅读理解是考研英语一部分中的重要组成部分,对于考研学子来说,掌握好阅读理解的技巧和方法对提高考研英语一的成绩至关重要。

通过合理的技巧和方法的运用,相信大家一定可以在考研英语一阅读理解中取得理想的成绩。

在考研英语一阅读理解中,除了掌握技巧和方法外,还需要注重平时的积累和训练。

以下是一些延伸的内容,希望对大家在备战考研英语一阅读理解中有所帮助。

四、积累词汇的方法1. 阅读英文报纸、杂志和书籍多读英文报纸、杂志和书籍可以帮助我们了解不同领域的词汇,并学习如何在不同语境中使用这些词汇。

考研英语阅读(15篇)

考研英语阅读(15篇)

考研英语阅读(15篇)考研英语阅读(15篇)考研英语阅读1考研英语的复习过程中,单纯的背单词和看书是远远不够的,真题的重要性不言而喻,英语一83分学姐手把手教你做真题。

单词两个月内最好看完,每天背单词的时候也看看长难句,一天看几句就好,然后单词背完就要直接上手真题了,真题从97年到16年的就好了,买的是张剑版的黄皮书,分为基础版(97到04),珍藏版(05到12),精华版(13到16),貌似是这几个版本,到网上搜,反正97到16年的试题全买过来……反复做,我做了7,8遍吧,网上也有很多英语高分的经验,你可以搜搜综合下,大部分都在说做真题的经验,真题做透就够了…下面说说真题阅读的做法…第一遍:第一遍,从97年做到11年(剩下的5套卷子考试前2个月再做),因为真题要反复做,所以前几遍都是把自己的答案写在一张A4纸上,第一遍也就是让自己熟悉下真题的感觉,虐虐自己知道英语真题的大概难度,只做阅读理解,新题型完形填空啥的也不要忙着做,做完看看答案,错了几个在草稿纸上记下来就好了,也不需要研究哪里错了为什么会错…第一遍很快吧因为不需要仔细研究,97到11年,14份的试卷,一天一份的话,半个月能做完吧,偷个懒一个月肯定能做完吧(第一遍作用就是练练手找到以前做题的感觉,千万不要记答案,分析答案…)第二遍:第二遍是重点…你回头再从97年做起会发现答案是记不住的,还会错很多,甚至错的还不一样,以前对的现在错了,上次错的现在对了,正常。

第二遍一份卷子大概要4,5天才能完成吧,比如第一天你做完了,第二天从第一篇文章开始从头看,不会的单词全部记下来到自己的单词本子上,最好是专门记真题单词的本子,包括题目,选项里面不会的单词,虽然黄皮书上有解释,但大都不全,甚至给的不是句子里的意思,这个工程还是挺大的,一天两篇就可以了…这一遍也不需要研究句子和答案啥的,只不过记单词中除了自己买的单词大本,还要加入真题单词的记忆了,考研不止,单词不息,单词反复背……第二遍就40天来天能完成吧,最多也就两个月(时间都是宽裕的,能提前完成点最好)…第三遍:第三遍自然是分析句子了,这时候以前看的长难句和单词就用到了,做完以后一个句子一个句子的看(当然包括题目和选项),分析下句子看看自己能不能看懂,看不懂的就要好好分析了,写在本子上也可以,我当时是直接看的,用铅笔画画句子成分啥的,如果单词记得够好的话,这一遍应该也会很快吧,1个多月左右……第四遍:前三遍已经用了4个月左右了,后面就要快一点了,第四遍才是最痛苦的,通篇翻译,写在纸上很潦草都没关系,很偷懒的话就在心里翻译下再看看译文吧…我只坚持了一半,从97年翻译到了04年好像,其他的就是刷一遍真题,在心里扫一扫有没有翻译太不通的句子,有没有忘掉的单词啥的…这一遍挺痛苦的,也不要全部都翻译吧,能翻译6,7套试卷知道感觉就好了,不过好处还挺多的,这部分做的好,英语的翻译部分就会简单很多,这部分看你个人时间,时间剩下还多可以多翻译几套试卷。

考研英语一阅读理解真题大全

考研英语一阅读理解真题大全

考研英语一阅读理解真题大全这类有很长同位语的的句子,其实就是纸老虎,目的就是为了打断我们的思路,割裂前后之间的语义,从而造成理解困难,应付这种语句,我们要先找出其主语,从整理上了解清晰,下文是我为你细心编辑整理的考研英语一阅读理解真题大全,盼望对你有所关心,更多内容,请点击相关栏目查看,感谢!考研英语一阅读理解真题大全1Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Dont dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care dont appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering — have aroused their interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.This isnt to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didnt go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums —from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. V ocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality havent been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21.Who will be most threatened by automation?[A] Leading politicians.[B]Low-wage laborers.[C]Robot owners.[D]Middle-class workers.22 .Which of the following best represent the author’s view?[A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless.[B]Optimists opinions on new tech find little support.[C]Issues arising from automation need to be tackled[D]Negative consequences of new tech can be avoidedcation in the age of automation should put more emphasis on[A] creative potential.[B]job-hunting skills.[C]individual needs.[D]cooperative spirit.24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at[A] encouraging the development of automation.[B]increasing the return on capital investment.[C]easing the hostility between rich and poor.[D]preventing the income gap from widening.25.In this text, the author presents a problem with[A] opposing views on it.[B]possible solutions to it.[C]its alarming impacts.[D]its major variations.考研英语一阅读理解真题大全2TEXT 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insistedkings dont abdicate, they die in their sleep. But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republicans left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the France regime, monarchs can rise above mere polities and embody a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of polities that explains monarchys continuing popularity as heads of state. And so, the Middle East expected, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families havesurvived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for anon-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchys reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service-asnon-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchys worst enemies.21. According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A]eased his relationship with his rivals.[B]used to enjoy high public support.[C]was unpopular among European royals.[D]ended his reign in embarrassment.22. Monarchs are kept as head of state in Europe mostly[A]to give voters more public figures to look up to.[B]to achieve a balance between tradition and reality.[C]owing to their undoubted and respectable status.[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment.23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] The role of the nobility in modern democracies.[B] Aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealth.[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.[D] The nobilitys adherence to their privileges.24. The British royals have most to fear because Charles[A]takes a tough line on political issues.[B]fails to change his lifestyle as advised.[C]takes republicans as his potential allies.[D]fails to adapt himself to his future role.25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A]Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B]Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats[D]Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs考研英语一阅读理解真题大全3Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2022. For the most part,the response has been favorable,to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini,a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise,however,is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini,who had advocated Gilbert‘s appointment in the Times,calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez,that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part,I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure,he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions,but it is not necessary for me to visit AveryFisher Hall,or anywhere else,to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf,or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time,attention,and money of the art-loving public,classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses,dance troupes,theater companies,and museums,but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap,available everywhere,and very often much higher in artistic quality than today‘s live performances; moreover,they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert‘s own interest in new music has been widely noted:Alex Ross,a classical-music critic,has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different,more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed,they must first change the relationship between America‘s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert‘s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text,which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert‘s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic,the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.考研英语一阅读理解真题大全4Text 1In the 2022 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Eliazabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so ,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara ,HM, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution , of course ,are not limited to designers. For HM to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma.“Mass-produced clothing ,like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year – about 64 items per person – and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2022 has made all of her own clothes – and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment – including HM, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.考研英语一文章到此就结束了,欢迎大家下载使用并丰富,共享给更多有需要的人。

