微生物英文名词解释
病原微生物名词解释
1.微生物（microorranism ,microbe）：是存在于自然界的一群体形微小、结构简单、肉眼直接看不见，必须借助于光学显微镜或电子显微镜放大数百倍、数千倍，甚至数万倍才能观察到的微小生物2.肽聚糖（peptidoglycan）：是细菌细胞壁的主要成分，原核细胞所特有的物质，G+菌由聚糖骨架，四肽侧链和五肽交联桥三部分组成，G-菌由肽聚糖骨架、四肽侧链两部分组成3.脂多糖（LPS）：是G-菌的内毒素。
LPS由三部分组成（由内到外），1）脂类A是内毒素的毒性部分和主要成分，与致病性有关2）核心多糖3）特异多糖，G-菌的菌体抗原4.细菌L型：细菌在体外受到各种直接或间接地理化或生物因素影响后，导致细胞壁肽聚糖直接被破坏或合成被抑制，进而形成一种细胞壁缺失或缺陷的细菌，称为细菌L型5.原生质体：革兰阳性菌由于其细胞壁主要由肽聚糖构成，细菌变成细菌L型后，细胞壁完全缺失，细菌原生质仅被一层细胞膜包裹，称为原生质体6.原生质球：革兰阴性菌因其细胞壁肽聚糖含量较少，且有外膜保护，一般将源于革兰阴性菌的细菌L型称为原生质球7.中介体（mesosome）：细菌细胞膜向胞浆内凹陷，并折叠成囊状物内含管状、板状或泡状结构，称作中介体，多见于G+菌，又有拟线粒体之称8.质粒（plamid）:是细菌染色体外的遗传物质，为双股闭合环状DNA分子，可独立于染色体外并且自行复制，可整合到染色体上。
经人工抽提后可变成开环状或线状9.异染颗粒：细菌细胞浆中含有的颗粒，因其嗜碱性较强染色着色深，可染成与细菌其他部分不同的颜色，故称异染颗粒。
可作为鉴别细菌的根据，如白喉棒状杆菌10.荚膜（capsule）:某些细菌在其细胞壁外层包裹着一层排列有序且不易被洗脱的粘液物质，厚度约200mm11.粘液层（alim layer）:若细菌细胞表面粘液性结构松散，排列无序且易被清除者，称粘液层12.鞭毛（flagellun）:在许多细菌在菌体上附有细长并呈波状弯曲的丝状物，称为鞭毛13.菌毛（fimbria 或pllus）:许多革兰阴性细菌和少数革兰阳性细菌菌体表面存在着数量众多比鞭毛更细、更短而直硬类似毛发样的丝状物，称为菌毛14.芽孢（spore）:很多革兰阳性菌在一定条件下，胞浆脱水浓缩，在菌体内部形成具有多层膜包裹的圆形或卵圆形的小体，称为芽孢，是细菌代谢处于相对静止状态、维持生存，具有特殊抗性的休眠结构15.繁殖体（vegetative form）：与芽孢相比，未形成芽孢而具有繁殖能力的菌体称为繁殖体16.IMViC试验：吲哚（I）、甲基红（M）、VP(Vi)和枸橼酸盐（C），利用这四种试验常用于鉴定肠道杆菌，合称IMViC试验17.遗传（heredity）：子代与亲代的生物学性状基本相同，且代代相传18.变异（variation）:子代与亲代以及子代与子代之间的生物学性状出现差异19.BCG卡-介：Calmette和Guerin于1908年将有毒的牛结核分枝杆菌在含胆汁、甘油、马铃薯的培养基上，经过13年传230代，终于获得了一株毒力减弱但仍保持免疫原性的变异株，即卡介苗BCG，用于结核病的预防20.多重耐药性（mutiple resistance）：有的细菌表现为同时对多种抗菌药物产生耐受性即多重耐药性21.S-R变异株：菌落由光滑型（S型）变为粗糙型（R型），称为S-R变异。
微生物名词解释
GlossaryActinomycetes(放线菌，放线菌属) A group of filamentous, funguslike bacteria. active transport （主动运输） Nutrient transport method that requires carrier proteins in the membranes of the living cells and the expenditure of energy. adenovirus Noenveloped DNA virus; means of transmission is human-to-human via respiratory and ocular secretions.aerobe（需氧微生物）A microorganism that lives and grows in the presence of free).gaseous oxygen (O2aerobic respiration（需氧呼吸）Respiration in which the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is oxygen (O).2agar（琼脂）A polysaccharide found in seaweed and commonly used to prepare solid culture media.AIDS（艾滋病）Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The complex of signs and symptoms characteristic of the late phase of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.algae（藻类） Photosynthetic, plant-like organisms which generally lack the complex structure of plants; they may be single-celled or multicellular, and inhabit diverse habitats such as marine and freshwater environments, glaciers, and hot springs.Ames test（艾姆斯氏试验）A method for detecting mutagenic and potentially carcinogenic agents based upon the genetic alteration of nutritionally defective bacteria.ammonification（氨化作用） Phase of the nitrogen cycle in which ammonia is released from decomposing organic material.anaerobe（厌氧性微生物，厌氧菌） A microorganism that grows best, or exclusively, in the absence of oxygen.anaerobic respiration（无氧呼吸）Respiration in which the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is an inorganic molecule containing sulfate, nitrate, nitrite, carbonate, etc.antagonism（拮抗作用）Relationship in which microorganisms compete for survival in a common environment by taking actions that inhibit or destroy another organism.antibiotic（抗生素）A chemical substance