Overview-of-business model商业模式概述毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
有关商业模型的英文作文
有关商业模型的英文作文Running a business is all about finding the right business model that works for your specific industry and target market. There are various business models out there, and each has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. It's important to carefully consider which model aligns best with your goals and resources.One popular business model is the subscription-based model, where customers pay a recurring fee for access to a product or service. This model provides a predictable revenue stream and can help build long-term customer relationships. However, it also requires a strong value proposition to convince customers to commit to regular payments.Another common model is the e-commerce model, where businesses sell products or services online. This model offers a wide reach and low overhead costs, but it also requires a strong online presence and effective marketingstrategies to stand out in a crowded marketplace.Franchise business models allow entrepreneurs to leverage an established brand and proven business model. While this can provide a higher likelihood of success, it also comes with significant upfront costs and ongoing royalty fees.The advertising-based business model relies on generating revenue through selling ad space or sponsored content. This model can be lucrative for businesses with high traffic or engaged audiences, but it also requires a constant focus on attracting and retaining viewers.The on-demand model, popularized by companies like Uber and Airbnb, connects customers with services or resources in real-time. This model offers convenience and flexibility for both customers and service providers, but it also requires a careful balance of supply and demand to be successful.Ultimately, the key to a successful business model isunderstanding your market, identifying your unique value proposition, and finding a model that allows you to deliver that value in a sustainable and profitable way. It's important to stay agile and be willing to adapt or evolve your model as market conditions and customer needs change.。
我欣赏的企业模式作文
我欣赏的企业模式作文英文回答：The business model that I admire is the subscription-based model. This model has gained popularity in recent years, especially with the rise of digital services such as streaming platforms and online publications.One of the reasons why I appreciate this model is its convenience. With a subscription, customers can access a wide range of products or services without the need to make individual purchases. This not only saves time but also provides a cost-effective solution for consumers. For example, instead of buying CDs or DVDs individually, people can subscribe to a music or video streaming service and have unlimited access to a vast library of content.Another advantage of the subscription model is its ability to foster customer loyalty. By offering a monthly or yearly subscription, companies can build a long-termrelationship with their customers. This creates a predictable revenue stream and allows businesses to better understand and cater to their customers' needs. Moreover, many subscription-based companies offer personalized recommendations and exclusive perks to their subscribers, further enhancing the customer experience and loyalty.Furthermore, the subscription model encourages continuous innovation and improvement. Since customers pay a recurring fee, companies have a strong incentive to constantly update and enhance their products or services to retain subscribers. This drives competition and pushes companies to deliver better value to their customers.In conclusion, the subscription-based business model offers convenience, fosters customer loyalty, and encourages innovation. Its success in various industries demonstrates its effectiveness in meeting the evolving needs and preferences of consumers.中文回答：我欣赏的企业模式是订阅制模式。
Overview-of-business model商业模式概述毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：商业模式概述文献、资料英文题目：Overview of business model 文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14英文原文Overview of business modelA business mode l describes the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, and captures value[1] (economic, social, or other forms of value). The process of business model construction is part of business strategy.In theory and practice the term business model is used for a broad range of informal and formal descriptions to represent core aspects of a business, including purpose, offerings, strategies, infrastructure, organizational structures, trading practices, and operational processes and policies. The literature has provided very diverse interpretations and definitions of a business model. A systematic review and analysis of manager responses to a survey defines business models as the design of organizational structures to enact a commercial opportunity[2]. Further extensions to this design logic emphasize the use of narrative or coherence in business model descriptions as mechanisms by which entrepreneurs create extraordinarily successful growth firms [3].Whenever a business is established, it either explicitly or implicitly employs a particular business model that describes the architecture of the value creation, delivery, and capture mechanisms employed by the business enterprise. The essence of a business model is that it defines the manner by which the business enterprise delivers value to customers, entices customers to pay for value, and converts those paymentsto profit: it thus reflects management’s hypothesis about what customers want, how they want it, and how an enterprise can organize to best meet those needs, get paid for doing so, and make a profit.