考研英语二阅读理解出处

考研英语二阅读理解出处

考研英语二阅读理解出处
考研英语二阅读理解的文章主要来自一些知名的英美报刊杂志和网站。

这些来源包括但不限于《赫芬顿邮报》、《大西洋月刊》、《彭博》、《基督教科学箴言报》、《卫报》和《科学美国人》等。

这些文章通常涉及社会、经济、科技、环保等领域的热点话题,有助于考生了解不同领域的知识和动态,提高阅读理解能力和分析能力。

需要注意的是,考研英语二阅读理解的文章可能会进行适当的修改或改编,以适应考试的需要。

因此,考生在备考时应该注重提高阅读理解能力和词汇量,熟悉不同领域的文章结构和语言表达方式,以应对各种来源的阅读理解文章。

考研英语历年英语阅读真题及答案

考研英语历年英语阅读真题及答案

考研英语历年英语阅读真题及答案考研英语阅读是考试中的重要部分,通过阅读理解题目,考生可以提升英语语言能力和考试答题能力。

下面将为大家整理一些历年考研英语阅读真题及答案,供各位考生参考。

一、真题一阅读理解题目:Passage 1Questions 1-3 are based on the following passage.Vasily Grossman, a journalist and writer, was recognized only belatedly in the Soviet Union. But by the time of his death in 1964 his works could no longer be ignored or suppressed completely.Grossman was born in a Jewish family in 1905 in Berdichev (Ukraine) and after training for a career in civil engineering became a writer and journalist, first in Ukraine, then in Moscow. His first literary success was a volume of short stories (1934) and his first novel, Stalingrad (1952), established his reputation as a writer of remarkable talents. It is a fine example of the "Bread and Battles" type of fiction-- novels with a Central Russian war theme.Between the wars Grossman established himself as a newspaper reporter of the first rank. At the outbreak of the German invasion in 1941 he became a war reporter. His articles in the army newspaper Red Star had considerable effect. After the war he continued to write--describing, for example, the1943 Battle of Kursk in which a German advance was halted. These articles lead directly to the writing of Stalingrad.In 1959 his novel Life and Fate was finished, and when it became apparent that the manuscript would be suppressed by the authorities, Grossman gave copies to friends. A "textbook example of containment," the manuscript switched across the Iron Curtain and was first published in the West in 1980; in the Soviet Union only an abridged version was eventually published in 1988.Grossman's major themes are war and totalitarianism. He writes with great authority and humanity. In his later years he suffered from cruel persecution at the hands of the authorities and died a broken man.1. Vasily Grossman was initially recognized as a writer(A) during his lifetime(B) after his death(C) when his works were published in the West(D) after his works had been highly evaluated2. Grossman's first novel, Stalingrad, established his reputation by(A) describing a battle of the Second World War(B) criticizing the authorities' persecution(C) relating his post-war experience(D) criticizing totalitarianism3. Grossman's Life and Fate(A) was not praised as much as Stalingrad(B) was first published in the Soviet Union(C) was taken out of the Soviet Union in its entirety(D) was intended to show the effects of containment参考答案:1. A2. A3. C二、真题二阅读理解题目:Passage 2It is a common belief that emotions interfere with our reasoning abilities and lead to irrational decisions. However, recent studies have shown that emotions can actually be beneficial to the decision-making process.One study conducted by neuroscientist Antonio Damasio revealed that individuals with damage to a specific part of the brain had difficulty making decisions, even though their intelligence was not affected. This study suggests that emotions play a crucial role in our ability to make choices.Another study conducted by psychologists Loewenstein and Lerner found that individuals who experienced mild emotions during the decision-making process made better decisions compared to those who were emotionally neutral. This suggests that emotions can provide valuable information that can aid in decision-making.Furthermore, research has shown that individuals who are able to understand and regulate their emotions have better decision-making skills. This is because emotional intelligence allows individuals to consider both their rational thoughts and emotional responses when making decisions.In conclusion, emotions are not always detrimental to decision-making. They can provide valuable information and aid in the decision-making process. Additionally, individuals who possess emotional intelligence have better decision-making skills overall.4. According to the passage, recent studies have shown that emotions(A) interfere with our reasoning abilities(B) lead to irrational decisions(C) play a crucial role in decision-making(D) have no impact on decision-making5. The study conducted by Antonio Damasio suggests that individuals with damage to a specific part of the brain(A) have difficulty making decisions due to a lack of intelligence(B) have no emotional responses to aid in decision-making(C) are more likely to make irrational decisions(D) experience interference from their emotions when making decisions6. According to Loewenstein and Lerner's study, individuals who experienced mild emotions during the decision-making process(A) made better decisions compared to those who were emotionally neutral(B) were more likely to make irrational decisions(C) had difficulty making decisions due to a lack of emotional responses(D) had no impact on their decision-making abilities参考答案:4. C5. A6. A根据上述两道真题及其答案,我们可以看到考研英语阅读理解题目通常包括一篇或多篇文章,每篇文章后面配有若干问题,考生需要根据文章内容选择正确的答案。

