Language study 15
语言学名词解释
一、名词解释1.Diachronic历时的It refers to say of the study of developing of language and languages over time.研究语言随时间发展变化的方法。
2.Arbitrariness任意性Saussure first refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.任意性是指语言符号的形式与所表达的意义之间没有天然或逻辑的联系。
It is refers to absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals and the entities to which they refer.任意性是指语言符号和这些符号所指的实体间不存在任何物质的联系。
3.Parole言语It refers to the concrete utterances of a speaker.指语言在实际使用中的实现。
4.Creativity创造性By creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness, which enables human beings to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences including the sentences that were never heard before.创造性是指语言具有能产型，因为语言有双重性和递归性,也就是说话者能够结合各个语言单位形成无尽的句子，其中很多句子是以前没有的或者没有听说过的。
语言学第6章习题
Supplementary ExercisesI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication2. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.3. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.4. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of useis considered.5. The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while an utterance is.6. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.7. The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.8. Utterances always take the form of complete sentences9. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.10. Speech act theory started in the late 50’s of the 20th century.11. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.12. Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:13. P_________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.14. What essentially distinguishes s_______ and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.15. The notion of c_________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.16. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes anu___________.17. The meaning of a sentence is a_______, and decontexualized.18. C________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.19. P________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.20. A l_________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.intention; it is the act performed in saying 21. An i__________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’ssomething.22. A c_________ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action.23. An e________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.—maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:25. _________ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. Sense relationD. Concept26. The meaning of language was considered as something _______ in traditional semantics.A. contextualB. behaviouristicC. intrinsicD. logical27. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context28. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual29. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n)_________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive30. Which of the following is true?A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.31. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.A. in the late 50’s of the 20the centuryB. in the early 1950’sC. in the late 1960’sD. in the early 21st century.32. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act—33. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.A. to get the hearer to do somethingB. to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs.34. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ __________.A. in their illocutionary acts.B. in their intentions expressedC. in their strength or forceD. in their effect brought about35. __________ is advanced by Paul GriceA. Cooperative PrincipleB. Politeness PrincipleC. The General Principle of Universal GrammarD. Adjacency Principle36. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicaturesI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:l. F 2. F 3.T 4.T 5.F 6.F 7.F 8.F 9.F 10.T 11.T 12.FII. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:13. Pragmatics 14. semantics 15. context 16. utterance 17. abstract18.Constatives 19. Performatives 20. locutionary 21. illocutionary22. commissive 23. expressive 24. quantityIII. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete thestatement:25. A 26.C 27.D 28.B 29.C 30.B31.A 32.C 33.B 34.C 35. A 36.DIV. Define the terms below:37. pragmatics 38. context 39. utterance meaning40. sentence meaning 41. constative 42. performative43. locutionary act 44. illocutionary act 45. perlocutionary act 46.. Cooperative PrincipleV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:47. How are semantics and pragmatics different from each other?48. How does a sentence differ from an utterance?49. How does a sentence meaning differ from an utterance meaning?50. Discuss in detail the locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.51. Searle classified illocutionary act into five categories. Discuss each of them in detail with examples.52. What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle?53. How does the flouting of the maxims give rise to conversational implicatures?Suggested answers to supplementary exercises:IV. Define the terms below:37. pragmatics: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers o f a language use sentences t o effect successful communication.38. Context: Generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge that is shared by the speaker and the hearer. The shared knowledge is of two types: the knowledge of the language they use, and the knowledge about the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39. utterance meaning: the meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.40. sentence m eaning: The meaning of a sentence i s often considered as the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication.41. Constative: Constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were verifiable ;42. Performative: performatives, on the other hand, were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. Their function is to perform a particular speech act.43. locutionary act: A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.44. illocutionary act: An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention; it is the act performed in saying something.45. perlocutionary act: A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.46. Cooperative Principle: It is principle advanced by Paul Grice. It is a principle that guides our conversational behaviours. The content is : Make your conversational contribution such as is required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or the talk exchange in which you are engaged.V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:47. How are semantics and pragmatics different from each other?Traditional semantics studied meaning, but the meaning of language was considered as something intrinsic, and inherent, i.e. a property attached to language itself. Therefore, meanings of words, meanings of sentences were all studied in an isolated manner, detached from the context in which they were used. Pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. The essential distinction between semantics and pragmatics is whether the context ofuse is considered in the study of meaning . If it is not considered, the study is restricted to the area of traditional semantics; if it is considered, the study is being carried out in the area of pragmatics.48. How does a sentence differ from an utterance?A sentence is a grammatical concept. It usually consists of a subject and predicate. An utterance is the unit of communication. It is the smallest linguistic unit that has a communicative value. If we regard a sentence as what people a ctually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an utterance. Whether “Mary i sentence or an utterance depends on how we look at it. If we regard it as a grammatical unit or a self-contained unit in isolation, then it is a sentence. If we look at it as something uttered in a certain situation with a certain purpose, then it is an utterance. Most utterances take the form of complete sentences, but some utterances are not, and some cannot even be restored to complete sentences.49. How does a sentence meaning differ from an utterance meaning?A sentence meaning is often considered as the intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication.It is abstract and independent of context. The meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. T he utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a realeaker could situation of communication, or simply in a context. For example, “There is a dog at the doorutter it as a matter- of- fact statement, telling the hearer that the dog is at the door. The speaker could use it as a warning, asking the hearer not to approach the door. There are other possibilities, too. So, the understanding of thepends on the context in which it is uttered and the purpose for utterance meaning of “There is a dog at the door” dewhich the speaker utters it.50. Discuss in detail the locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention; it is the act performed in saying something. A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something. For example:You have left the door wide open.The locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words " you,' " have," " door," " left," " open," etc. and expressed what the word literally mean.The illocutionary act performed by the speaker is that by making such an utterance, he has expressed his intention of asking the hearer to close the door.The perlocutionary act refers to the effect of the utterance. If the hearer understands that the speaker intends him to close the door and closes the door, the speaker has successfully brought about the change in the real world he has intended to; then the perlocutiohary act is successfully performed .51. Searle classified illocutionary act into five categories. Discuss each of them in detail with examples.1) representatives: representatives are used to state, to describe, to report, etc.. The illocutionary point of the representatives i s to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. For example:(I swear) I have never seen the man before.