from one microorganism that can inhibit or kill another microbe even in minute amounts.archaea（古生菌） Prokaryotic single-celled organisms of primitive origin that have unusual anatomy, physiology and genetics, and live in harsh habitats;when capitalized (Archaea) the term refers to one of the three domains of living organisms as proposed by Woese.arthrospore（分节孢子）A fungal spore formed by the septation and fragmentation of hyphae.ascospore （囊孢子，子囊孢子）A spore formed within a saclike cell (ascus) of Ascomycota following nuclear fusion and meiosis.ascus（子囊） Special fungal sac in which haploid spores are created. autoclave（高压锅） A sterilization chamber which allows the use of steam under pressure to sterilize materials. The most common temperature/pressure combination for an autoclave is 121℃and 15 psi.autotroph（自养生物） A microorganism that requires only inorganic nutrients and whose sole source of carbon is carbon dioxide.Bacillus（芽孢杆菌） Bacterial cell shape that is cylindrical (longer than it is wide).back-mutation（回复突变） A mutation which counteracts an earlier mutation, resulting in the restoration of the original DNA sequence.bacteria （细菌）Category of prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in their cell wails and a single, circular chromosome. This group of small cells is widely distributed in the earth’s habitats.Bacteria (plural of bacterium) When capitalized can refer to one of the three domains of living organisms proposed by Woese, containing all non- archaea prokaryotes.bacterial chromosome 细菌染色体A circular body in bacteria that contains the primary genetic material. Also called nucleoid.Bacteriophage噬菌体A virus that specifically infects bacteria.bacterium 杆菌属A tiny unicellular prokaryotic organism that usually reproduces by binary fission and usually has a peptidoglycan cell wall, has various shapes, and can be found in virtually any environment.basidiospore（芽孢） A sexual spore that arises from a basidium. Found in basidiomycota fungi.Bdellovibrio（蛭弧菌属） A bacterium that preys on certain other bacteria. It bores a hole into a specific host and inserts itself between the protoplast and the cell wall. There it elongates before subdividing into several cells and devouring the host cell.capsule蒴果In bacteria, the loose, gel-like covering or slime made chiefly of simple polysaccharides. This layer is protective and can be associated with virulence.Chemoautotroph华能自养生物An organism that relies upon inorganic chemicals for its energy and carbon dioxide for its carbon. Also called a chemolithotroph. chemoheterotroph华能异养生物Microorganisms that derive their nutritional needs from organic compounds.chemotaxis趋化性The tendency of organisms to move in response to a chemical gradient (toward an attractant or to avoid adverse stimuli).chitin 几丁质A polysaccharide similar to cellulose in chemical structure. This polymer makes up the horny substance of the exoskeletons of arthropods and certain fungi.chromosome染色体The tightly coiled bodies in cells that are the primary sites of genes.Clone无性繁殖 A colony of cells (or group of organisms) derived from a single cell (or single organism) by asexual reproduction. All units share identical characteristics. Also used as a verb to refer to the process