[4]Business models are used to describe and classify businesses (especially in an entrepreneurial setting), but they are also used by managers inside companies to explore possibilities for future development. Also, well known business models operate as recipes for creative managers.[5] Business models are also referred to in some instances within the context of accounting for purposes of public reporting.Over the years, business models have become much more sophisticated. The bait and hook business model (also referred to as the "razor and blades business model" or the"tied products business model") was introduced in the early 20th century. This involves offering a basic product at a very low cost, often at a loss (the "bait"), then charging compensatory recurring amounts for refills or associated products or services (the "hook"). Examples include: razor (bait) and blades (hook); cell phones (bait) and air time (hook); computer printers (bait) and ink cartridge refills (hook); and cameras (bait) and prints (hook). An interesting variant of this model is Adobe, a software developer that gives away its document reader free of charge but charges several hundred dollars for its document writer.In the 1950s, new business models came from McDonald's Restaurants and Toyota. In the 1960s, the innovators were Wal-Mart and Hypermarkets. The 1970s saw new business models from FedEx and Toys R Us; the 1980s from Blockbuster, Home Depot, Intel, and Dell Computer; the 1990s from Southwest Airlines, Netflix, eBay, , and Starbucks.Today, the type of business models might depend on how technology is used. For example, entrepreneurs on the internet have also created entirely new models that depend entirely on existing or emergent technology. Using technology, businesses can reach a large number of customers with minimal costs.Business model frameworksThere are various ways to define and conceptualize business models. In the following some of these conceptualizations are introduced.Business model canvasBusiness Model Canvas: Nine business model building blocks, Osterwalder, Pigneur, & al. 2010[1]Osterwalder's work [1][6] propose a single reference model, called Business Model Canvas based on the similarities of a wide range of business model conceptualizations. It is nowadays one of the most used frameworks for describing the elements of business models.With this business model design template, an enterprise can easily describe their business model. Aspects of the template are Infrastructure, Offering, Customers, Finances, etc.Other approaches•Business reference modelBusiness reference model is a reference model, concentrating on the architectural aspects of the core business of an enterprise, service organization or government agency.•Component business modelTechnique developed by IBM to model and analyze an enterprise. It is a logical representation or map of business components or "building blocks" and can be depicted on a single page. It can be used to analyze the alignment of enterprise strategy with the organization's capabilities and investments, identify redundant or overlapping business capabilities, etc.Although Webvan failed in its goal of disintermediating the North American supermarket industry, several supermarket chains (like Safeway Inc.) have launched their own delivery services to target the niche market to which Webvan catered.•Industrialization of services business modelBusiness model used in strategic management and services marketing that treats service provision as an industrial process, subject to industrial optimization proceduresBusiness ModellingBusiness Modelling is an important tool to capture, design, innovate and transform the business.[7] However, in order to transform ones organization and align them to ones business model, a business model should not be seen separately, but in connection with[8]:A step-by-step roadmap that describes the synergy and context between BusinessModel and alignment of Strategy Map, Scorecards, etc. into the organization.•The main business goals of the organization, e.g. strategic business objectives, critical success factors and key performance indicators, which a holisticbusiness model approach should include.•The main business Issues/pain points and thereby organizational weakness, which a holistic business model approach should include for they represent the threat to the company’s business model.• A clear cause and effect linkages between the competencies, desired outcomes and performance measurements e.g. scorecards.•An emphasis on business model management and thereby a continuous improvement and governance approach to the business model.•The business maturity level, in order to develop the organizationrepresentation of core differentiated and core competitive competencies[linked to strategy], which is a basis for building a business model as they therepresent some of the most important sources of uniqueness. These are thethings that a company can do uniquely well, and that no-one else can copyquickly enough to affect competition.•Linkages among competences and competency development.•The possible value creation and realization of the organization.