(I state) the earth is a globe.2) directives: Directives are attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do something. Inviting, suggesting, requesting, advising, warning, threatening, ordering are all specific instances of this class.For example:Open the window!3) commissives: Commissives are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action. When the speaker is speaking, he puts himself under obligation. For example:I promise to come.I will bring you the book tomorrow without fail.4) expressives: The illocutionary point of expressives is to express the psychological state specified in theutterance. The speaker is expressing his feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs, e.g. apologizing, thanking, congratulating. For example:I'm sorry for the mess I have made.5) declarations: Declarations have the characteristic that the successful performance of such an act brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality. For example:I now declare the meeting open.52. What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle?The maxim of quantity1. Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of the exchange) .2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.The maxim of quality1. Do not say what you believe to be false.2. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.The maxim of relationBe relevant.The maxim of manner1. Avoid obscurity of expression.2. Avoid ambiguity.3. Be brief ( avoid unnecessary prolixity) .4. Be orderly.53. How does the flouting of the maxims give rise to conversational implicatures?A: Do you know where Mr. Smith lives?B: Somewhere in the southern suburbs of the city.This is said when both A and B know that B does know Mr. Smith' s address. Thus B does not give enough information that is required, and he has flouted the maxim of quantity. Therefore, such conversational implicatureas "I do not wish to tell you where Mr. Smith lives" is produced.A: Would you like to come to our party tonight?B: I'm afraid I' m not feeling so well today.This is said when both A and B know that B is not having any health problem that will prevent him from goingto a party. Thus B is saying something that he himself knows to be false and he is violating the maxim of quality.The conversational implicature " I do not want to go to your party tonight" is then produced.A: The hostess is an awful bore. Don't you think?B: The roses in the garden are beautiful, aren't they?This is said when both A and B know that it is entirely possible for B to make a comment on the hostess. ThusB is saying something irrelevant to what A has just said, and he has flouted the maxim of relation. The conver-sational implicature "I don't wish to talk about the hostess in such a rude manner" is produced.A: Shall we get something for the kids?B: Yes. But I veto I - C - E - C - R - E - A - M.This is said when both A and B know that B has no difficulty in pronouncing the word "ice-cream." Thus B has flouted the maxim of manner. The conversational implicature "I don’t want the kids to know we are talking about ice-cream" is then produced.。
语言学名词解释76830
语言学名词解释Define the following terms:1.design feature:are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,culturaltransmission,etc.2.function: the use of language tocommunicate,to think ,nguage functions inclucle imformative function,interpersonal function,performative function,interpersonal function,performative function,emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function.3.etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper.4.emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech communith rather than via qppeal to the investigator’s ingenuith or intuition alone.5.synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not necessarily,the present),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind.6.diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history.7.prescriptive: the study of a language is carried through the course of its history.8.prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be,ying down rules for language use. 9.descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.10.arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.11.duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.12.displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present c in time and space,at the moment of communication.13.phatic communion: one function of human language,which refers to the social interaction of language.14.metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies.15.macrolinguistics: he interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics,anthropological linguistics,etpetence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.17.performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation.ngue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.19.parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).20．Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speechsounds. 21．Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved..Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation.22．Voicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords.23．Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;while,the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.24．Consonant: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.25．Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language.26．Allophone:any of the different forms of a phoneme(eg.<th>is an allophone of /t/in English.When /t/occurs in words like step,it is unaspirated<t>.Both<th>and <t>are allophones of the phoneme/t/. 27．Vowl:are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived. 28．Manner of articulation; in the production of consonants,manner of articulation refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract.29．Place of articulation: in the production of consonants,place of articulation refers to where in the vocal tract there is approximation,narrowing,or the obstruction of air.30．Distinctive features: a term of phonology,i.e.a property whichdistinguishes one phoneme from another.31．Complementary distribution: the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the same environment.Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution.32．IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet,which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 then it has undergong a number of revisions.IPA is a comprised system employing symbols of all sources,such as Roman small letters,italics uprighted,obsolete letters,Greek letters,diacritics,etc. 33．Suprasegmental:suprasegmental featuresare those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principal supra-segmental features aresyllable,stress,tone,,and intonation. 34．Suprasegmental:aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principle suprasegmental features are syllable,stress,tone,and intonation.35.morpheme:the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content,a unit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether it is lexical or grammatical.pound oly morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes,such as classroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.37.inflection: the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes,such as number,person,finiteness,aspect and case,which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.38.affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).39.derivation: different from compounds,derivation shows the relation between roots and affixes.40.root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity.41.allomorph:; any of the different form of a morpheme.For example,in English the plural mortheme is but it is pronounced differently in different environments as/s/in cats,as/z/ in dogs and as/iz/ in classes.So/s/,/z/,and /iz/ are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.42.Stem: any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.43.bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is added to,e.g. the plural morpheme in “dog’s”.44.free morpheme: an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent word.45.lexeme:A separate unit of meaning,usually in the form of a word(e.g.”dog in the manger”)46.lexicon: a list of all the words in a language assigned to various lexical categories and provided with semantic interpretation.47.grammatical word: word expressing grammatical meanings,such conjunction,prepositions,articles and pronouns.48.lexical word: word having lexical meanings,that is ,those which refer to substance,action and quality,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and verbs.49.open-class: a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and many adverbs.50.blending: a relatively complex form of compounding,in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word,or by joining the initial parts of the two words.51.loanvoord: a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation,in some cases,to eh phonological system of the new language