考研英语_时文阅读50篇

考研英语_时文阅读50篇

考研英语_时⽂阅读50篇考拉进阶英语时⽂阅读50篇Passage1Dealing With Spam1:Confidence Game(2010.11.18The Economist)[483words]Bill Gates,then still Microsoft’s boss,was nearly rightin2004when he predicted the end of spam in two years.Thanks to clever filters2unsolicited3e-mail has largelydisappeared as a daily nuisance4for most on the internet.But spam is still a menace5:blocked at the e-mail inbox,spammers post messages as comments on websites and increasingly on social networks like Twitter and Facebook.The criminal businesses behind spam are competitive and creative.They vault over6technical fixes as fast as the hurdles7are erected.The anti-spam industry has done applaudable work in saving e-mail.But it is always one step behind.In the end,the software industry’s interest is in making money from the problem(by selling subscriptions to regular security updates)rather than tackling it at its source.Law-enforcement agencies have had some success shutting down spam-control servers in America and the Netherlands.But as one place becomes unfriendly, spammers move somewhere else.Internet connections in poor and ill-run countries are improving faster than the authorities there can police them.That won’t end soon.In any case,the real problem is not the message,but the link.Sometimes an unwise click leads only to a website that sells counterfeit8pills.But it can also lead to a page that infects your computer with a virus or another piece of malicious software that then steals your passwords or uses your machine for other immoral purposes. Spam was never about e-mail;it was about convincing us to click.To the spammer,it needs to be decided whether the link is e-mailed or liked.The police are doing what they can,and software companies keep on tightening security.But spam is not just a hack9or a crime,it is a social problem,too.If you look beyond the computers that lie between a spammer and his mark,you can see allthe classic techniques of a con-man:buy this stock,before everyone else does.Buy these pills,this watch,cheaper than anyone else can.The spammer plays upon the universal human desire to believe that we are smarter than anyone gives us credit for,and that things can be had for nothing.As in other walks of life,people become wiser and take precautions only when they have learned what happens when they don’t.That is why the spammers’new arena10—social networks—is so effective.A few fiddles might help,such as tougher default privacy settings on social networks.But the real problem is man,not the machine.Public behaviour still treats the internet like a village,in which new faces are welcome and anti-social behaviour a rarity.A better analogy would be a railway station in a big city,where hustlers11gather to prey on the credulity12of new arrivals.Wise behaviour in such places is to walk fast,avoid eye contact and be cautious with strangers.Try that online.1.spam/sp?m/n.垃圾邮件2.filter/?f?lt?/n.过滤器;滤光器;筛选过滤程序3.unsolicited/??ns??l?s?t?d/adj.未经请求的,⾃发的4.nuisance/?nju?s?ns/n.⿇烦事,讨厌的⼈或东西5.menace/?men?s/n.威胁,恐吓;危险⽓氛;烦⼈的⼈或事物6.vault over越过7.hurdle/?h??dl/n.障碍;跨栏,栏8.counterfeit/?ka?nt?f?t/n.伪造,仿造,制假9.hack/h?k/n.砍,劈;供出租的马;出租车司机;⾮法侵⼊(他⼈计算机系统)10.arena/??ri?n?/n.圆形运动场,圆形剧场;竞技舞台,活动场所11.hustler/?h?sl?/n.耍诡计骗钱的⼈12.credulity/kr??du?l?t?/n.轻信Passage2A Gene to Explain Depression(2011.1.3Time)[459words]As powerful as genes are in exposing clues to diseases,not even the most passionate geneticist1believes thatcomplex conditions such as depression can be reduced to atell-tale2string of DNA.But a new study confirms earlier evidence that aparticular gene,involved in ferrying3a brain chemical critical to mood known as serotonin4,may play a role in triggering5the mental disorder in some people.Researchers led by Dr.Srijan Sen,a professor of psychiatry at University of Michigan,report in the Archives6of General Psychiatry that individuals with a particular form of the serotonin transporter gene were more vulnerable to developing depression when faced with stressful life events such as having a serious medical illness or being a victim of childhood abuse.The form of the gene that these individuals inherit prevents the mood-regulating serotonin from being re-absorbed by nerve cells in the brain.Having such a low-functioning version of the transporter starting early in life appears to set these individuals up for developing depression later on,although the exact relationship between this gene,stress,and depression isn’t clear yet.Sen’s results confirm those of a ground-breaking7study in2003,in which scientists for the first time confirmed the link between genes and environment in depression.In that study,which involved more than800subjects,individuals with the gene coding for the less functional serotonin transporter were more likely to develop depression following a stressful life event than those with the more functional form of the gene.But these findings were questioned by a2009analysis in which scientistspooled814studies investigating the relationship between the serotonin transporter gene,depression and stress,and found no heightened risk of depression among those with different versions of the gene.“One of the hopes I have is that we can settle this story,and move on to looking more broadly across the genome9for more factors related to depression,”he says.“Ideally we would like to find a panel of different genetic variations that go together to help us predict who is going to respond poorly to stress,and who might respond well to specific types of treatment as opposed to others.”He believes that the2009findings do not contradict those from2003,or the latest results,but rather reflect a difference in the way the study was conducted.Sen stresses,however,that this gene is only one player in the cast of genetic and environmental factors that contribute to depression.“All things considered,this gene is a relatively small factor,and for this finding to be clinically10useful,we really need to find many,many more factors.Ultimately we may identify new pathways that are involved in depression to come up with new and better treatments.”1.geneticist/dnet?s?st/n.遗传学家2.tell-tale/?tel?te?l/adj.暴露实情的,能说明问题的3.ferry/?fer?/vt.渡运,摆渡4.serotonin/?s??rt??n?n/n.[⽣化]⾎清素,5-羟⾊胺(神经递质,易影响情绪等)5.trigger/?tr?ɡ?/vt.触发,引发;开动,启动6.archive/?ɑ?ka?v/n.档案馆;档案⽂件7.ground-breaking/?gra?nd?bre?k??/adj.开创性的;创新的8.pool/pu?l/vt.合伙经营;集中(智慧等);共享,分享9.genome/??i?n??m/n.[⽣]基因组;[⽣]染⾊体组10.clinically/?kl?n?kl?/adv.临床地;冷淡地;通过临床诊断Passage3Second Thoughts on Online Education(2010.9New York Times)[415words]Let the computer do the teaching.Some studies,expertopinion and cost pressures all point toward a continuing shiftof education online.A major study last year,funded by the EducationDepartment,which covered comparative research over12years,concluded that online learning on average beat face-to-face teaching by a modest1but statistically meaningful margin2.Bill Gates,whose foundation funds a lot of education programs,predicted last month that in five years much of college education will have gone online.“The self-motivated learner will be on the Web,”Mr.Gates said,speaking at the Techonomy conference in Lake Tahoe.“College needs to be less place-based.”But recent research,published as a National Bureau of Economic Research working paper,comes to a different conclusion.“A rush to online education may come at more of a cost than educators may suspect,”the authors write.The research was a head-to-head experiment,comparing the grades achieved in the same introductory economics class by students—one group online,and one in classroom lectures.Certain groups did notably worse online.Hispanic3students online fell nearly a full grade lower than Hispanic students that took the course in class.Male students did about a half-grade worse online,as did low-achievers,which had college grade-point averages below the mean for the university.The difference certainly was not attributable4to machines replacing a tutorial-style human teaching environment.Instead,the classroom was a large lecture hall seating hundreds of students.Initially,David Figlio,an economist at Northwestern University and co-author of the paper,said he had thought that the flexibility5of the Internet—the ability to“go back and roll the tape”—would probably give the online coursework6an edge over traditional“chalk and talk teaching.”The online lectures were well done,using a professional producer and cameraman7.“It had very much the feel of being in the room,”Mr.Figlio said.So what accounts for the difference in outcomes8?Mr.Figlio has a few theories. For the poorer performance of males and lower-achievers,he says the time-shifting convenience of the Web made it easier for students to put off viewing the lectures and cram9just before the test,a tactic10unlikely to produce the best possible results.It’s partly a stereotype11but also partly true,Mr.Figlio says,that female students tend to be better at timemanagement,spreading their study time over a semester,than males.“And the Internet makes it easier to put off12the unpleasant thing,attending the lecture,”he said.1.modest/?m?d?st/adj.谦虚的,谦恭的;适中的,适度的;些许的2.margin/?mɑ:d??n/n.页边空⽩;边,边缘;差数,差额3.Hispanic/h?s?p?n?k/adj.西班⽛和葡萄⽛的4.attributable/??tr?bj?t?bl/adj.可归因于,可能由于5.flexibility/?fleks??b?l?t?/n.灵活性;柔韧性6.coursework/?k?:sw?:k/n.