•The information flow, and thereby information need for effective and efficient decision making.Such a holistic approach would help clarify both intent and sources of synergy and disconnect between business model, strategy, scorecards, information, innovation, processes and IT systems. This includes architectural alignment as well as business transformation and value and performance views. Such dialogues allow Executives to use the business model with their business alignment.Theoretical and empirical insights to business modelsDesign Logic and Narrative CoherenceDesign logic views the business model as an outcome of creating new organizational structures or changing existing structures to pursue a new opportunity. Gerry George and Adam Bock (2011) conducted a comprehensive literature review and surveyedmanagers to understand how they perceived the components of a business model. In that analysis, these authors show that there is a design logic behind how entrepreneurs and managers perceive and explain their business model. In further extensions to the design logic, George and Bock (2012) use case studies and the IBM survey data on business models in large companies to describe how CEOs and entrepreneurs create narratives or stories in a coherent manner to move the business from one opportunity to another. They also show that when the narrative is incoherent or the components of the story are misaligned that these businesses tend to fail. They recommend ways in which the entrepreneur or CEO can create strong narratives for change.Business Model 2.0Chen (2009) pointed out that the business model in the twenty-first century has to take into account the capabilities of Web 2.0, such as collective intelligence, network effects, user generated content, and the possibility of self-improving systems. He suggested that the service industry such as the airline, traffic, transportation, hotel, restaurant, Information and Communications Technology and Online gaming industries will be able to benefit in adopting business models that take into account the characteristics of Web 2.0. He also emphasized that Business Model 2.0 has to take into account not just the technology effect of Web 2.0 but also the networking effect. He gave the example of the success story of Amazon in making huge profits each year by developing a full blown open platform that supports a large and thriving community of companies that re-use Amazon’s On Demand commerce services.[9]Complementarities of business models between partnering firmsStudying collaborative research and the accessing of external sources of technology, Hummel et al. (2010) found that in deciding on business partners, it is important to make sure that both parties’ business models are complementary[10]. For example, they found that it was important to identify the value drivers of potential partners by analyzing their business models, and that it is beneficial to find partner firms that understand key aspects of our own firm’s business model.[11]ApplicationsMalone et al.[12] at MIT found that some business models, as defined by them, indeed performed better than others in a dataset consisting of the largest U.S. firms, in the period 1998 through 2002, while they did not prove whether the existence of a business model mattered.The concept of a business model has been incorporated into certain accounting standards. For example, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) utilizes an "entity's business model for managing the financial assets" as a criterion for determining whether such assets should be measured at amortized cost or at fair value in its financial instruments accounting standard, IFRS 9.[13][14][15][16] At least two members of the U.S. based Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) have expressed the position that the business model of an entity should be used as a criterion for the classification of financial liabilities.[17] The concept of business model has also been introduced into the accounting of deferred taxes under International Financial Reporting Standards with 2010 amendments to IAS 12 addressing deferred taxes related to investment property.[18][19][20]Both IASB and FASB have proposed using the concept of business model in the context of reporting a lessor's lease income and lease expense within their joint project on accounting for leases.[21][22] The concept has also been proposed as an approach for determining the measurement and classification when accounting for insurance contracts.[23][24] As a result of the increasing prominence the concept of business model has received in the context of financial reporting, the European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG), which advises the European Union on endorsement of financial reporting standards, commenced a project on the "Role of the Business Model in Financial Reporting" in 2011.[25]Examples of Business modelsIn the early history of business models it was very typical to define business model types such as bricks-and-mortar or e-broker. However, these types usually describe only one aspect of the business (most often revenue model). Therefore, more recent literature on business models concentrates on describing business model as a whole instead of one most visible aspect. Following examples provide an overview for various business model types that have been in discussion since the invent of term business model:中文译文商业模式概述商业模式业务模型描述了如何创建组织的理由，提供和捕捉价值（经济，社会，或其他形式的价值）。
商业英语论文范文3篇
商业英语论⽂范⽂3篇论⼴告英语是具有商业价值的实⽤⽂体[摘 要] 英语⼴告语⾔作为现代语⾔的重要组成部分，有其独特的词汇特⾊和修辞特⾊，这些特⾊体现了英语⼴告语⾔的独特语⾔魅⼒，使⼴告英语成为语⾔艺术魅⼒与商业推销的有机结合体。
[关键词] ⼴告 词汇 修辞 艺术魅⼒ 商业推销随着社会的发展，⼴告在商业竞争中显得越来越重要。
⼴告的职能是⽤最吸引⼈的⽅式介绍⼀个商品的质量，清楚地说明购买该商品的理由，引起⼤众对它的注意和好感，英语论⽂并⽴即产⽣购买它的欲望。
这就决定了⼴告英语必须达到迅速影响和劝告的作⽤。
⼴告英语这种通过表意和移情⽽实现劝说功能的语⾔,同讲究⽣动形象、含蓄蕴藉与追求各种艺术效果的⽂学语⾔相⽐,以及同讲究真实、简明的新闻报道语⾔相⽐，可以说具有奇特的语⾔形式和⽂体特点。
⼀、⼴告⽂字创作的重要特征1.⽂字新颖醒⽬，刺激记忆，促进销售。
2.重复—成功⼴告之秘诀(不论是⼴告的重复出现，还是⼴告⽂字中的运⽤重复修辞⼿段)。
3.⽂字简单—有时⼈们并不⼀定想阅读⼴告，因此，⼴告则必须迅即表述其信息内容，不可浪费语⾔⽂字。
字词、句⼦、段落的简短有助于阐明信息，使之易于阅读，接受。
4.⽂字通俗易懂，涵义明确—如果读者迟疑在某⼀不认识的字前，该⼴告⾃然失去了应有的注意⼒。
因此，⼴告⽂字语⾔须通俗易懂，涵义明确，不可⽤深奥难解，涵义模糊之词。
⼆、⼴告英语的⽤词特点1.作为传播信息的⼿段，⼴告英语的⽤词与普通英语有着很⼤的区别，它必须⼀⽬了然，⽣动、形象，富于感情⾊彩和感染⼒，读起来，朗朗上⼝。
如：different countries different languages different customs one level of comfort, worldwide(⼀家航空公司的⼴告)。
动词多⽤短⾳节的最常⽤的词，⽐较上⼝。
2.模拟创造新词。
为了促销其产品，⼴告商总是不断地挖空⼼思，创造新词,借以标新⽴异，吸引顾客按照英语的构词规律，毕业论⽂造⼀个独创的、能为读者所理解的词或短词，可有效地加强⼴告的新奇和⽣动,也增强吸引⼒。
众筹商业模式外文文献翻译最新译文字数3000多字