that they enter.52.loanblend: a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.53.leanshift: a process in which the meaning is borrowed,but the form is native.54.acronym: is made up form the first letters of the name of an organization,which has a heavily modified headword.55.loss: the disappearance of the very sound as a morpheme in the phonological system.56.back-formation: an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the language.57.assimilation: the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound,which is more specifically called.”contact”or”contiguous”assimilation.58.dissimilation: the influence exercised.By one sound segment upon the articulation of another, so that the sounds become less alike,or different.59.folk etymology: a change in form of a word or phrase,resulting from an incorrect popular nation of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous 60.category:parts of speech and function,such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech,the identification of terms of parts of speech,the identification of functions of words in term of subject,predicate,etc.61.concord: also known as agreement,is the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.62.syntagmatic relation between one item and others in a sequence,or between elements which are all present.63.paradigmatic relation: a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure,orbetween one element present and he others absent.64.immediate constituent analysis: the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups(or phrases),which are in trun analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own,and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.65.endocentric construction: one construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent,or approaching equivalence,to one of its constituents,which serves as the centre,or head, of the whole.Hence an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction.66.exocentric construction: a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any to any of its constituents.67.deep structure: the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction,i.e.the underlying level of structural relations between its different constituents ,such sa the relation between,the underlying subject and its verb,or a verb and its object.68.surfacte structure: the final stage in the syntactic derivation ofa construction,which closely corresponds to the structural organization of a construction people actually produce and receive.69.c-command: one of the similarities,or of the more general features, in these two government relations,is technically called constituent command,c-command for short.ernment and binding theory: it is the fourth period of development Chomsky’s TG Grammar, which consists of X-bar theme: the basis,or the starting point,of the utterance.municative dynamism: the extent to which the sentence element contributes to the development of the communication.72.ideational function: the speaker’s experience of the real world,including the inner world of his own consciousness.73.interpersonal function: the use of language to establish and maintain social relations: for the expression of social roles,which include the communication roles created by language itself;and also for getting things done,by means of the interaction between one person and another..74.textual function: the use of language the provide for making links with itself and with features of the situation in which it is used. 75.conceptual meaning: the central part of meaning, which contains logical,cognitive,or denotative content.76.denotation: the core sense of a word or a phrade that relates it to phenomena in the real world.77.connotation: a term in a contrast with denotation,meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.78.reference: the use of language to express a propostion,meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.79.reference: the use of anguage to express a proposition,i.e. to talk about things in context.80.sense: the literal meaning of a word or an expression,independent of situational context.81.synonymy: is the technical name for the sameness relation.plentary antonymy: members of a pair in complementary antonymy are complementary to each field completely,such as male,female,absent.83.gradable antongymy: members of this kind are gradable,such as long:short,big;small,fat;thin,etc.84.converse antonymy: a special kind of antonymy in that memembers ofa pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition,such as buy;sell,lend,borrow,above,below,etc.85.relational opposites:converse antonymy in reciprocal social roles,kinship relations,temporal and spatial relations.There are always two entities involved.One presupposes the other. The shorter,better;worse.etc are instances of relational opposites.86.hyponymy: a relation between tow words,in which the meaning of one word(the superordinate)is included in the meaning of another word(the hyponym)87.superordinate: the upper term in hyponymy,i.e.the class name.A superordinate usually has several hyponyms.Under animal,for example,there are cats,dogs,pigs,etc,88.semantic component: a distinguishable element of meaning in a word with two values,e.g<+human>positionality: a principle for sentence analysis, in which the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined.90.selection restriction:semantic restrictions of the noun phrases thata particular lexical item can take,e.g.regret requires a human subject.91.prepositional logic: also known as prepositional calculus or sentential calculus,is the study of the truth conditions for propositions:how the truth of a composite propositions and the connection between them.92.proposition;what is talk about in an utterance,that part of the speech act which has to do with reference.93.predicate logic: also predicate calculus,which studies the internal structure of simple.94.assimilation theory: language(sound,word,syntax,etc)change or process by which features of one element change to match those of another that precedes or follows.95.cohort theory: theory of the perception of spoken words proposed in the mid-1980s.It saaumes a “recognition lexicon”in which each word is represented by a full and independent”recognistion element”.When the system receives the beginning of a relevant acoustic signal,all elements matching it are fully acticated,and,as more of the signal is received,the system tries to match it independently with each of them,Wherever it failsthe element is deactivated;this process continues until only one remains active.96.context effect: this effect help people recognize a word more readily when the receding words provide an appropriate context for it.97.frequency effect: describes the additional ease with which a word is accessed due to its more frequent usage in language.98.inference in context: any conclusion drawn from a set of proposition,from something someone has said,and so on.It includes things that,while not following logically,are implied,in an ordinary sense,e.g.in a specific context.99.immediate assumption: the reader is supposed to carry out the progresses required to understand each word and its relationship to previous words in the sentence as soon as that word in encountered. nguage perception:language awareness of things through the physical senses,esp,sight.nguage comprehension: one of the three strand of psycholinguistic research,which studies the understanding of language.nguage production: a goal-directed activety,in the sense that people speak and write in orde to make friends,influence people,convey information and so on.nguage production: a goal-directed activity,in the sense that people speak and write in order to make friends,influence people,concey information and so on.104.lexical ambiguity:ambiguity explained by reference to lexical meanings:e.g.that of I saw a bat,where a bat might refer to an animal or,among others,stable tennis bat.105.macroproposition:general propositions used to form an overall macrostructure of the story.106.modular:which a assumes that the mind is structuied into separate modules or components,each governed by its own principles and operating independently of others.107.parsing:the task of assigning words to parts of speech with their appropriate accidents,traditionally e.g.to pupils learning lat in grammar.108.propositions:whatever is seen as expressed by a sentence which makes a statement.It is a property of propositions that they have truth values. 109.psycholinguistics: is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structure.Psycholinguistics can be divided into cognitive psycholing uistics(being concerned above all with making inferences about the content of human mind,and experimental psycholinguistics(being concerned somehow whth empirical matters,such as speed of response to a particular word).110.psycholinguistic reality: the reality of grammar,etc.as a purported account of structures represented in the mind of a speaker.Oftenopposed,in discussion of the merits of alternative grammars,to criteria of simplicity,elegance,and internal consistency.111.schemata in text: packets of stored knowledge in language processing. 112.story structure: the way in which various parts of story are arranged or organized.113.writing process: a series of actions or events that are part of a writing or continuing developmeng.municative competence: a speaker’s knowledge of the total set of rules,conventions,erning the skilled use of language in a society.Distinguished by D.Hymes in the late 1960s from Chomsley’s concept of competence,in the restricted sense of knowledge of a grammar.115.gender difference: a difference in a speech between men and women is”genden difference”116.linguistic determinism: one of the two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,nguage determines thought.117.linguistic relativity: one of the two points in Spir-Whorf hypotheis,i.e.there’s no limit to the structural diversity of languages. 