课程作业7.cameraman/?k?m?r?m?n/n.摄影师8.outcome/?a?tk?m/n.结果9.cram/kr?m/v.挤满,塞满;临时死记硬背10.tactic/?t?kt?k/n.兵法;⽅法,策略;⼿段;招数11.stereotype/?ster??ta?p/n.模式化观念,⽼⼀套,刻板形象12.put off撤销,取消Passage4The Kids Can’t Help It(2010.12.16Newsweek)[372words]What new research reveals about the adolescentbrain—from why kids bully1to how the teen yearsshape the rest of your life.They say you never escape high school.And forbetter or worse,science is lending some credibility tothat old saw.Thanks to sophisticated imaging technology and a raft2of longitudinal3studies,we’re learning that the teen years are a period of crucial brain development subject to a host of environmental and genetic factors.This emerging research sheds4light not only on why teenagers act they way they do,but how the experiences of adolescence—from rejection to binge5 drinking—can affect who we become as adults,how we handle stress,and the way we bond with others.One of the most important discoveries in this area of study,says Dr.Frances Jensen,a neuroscientist at Harvard,is that our brains are not finished maturing by adolescence,as was previously thought.Adolescent brains“are only about80percentof the way to maturity,”she said at the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience in November.It takes until the mid-20s,and possibly later,for a brain to become fully developed.An excess of gray matter6(the stuff that does the processing)at the beginning of adolescence makes us particularly brilliant at learning—the reason we’re so good at picking up new languages starting in early childhood—but also particularly sensitive to the influences of our environment,both emotional and physical.Our brains’processing centers haven’t been fully linked yet,particularly the parts responsible for helping to check7our impulses8and considering the long-term repercussions9of our actions.“It’s like a brain that’s all revved10up not knowing where it needs to go,”says Jensen.It’s partially because of this developmental timeline that a teen can be so quick to conjure11a stinging remark,or a biting insult,and so uninhibited12in firing it off at the nearest unfortunate target—a former friend,perhaps,or a bewildered parent.The impulse to hurl13an insult14is there,just as it may be for an adult in a stressful situation,but the brain regions that an adult might rely on to stop himself from saying something cruel just haven’t caught up.1.bully/?b?l?/v.恐吓;充当恶霸,恃强凌弱2.raft/rɑ?ft/n.筏;橡⽪艇,充⽓船;⼤量3.longitudinal/?l?ntju?d?nl/adj.纵向的;纵观的;经度的4.shed/?ed/vt.散发出光;去除,摆脱;蜕,落5.binge/b?nd?/n.饮酒作乐;狂饮;狂闹6.gray matter灰质(脑、脊髓内神经元集中的地⽅)7.check/t?ek/v.检查,核验,核对;制⽌,控制8.impulse/??mp?ls/n.冲动;脉冲;刺激,推动⼒9.repercussion/?ri?p??kn/n.(间接的)反响,影响,恶果10.rev/rev/v.(发动机等)加快转速11.conjure/?k?n??/v.变魔术;使变戏法般地出现(或消失)12.uninhibited/??n?n?h?b?t?d/adj.⽆限制的;⽆拘束的,放任的13.hurl/h??l/vt.猛掷,猛扔;⼤声说出14.insult/?n?s?lt/n.侮辱;凌辱;⽆礼Passage5The Power of Posture(2011.1.13The Economist)[486words]“Stand up straight!”“Chest out!”“Shoulders back!”Theseare the perennial1cries of sergeant2majors and fussy3parentsthroughout the ages.Posture certainly matters.Big is dominantand in species after species,humans included,postures thatenhance the posturer’s apparent size cause others to treat him asif he were more powerful.The stand-up-straight brigade4,however,often make a further claim:that posture affects the way the posturer treats himself,as well as how others treat him.To test the truth of this,Li Huang and Adam Galinsky,at Northwestern University in Illinois,have compared posture’s effects onself-esteem with those of a more conventional ego-booster,management responsibility. In a paper just published in Psychological Science they conclude,surprisingly,that posture may matter more.The two researchers’experimental animals—77undergraduate students—first filled out questionnaires5,ostensibly6to assess their leadership capacity.Half were then given feedback forms which indicated that,on the basis of the questionnaires, theywere to be assigned to be managers in a forthcoming7experiment.The other half were told they would besubordinates8.While the participants waited for this feedback, they were asked to help with a marketing test on ergonomic9chairs.In fact,neither of these tests was what it seemed.The questionnaires were irrelevant.V olunteers were assigned to be managers or subordinates at random.The test of posture had nothing to do with ergonomics.And,crucially,each version of the posture test included equal numbers of those who would become“managers”and “subordinates”.Once the posture test was over the participants received their new statuses and the researchers measured theirimplicit10sense of power by asking them to engage in a word-completion task.Participants were instructed to complete a number of fragments11with the first word that came to mind.Seven of the fragments could be interpreted as words related to power(“power”,“direct”,“lead”,“authority”,“control”,“command”and“rich”).Although previous studies suggested a mere title is enough to produce a detectable increase in an individual’s sense of power,Dr Huang and Dr Galinsky found no difference in the word-completion scores of those told they would be managers and those told they would be subordinates.Having established the principle,Dr Huang and Dr Galinsky went on to test the effect of posture on other power-related decisions:whether to speak first in a debate, whether to leave the site of a plane crash to find help and whether to join a movement to free a prisoner who was wrongfully locked up.In all three cases those who had sat in expansive12postures chose the active option(to speak first,to search for help,to fight for justice)more often than those who had sat crouched13. The upshot14,then,is that father(or the sergeant major)was right.Those who walk around with their heads held high not only get the respect of others,they seem also to respect themselves.1.perennial/p??ren??l/adj.[植]多年⽣的;长久的,持续的2.sergeant/?sɑnt/n.[军](英)陆军、空军、海军陆战队中⼠;(美)陆军或空军中⼠3.fussy/?f?s?/adj.挑剔的,⼤惊⼩怪的;紧张不安的4.brigade/?br?ɡe?d/n.旅;伙,帮,派5.questionnaire/?kwestn e?/n.问卷;调查表6.ostensibly/?s?tens?bl?/adv.表⾯上;明显地7.forthcoming/?f??θ?k?m??/adj.即将发⽣的;现成的;乐于提供信息的8.subordinate/s??b??d?n?t/n.下级,部属9.ergonomic/ɡn?m?k/adj.⼈类⼯程学的10.implicit/?m?pl?s?t/adj.不⾔明的,含蓄的11.fragment/?fr?ɡm?nt/n.碎⽚,⽚段12.expansive/?ks?p?ns?v/adj.⼴阔的,辽阔的;⼴泛的,全⾯的;友善健谈的,开朗的13.crouch/kraut?/vt.屈膝,蹲伏,蹲,蹲下14.upshot/??p??t/n.最后结果,结局Passage6How Rest Helps Memory:Sleepy Heads(2010.2.25The Economist)[402words]Mad dogs and Englishmen,so the song has it,go out in themidday sun.And the business practices of England’s linealdescendant1,America,will have you in the office from nine in themorning to five in the evening,if not longer.Much of the world,though,prefers to take a siesta2.And research presented to theAAAS meeting in San Diego suggests it may be right to do so.Ithas already been established that those who siesta are less likely todie of heart disease.Now,Matthew Walker and his colleagues at the University of California,Berkeley,have found that they probably have better memory, too.A post-prandial3snooze4,Dr Walker has discovered,sets the brain up for learning.The role of sleep in consolidating5memories that have already been created has been understood for some time.Dr Walker has been trying to extend this understanding by looking at sleep’s role in preparing the brain for the formation of memories in the first place.He was particularly interested in a type of memory called episodic6memory,which relates to specific events,places and times.This contrasts with procedural memory,of the skills required to perform some sort of mechanical task,such as driving.The theory he and his team wanted to test was that the ability to form new episodic memories deteriorates7with increased wakefulness,and that sleep thus restores the brain’s capacity for efficient learning.They asked a group of39people to take part in two learning sessions,one at noon and one at6pm.On each occasion the participants tried to memorise and recall 100combinations of pictures and names.After the first session they were assigned randomly to either a control group,which remained awake,or a nap group,which had 100minutes of monitored sleep. Those who remained awake throughout the day became worse at learning.Those who napped8,by contrast,actually improved their capacity to learn,doing better in the evening than they had at noon.These findings suggest that sleep is clearing the brain’s short-term memory and making way for new information.The benefits to memory of a nap,says Dr Walker,are so great that they can equal an entire night’s sleep.Hewarns,however,that napping must not be done too late in the day or it will interfere with night-time sleep.Moreover,not everyone awakens refreshed from a siesta.1.lineal descendant直系后裔2.siesta/s??est?/n.午睡,午休3.prandial/?pr?nd??l/adj.膳⾷的,正餐的4.snooze/snu:z/n.⼩睡5.consolidate/k?n?s?l?de?t/vt.使巩固,使加强;合并6.episodic/?ep??s?d?k/adj.偶尔发⽣的,不定期的;有许多⽚段的7.deteriorate/d??t??r??re?t/vi.恶化,退化;变坏8.nap/n?p/vi.⼩睡Passage7Learning Gap Between Rich and Poor Starts Early(2011.2Newsweek)[354words]It’s generally accepted that there is a correlationbetween a child’s educational attainment1and a family’spoverty level,but new research shows that the problemmay take root2earlier than previously thought.A new study in Psychological Science found that at10months old,children from poor families performed just as well as children from wealthier families,but by the time they turned2,children from wealthier families were scoring consistently higher than those from poorer ones.