of producinga genetically identical population of cells or genes.colony菌落 A macroscopic cluster of cells appearing on a solid medium, each arising from the multiplication of a single cell.commensalism共栖An unequal relationship in which one species derives benefit without harming the other.conjugation结合作用In bacteria, the contact between donor and recipient cells associated with the transfer of genetic material such as plasmids. Can involve special (sex) pili. Also a form of sexual recombination in ciliated protozoans.death phase死亡期End of the cell growth due to lack of nutrition, depletion of environment, and accumulation of wastes. Population of cells begins to die.decomposition分解The breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds, that can be directed back into the natural cycle of living things. diffusion扩散The dispersal of molecules, ions, or microscopic particles propelled down aconcentration gradient by spontaneous random motion to achieve a uniform distribution.diploid 二倍体Somatic cells having twice the basic chromosome number. One set in the pair is derived from the father, and the other from the mother. direct, or total cell count 细胞计数1. Counting total numbers of individual cells being viewed with magnification. 2. Counting isolated colonies of organisms growing on a plate of media as a way to determine population size. endospore内生孢子A small, dormant, resistant derivative of a bacterial cell that germinates under favorable growth conditions into a vegetative cell.The bacterial genera Bacillus and Clostridium are typical sporeformers. eubacteria 真细菌Term used for non-archaea prokaryotes, stands for "true bacteria"eukaryotic cell真核细胞A cell that differs from a prokaryotic cell chiefly by having a nuclear membrane (a well-defined nucleus), membrane-bounded subcellular organelles, and mitotic cell division.Eukarya真核生物One of the three domains (sometimes called superkingdoms) of living organisms, as proposed by Woese; contains all eukaryotic organisms. eutrophication富营养化The process whereby dissolved nutrients resulting from natural seasonal enrichment or industrial pollution of water cause overgrowth of algae and cyanobacteria to the detriment of fishand other large aquatic inhabitants.fermentation 发酵The extraction of energy through anaerobic degradation of substrates into simpler, reduced metabolites. In large industrial processes, fermentation can mean any use of microbial metabolism to manufacture organic chemicals or other products.fimbria 菌毛A short, numerous surface appendage on some bacteria that provides adhesion but not locomotion.flagellum鞭毛A structure that is used to propel the organism through a fluid environment.gene基因A site on a chromosome that provides information for a certain cell function. A specific segment of DNA that contains the necessary code to makea protein or RNA molecule.generation time代时Time required for a complete fission cycle－from parent cell to two new daughter cells. Also called doubling time.genome 基因组染色体组The complete set of chromosomes and genes in an organism. Genotype 基因型 The genetic makeup of an organism. The genotype is ultimately responsible for an organism's phenotype, or expressed characteristics. Gram stain革兰氏染色剂 A differential stain