118.linguistic sexism:many differences between me and women in language use are brought about by nothing less than women’s place in society. 119.sociolinguistics of language: one of the two things in sociolinguistics,in which we want to look at structural things by paying attention to language use in a social context.120.sociolinguistics of society;one of the two things in sociolinguistics,in which we try to understand sociological things of society by examining linguistic phenomena of a speaking community. 121.variationist linguistics: a branch of linguistics,which studies the relationship between speakers’social starts and phonological variations. 122.performative: an utterance by which a speaker does something does something,as apposed to a constative,by which makes a statement which may be true or false.123.constative: an utterance by which a speaker expresses a proposition which may be true or false.124.locutionary act: the act of saying something;it’s an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax,lexicon,and ly.,the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.125.illocutionary act: the act performed in saying something;its force is identical with the speaker’s intention.126.perlocutionary act: the act performed by or resulting from saying something,it’s the consequence of,or the change brought about by the utterance.127.conversational implicature: the extra meaning not contained in the literal utterances,underatandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker’s knowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of the cooperative principle.128.entailment:relation between propositions one of which necessarily follows from the other:e.g.”Mary is running”entails,among other things,”Mary is not standing still”.129.ostensive communication: a complete characterization of communication is that it is ostensive-infer-ential.municative principle of relevance:every act of ostensive communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance. 131.relevance: a property that any utterance,or a proposition that it communicates,must,in the nature of communication,necessarily have. 132.Q-principle: one of the two principles in Horn’s scale,i.e.Make your contribution necessary (G.Relation,Quantity2,Manner);Say no more than you must(given Q).133.division of pragmatic labour: the use of a marked crelatively complex and/or expression when a corresponding unmarkeda(simpler,less”effortful”)alternate expression is available tends to be interpreted as conveying a marked message(one which the unmarked alternative would not or could not have conveyed).134.constraints on Horn scales:the hearer-based o-Principle is a sufficiency condition in the sense that information provided is the most the speaker is able to..135.third-person narrator: of the narrator is not a character in the fictional world,he or she is usually called a third –person narrator. 136.I-narrator: the person who tells the story may also be a character in the fictional world of the story,relating the story after the event.137.direct speech: a kind of speech presentation in which the character said in its fullest form.138.indirect speech: a kind of speech presentation in which the character said in its fullest form.139.indirect speech: a kind of speech presentation which is an amalgam of direct speech.140.narrator’s repreaentation of speech acts: a minimalist kind of presentation in which a part of passage can be seen as a summery of a longer piece of discourse,and therefore even more backgruonded than indirect speech representation would be.141.narrator”srepresentation of thought acts: a kind of categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their of characters are exactly as that used to present speech acts.For example,,she considered his unpunctuality.142.indirect thought: a kind of categories used by novelist to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly as that used to present indirect speech.For example,she thought that he woule be late.143.fee indirect speech: a further category which can occur,which is an amalgam of direct speech and indirect speech features.144.narrator’s representation of thought acts:a kind of the categories used by novelists to present the thoughts of therir characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech e.g.He spent the day thinking.145.indirect thought: a kind of categories used by novelist to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly as that used to present indirect speech.For example,she thought that he would be late.146.fee indirect speech: a further category which can occur,which is an amalgam of direct speech and indirect speech features.147.narrator”s representation of thought: the categories used by novelists to present the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech e.g.He spent the day thinking.148.free indirect thought: the categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech,e.g.He was bound to be late.149.direct thought: categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech..puter system: the machine itself together with a keyboard,printer,screen,disk drives,programs,etc.puter literacy: those people who have sufficient knowledge and skill in the use of computers and computer software.puter linguistics: a branch of applied liguistics,dealing with computer processing of human language.153.Call: computer-assisted language learning(call),refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language. 154.programnded instruction: the use of computers to monitor student progress,to direct students into appropriate lessons,material,etc. 155.local area network: are computers linked together by cables in a classroom,lab,or building.They offer teachers a novel approach for creating new activities for students that provide more time and experiencewith target language.156.CD-ROM: computer disk-read only memory allows huge amount of information to be stored on one disk with quich access to the information.Students and teachers can access information quickly and efficiently for use in and out of the classroom.157.machine translation: refers to the use of machine(usually computer)to translate texts from one language to another.158.concordance: the use of computer to search for a particular word,sequence of words.or perhaps even a part of speech in a text.The computer can also receive all examples of a particular word,usually in a context,which is a further aid to the linguist.It can also calculate the number of occurrences of the word so that information on the frequency of the word may be gathered.159.annotation: if corpora is said to be unannotated-it appears in its existing raw state of plain text,whereas annotated corpora has been enhanced with various type of linguistic information,160.annotation: if corpora is said to be unannotated—it appears in its existing raw state of plain text,whereas annotated corpora has been enhanced with various type of linguistic information.rmational retri: the term conventionally though somewhat inaccurately,applied to the type of actrvity discussed in this volume.An information retri system does not infor(i.e.change the knowledge of)the user on the subject of his inquiry.it merely informs on the existence(or non-existence)and whereabouts of documents relating to his request. 162.document representative: information structure is concerned with exploiting relationships,between documents to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of retri strategies.It covers specifically a logical organization of information,such as document representatives,for the purpose of information retri.163.precision: the proportion of retri documents which are relevant. 164.recall: the proportion of retri documents which are relevant. 165.applied linguistics: applications of linguistics to study of second and foreign language learning and teaching,and other areas such as translation,the compiling of dictionaries,etcmunicative competence: as defined by Hymes,the knowledge and ability involved in putting language to communicative use.167.syllabus:the planning of course of instruction.It is a description of the cousr content,teaching procedures and learning experiences. 168.interlanguage:the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language,i.e.the language system between the target language and the learner’s native language.169.transfer: the influence of mother tongue upon the second language.When structures of the two languages are similar,we can get。
语言学1