“Poor kids aren’t even doing as well in terms of school readiness,sounding out letters and doing other things that you would expect to be relevant to early learning,”Elliot M.Tucker-Drob of the University of Texas at Austin,lead author of the study, said in a press release.To conduct the study,researchers assessed the mental abilities of about750pairs of fraternal3and identical4twins from all over the U.S.The participants’socioeconomic status was determined based on parents’educational attainment, occupations and family income.Each child was asked to perform tasks that included pulling a string to ring a bell, placing three cubes in a cup,matching pictures and sorting pegs by color first at10 months and again when they were2years old.At this time,researchers discovered that during the14-month window between the aptitude5tests,gaps in cognitive6 development had started to occur.Children from wealthier families had started to consistently outperform those from poorer ones.Researchers attempted to disprove7a genetic explanation by comparing the aptitude tests of each set of twins.Among the2-year-olds from wealthier families, identical twins had much more similar test scores than fraternal twins,who share only half of their genes.However,among2-year-olds from poorer families,identical twins scored no more similar to one another than did fraternal twins.The implication is that children’s genetic potential is subdued8by poverty, though the study stopped short of drawing a scientific conclusion as to what specifically was causing the achievement gaps.Researchers did postulate9that, generally speaking,poorer parents may not have the time or resources to spend playing with their children in stimulating ways.1.attainment/??te?nm?nt/n.达到;成就,造诣2.take root⽣根;开始;建⽴3.fraternal/fr??t??nl/adj.兄弟般的,亲如⼿⾜的4.identical/a??dent?kl/adj.同⼀的,完全相同的5.aptitude/??pt?tju?d/n.天资,天赋6.cognitive/?k?ɡn?t?v/adj.认知的,认识的7.disprove/d?s?pru?v/vt.证明……是错的8.subdue/s?b?dju?/vt.征服;抑制,克制9.postulate/?p?stj?le?t/v.假定,假设Passage8More Than Meets the Mirror:Illusion1Test Links Difficulty Sensing InternalCues2with Distorted3Body-Image(2011.1.4Scientific America)[457words]With all of the New Year’s diet ads claiming you canlose dozens of pounds in seemingly as many days,youprobably are not alone if you looked in the mirror thismorning and saw a less than ideal body.Or maybe you justpicked up a new magazine in which already thin modelshave their remaining flesh scavenged4by Photoshop to make them appear even slimmer.With all of these unrealistic promises and images,it can be hard to gain an accurate sense of one’s own body.But the disjunction5for some people might go deeper than manipulated5photos.A new study shows that the way people perceive their external7appearance is likely linked to how they experience their bodies internally.Researchers found that people who had greater difficulties sensing their own internal bodily states were also more likely to be fooled into believing a rubber hand was part of their own bodies. These results,published online in the issue of Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences,may one day help scientists understand how body image can become so distorted in disorders like body dysmorphia8and anorexia nervosa9,says lead author Manos Tsakiris of Royal Holloway,University of London.“The sense of self is built up from a representation of internal states,”says Hugo Critchley,a professor of psychiatry at the University of Sussex in England who was not involved with the study.“This paper is showing that sensitivity of individuals to their internal state predicts the strength of their self-representation.”Most of the time,the image someone has of their body is pretty close to its external appearance.You may see your thighs10as slightly bigger than they actually are,or your arm muscles as slightly smaller,but the discrepancy11is usually minimal12.In some mental disorders,however,body image can become dramatically distorted.Those who suffer from body dysmorphic disorder think that parts of their bodies are malformed13or grotesque14,even when these supposed flaws are not noticeable to others.In eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa patients continue to think they need to lose weight even as their bodies waste away.Crucial to the formation of body image—pathological15and otherwise—is the integration of external and internal cues.What we see in the mirror and what we feel against our skin melds with16our own internal awareness of our bodies to create an overarching17body image.Scientists have historically focused on how external factors like magazines and fashion models affect the creation of an accurate body image.Tsakiris and his colleagues,however,hypothesized that a person’s internal awareness of his or her body,known as interoceptive18awareness,was also related to the creation of an accurate body image.1.illusion/??ljun/n.错觉,幻觉;假象2.cue/kju?/n.提⽰;暗⽰,暗号3.distorted/d?s?t??t?d/adj.变形的,扭曲的;歪曲的,曲解的4.scavenge/?sk?v?n?/v.(从废弃物中)觅⾷,捡破烂;吃(动物⼫体)5.disjunction/d?sk??n/n.分离,分裂6.manipulate/m??n?pj?le?t/vt.控制,操纵;操作,使⽤;正⾻7.external/?k?st??nl/adj.外部的,外⾯的;外界的,外来的;对外的8.dysmorphia/d?s?m??f??/n.[医]畸形,变形9.anorexia nervosa神经性厌⾷症10.thigh /θa?/n.股,⼤腿11.discrepancy/d?s?krep?ns?/n.差异,不符合,不⼀致12.minimal/?m?n?m?l/adj.极⼩的,极少的,最⼩的13.malformed/?m?l?f??md/adj.畸形的14.grotesque/ɡrtesk/adj.怪诞的,荒唐的;奇形怪状的15.pathological/?p?θ??lkl/adj.不理智的,⽆道理的;病态的;病理学的16.meld with与……融合;与……合并17.overarching/v?r?ɑ?t/adj.⾮常重要的,⾸要的18.interoceptive /??nt?r?u?sept?v/adj.内感受(器)的Passage9The Tussle1for Talent(2011.1.6The Economist)[432words]Plato believed that men are divided into three classes:gold,silver and bronze.Vilfredo Pareto,an Italianeconomist,argued that“the vital2few”account for mostprogress.Such sentiments are taboo today in public life.Politicians talk of a“leadership class”or“the vital few”attheir peril3.Schools abhor4picking winners.Universities welcome the masses:more people now teach at British ones than attended them in the 1950s.In the private sector5things could hardly be more different.The world’s best companies struggle relentlessly6to find and keep the vital few.They offer them fat pay packets,extra training,powerful mentors7and more challenging assignments.If anything,businesses are becoming more obsessed with ability.This is partly cyclical8.Deloitte and other consultancies have noticed that as the economy begins to recover,companies are trying harder to nurture raw talent,or to poach9it from their rivals.When new opportunities arise,they hope to have the brainpower to seize them.The acceleration of the tussle for talent is also structural, however.Private-equity firms rely heavilyon a few stars.High-tech firms,for all their sartorial10egalitarianism11,are ruthless12about recruiting the brightest.Firms in emerging markets are desperate to find high-flyer13s—the younger the better—who can cope with rapid growth and fast-changing environments.Successful companies make sure that senior managers are involved with“talentdevelopment”.Jack Welch and /doc/2e5e0328482fb4daa58d4b15.html fley,former bosses of GE and P&G,claimed that they spent40%of their time on personnel.Andy Grove,who ran Intel,a chipmaker14,obliged all the senior people,including himself,to spend at least a week a year teaching high-flyers.Nitin Paranjpe,the boss of Hindustan Unilever,recruits people from campuses and regularly visits high-flyers in their offices.Involving the company’s top brass15in the process prevents lower-level managers from monopolising16high-flyers(and taking credit for their triumphs).It also creates a dialogue between established and future leaders.Successful companies also integrate talent development with their broader strategy.This ensures that companies are more than the sum of their parts.Adrian Dillon,a former chief financial officer of Agilent,a firm that makes high-tech measuring devices,says he would rather build a“repertory17company”than a “collection of world experts”.P&G likes its managers to be both innovative and worldly:they cannot rise to the top without running operations in a country and managing a product globally.Agilent and Novartis like to turn specialists into general managers.Goodyear replaced23of its24senior managers in two years as it shifted from selling tyres to carmakers to selling them to motorists.1.tussle/t?sl/n.扭打;争论;争⽃;奋⽃2.vita l/?va?tl/adj.⽣命的;充满活⼒的;⽣死攸关的;极其重要的3.peril/?per?l/n.严重危险;祸害,险情4.abhor/?b?h??/vt.痛恨,憎恶5.sector/?sekt?/n.[数]扇形;两脚规;部分;部门6.relentlessly/r??lentl?sl?/adv.残酷地,⽆情地;不停地,不减弱地7.mentor /?men?t??/n.私⼈教师,辅导教师;良师益友8.cyclical/?sa?kl?kl/adj.周期的,循环的9.poach/p??t?/vt.⽔煮;偷猎;盗⽤,挖⾛(⼈员)10.sartorial/sɑ??t??r??l/adj.服装的,男装的,⾐着的11.egalitarianism/??ɡ?l??te?r??n?z?m/n.平等主义,平均主义12.ruthless/?ru?θl?s/adj.⽆情的,冷酷的;残忍的13.high-flyer/?ha?fla??/n.抱负极⾼的⼈;有野⼼的⼈14.chipmaker/?t??p?me?k?/n.集成块制造者;半导体(元件)制造商15.top brass要员16.monopolise/m??n?p?la?z/vt.垄断,独占;占去(⼤部分时间、精⼒),霸占17.repertory/?rep?tr?/n.保留剧⽬轮演Passage10What Is a Medically Induced Coma1and Why Is It Used?(2011.1.10Scientific America)[497words]Basically what happens with a medically induced。