文献出处标题：The research of Crowd funding business model作者：Schwienbacher A期刊：HANDBOOK OF ENTREPRENEURIAL FINANCE；卷5，期6，页码：31-41. 原文The research of Crowd funding business modelSchwienbacher AAbstractThis paper describes the concept of crowd funding，explores its origin and general history of development, raise business model for the raise of the people, the intermediary agencies and investors trinity, analyzes the structure and process of logical point of view, based on the value from the value discovery, value matching and value for three levels to raise business model has carried on the theoretical analysis, the summary of outstanding to raise the advantage of the business model is to promote the entrepreneurship and innovation. As a new business model, the raise pattern is still in its infancy, the need to explore and perfect, we need to seriously study and guard against legal risks exist in the process of practice.Keywords: Crowd funding; Business model; Value logic1 The overview of crowd funding business modelThe raise business model (crowd funding business model), and for the masses to raise, the offering, or the harmony, is the package (crowd sourcing) business model variation, meaning creative or small micro enterprise project sponsors (raise) in pass intermediary structure (the platform) raise identity, after checking on the website of the raised platform to establish their own page, used to (investor) is introduced to the public project, and to the public to raise microfinance or seek other material support. The cash held by the raised platform at first, not directly to raise hands. If project to raise funds in the target period, the project financing is successful, the cash account, by the raised platform transfer to raise people stay after the successful implementation of the project, financing of project implementation physical or nonphysical result feedback to the investor, and the raised platform is by accepting and audit financingideas, sorting the investor information, monitor the use of the cash, tutoring program operation and value activities, such as public project implementation results drawn from the cash a percentage of the service fee as income. If the target within the time limit to raise funds, not the cash will be the raised platform back to the investor, the project sponsor is need to start a new round of financing activities or abort the financing.As a business model, the raise pattern completely accords with the core of enterprise value creation logic, namely value found (financing) and the investor's investment and financing demand, value matching (cooperation with business partners), value acquisition (with financing into profit).Raise business model at present, the practice was still in the stage of grope and start, domestic and foreign academic circles to raise the study of the theory of the business model is the blank. Therefore, to the system research not only helps to grasp the development and trend of business model, raise more helps to provide a research perspective and methodology. For the corporate world, helps to provide a kind of brand-new commercial logic of thinking, the promotion of business model innovation and practice.2 The origin and development of the raise business modelThe prototype of the raise dates back to the 18th century, when many literary works are all rely on a method called "order" (subscription).Mozart, Beethoven, for example, take this way to raise money, they went to the subscriber, the subscriber to provide them with money, when the work is complete, the subscriber will get a book to write with their name, or a copy of the score of concerto, or can be a concert of the first listeners. A similar situation and church donation, fundraising campaign, etc., but the phenomenon of the raise no complete system, also shall return of investors, is not in conformity with the characteristics of business model.The raise as a business model originating in the United States, it has been more than 10 years of history. In recent years, the mode in Europe and the United States ushered in the golden stage, with the accelerating development speed and outside countries and regions in Europe and the United States also spread quickly. Massolution in 2012, the United States, research institutions around the world carriedout a survey on the raise field. Results showed that the annual global the raised platform financing amount is $2.8 billion, and in 2011 only 14. $700 million. In 2007, fewer than 100 of the world all the raised platform, by the end of 2012 has exceeded 700.On December 27, 2012, Forbes released a report in the United States, the report predicts that: in 2013, the raised platform of the world's total will reach $6 billion; To the second quarter of 2013, the global the raised platform will increase to 1500.In the future, the raise pattern will become the main way of project financing.In European and American countries of the raised platform, was established in April 2009 the Kickstarter most representative. As of 2012, the platform release number 27086, among them, the successful projects in 11836, project a total of $99344382, to participate in a toll on support for the project investment has exceeded 3 million, 2012 annual revenues of more than $5 million. For a enterprises at the start-up stage, the data proved that the raise is a positive and promoting business model.In 2011 started to appear the similar Kickstarter the raised platform. According to incomplete statistics, at present a bit of time, building blocks, JUE. SO wait for all sorts of different direction and the characteristics of more than 10 on the raised platform. The above line in May 2011 call time. By the end of 2011, has been raised for 57 project named time they need the money, the amount from thousands of yuan to hundreds of thousands of yuan, and received $500000 in angel investment from Taiwan.At present, the cultural creativity industry financing raise business platform is the start of the main content. As America's first giant Kickstarter, the raised platform is still in music, movies, cartoons and other related to the project. According to statistics, in 2012, nearly 30% raise successful