现代语言学(1)B1. The study of language as a whole is often called ________ linguistics.A. particularB. generalC. ordinaryD. generativeA2. _________can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language.A. PhonesB. SoundsC. PhonemesD. Speech soundsD3. The two clauses in a _______sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence.A. simpleB. completeC. complexD. coordinateC4. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a _______ system of grammatical knowledge.A. phraseB. sentenceC. ruleD. symbolB5. “I like this shirt very much.” has _________ arguments.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. fourD6. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes__________.A. a sentenceB. an actC. a unitD. an utteranceC7. ____________involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments A. Apocope B. Epenthesis C. Metathesis D. AssimilationB8.The goal of ___________is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among “a variety of speech communities and in different Social situations·A. psycholinguisticsB. socio1inguisticsC.historica1 linguisticsD. general linguisticsD9. For _________, thinking was a system of movements that had been reduced from actual speech to the point where they were no longer visible.A. WatsonB. PlatoC. AristotleD. BloomfieldB10. The meaning of a word or phrase depends largely on the communicative___________.A. contentB. contextC. responseD. answer11. Language is a system consisting of two sets of structures, or two levels.12. English is an intonation language.13. The affixes occurring at the beginning of a word are called prefixes.14. Words and phrases are organized according to the syntactic categories15. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand how words and phrases form sentences, and so on.16. Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to affect successful communication.17. Most of the violations of the four maxims give rise to conversational implicatures.18. Many languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.l9. The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called hemisphers, one on the right and one on the left.20. When we listen, the word is heard and comprehended via W ernicke’s area.21. ( T ) In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation.22. ( F ) Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive, but sometimes prescriptive.23. ( F ) Distinctive features are the same to any language.24. ( F) One of the clauses in a coordinate sentence is subordinate to the other.25. ( F ) In English and many other languages, the subject usually follows the verb and the direct object usually precedes the verb.26. ( T) Speech act theory was proposed by the British philosopher John Austin in the late 1950s27. ( T ) The most vigorous and on going change in the historical development of a language is the change in its vocabulary.28. ( T) A creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community.29. ( F) Aristotle suggested that thought was the soul's discourse with itself.30. ( T) SLA stands for second language acquisition.现代语言学(2)C1. A ___________ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest positionA. backB. centralC. frontD. middleC2. The open, back and long vowel is___________.A. [a]B. [A]C. [a:]D. [u:]B3. An embedded clause functions as a_________ unit in its matrix clause.A. structuralB. grammaticalC. lexicalD. linearA4. Phrase structure rules have __________ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. doubleD. manyB5. Dialectal synonyms are synonyms used in different__________ dialects.A. personalB. regionalC. socialD. professionalA6. ___________resulted mainly from the expansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semanticsA. PragmaticsB. PragmatismC. PhonologyD. PracticalismC7. Language change is universal, continuous, to a considerable extent, _________.A.regular but not systematicB. irregular and systematicC.regular and systematicD. irregular but systematicA8. To date, about _________language families have been documented in historical linguistic literature.A. thirtyB. fortyC. FiftyD. sixtyB9. Language disorder resulting from a damage to________ area in the brain reveals word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax.A. Wernicke’sB. Broca’ sC. Gage' sD. Genie' sB10. The development of linguistic skills involves the acquisition of __________ rules rather than the mere memorization of words and sentences.A. morphologicalB. grammaticalC. linguisticD. syntactic11. IPA stands for International Phonetic Alphabet12. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features.13. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, not always being the sum total of the meanings of its components.14. Phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the 1exicon, generate sentences at the level of D structure.15. In semantic analysis, prediction is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.16. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.17. Compounding is process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.18. Psycholinguistics studies language in relation to mind.19. Research has shown that different aspects of language processing appear to be more characteristic of the 1eft hemisphere than the other.20. The development of a first or native language is called first language acquisition.21. (T ) The writing system of any language is always a later invention, used to record the speech.22. (T ) Both phonology and phonetics are studies of speech sounds.23. ( F ) The root of a word is the smallest meaningful unit of language.24. ( F) Some languages have ways of referring to some entity, some languages don’t.25. ( F ) Reference is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in26. ( T ) A locutionary act is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology.27. ( T ) Historical linguistics studies language change.28. ( T ) SAE stands for Standard American English.29. ( F ) The language system provides all specifics of one's world view30. (F) A large proportion of grammatical errors in second language acquisition can be explained by mother tongue interference.现代语言学(3)C1. A scientific study of language is based on the_________ investigation of language data.A. symbolicB. systemicC. systematicD. systemC2. _________ are sometimes called “semivowels”.A. vowelsB. fricativeC. glidesD. nasalsB3. _________ is a typical tone languageA. EnglishB. ChineseC. FrenchD. American EnglishC4. A sentence is considered ___________ when it conforms to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammaticalD5. The number of the lexical items in the minor lexical categories is__________ and no new members are allowed forA. largeB. smallC. limitlessD. fixedD6. In the classic semantic triangle, the symbol or form refers to the linguistic elements, i.e., ______________.A.things and referentB. thought and referenceC. views and ideasD. words and phrasesA7. All the utterances that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in their _____________form.A. syntacticB. semanticC. grammaticalD. pragmaticB8. There is a gradation of __________ranging a continuum between two extremes of very formal and very informal.A. dialectB. registerC. variationD. slangB9. Human beings are the only species that learns and acquires language _________explicit instruction.A. withB. withoutC. withinD. throughD10. In their first language acquisition, children developed into the _________stage after the two word stage.A. thirdB. fourthC. fifthD. multiword11. Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.12. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive13. Phonology is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language.14. Free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.15. In a tree diagram, the points at which the tree branches at various levels are called branching nodes.16. According to the naming theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.17. Blending is a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words18. The deletion of a word-final vowel segment is called apocope19. A tragedy occurred to Phineas Gage about one hundred and fifty years ago.20. Ch i1dren’s language development starts from the prelinguistic cooing and babbling stage.21. ( T) Language is a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings.22. (F ) A synchronic study of language is a historical study.23. ( F ) The structure of words is not governed by rules.24. ( F) It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate tenses at the level of S-structure.25. (T) Complete synonyms are rare in language.26. ( T ) There are four maxims under the Cooperative Principle.27. (T ) Epenthesis is a change that involves the insertion of a consonant or a vowel sound to middle of a word.28. ( T) When people of a community speak two different regional or national dialects for different purposes, diglossia and bilingualism emerge.29. ( T) Wernicke’s work strengthened Broca’s claim that left hemispheric structures are essential for speech.30. ( T ) Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans.现代语言学(4)C1. According to F. de Saussure, ________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC.1angueD. languageC2. Acoustic phoneticians try to describe the ________ properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues.A. oralB. mentalC. physicalD. recordedC3. Natural languages are viewed to vary according to ________ set on UG principles to particular values.A. principlesB. rolesC. parametersD. theoriesC4. In the following four choices, ________ is a pair of homophone.A. sight and siteB. 1ead (n.) and lead (v.)C. wind (n.) and wind (v.)D. blue and blownC5. Sense and reference are two related ________ different aspects of meaning. A. but B. and C. or D. as well asD6. The superordinate term of the group of words “love, anger, happiness, sadness, fear, emotion’’ is _______.A. fearB. angerC. loveD. emotionB7. “I beg you not t0 say anything like that to Mary.” is a _______.A. representativeB. directiveC. commissiveD. declarationB8. Semantic ________ is a process in which a word loses its former meaning and requires a new, sometimes related, meaning.A. broadeningB. shiftC. narrowingD. changeA9. A ______ is a variety of 1anguage that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.A.1ingua francaB. pidginC. creoleD. national languageD10. Linguistic _______ is the brain’s neurological specializatio n for language.A. determinismB. relativismC. competenceD.1ateralization11. An English speaker and Chinese speaker are both able to use a language, but they are not mutually intelligible. This is a case of cultural transmission.12. Complementary distribution means that the allophones of the same phoneme always occur in different phonetic environments.13.Affixes like “im-” ,“il-”,“un一”,“-tion” ,“-or’,“-hood” ,are called derivational affixes.14. The two clauses in a complex sentence hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.15. Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components called semantic features.16. The various meanings of a polysemic word are related to some degree.17. Middle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in England in 1066.18. Code-switching may take place in a conversation when one speaker uses one language and the other speaker answers in a different language.1 9.For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious instruction on the part of adults.20. The preschool years are a crucial period for first language acquisition.21. (T) Language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages.22. ( F ) Phonology is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language；it is concerned with all the sounds th at occur in the world’s languages.23. (T ) Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and sentence stress24. ( T) WH movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.25. (T) The superordinate term is more general in meaning than its hyponyms.26. ( F ) Semantic shift is the same as semantic change.27. ( T) From a sociolinguistic perspective, a speech Variety is no more than a dialectal variety a language.28. ( T ) Psycholinguistics is viewed as the intersection of psychology and linguistics.29. ( T) According to the Behaviorist learning theory, a child’s verbal behavior was conditioned through association between a stimulus and the following respons e. 30. ( F ) Language acquisition and language learning are believed to refer to the same process.现代语言学(5)B1.________ is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages. A. Phonology B. Phonetics C. Morphology D. PhonemicsD2. ________ transcription is really the transcription required and used by the phonetician’s in their study of speech sounds.A. BroadB. DetailedC. WideD. NarrowB3.A theory of grammar must provide a complete characterization of linguistic_______ that speakers implicitly consider well—formed, or grammatical sequences·A. speechesB. utterancesC. eventsD. sentencesB4. Semantics can be defined as the study of________.A. namingB. meaningC. communicationD. contextB5. _______ act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language. A. Speaking B. Speech C. Sound D. SpokenB6. The word “motel’’ is formed via word formation rule of_______.A. clippingB. blendingC. acronymD. coinageC7. _______ involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments.A. ApocopeB. EpenthesisC. MetathesisD. AssimilationB8. There is a gradation of _______ ranging along a continuum between two extremes of very formal and very informal.A. dialectB. registerC. variationD. slangD9. In general, the two-word stage begins roughly in th e _______ half of the child’s second year.A. earlyB.1ateC. firstD. secondD10. At the ______ stage negation is 6imply expressed by single words with negative meaning.A. prelinguisticB. multiwordC. two wordD. one word11. Modern linguistics gives priority to the spoken form of language.12. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called are suprasemental features.13. A root can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.14. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand how words and phrases form sentences, and so on.15. Componential analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.16. The meaning of an utterance is concrete and context dependent.17. The Indo-European Language family is the first and most widely investigated language family of the world.18. A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression substituted when the speaker or writer fears more direct, or offensive wording might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive.19. Slang is a casual use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinages and figures of speech characterized by spontaneity and sometimes by raciness20. There are occasions when one can think without language, just as one may speak without thinking.21. (F ) Morphology and syntax study the same aspect of language.22. ( T ) Stress is a relative notion; only words with two or more syllables can be said to have word stress, and monosyllabic words can not be said to have word stress.23. ( F ) Free morphemes are the same as bound morphemes.24. ( F ) In English and many other languages, the subject usually follows the verb and the direct object usually precedes the verb.25. ( T ) The contextual view is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in pragmatic sense.26. ( F ) Language change is different, from the change in the grammar.27. ( F ) An acronym is a shortened form of a word or phrase which represents the complete form.28. ( T ) British English and American English are the two geographical varieties of theEnglish language.29. ( F ) Research findings have shown that language processing centers are situated in a single area of the left hemisphere.30. (F ) Some languages are more challenging to acquire as a native language.。
语言学概论复习资料
复习资料英语专业《语言学概论》（本科）I. 填空题（Fill in the blanks）（15分，每空1.5分）1. The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.2. Language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facets, so it is hardly possible for the linguists to deal with it all at once.3. The sounds used in linguistic communication are represented by symbols, i.e. morphemes.4. The combination of words to form grammatically permissibly sentences in languages is governed by rules.5. In most general terms language is used to convey meaning. The study of meaning is known as semantics.6. Language communication does not occur in a vacuum, it always occurs in a context.7. Language and society are closely connected. The language a person uses often reveals his social background.II. 术语解释（Define the following terms.）(35分，每个术语7分)1. arbitrarinessLanguage is arbitrary. This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages. On the other hand, we should be aware that while language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entire arbitrary; certain words are motivated. One case is the onomatopoeic words like crash, bang in English. Another case is compound words like photocopy. The arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.2. productivityLanguage is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why when we are using language, we can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences we have never heard before. We can also send messages which no one else has ever sent before. Much of what we say and hear we are saying or hearing for the first time. Productivity is unique to human language. No animal communication system can be so.3. displacementLanguage can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. This is what “displacement” means.This property provides speakers with an opportunity to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and place. In contrast, no animal communication system possesses this feature.4. hyponymyHyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms to each other. For example,Superordinate: flowerHyponyms: rose, tulip, lily, …5. polysemyIt refers to the phenomenon that the same one word may have more than one meaning. Such a word is called a polysemic word. Generally speaking, the more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning.IV. 论述题（Discuss the following issues.）（30分）1. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? Key points:。
2013语言学考点
Review exercises of Chapter OneType1:Judge the following statements T(rue) or F(alse):•T1.Linguistics studies not any particular language , but language in general.•F2.A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks•T3.In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation.•T4.General linguistics studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.•nguage is a simple entity with multiple layers and facets.•F6.Phonetics deals with how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning.•T7.Morphology and syntax study the same aspect of language.•T8.The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.•nguage is a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings.•F10.Sociolinguistics has nothing to do with language or society.•T11.Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive , but sometimes prescriptive.•F12.Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar .•F13.A synchronic study of language is a historical study.•F14.Traditional grammar regards the spoken language as primary , not the written language.•T15.The writing system of any language is always a later invention, used to record the speech.•F16.The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.•nguage is vocal because the primary medium is sounds for all languages.•nguage is entirely arbitrary.•T19.Productivity is unique to animal language.•nguage is culturally transmitted while animal call systems are genetically transmitted.•F21.Linguists must be able to speak several languages in order to study them.