for bacteria useful in identification and taxonomy. Gram-positive organisms appear purple from crystal violet- mordant retention, whereas gram-negative organisms appear red after loss of crystal violet and absorbance of the safranin counterstain. growth curve生长曲线A graphical representation of the change in population size over time. This graph has four periods known as lag phase, exponential or log phase, stationary phase, and death phase.growth factor生长因子An organic compound such as a vitamin or amino acid that must be provided in the diet to facilitate growth. An essential nutrient. halophile好盐菌A microbe whose growth is either stimulated by salt or requiresa high concentration of salt for growth.haploid 单倍体Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes, such as occurs in gametes and certain microbes.host 宿主Organism in which smaller organisms or viruses live, feed, and reproduce.human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)艾滋病病毒A retro virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).intron 内含子The segments on split genes of eucaryotes that do not code for polypeptide. They can have regulatory functions. See exon.in vitro离体 Literally means "in glass," signifying a process or reaction occurring in an artificial environment, as in a test tube or culture medium. in vivo生物体内Literally means “in a living being,” signifying a process or reaction occurring in a living thing.Koch’s postulates科赫法则 A procedure to establish the specific cause of disease. In all cases of infection: ( 1 ) The agent must be found; (2) inoculations of a pure culture must reproduce the same disease in animals;(3) the agent must again be present in the experimental animal: and (4) apure culture must again be obtained.lag phase延迟期The early phase of population growth during which no signs ofgrowth occur.L form 缺壁细菌 L-phase variants; wall-less forms of some bacteria that are induced by drugs or chemicals. These forms can be involved in infections. lipopolysaceharide 脂多糖 A molecular complex of lipid and carbohydrate found in the bacterial cell wall. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria is an endotoxin with generalized pathologic effects such as fever. log phase指数期Maximum rate of cell division during which growth is geometricin its rate of increase. Also called exponential growth phase.Meiosis 减数分裂 The type of cell division necessary for producing gametes in diploid organisms. Two nuclear divisions in rapid succession produce four gametocytes, each containing a haploid number of chromosomes.minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 最低抑菌浓度The smallest concentration of drug needed to visibly control microbial growth.minimum temperature 最低温度 The lowest temperature at which an organism will grow.missense mutation错义突变 A mutation in which a change in the DNA sequence results in a different amino acid being incorporated into a protein, with varying results.mitosis 有丝分裂Somatic cell division that preserves the somatic chromosome number.mycelium 菌丝菌丝体The filamentous mass that makes up a mold. Composed of hyphae.Mycorrhizae 菌根Various species of fungi adapted in an intimate, mutualistic relationship to plant roots.nitrification硝化作用Phase of the nitrogen cycle in