Kickstarter project belongs to music class. Domestic situation, too, for example, as of August 2012, in "roll call" website successful implementation of the project design class has 94, film and television class 32, music class 18, while technology only 13.From the point of absolute number, 60% - 70% of the project can be belong to cultural creativity industry category.3 The raise construction of business modelThe raise in a sense, is a kind of Web3.0, it makes the social network and the majority of people support a few "fundraising way crossing, or P2B platform through the P2P protocol mechanism between different individuals to make the financing ways and means possible. Raise business model to build the project sponsor (raise), public (investor) and intermediary institutions (the platform) raise the three organic component.3.1 The project sponsorProject is to have clear goals, you can do with specific completion time of public welfare activities, such as creating album, publishing books or some kind of electronic products. Project is not in stock, bonds, dividends, interest, and other forms of money in return. Project sponsor must have certain conditions (such as nationality, age, bank accounts, qualifications and record of formal schooling, etc.), with 100% of the autonomy of the project, uncontrolled, completely independent. The project sponsor to sign a contract with agency (the raised platform), clearly the rights and obligations of both sides. Project sponsor is usually need the creative to solve the problem of money or small micro enterprise entrepreneurs, but also have individual companies to strengthen communication and user experience, in achieving financing goals at the same time, strengthen the raise pattern, such as market research, product pre-sales and promote extending function, called on the public as a project sponsor (potential customers) in product research and development, manufacture and popularization, in order to gain better market response.3.2 The public (investor)Public (investor) is often a large number of Internet users, and they use online payment for your interested in creative projects for small investment, every investor has become the "angel". After the successful implementation of the project, the public investment for the investor's return is not a return of funds, and may be a product samples, such as a Pebble watch, may also is a concert tickets or a CD. Investor funding creative process is the process of its consumer funds moved forward, it can not only improve the efficiency of production and sales, produce originally relying on traditional investment and financing mode to launch new products, also meet theinvestor as a user of niche, detailed and personalized consumer demand.3.3 Intermediaries (the raised platform)Intermediaries are the builders of the raised platform and project sponsors supervisors and mentors, guardians or the interests of the investors. The characteristics of multiple identities determine the intermediary institutions (the platform) raise the function of the complex, the responsibility is significant. First of all, the raised platform to have network technical support, according to the relevant laws and regulations, with the method of virtual work, put the project sponsor ideas and the financing needs information in virtual space, the implementation of this process is the premise of a detailed before the project online real-name audit, and ensure that all the raise business model research content integrity, executable and valuable, and make sure no violation of program rules and requirements. Secondly, after the success of the project financing to supervision, coaching and controls the project smoothly. Finally, when the project can't perform, and the raised platform has responsibility and obligation to supervise the project sponsor a refund for the investor.4 The legal risk and prevention of crowd funding business modelAs a kind of brand-new business model, and the raise of business model appears to reduce the difficulty of startup funding, but to the public investors, because they do not have full information of the project, leads to a lack of investment risk forecast, increase the investment risk. For the project sponsor, in order to raise success, they need the project to show to the public via the Internet, the Internet's openness and real-time characteristics make project information spread quickly, once a popular project, will be quickly imitated and mass production, this makes the project sponsors cannot get effective protection of intellectual property rights. To raise business model in the existing in the practice of the legal risks, we need to seriously study and prevention. The author thinks that can from three aspects, avoid and guard against legal risks that may occur:4.1 Suggest risk and disclosure of informationThe platform has the obligation to rise on its web site detailed operation procedure and standard of the project, especially in a prominent position to the public(investor) suggest possible legal risk, clear the legal responsibilities and obligations of the parties and may be some disputes over the treatment method.4.2 Ensure the safety of fundsMoney safe and orderly management of project is not only the raised platform of its obligations, and is an important method of guard against its own legal risk. The link with the raised platform involving money, such as fundraising, deduct a percentage of the service from the public, to the project sponsor or returned to the public funding of advance payment, etc., to strict management, strengthen self-discipline, and external supervision mechanism can be introduced when necessary.4.3 Actively communicate with the government, perfect the legal regulation as soon as possibleThe raise business model is a kind of investment activities involving hundreds of thousands of people, belong to the partnership of relatively loose, the probability of a dispute is very high, and through the network to build the trust of the foundation is weak, once appear, capital use or profit distribution problems, contradictions broke out easily. This requires the raised platform need to actively communicate with the competent department of the government, has obtained the corresponding policy guidance, legal, regulatory or project for the record, and resolving fuzzy zone grope for the legal risks in law.译文众筹商业模式研究Schwienbacher A摘要本文分析了众筹的概念，论述了众筹的起源与发展的基本状况，对众筹商业模式中的筹资人、中介机构和出资人三位一体的结构与流程进行了分析，基于价值逻辑角度，从价值发现、价值匹配和价值获取三个层面对众筹商业模式进行了理论分析，总结出众筹商业模式的优势在于促进微创业和激励创新。