考研英语经典阅读四篇

考研英语经典阅读四篇

考研英语经典阅读四篇————————————————————————————————作者: ————————————————————————————————日期:ﻩ考研英语经典阅读四篇PassageOneHowever important we may regard schoollife to be,there is no denying the fact thatchildrenspend moretime at homethanin the classroom. Therefore, thegreat influence ofparents cannot beignored by the teacher. They can become stronghelp to the school personnel orthey can consciously or unconsciously go against the learning aims.ﻫAdministrators have been aware ofthe needto keep parents informed of the newer methods used in schools.Many principals haveconducted lectures explaining such matter as thereadingreadi nessprogram, manuscript writing anddevelopmental mathematics.ﻫMoreover, the classroom teacher,withthe permissionof the supervisors,can also play an important r oleinenlightening parents. Theinformal tea and themany interviews carried onduring the year,aswell as new ways of reporting pupil′s progress,can significantly aid in ac hievingaharmonious interplay between school and home.Toillustrate,suppose thatafather has been drilling Juniorin arithmetic processesnight afternight. In a friendlyinterview, the teacher can help the parentsublimate (转化) hisnaturalpaternal(父亲的,父权的) interest into productive channels. He mightbe persuadedtoletJunior joinin discussing the familybudget, buying the food, using ayardstickormeasuring cup athome,setting theclock,calculating mileage on a tripandengaging in many other activities thathave a mathematical basis.ﻫIfthe father follows the advice, it is reasonable to assume thathe will soon realize his sonis making satisfactory progressin mathematics,and at thesame time, enjoyingthe work.ﻫToo often, however, teachers′ conferenceswithparentsaredevoted to prettyaccounts of children′s misbehaviors,complaints aboutlaziness and poor work hab its, and suggestion forpunishment and rewardsathome.ﻫWhatis neededis more creative approach in whichthe teacher, as a professional adviser, plantsideasin parents′ minds for the best utilizationof the manyhours that the child spendsoutof the class room.ﻫIn this way, theschool and thehome joinforces in fosteringthefullestdevelopment of youngster s′ capacities.(355)1.The central idea expressedin the above passage is that[A]hometrainingis more important than school training because a child spendsso many hours with hisparents.[B]teachers can andshouldhelp parentsto understand and furtherthe aims of thesch ool.ﻫ[C]there aremany ways in which the mathematics program canbeimplementedathome.ﻫ[D]parents unconsciously have gone against theteaching aims.ﻫ2.The authordirectly discus ses the fact that[A]parents drilltheir children too much in arithmetic.[B] principals have explainedthe new artprograms to parents.ﻫ[C] a father can havehis son helphimconstruct articles at home.[D] aparent′s misguidedefforts canbe properly directed.3.It can reasonablybe inferred that the authorﻫ[A]is satisfied with present relationsh ips betweenhome andschool.ﻫ[B]feels that the traditional program in mathematics is slightly superiortothe developmentalprogram.ﻫ[C]feels that teacherparent conferencecan be more productive.[D]is of the opinion that teachers of this generation areinferiortothoseofthe las tgeneration.ﻫ4.The author implies thatﻫ[A] participation in interesting activitiesrelatingtoasubject improves one′s achievement in that area.[B]too many children are lazy andhave poor work habits.ﻫ[C] school principals domore than theirshare in interpreting the curriculum to theparents.[D] teachersshould occasionally make home visits to parents.ﻫ5.Wemay infer that the writer of thearticle does favor[A]a father′s helping his son withthe latter′s studies.[B] writtencommunications to theparents fromthe teacher.[C] having the parentsobserve lessons which the children are beingtaught.[D]principalparentconferences rather than teacher parentconferences.ﻫPassage TwoTheimportanceand focus onthe interview in the workof the print and broadcastjou rnalistis reflected inseveral books that havebeen writtenonthe topic. Most ofthesebooks, as wellas several chapters,mainly in, but not limitedto,journalismand broadcasting handbooksand reporting texts,stressthe“how to”aspects of journalistic interv iewing rather than the conceptual aspects oftheinterview, its contextand implications. Muchof the “howto” materialis based on personalexperiences and general impressions.Aswe know, in journalism as in other fields,muchcan be learnedfrom thesystematicstudy ofprofessionalpractice.Such studybringstogether evidencefromwhich broadgeneralizedprinciplescanbe developed.There is,as has been suggested,a growing body ofresearch literature in jo urnalism and broadcasting,butvery littlesignificant attentionhas been devoted to the studyof theinterview itself.On the otherhand,manygeneral textsaswell asn umerous research articleson interviewingin fields other than journalism have been written.Manyof these books and articles presentthe theoretical andempirical aspects of the interview aswell as the training ofthe interviewers. Unhappily, this plentifulgeneral literatureaboutinterviewing pays littleattentionto the journalistic interview. The fact thatthe general literatureoninterviewingdoes notdeal with the journalistic interview seemsto besurprising for tworeasons. First,itseems likely that most peoplein modern Western societies aremorefamiliar, atleast inapositivemanner, withjournalistic interviewing than with any other formof interviewing. Mostof us are probablysomewhat familiar with theclinical interview, such asthat conducted by phy sicians and psychologists.In thesesituationsthe professional personor interviewer isinterestedin getting information necessaryforthe diagnosis(诊断)and treatment of the personseekinghelp. Another familiar situation is thejobinterview.However,very few ofus have actually been interviewed personally bythe massmedia,par ticularly by television. And yet, we have avivid acquaintance withthe journalistic in terviewby virtueof our roles asreaders,listeners,andviewers. Even so,true understanding ofthe journalistic interview, especiallytelevision interviews,requi resthoughtful analysisandeven study, as this book indicates.(371)6.The mainideaofthe first paragraph is that[A] generalizedprinciples for journalistic interviews are thechief concern for writers onjourn alism.ﻫ[B]importanceshould be attached to the systematicstudyofjournalisticinterviewing.ﻫ[C]concepts andcontextual implicationsareofsecondary importance to journalistic interviewing.[D]personal experiences andgeneral impressionsshould be excludedfrom journalistic interviews.7.Much research has beendone on interviews in general[A] so thetraining ofjournalistic interviewershas likewisebeen strengthened.[B] though thestudy ofthe interviewingtechniques hasn′t received much attention.ﻫ[C] but journalisticinterviewing as a specific field has unfortunately beenneglected. [D] and there has also beena dramaticgrowthin thestudy of journalistic interviewing.8.Westerners are familiarwiththe journalistic interviewﻫ[A]butmost of themwish tostay away from it.