which ammonium is oxidized. nitrogen fixation固氮作用 A process occurring in certain bacteria in which atmospheric Ngas is converted to a form (NH4) usable by plants.2nonsense mutation 无义突变A mutation that changes an amino acid-producing codon into a stop codon, leading to premature termination of a protein. nucleus 细胞核The central core of an atom, composed of protons and neutrons. obligate专性Without alternative; restricted to a particular characteristic.Example: An obligate parasite survives and grows only in a host; an obligate aerobe must have oxygen to grow; an obligate anaerobe is destroyed by oxygen. optimum temperature最适温度The temperature at which a species shows the most rapid growth rate.parasite 寄生虫An organism that lives on or within another organism (the host), from which it obtains nutrients and enjoys protection. The parasite produces some degree of harm in the host.passive transport 被动运输Nutrient transport method that follows basic physical laws and does not require direct energy input from the cell. pasteurization 巴斯消毒法Heat treatment of perishable fluids such as milk, fruit juices, or wine to destroy heat-sensitive vegetative cells, followed by rapid chilling to inhibit growth of survivors and germination of spores. It prevents infection and spoilage.pathogen 病原体Any agent, usually a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or helminth, that causes disease.phage 噬菌体A bacteriophage; a virus that specifically parasitizes bacteria. phenotype表型The observable characteristics of an organism produced by the interaction between its genetic potential (genotype) and the environment. photoautotroph 光合自养生物An organism that utilizes light for its energy and carbon dioxide chiefly for its carbon needs.pill Small, stiff filamentous appendages in gram-negative bacteria that functionin DNA exchange during bacterial conjugation.plasmids质粒 Extrachromosomal genetic units characterized by several features.A plasmid is a double-stranded DNA that is smaller than and replicatesindependently of the cell chromosome; it bears genes that are not essential for cell growth; it can bear genes that code for adaptive traits; and it is transmissible to other bacteria.polysaccharide多糖 A carbohydrate that can be hydrolyzed into a number of monosaccharides. Examples: cellulose, starch, glycogen.prion朊病毒A concocted word to denote “proteinaceous infectious agent”; a cytopathic protein associated with the slow-virus spongiform encephalopathies of humans and animals.prophage 原噬菌体 A lysogenized bacteriophage; a phage that is latently incorporated into the host chromosome instead of undergoing viral replication and lysis.protoplast原生质体A bacterial cell whose cell wall is completely lacking and that is vulnerable to osmotic lysis.protozoa 原生动物A group of single-celIed, eucaryotic organisms. pseudohypha 假菌丝A chain of easily separated, spherical to sausage-shaped yeast cells partitioned by constrictions rather than by septa.pure culture 纯培养A container growing a single species of microbe whose identity is known.Retrovirus逆转录酶病毒 A group of RNA viruses (including HIV) that have the mechanisms for converting their genorne into a double strand of DNA that can be inserted on a host’s chromosome.reverse transcriptase逆转录酶The