商业模式简介(商务模式)
法人的民事权利能力和民事行为能力，从法人成立时产生，到法人 终止时消灭
✓根据法律我国的法人被分为企业法人、 机关法人、事业单位法人和社会团体法人
商业模式对法人制度的分析
政府
企业
事业
社会分工和定位
提供公共安全公有 提供绝大部分的物资和精神 培养人才基础科研提供
供应方式
产品：销售对象 产品类型 产品定位
运营流程
商业模式的磁力线模型
图7-1 单个企业理想的商业模式（市场经济）
注：S端对应科学端，n端对应客户需求端（欲望端），蓝色线条代表资金走向
商业模式的磁力线模型
图7-2 外力加强模式（混合经济）
注：S端对应科学端，n端对应客户需求端（欲望端），蓝色线条代表资金走向， “铁”可以看作为政府
商业模式的磁力线模型
图7-3 上下游企业模式
注：S端对应科学端，n端对应客户需求端（欲望端），蓝色线条代表资金走向
商业模式的磁力线模型
图7-4 事业机构的模式
注：S端对应科学端，n端对应客户需求端（欲望端），蓝色线条代表资金走向， “铁”可以看作为政府
法人
✓ 法人问题的提出：事业转制 ✓ 法人（民法第36条）
我国多数科研机构到目前为止的主导模式是，从政府争 取科研项目，取得科研成果后，再考虑成果的转化。这与产 业界以产品(哪怕是拳头产品)为中心，研制开发出新产品后 再加强市场营销的模式是一致的 。
但实际如何平衡科研生产销售
的比例，是管理艺术，要做到均衡，
但不是平均主义也不能只有科研，没
有生产，这样循环断裂，企业就灭亡
了。一个国家一个企业一个
商业模式英语作文800字左右
商业模式英语作文800字左右English Answer：A business model is a plan for how a business will operate and generate revenue. It outlines the key components of a business, including its products or services, target market, sales and marketing strategies, and cost structure. A well-defined business model is essential for any business that wants to succeed, as it provides a roadmap for how the business will operate and achieve its goals.There are many different types of business models, each with its own unique characteristics. Some of the most common types of business models include:B2B (business-to-business): A B2B business model involves selling products or services to other businesses. B2B businesses typically have a complex sales process and target a specific niche market.B2C (business-to-consumer): A B2C business model involves selling products or services directly to consumers. B2C businesses typically have a simpler sales process and target a mass market.C2C (consumer-to-consumer): A C2C business model involves facilitating transactions between consumers. C2C businesses typically provide a platform or marketplacewhere consumers can connect with each other to buy and sell goods or services.Subscription: A subscription business model involves selling access to products or services on a recurring basis. Subscription businesses typically charge a monthly orannual fee in exchange for access to their products or services.Freemium: A freemium business model involves offeringa basic version of a product or service for free, while charging a premium for additional features or functionality. Freemium businesses typically use their free offerings toattract users and convert them into paying customers.The choice of business model will depend on a number of factors, including the nature of the products or services being offered, the target market, and the resources available to the business. It is important to carefully consider the different options and choose a business model that is well-suited to the specific needs of the business.中文回答：什么是商业模式？商业模式是一个计划，说明一家企业将如何运营和创收。
介绍传统商业模式英语作文
介绍传统商业模式英语作文Title: Introduction to Traditional Business Models。
In today's rapidly evolving business landscape, traditional business models continue to play a significant role despite the emergence of new technologies anddisruptive innovations. These conventional approaches have stood the test of time and remain relevant due to their proven effectiveness in generating revenue and sustaining profitability. In this essay, we will delve into the fundamentals of traditional business models, exploringtheir key characteristics, advantages, and limitations.A traditional business model typically revolves around the exchange of goods or services for monetary compensation. It encompasses various components, including value proposition, target market, revenue streams, distribution channels, and cost structure. One of the defining featuresof traditional business models is their reliance onphysical assets, such as manufacturing facilities,inventory, and brick-and-mortar stores.At the core of a traditional business model lies the concept of value creation. Companies aim to fulfill the needs and desires of their target customers by offering products or services that provide utility and satisfaction. This value proposition serves as the foundation of the business, guiding its strategic decisions and operational activities. Whether it's delivering high-quality goods or providing exceptional service, businesses strive to differentiate themselves from competitors and build customer loyalty.Revenue generation is another critical aspect of traditional business models. Companies generate income through various revenue streams, which may include product sales, subscription fees, licensing agreements, or advertising revenue. These revenue streams contribute tothe overall financial health of the business and enable itto cover operating expenses, invest in growth opportunities, and generate profits for stakeholders.Distribution channels play a vital role in traditional business models, facilitating the movement of products or services from the manufacturer to the end consumer. These channels may vary depending on the nature of the business and its target market. Common distribution channels include retail stores, wholesalers, distributors, e-commerce platforms, and direct sales teams. Effective distribution strategies ensure that products reach customers in a timely and cost-efficient manner, enhancing customer satisfaction and loyalty.Cost