ﻫ[B]and many ofthemhope tobe interviewed someday.[C]andmany of themwould like to acquirea true understanding of it.ﻫ[D]butmost of themmay not have been interviewed inperson.ﻫ9.Whois theintervieweein aclinical interview?10.The p[A]The patient.[B] The physician.ﻫ[C]The Journalist. [D] The psychologist.ﻫassage ismostlikely a part of.[A] a news article [B] a research report[C]ajournalisticinterview[D]a prefacePassageThreeﻫSince 1975advocatesof humane treatment of animalshave broa dened their goalsto oppose theuse of animals for fur,leather, wool, and food. They hav emounted protests against all formsof hunting and the trappingof animalsin the wild. And they have joined environmentalistsinurging protection of naturalhabitats fromcommercialor residential development. The occasion for these added emphases wa sthepublicationin 1975 of“Animal Liberation: ANew Ethics for Our Treatment of Animals”by PeterSinger,formerly a professorof philosophy at Oxford University inEngland.This book gavea new impetus to the animal rightsmovement.The post1975 animal rights activists are farmore vocalthan their predecessors,and the organizations to which they belong are generally more radical. Many new organizations are formed.Thetactics of the activists are designed to catchthe attentionof thepublic.Since themid-1980sthere have been frequent news reportsabout animal right org anizationspicketing stores that sell furs,harassinghunters in thewild,orbreakin ginto laboratories tofree animals. Someof themore extreme organizationsadvocate t heuse of assault,armedterrorism, anddeath threats to make their point.ﻫAsidefrom makingisolated attacks on people whowearfurcoats or trying to prevent hunters fromkilling animals,most of the organizations havedirected their tacticsatinstitutions. The results of the protests andothertactics have been mixed.Companies are reducing reliance on animal testing. Medicalresearchhas been somewhat curtailed bylegalrestrictionsandthereluctance ofyounger workersto use animalsinresearch.Newtests havebeen developed toreplacethe use of animals.Somewell known designers have stopped using fur.While the general public tendsto agree that animals shouldbe treated humanely, mostpeopleareunlikely to give up eatingmeator wearing goodsmade from leather and wool. Giving up genuine fur has become lessof a problem, sincefibers used to make fake fur suchasthe Japanese invention Kanecaroncanlookalmost identical torealfur.Some ofthestrongest oppositionto theanimal rightsmovement has come fromhunters and their organizations. But animal rights activistshave succeededinmarshaling public opinionto press for staterestrictions onhunting in severalpartsof the nation.(383)ﻫ11.1975was animportant yearin the history ofanimaltreatment becauseﻫ[A]manypeoplebegan to call for humane treatmentof animals that year.ﻫ[B] a newbookwaspublished that broadened the animal rights movement.[C]the environmentalists beganto show interest in animal protection.12.Some animal ri[D]the trappingof animalsbeganto go wildall throughthe world.ﻫghts organizationsadvocate the use of extreme means in order to[A]wipeoutcruel people.[B] stop usinganimals inthe laboratory.ﻫ[C]attackhunters in the wild.ﻫ[D]catch full public attention.13.Whenthe authorsays that “the resultsof the protests and other tactics have been mixed” (in Para.3),he means the protestand othertactics[A]have produceddesired effects.ﻫ[B]almost amounted to nothing.ﻫ[C] have some influence on thepublic.[D] have proved tobe too radical.ﻫ14.The word “marshaling” (inthe last paragraph) probably means.[A] conducting [B]popularizing[C]changing [D]outragingﻫ15.It seemsthat theauthor ofthis articleﻫ[A]is strongly opposed to the animal rights movement.ﻫ[B]is infavor of the animalrightsmovement.ﻫ[C]supportsthe use of violencein animal protection.ﻫ[D] hates theuseof fa kefur for clothes.Passage FourﻫIfsomething you have bought isfaulty or doesnotdo what wasclaimed forit,you a re not asking for a favor togetitput right.It is the shopkeeper′s responsibility to take the complaint seriously and toreplace orrepair a faultyarticle because heis the personwith wh omyou haveentered into an agreement.Complaintsshould be made to a responsible person.Go back to the shop where youbought thegoods,taking with you any receiptyou mayhave. If you telephone, askthe name of the person who handles your inquiry, otherwise,you may never find out who dealt with the complai nt later.Even the bravestpersonfinds it difficulttostandup in a groupof peopleto co mplain, so ifyou donot want to do it in person,write aletter. Stick tothefactsa ndkeep a copy ofwhatyou write.At this stage you should give any receiptnumber, but you should not need togive receiptsor other papers toprove youbought thearticle.If you are not satisfied withtheanswer you get, or ifyou donot getareply, write to themanagingdirector(总经理) ofthe shop. Be sure tokeep copies of your own letters and anyyou receive.If your complaintisajust one, the shopkeepermayoffer to replace orrepair the faulty article.You may find thisanattractive solution.In certain cases you may have the rightto refuse thegoods andask for yourmoneyback, but this isonly wh ereyouhavehardly used the goods andhaveacted at once.Evenwhen youcannot refuse the goods you may be able to get some money backaswell.And ifyou have suffere dsome specialloss,for exampleifa new washing machine tears your clothes, you mig ht receive money to replace them.If the shopkeeperrefuses to giveyou money,ask f or advice fromyour Citizens AdviceBureau before you accepta creditnote to be used tobuy goodsin the same shops. In some casestheshopkeeper does not haveto giveyou your moneyback.If, forexample,he changes an articlesimply because you don′t like it or it doesnotfit. He doesnot have totake back the goods inthese circumst ances.(398)16.The shopper may make a complaint because[A] he dislikes causing afuss.ﻫ[B]itdoesn′t dowhatis claimedfor it.[C]thearticle bought is not upto standard.17.When complaining onthe telephoneﻫ[D]hewasat faultin buyingthe article.ﻫ[A]you should speak direct to the owner.ﻫ[B]youmust ask for the manager.ﻫ[C]youmayneverfindoutwho dealt with the matter.ﻫ[D]you should find out with whomyou discussthe matter.18.Youcan demandyour money backonly if[A] the article cannot bereplaced orrepaired.[B]you have gone back immediately.[C] thearticle has not gone up in price since you bought it.ﻫ[D] the articlehas had h19.If a shopkeeper willnotgive you money you shouldﻫ[A]takea crard wear.ﻫedit note instead.[B]refuse toleavethe shop.20.The shopkeeper m[C] askyour officefor advice.[D]find outyour lawful rights.ﻫay change an article ifﻫ[A]he gives you yourmoney back.[B] he thinksitis u nsuitable.[C]it is the wrongsize. [D] hedoesn′tlikeit.Passage Oneﻫ(一)注释ﻫ1.manuscript n.手稿,原稿ﻫ2.enlighten vt.启发, 启蒙,教导,授予...知识,开导ﻫ3. ill ustrate vt.举例说明,图解, 加插图于, 阐明vi.举例ﻫ(二)长难句结构分析1.{If the fatherfollows the advice},it is reasonableto assumethat [hewillsoon realize his son is①making satisfactory progressin mathematics, and at thesametime,②enjoying the work.]整个句子是状语从句,主句的it是形式主语,主语是由非谓语动词引导的一个宾语从句。