•F22.Linguists are judges, they know what is right and what is wrong about language.•F23.When we say synchronic descriptions of a language are prior to diachronic descriptions, we mean in describing one state of the language , some knowledge of its previous state is unnecessary.•F24.In linguistics study, linguists first work out a theory about language structure, then, test it with language facts.•nguage is arbitrary by nature but it is not entirely arbitrary.•F26.Animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species, while human beings haven’t this genetic basis.•T27.No nonhuman communication system is arbitrary.•T28.A linguist should be as objective as possible in his description and analysis of language facts.Type2:Fill in the following blanks:• 1.Human capacity for language has a _genetic_____ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.• 2.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of ___language_______.• nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal ____ __symbols_____ ________ used for human communication.• 4.In professional usage, the _linguistics_____ is a scholar who studies language objectively.• 5.If a linguistic study describes and analyses the language people actually use, it is said to be __descriptive____. If it aims to lay down rules for correct behavior it is said to be _______prescriptive______.• 6.Charles Hockett specified ____12_______ design features of human language . the most important features are _arbitrariness______ ___duality______ productivity_______ interchangeability__________ _displacement___________ ____specialization______, etc.•nguage is a system which consists of two sets of structures, one of _sound_______ and the other of ________meaning___.•nguage can refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker, that means language has the feature of ____displacement_____.•9.“ A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”. This sentence means that language has the feature of ___arbitrariness_____.•10.Writing is a secondary language form based upon _speech_________.•11.The reason why an English speaker and a Chinese speaker are not mutually intelligible is because language is culturally ____transmission_______.•12._Displacement_____ means that language can be used to refer to things which present or not present , real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places.•nguage is a system consisting of two _dual/articulation_____ structures, or two levels.•nguage is a system of ______arbitrary ____ vocal symbols used for human communication.•15.Chomsky defines conpetence________ as the ideal speaker’s knowledge of the rules of his language.•16.____parole_____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.•17.Modern linguistics gives priority to the _spoken_____ form of language.•18.The description of a language as it changes through time is a ___diachronic______ study.•19.______psycholinguistics____ relates the study of language to psychology.•20.Linguistics is generally defined as the _scientific_____ study of language.Type3: Multiple Choice:•For example: The study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication is __C____.• A. morphology B. general linguistics• C. phonology D. semantics• 1.A scientific study of language is conducted with references to some _C____ of language structure.• A. data B. general theory C. facts D. hypotheses• 2. ___C__ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.• A. Psycholinguistics B. Applied linguistics• C. Socio-linguistics D. Anthro-linguistics3. The D____ study of language studies the historical development of language over aperiod of time , it is a historical study. A. synchronic B. descriptive• C. prescriptive D. diachronic• 4.Modern linguistics focuses on the present-day language , it will be possible to describe language from B_____ point of view. A. sociological B. synchronic• C. diachronic D. psychological• 5. The distinction between competence and performance is similar to the distinction between __D___.• A. prescriptive and descriptive B. synchronic and diachronic• C.speech and writing D. langue and parole• 6. “Language is a purely human and non-linguistic method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols”is a definition of language made by_D_____.•Hall B. Chomsky C. Hockett D. Sapir•7. C. Hockett, who specified the design features of language , is a (n)__C__linguist.• A. French B. Swiss C. American D. Canadian•8. A linguist is interested in __B___ primarily.• A.speech sounds only B. all sounds• C. written language D. general theory.•9.Chridren can speak before they can read or write shows that A____.• A. language is basically vocal B. language is arbitrary• C. language is used for communication D. language is productive•10. Which of the following words is not entirely arbitrary?D•crash B. typewriter C. bang D. fish•11.Neither “iolk”nor “a he girl”is accepted to be well constructed in English .This indicates that language is__A___.• A. rule-governed B. not arbitrary C. not produced D. vocal•12. No one has ever said or heard “A black polar bear is playing in a small hotel with an African gibbon”, but one can say it when necessary , and he can understand it in the right register . This shows the _B_ nature of language.• A. arbitrary B. productive C. displaced D. culturally transmitted•13. When a dog is barking , you can decide it is a barking for something or at someone that exists now and there . It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or a bone to be lost.This indicates the language nature of__D___.• A. arbitrariness B. productivity C. duality D. displacement•14. Duality or D_ makes a person to talk about anything with his knowledge.• A.lower level of language B. higher level of language• C. basic level of language D. double articulation of language•15. “Three ”in English , “arbre”in French and “Baum”in German all refer to the same thing . “a type of plant with a wooden trunk and branches”. This indicates that _B___.• A. language is vocal B. language is arbitrary• C. language is productive D. language is culturally transmitted•16. The study of language as a whole is often called_A_____.• A. general linguistics B. sociolinguistics• C. psycholinguistics D. applied linguistics•17.The study of language meaning is called _C_____.• A. syntax B. morphology C. semantics D. pragmatics•18. The description of a language at some point in time is a B____study.• A. diachronic B. synchronic C. descriptive D. prescriptive•19. _D____ made the distinction between langue and parole.• A. Chomsky B. Sapir C. Hall D. Saussure•20. Which of the following is NOT the design features of human language?B• A. Arbitrariness B. Performance• C. Duality D. Displacement•21.Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the solution of some practical problems, the study of such application is known as _C___ .• A. anthropological linguistics B. computational linguistics• C. applied linguistics D. mathematical linguistics•22. _____B_ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.• A. Parole B. Langue C. Speech D. Writing•23. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of theA____ nature of language .• A arbitrariness B. productivity C. duality D. cultural transmission•24. Which of the following is NOT a major branch of linguistics?D• A. Phonology B. Syntax C. Pragmatics D. SpeechType4: Define all the following terminologies:•Page 18-19: Exercise OneLinguistics1. Define the following terms briefly.(1) linguistics: the scientific or systematic study of language.(2) language: a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.(3) arbitrariness: the absence of similarity between the form of a linguistic sign and what itrelates to in reality, e.g. the word dog does not look like a dog.(4) duality: the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds and letters)combine to form meaningful units (words) at another level.(5) competence: knowledge of the grammar of a language as a formal abstraction anddistinct from the behavior of actual language use, i.e. performance.(6) performance: Chomsky’s term for actual language behavior as distinct from theknowledge that underlies it, or competence.(7) stylistics: the study of how literary effects can be related to linguistic features.(8) phatic communion: Language is used to establish an atmosphere or maintainsocial contact between the speaker and the hearer.(9) functionalism: the study of the forms of language in reference to their social function incommunication.(10) formalism: the study of the abstract forms of language and their internal relations.(11) synchronic linguistics: the study of language and speech as they are used at a givenmoment and not in terms of how they have evolved over time.(12) diachronic linguistics: the study of linguistic change over time in contrast to looking atlanguage as it is used at a given moment.Type5: Answer the following questions :•Page 19: Exercise 2,3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.