management is crucial for traditional businesses to remain competitive and profitable. Companies must carefully balance their expenses to ensure that they can deliver value to customers while maintaining sustainable profit margins. Key cost considerations include production costs, marketing expenses, overheads, and personnel-related costs. By optimizing cost structures and improving operational efficiency, businesses can enhance their profitability and long-term viability.While traditional business models offer severaladvantages, they also face certain limitations and challenges in today's dynamic business environment. One of the primary challenges is the rapid pace of technological innovation, which has disrupted traditional industries and created new market dynamics. Companies must adapt to these changes by embracing digital technologies, leveraging data analytics, and exploring new business models to stay competitive.Additionally, traditional businesses may encounter challenges related to market saturation, changing consumer preferences, regulatory compliance, and global economic uncertainty. To address these challenges, companies must remain agile and responsive, continuously innovating and evolving their strategies to meet the evolving needs of customers and the market.In conclusion, traditional business models continue to play a vital role in today's economy, offering a tried-and-tested approach to value creation, revenue generation, and customer engagement. While they face challenges from technological disruption and changing market dynamics,traditional businesses can remain competitive by embracing innovation, optimizing their operations, and staying attuned to the evolving needs of customers and the marketplace.。
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毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：商业模式概述文献、资料英文题目：Overview of business model 文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14英文原文Overview of business modelA business mode l describes the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, and captures value[1] (economic, social, or other forms of value). The process of business model construction is part of business strategy.In theory and practice the term business model is used for a broad range of informal and formal descriptions to represent core aspects of a business, including purpose, offerings, strategies, infrastructure, organizational structures, trading practices, and operational processes and policies. The literature has provided very diverse interpretations and definitions of a business model. A systematic review and analysis of manager responses to a survey defines business models as the design of organizational structures to enact a commercial opportunity[2]. Further extensions to this design logic emphasize the use of narrative or coherence in business model descriptions as mechanisms by which entrepreneurs create extraordinarily successful growth firms [3].Whenever a business is established, it either explicitly or implicitly employs a particular business model that describes the architecture of the value creation, delivery, and capture mechanisms employed by the business enterprise. The essence of a business model is that it defines the manner by which the business enterprise delivers value to customers, entices customers to pay for value, and converts those paymentsto profit: it thus reflects management’s hypothesis about what customers want, how they want it, and how an enterprise can organize to best meet those needs, get paid for doing so, and make a profit.[4]Business models are used to describe and classify businesses (especially in an entrepreneurial setting), but they are also used by managers inside companies to explore possibilities for future development. Also, well known business models operate as recipes for creative managers.[5] Business models are also referred to in some instances within the context of accounting for purposes of public reporting.Over the years, business models have become much more sophisticated. The bait and hook business model (also referred to as the "razor and blades business model" or the"tied products business model") was introduced in the early 20th century. This involves offering a basic product at a very low cost, often at a loss (the "bait"), then charging compensatory recurring amounts for refills or associated products or services (the "hook"). Examples include: razor (bait) and blades (hook); cell phones (bait) and air time (hook); computer printers (bait) and ink cartridge refills (hook); and cameras (bait) and prints (hook). An interesting variant of this model is Adobe, a software developer that gives away its document reader free of charge but charges several hundred dollars for its document writer.In the 1950s, new business models came from McDonald's Restaurants and Toyota. In the 1960s, the innovators were Wal-Mart and Hypermarkets. The 1970s saw new business models from FedEx and Toys R Us; the 1980s from Blockbuster, Home Depot, Intel, and Dell Computer; the 1990s from Southwest Airlines, Netflix, eBay, , and Starbucks.Today, the type of business models might depend on how technology is used. For example, entrepreneurs on the internet have also created entirely new models that depend entirely on existing or emergent technology. Using technology, businesses can reach a large number of customers with minimal costs.Business model frameworksThere are various ways to define and conceptualize business models. In the following some of these conceptualizations are introduced.Business model canvasBusiness Model Canvas: Nine business model building blocks, Osterwalder, Pigneur, & al. 2010[1]Osterwalder's work [1][6] propose a single reference model, called Business Model Canvas based on the similarities of a wide range of business model conceptualizations. It is nowadays one of the most used frameworks for describing the elements of business models.With this business model design template, an enterprise can easily describe their business model. Aspects of the template are Infrastructure, Offering, Customers, Finances, etc.Other approaches•Business reference modelBusiness reference model is a reference model, concentrating on the architectural aspects of the core business of an enterprise, service organization or government agency.