enzyme possessed by retrovimses that carries out the reversion of RNA to DNA a form of reverse transcription. rhizobia 根瘤菌Bacteria that live in plant roots and supply supplemental nitrogen that boosts plant growth.rhizosphere 根际The zone of soil, complete with microbial inhabitants, in the immediate vicinity of plant roots.rickettsias 立克次体Medically important family of bacteria, commonly carried by ticks, lice, and fleas. Significant cause of important emerging diseases. root nodules 根瘤Small growths on the roots of legume plants that arise froma symbiotic association between the plant tissues and bacteria (Rhizobia).This association allows fixation of nitrogen gas from the air into a usable nitrogen source for the plant.silent mutation同义突变 A mutation that, because of tire degeneracy of the genetic code, results in a nucleotide change in both the DNA and mRNA but not the resultant amino acid and thus, not the protein.spore孢子 A differentiated, specialized cell form that can be used for dissemination, for adverse conditions, and/or for are usually unicellular and may develop into gametes or vegetative organisms.stationary growth phase 稳定期Survival mode in which cells either stop growing or grow very slowly.sterilization 灭菌Any process that completely removes or destroys all viablemicroorganisms, including viruses, from an object or habitat. Material so treated is sterile.strict, or obligate anaerobe严格厌氧微生物An organism which does not use oxygen gas in metabolism and cannot survive in oxygen’s presence.symbiosis共生An intimate association between individuals from two species; used as a synonym for mutualism.synergism协同作用The coordinated or correlated action by two or more drugs or microbes that results in a heightened response or greater activity. temperate phage 温和噬菌体A bacteriophage that enters into a less virulent state by becoming incorporated into the host genome as a prophage instead of in the vegetative or lytic form that eventually destroys the cell.template 模板The strand in a double stranded DNA molecule which is used as a model to synthesize a complementary strand of DNA or RNA during replication or transcription.thermal death point致死温度The lowest temperature that achieves sterilization in a given quantity of broth culture upon a 10-minute exposure. Examples: 55℃for Escherichia coli, 60℃ for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and 120℃ for spores.thermal death time热致死时间The least time required to kill all cells of a culture at a specified temperature.thermophile 嗜热生物A microorganism that thrives at a temperature of 50℃ or higher.transcription转录mRNA synthesis; the process by which a strand of RNA is produced against a DNA template.transduction转导The transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another by means of a bacteriophage vector.transformation转化In microbial genetics, the transfer of genetic material contained in “naked” DNA fragments from a donor cell to a competent recipient cell.transposon转位子A DNA segment with an insertion sequence at each end, enabling it to migrate to another plasmid, to the bacterial chromosome, or to a bacteriophage.Vibrio弧菌A curved, rod-shaped bacterial cell.virulence 毒性In infection, the relative capacity of a pathogen to invade and harm host cells.zygospore 接合孢子A thick-walled sexual spore produced by the zygomycete fungi.It develops from the union of two hyphae, each bearing nuclei of opposite mating types.。