•Type6: Discuss th2. No, language is human-specific. Human language has seven design features, including arbitrariness, duality, productivity, interchangeability, displacement, specialization and cultural transmission. These features are found utterly lacking in do gs’ or pigs’ noises and thus set human language apart from animal cry systems.3. Arbitrariness refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection bet ween a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. For example, for the same animal dog, in English we call it /d0g/, in Chinese as “gou”, but “yilu” in Japanese; it barks wow wow in English but wang wang in Chinese. Of course, onomatopoetic words such as “quack-quack” and “bang” are exceptions, but words like these are re latively few compared with the total number of words in a language.4. A human baby does not speak any language at birth. What language the baby is going to speak is determined by the culture he is born into. A Chinese baby born and brought up in London by an English family will speak English, while an English child brought up in Beijing by a Chinese aunt will speak Chinese. That is to say, language cannot be transmitted through heredity. It is culturally transmitted.5. Firstly, linguistics describes languages and does not lay down rules of correctness while traditional grammar emphasizes correctness. Secondly, linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, while traditional grammar emphasizes the priority of the written language. Thirdly, traditional grammar is based on Latin and it tries to impose the Latin categories and structures on other languages, while linguistics describes each language on its own merits.6. A descriptive approach attempts to tell what is in the language while the prescriptive approach tells people what should be in the language. Most modern linguistics is descriptive, whereas traditional grammars are prescriptive.7. Synchronic linguistics studies language at one particular time while diachronic linguistics studies language developments through time. Synchronic linguistics focuses on the state of language at any point in history while diachronic linguistics focuses on the differences in two or more than two states of language over decades or centuries.e following quotes:•Page 19: Exercise 8.8. No, human language has the design feature of specialization. It refers to the fact that man does not have a total physical involvement in the act of communication. For example, a mother can tell a story to her child while slicing up a cake. However, wolves can only respond to a stimulus and is totally involved physically in the communication process. Thus, a wolf cannot have a language similar to man’s, even though it could express a thousand different emotions. Besides, the aspect of productivity also distinguishes human language from wolf ’s postures.•。
英语语言学练习题[1]
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英语语言学练习题Supplementary exercisesChapter 1 IntroductionⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context.14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________.26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _______ study of language.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _______.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyedC. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a _______ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied…pragmaticD.semantic…linguistic37. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _______, rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and BⅣ. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics42. Phonology43. Syntax44. Pragmatics 45. Psycholinguistics 46. Language47. Phonetics48. Morphology49. Semantics50. Sociolinguistics 51. Applied Linguistics52. Arbitrariness53. Productivity54. Displacement55. Duality56. Design Features 57. Competence58. Performance59. Langue60. ParoleⅤ. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human commu-nication. Explain it in detail.62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?67. How do you understand competence and performance?68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?Chapter 2 PhonologyⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.1. 语言的普遍特征：任意性arbitrariness双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构多产性productivity移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西文化传播性cultural transmission2。
最新英语语言学-练习题(含答案))
Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other are as, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and me thods applicable in any linguistic study.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaning ful sentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to fo rm words is called morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only st udies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studiesmeaning not in isolation, but in context.14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descripti ve.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at s ome point in time.19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not t he written language.20. The distinction between competence and performance was propo sed by F. de Saussure.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins wi th the letter given:21. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concret e use of the conventions and application of the rules.23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language wh ich refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of me aningful units.24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for hu man communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of w ords into permissible sentences in languages is called s________.26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but the deta ils of language have to be taught and learned.27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settleme nt of some practical problems. The study of such applications is gene rally known as a________ linguistics.29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construc tion and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, th ey can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentenc es which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _______ study of languag e.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people a ctually use, it is said to be _______.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language ?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writi ng, because _______.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyedC. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires h is mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a _______ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky lo oks at language from a ________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied…pragmaticD.semantic…linguistic37. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract lingui stic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical conne ction between _______ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the im mediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one gener ation to the next through _______, rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and BⅣ. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics42. Phonology43. Syntax44. Pragmatics45. Psycholinguistics46. Language47. Phonetics48. Morphology49. Semantics50. Sociolinguistics51. Applied Linguistics52. Arbitrariness53. Productivity54. Displacement55. Duality56. Design Features57. Competence58. Performance59. Langue60. ParoleSuggested answers to supplementary exercises:Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. T2. F3. F4. T5. T6. F7. T8. F9. T 10. F11. T 12. T 13. T 14. T 15. T 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. F 20. FⅡ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins wi th the letter given:21. knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary 25. syntax 26. genetic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive 30. scientific (or sy stematic)Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.31. C 32. D 33. C 34. D 35. B 36. A 37. C 38. B 39. A 40. DⅣ. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific studyof language.42. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used i n communication is called phonology.43. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined t o form sentences is called syntax.44. Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called prag matics.45. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the wo rkings of mind is called psycholinguistics.46. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic comm unication is called phonetics.48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arran ged to form words is called morphology.49. Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics.50. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society i s called sociolinguistics.51. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teach ing and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic finding s to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.52. arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It mea ns that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds 53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users.54. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined m atters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the i mmediate situations of the speaker55. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.56. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of com munication57. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s kn owledge of the rules of his language,58. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowle精品文档dge of the rules in linguistic communication.59. langue: Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conven tions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is rel atively stable, it does not change frequently60. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; pa role is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situ ation.精品文档。