•Component business modelTechnique developed by IBM to model and analyze an enterprise. It is a logical representation or map of business components or "building blocks" and can be depicted on a single page. It can be used to analyze the alignment of enterprise strategy with the organization's capabilities and investments, identify redundant or overlapping business capabilities, etc.Although Webvan failed in its goal of disintermediating the North American supermarket industry, several supermarket chains (like Safeway Inc.) have launched their own delivery services to target the niche market to which Webvan catered.•Industrialization of services business modelBusiness model used in strategic management and services marketing that treats service provision as an industrial process, subject to industrial optimization proceduresBusiness ModellingBusiness Modelling is an important tool to capture, design, innovate and transform the business.[7] However, in order to transform ones organization and align them to ones business model, a business model should not be seen separately, but in connection with[8]:A step-by-step roadmap that describes the synergy and context between BusinessModel and alignment of Strategy Map, Scorecards, etc. into the organization.•The main business goals of the organization, e.g. strategic business objectives, critical success factors and key performance indicators, which a holisticbusiness model approach should include.•The main business Issues/pain points and thereby organizational weakness, which a holistic business model approach should include for they represent the threat to the company’s business model.• A clear cause and effect linkages between the competencies, desired outcomes and performance measurements e.g. scorecards.•An emphasis on business model management and thereby a continuous improvement and governance approach to the business model.•The business maturity level, in order to develop the organizationrepresentation of core differentiated and core competitive competencies[linked to strategy], which is a basis for building a business model as they therepresent some of the most important sources of uniqueness. These are thethings that a company can do uniquely well, and that no-one else can copyquickly enough to affect competition.•Linkages among competences and competency development.•The possible value creation and realization of the organization.•The information flow, and thereby information need for effective and efficient decision making.Such a holistic approach would help clarify both intent and sources of synergy and disconnect between business model, strategy, scorecards, information, innovation, processes and IT systems. This includes architectural alignment as well as business transformation and value and performance views. Such dialogues allow Executives to use the business model with their business alignment.Theoretical and empirical insights to business modelsDesign Logic and Narrative CoherenceDesign logic views the business model as an outcome of creating new organizational structures or changing existing structures to pursue a new opportunity. Gerry George and Adam Bock (2011) conducted a comprehensive literature review and surveyedmanagers to understand how they perceived the components of a business model. In that analysis, these authors show that there is a design logic behind how entrepreneurs and managers perceive and explain their business model. In further extensions to the design logic, George and Bock (2012) use case studies and the IBM survey data on business models in large companies to describe how CEOs and entrepreneurs create narratives or stories in a coherent manner to move the business from one opportunity to another. They also show that when the narrative is incoherent or the components of the story are misaligned that these businesses tend to fail. They recommend ways in which the entrepreneur or CEO can create strong narratives for change.Business Model 2.0Chen (2009) pointed out that the business model in the twenty-first century has to take into account the capabilities of Web 2.0, such as collective intelligence, network effects, user generated content, and the possibility of self-improving systems. He suggested that the service industry such as the airline, traffic, transportation, hotel, restaurant, Information and Communications Technology and Online gaming industries will be able to benefit in adopting business models that take into account the characteristics of Web 2.0. He also emphasized that Business Model 2.0 has to take into account not just the technology effect of Web 2.0 but also the networking effect. He gave the example of the success story of Amazon in making huge profits each year by developing a full blown open platform that supports a large and thriving community of companies that re-use Amazon’s On Demand commerce services.[9]Complementarities of business models between partnering firmsStudying collaborative research and the accessing of external sources of technology, Hummel et al. (2010) found that in deciding on business partners, it is important to make sure that both parties’ business models are complementary[10]. For example, they found that it was important to identify the value drivers of potential partners by analyzing their business models, and that it is beneficial to find partner firms that understand key aspects of our own firm’s business model.[11]Applications。