微生物学名词解释一
绪论微生物：（microbe）是一切肉眼看不见的或看不清的微小生物的总称。
都是一些个体微小（一般小于0.1mm）、构造简单的低等生物，包括属于原核类的细菌（真细菌和古生菌）、放线菌、蓝细菌（蓝藻）、支原体、立克次氏体和衣原体；属于真核类的真菌（酵母菌、霉菌和蕈菌）、原生动物和藻类，以及属于非细胞类的病毒和亚病毒(类病毒、拟病毒和朊病毒)。
模式微生物：微生物由于其五大共性加上培养条件简便，因此是生命科学工作者在研究基础理论问题时最乐于选用的研究对象比面值：把某一物体单位体积所占有的面积成为比面值。
微生物五大共性：体积小面积大、吸收多转化快、生长旺繁殖快、适应强易变异、分布广种类多微生物多样性（microbiodiversity）：物种的多样性、生理代谢类型的多样性、代谢产物的多样性、遗传基因的多样性、生态类型的多样性。
微生物学：是一门在分子、细胞或群体水平上研究微生物的形态构造、生理代谢、遗传变异、生态分布和分类进化等生命活动基本规律，并将其应用于工业发酵、医药卫生、生物工程和环境保护等实践领域的科学，其根本任务是发掘、利用、改善和保护有益微生物，控制、消灭或改造有害微生物，为人类社会的进步服务。
普通微生物学：按研究微生物的基本生命活动规律为目的来分，总学科为普通微生物学，分学科如微生物分类学、微生物生理学、微生物遗传学、微生物生态学和分子微生物学等。
应用微生物学：按微生物应用领域来分，总学科是应用微生物学，分科如工业微生物学、农业微生物学、医学微生物学、药用微生物学、诊断微生物学、抗生素学和食品微生物学。
第一章原核生物（prokaryote）：广义的细菌，指一大类细胞核无核膜包裹，只存在称作核区的裸露DNA的原始单细胞生物，包括真细菌和古生菌两大类群。
细菌：狭义的细菌是指一类细胞较短（直径约0.5微米，长度0.5到5微米），结构简单，胞壁坚韧，多以二分裂方式繁殖和水生性较强的原核生物，广义的细菌则是指所有原核生物。
微生物名词解释
◎第1章1．微生物（mi cr oor g an is m):通常描述一切不借助显微镜用肉眼看不见的微小生物。
这类微生物包括病毒、细菌、古菌、真菌、原生生物和某些藻类。
2．微生物学（m icr o bi ol og y）：指大量的、极其多样的、不借助显微镜看不见的微小生物类群的总称。
微生物通常包括病毒、亚病毒（类病毒、拟病毒、朊病毒）、具原核细胞结构的真细菌、古生菌以及具真核细胞结构的真菌（酵母、霉菌）、原生动物和单细胞藻类。
3．分子微生物学（mo le cu la r mi cro b io lo gy）:在分子水平上研究微生物生命活动规律的科学。
4．细胞微生物学（ce ll ul ar mi cr ob i ol og y）:重点研究微生物与寄主细胞相互关系的科学。
5．微生物基因组学（mi cr ob ic g eno m ic s）:研究微生物基因组的分子结构、信息含量及其编码的基因产物的科学。
6．自生说（s po nta n eo us ge ne ra ti on）:一个古老的学说，认为一切生命有机体都能够从无生命的物质自然发生。
7．安东·列文虎克（An to ny va n Le e uw en ho ek,1632-1723）:荷兰商人，他是真正看见并描述微生物的第一人，他利用自制放大倍数为50～300倍的显微镜发现了微生物世界（当时称之为微小动物），首次揭示了一个崭新的生物世界――微生物界。
8．路易斯·巴斯德（Lo ui s Pa st eur,1822-1895）:法国人，原为化学家，后来转向微生物学研究领域，为微生物学的建立和发展作出了卓越的贡献，成为微生物学的奠基人。
主要贡献：用曲颈瓶实验彻底否定了“自生说”，从此建立了病原学说，推动了微生物学的发展；研究了鸡霍乱，发现将病原菌减毒可诱发免疫性，以预防鸡霍乱病，其后他又研究了牛、羊炭疽病和狂犬病，并首次制成狂犬疫苗，证实其免疫学说，为人类防病、治病作出了重大贡献；分离到了许多引起发酵的微生物，并证实乙醇发酵是由酵母菌引起的，也发现乳酸发酵、醋酸发酵和丁酸发酵是由不同细菌所引起的，为进一步研究微生物的生理生化和工业微生物学奠定了基础。
(完整版)微生物名词解释汇总
微生物名词解释汇总第一章名词解释：Microorganism 微生物：指自然界中许多肉眼看不见，必须借助显微镜才能看得见得一类形态微小、结构简单的单细胞、多细胞、甚至无细胞结构的低等生物的总称。
Microbiology微生物学：研究微生物在一定条件下的形态结构、生理生化、遗传变异等各类生命活动的规律及微生物在各个领域应用的科学。
第二章名词解释：纯培养：由一个微生物细胞繁殖、培养而获得的培养物。
培养基:人工配置的，适合微生物生长繁殖、积累代谢产物的营养基质。
消毒:利用理化因素杀死微生物营养体的方法。
灭菌:利用理化及生物因素杀死所有微生物的方法。
Colony：菌落，一个单细胞微生物接种在适宜的固体培养基上，生长、繁殖形成的肉眼可见的、有一定形态结构的子细胞群体。
lawn:菌苔，同种多个单细胞微生物繁殖形成的肉眼可见的细胞群体。
二元培养物: 含有寄主与寄生物二种特定关系的培养物。
第三章第一节原核微生物名词解释：细菌：菌体为单细胞，以裂殖的方式繁殖的原核微生物。
放线菌：菌体为单细胞丝状体，以产生孢子的方式进行繁殖的原核微生物。
中体:（或间体）是一种由细胞质膜内褶而形成的囊状构造，其中充满着层状或管状的泡囊。
质粒:细菌细胞中除染色体外的具有遗传信息、能有自我复制的小环状DNA分子。
荚膜:某些细菌细胞在生命运动中分泌的覆盖于细胞壁表面较厚的有一定外形的胶状物质。
鞭毛:某些细菌从细胞内伸出着生于菌体表面的、细长、波曲状的丝状物。
纤毛:某些细菌从细胞内伸出着生于菌体表面的纤细、中空、短直、数量较多的细丝。
芽孢:某些细菌在其生长发育后期，在细胞内形成的一个圆形或椭圆形、厚壁、含水量极低、抗逆性极强的休眠体。
蓝藻：含有光合色素，能进行光合作用的原核类微生物。
第二节真核微生物名词解释：真菌：菌体为单细胞或多细胞，有细胞壁而不含光合色素，以产生各种有性或无性孢子繁殖的真核生物。
酵母菌：菌体为单细胞，主要以出芽生殖的方式繁殖的一类真核微生物。
微生物学名词解释
微⽣物学名词解释1、微⽣物学（Microbiology）：是⼀门在细胞、分⼦或群体⽔平上研究微⽣物的形态构造、⽣理代谢、遗传变异、⽣态分布和分类进化等⽣命活动基本规律，并将其应⽤于⼯、农、以及环境保护等实践领域的科学。
2、灭菌（sterilization）：采⽤强烈的理化因素使任何物体内外部的⼀切微⽣物永远丧失其⽣长繁殖能⼒的措施。
3、消毒（disinfection）：采⽤较温和的理化因素仅杀死物体表⾯或内部⼀部分对⼈体有害的病原菌，⽽对被消毒的物体基本⽆害的措施。
4、菌落（colony）：单个（或聚集在⼀起的⼀团）微⽣物在适宜的固体培养基表⾯或内部⽣长、繁殖到⼀定程度可以形成⾁眼可见的、有⼀定形态结构的⼦细胞⽣长群体。
5、菌苔（lawn）：众多菌落连成⼀⽚形成。
6、平板（plate）：被⽤于获得微⽣物纯培养的最常⽤的固体培养基形式，是冷却凝固后的固体培养基在⽆菌培养⽫中形成的培养基固体平⾯。