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考研阅读---核心笔记
第一部分:八大考点原则:
一,转折对比原则
在文中应注意的转折词:
but, however, on the contrary, yet, of course, in fact, actually
在文中应注意的对比词:
in contrast, in comparison, compared with
规律:首句后出现转折,转折前为铺垫,转折之后才是文章重点论述。

二,最高级,比较级,唯一性原则:
注意文中出现的如下词汇:only, sole (solely), mere (merely), sheer, simply, entirely, absolutely, just, always, forever, never, none, must, all, any (anyone, anybody, anywhere)
规律:文章当中出现要注意,选项当中出现,要回原文定位
三:举例与列举原则:
表列举词汇:first; firstly; second, secondly. Third thirdly , finally, fist of all, then, in addition , further , furthermore, beside , moreover,
或文中连续出现多个例子。

规律:可略读,但注意其中考点原则;常考细节题,判断题。

表示举例的词汇有:f or example, for instance, take…as an example, as , such as , like.
规律:举例处可略读,但要注意之前观点。

四:标点符号原则:
冒号:解释之前内容;表示并列细节的展开,考察词汇题;细节题。

分号:连接并列句,考察词汇题。

引号:引用他人内容。

考察引号内容的理解。

括号:对之前内容的解释,考察细节题,近年来重点考察。

五:虚拟语气:
关键词:if , as though ; as if , seem , as soon as , should
表示期望与愿望,而非事实所在,用于排除错误选项。

六:原因原则:
题干中提问原因的词汇如:why, because, in that
注意文章中原因词定位:如,because , because of , so , for, since, as , thus, therefoe , consequently, in consequence, as a result , result from, result in , cause, originate from , lead to , attribute to , derive from, reason, result , lest.
七:长难句原则:
文章当中的长句,与难句应重点理解,常有考点。

长句抓主体,难句与主题相关。

八:反语原则:
文章当中,少数人支持的(few), 大家认为不可能的(hardly,not likely),作者通常是赞同的,考研的作者心态---标新立异。

第二部分:六大题型
一,推理判断题:
题干标志:推理:i nfer, most likely, imply , suggest, probably;
判断:t ure , not , except
技巧:当成细节题做,与考点原则联系,与黄金法则联系。

规律:infer 题正确答案常包含情态动词:m ay , might , can, could ,should, likely , unlikely.
二,态度题:
细节态度题:文中某人对某事的态度---当成细节题做。

作者态度题:
题干标志:tone , attitude, the author …
态度词分类:
正:o ptimistic , positive, approval ,
负:pessimistic, negative, opposition
中:objective, neutural, concerned, impartial
技巧:段首出现转折,态度首选中立客观,没有中立客观,先选多,再选后。

三,举例证明题
开头举例题:提问开篇的话或例子;目的为了---引出主题
一般举例题:题干标志:example , case, story, “例子”
技巧:例子用来证明观点
观点的位置:1,例子之前一句话。

2,段落ts (段首,转折,段未);
3,全文TS,4,下段的观点。

四,词汇题
标志:“词汇/短语”
技巧:利用标点符号原则,并列句,定语从句,同位语从句解题,词汇本身含义不重要,为中意思最重要。

五:主旨题
类型:标题题:title , best summary ,
文章大意:mainly about , conclude from this passage 技巧:1,从多不从少(主);从后不从前(副)
2,首段/首句后的转折是主旨。

3,错误选项特征:文章当中的例子或细节。

4,经常有的词汇:may , probably, possible , can , could, some, sometimes , usually, often. 错误选项:always, never, none , nobody, no, everyone, all.
六,细节题
特点:题干中有易于定位的词。

技巧:利用顺序原则与考点句对应
第三部分,文章与答案的规律(一)
1,答案符合顺序原则
2,正确答案是原文的同意改写,并且范围宽于原文。

3,答案的黄金法则
4,首句出现疑问,答案为否定。

5,出现并列的细节答案,选择综合。

6,没有孤立的题,细节题与主旨挂钩
7,出现问题要解决时,常考虑政府与法律。

一,整体经济文章规律:
1,看首段即可知道是整体经济文章
2,文章为总分结构,段落内以TS+细节展开。

3,文章主题常为经济形式比预想要好,整体形势乐观,细节题与主旨题挂钩,作者态度中立偏正。

如:
二,新话题规律:常为背景介绍引出问题分析并解决问题。

背景介绍常考开头举例题,解决问题时,常以法律为解决方案。

1,信息网络:作者持乐观态度,认为其是社会发展的必然。

2,死亡:作者对死亡是中立偏支持
文中例子对死亡也是中立偏支持的
现有法律为认定,但大势所趋,不可避免。

3,科学VS反科学:科学持正态度,反科学持负态度;科学应加强重视,采取措施。

4,新浪潮:支持态度,认为是社会的良性发展。

三,科技文章规律:
1,新产生的科学观点是正确的
2,新生事物应该谨慎接受
四,社会问题规律:
文章常以现实,或著名论断来表明作者自己观点,内容晦涩,可不深究,但注意主题与考点。

1,作者对社会现状不满,期望变得更好。

3,题目要注意常用规律与考点。

第四部分,文章练习
经济:整体:00-1;02-3;01-4;04-3
个体:03-3;06-2
热点问题:信息网络:01-2-4;03-1;04-1;07-4;08-2
死亡:02-4;03-4
科学VS反科学:03-2;05-2
新浪潮:01-5;06-1
社会问题:00-4-5;01-3;04-2-4;;05-4;07-3
自然科技:00-2;01-1;02-1-2;05-1-3;06-3;07-1-2;08-1,3,4 其他:00-3;06-4。

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