7、糖被（glycocalyx）：包被在某些细菌细胞壁外的⼀层厚度不定的胶状物质。
根据其有⽆固定层，层的厚度⼜可以分为荚膜（capsule）微荚膜（microcapsule）、粘液层和菌胶团。
8、趋化性（Chemotaxis）：单细胞或多细胞⽣物在它们所处的环境中的某些化学物质的指令下，进⾏定向运动的特征。
9、肽聚糖（peptidoglycan）：是真细菌细胞壁中特有的成分，由肽聚糖单体聚合⽽成。
10、原⽣质体(protoplast)：⼈为条件下⽤溶菌酶除尽原有的细胞壁或者⽤青霉素抑制新⽣细胞壁合成所得到的仅有细胞膜包裹着的圆球状渗透敏感细胞。
11、L型细菌（L-form of bacteria)：实验室诱发或者在宿主体内形成的⽆细胞壁的细菌。
12、芽孢（endospore）：某些种类的细菌在⼀定的时期，其细胞内产⽣特殊休眠结构。
13、真菌（fungi）：是⼀类单细胞或者能形成丝状分枝的营养体，有细胞壁和细胞核，不含有叶绿素和其他光合⾊素，有性⽣殖和⽆性⽣殖产⽣孢⼦的⽣物群。
微生物历年考题整理名词解释
by bgwang微生物历年考题整理名词解释07.5五年制Normal flora(正常菌群):指定居于正常人体表和开放性腔道中的微生物群,在一般情况下,对机体有益无害.Virion(病毒体):结构完整的、成熟的具有感染性的病毒颗粒.Sterilization(灭菌):杀灭或除去物体上所有微生物的方法,包括抵抗力极强的细菌芽胞. Interferon(干扰素):病毒等干扰素诱生剂诱导细胞产生的一种小分子量糖蛋白,具有抗病毒,抗肿瘤和免疫调节作用.Pyemia(脓毒血症):化脓性细菌侵入血流后在其中大量繁殖,并通过血流扩散到其他组织器官,形成新的化脓性病灶.06.11Interferon(干扰素):病毒等干扰素诱生剂诱导细胞产生的一种小分子量糖蛋白,具有抗病毒,抗肿瘤和免疫调节作用.Negri body(内基小体):狂犬病病毒在动物或人的中枢神经细胞中增殖时,在胞浆内形成的嗜酸性包涵体,可作为诊断狂犬病的指标.Sterilization(灭菌):杀灭或除去物体上所有微生物的方法,包括抵抗力极强的细菌芽胞. Transduction(转导):以噬菌体为媒介,将供体菌的DNA片段转移到受体菌内而获得新的遗传性状.Antigenic shift(抗原性转变):流感病毒株表面抗原结构一种或两种发生变异形成新亚型,由于与前一次流行株抗原结构相异,人们缺少对变异病毒株的免疫力,从而引起大流行.一般认为是变异幅度大,属于质变.05.11Prion(朊粒):蛋白感染颗粒,能引起动物和人的传染性海绵状脑病.朊粒个体微小,不含核酸,其主要成分是一种蛋白酶抗性蛋白,对各种理化因素抵抗力强,具有传染性.Toxoid(类毒素):细菌外毒素经0.4%甲醛液处理后,其毒性消失而仍保留抗原性的生物制品. Antigenic shift(抗原性转变):流感病毒株表面抗原结构一种或两种发生变异形成新亚型,由于与前一次流行株抗原结构相异,人们缺少对变异病毒株的免疫力,从而引起大流行.一般认为是变异幅度大,属于质变.Cytopathic effect,CPE(细胞病变效应):大多数病毒在敏感细胞内增殖后,会引起细胞病变,可表现为细胞圆缩、溶解、脱落、融合、形成包涵体,甚至死亡,称细胞病变效应.根据选择的细胞类型、细胞病变的种类可对标本中感染的病毒进行判定.50%组织细胞感染量是判断病毒感染性和毒力的指标.肽聚糖糖):细菌细胞壁的共有组分,为原核细胞所特有.在革兰阳性菌由聚糖骨Peptidoglycan(肽聚架、四肽侧链和五肽交联桥三部分组成,在革兰阴性菌由聚糖骨架和四肽侧链两部分组成. Louis Pasteur(巴斯德):19世纪法国科学家.开创了细菌生理学时代,使微生物学开始成为一门独立的学科,创造了加温(61.2℃30分钟)巴氏消毒法,首先研制出了炭疽菌苗、狂犬病疫苗,成功地预防了炭疽病和狂犬病,创建了现今所用疫苗的原理.Dimorphism(真菌二相性):有些真菌在不同环境条件下可发生单细胞形态与多细胞形态的互变,此称为真菌的双向性或二相性.05.5五年制Fungi(真菌):为真核细胞型微生物,其主要特征是:有典型细胞核;不含叶绿素;以寄生或腐生方式生存;能进行无性或有性繁殖;大多数种类为多细胞,少数种类为单细胞.Cytopathic effect,CPE(细胞病变效应):大多数病毒在敏感细胞内增殖后,会引起细胞病变,可表现为细胞圆缩、溶解、脱落、融合、形成包涵体,甚至死亡,称细胞病变效应.根据选择的细胞类型、细胞病变的种类可对标本中感染的病毒进行判定.50%组织细胞感染量是判断病毒感染性和毒力的指标.Interferon(干扰素):病毒等干扰素诱生剂诱导细胞产生的一种小分子量糖蛋白,具有抗病毒,抗肿瘤和免疫调节作用.Plasmid(质粒):细菌染色体外的遗传物质,存在于细胞质中,为闭合环状双链DNA,具有自我复制功能.它带有遗传信息,控制细菌某些特定的性状(如耐药性、毒力等).Lysogenic conversion(溶原性转换):溶原性细菌因染色体上整合有前噬菌体而获得新的遗传性状称溶原性转换.04.11Antigenic shift(抗原性转变):流感病毒株表面抗原结构一种或两种发生变异形成新亚型,由于与前一次流行株抗原结构相异,人们缺少对变异病毒株的免疫力,从而引起大流行.一般认为是变异幅度大,属于质变.Sterilization(灭菌):杀灭或除去物体上所有微生物的方法,包括抵抗力极强的细菌芽胞. Septicemia(败血症):是指病原菌侵入血流,并在其中大量繁殖,产生毒性代谢物,引起严重的全身性中毒症状.Sub-clinical infection(亚临床感染):病毒感染对组织细胞造成轻微损伤很快被机体修复,或组织损伤程度低于功能性损伤的界限,不出现临床症状的感染.Dimorphism(真菌二相性):有些真菌在不同环境条件下可发生单细胞形态与多细胞形态的互变,此成为真菌的双向性或二相性.03.11Colony(菌落):在平板固体培养基上,单个细菌生长繁殖成一堆肉眼可见的细菌集团.Fungi(真菌):为真核细胞型微生物,其主要特征是:有典型细胞核;不含叶绿素;以寄生或腐生方式生存;能进行无性或有性繁殖;大多数种类为多细胞,少数种类为单细胞.chlamydia(衣原体):一类严格在真核细胞内寄生,有独特发育周期(原体、始体),能通过细菌滤器的原核细胞型微生物.二分裂方式繁殖,革兰阴性,圆形或椭圆形.Transformation(转化):受体菌直接摄取供体菌游离DNA,获取新的遗传性状的过程. Cytopathic effect,CPE(细胞病变效应):大多数病毒在敏感细胞内增殖后,会引起细胞病变,可表现为细胞圆缩、溶解、脱落、融合、形成包涵体,甚至死亡,称细胞病变效应.根据选择的细胞类型、细胞病变的种类可对标本中感染的病毒进行判定.50%组织细胞感染量是判断病毒感染性和毒力的指标.02.11Capsule(荚膜):某些细菌细胞壁外包绕的一层粘液性物质,其厚度≥0.2μm,化学组成为多糖或多肽,与细菌致病性有关.Autoclaving(高压蒸汽灭菌法):将需灭菌的物品放在高压锅内,加热时高压锅内温度随着蒸气压的增加而升高,其压力为103.4kPa,温度为121.3℃,维持15~20分钟,可杀灭包括芽胞在内的所有微生物,选择适宜时是灭菌效果最好的灭菌方法.Plasmid(质粒):细菌染色体外的遗传物质,存在于细胞质中,为闭合环状双链DNA,具有自我复制功能.它带有遗传信息,控制细菌某些特定的性状(如耐药性、毒力等).BCG(卡介苗):将有毒力的牛型结核分枝杆菌接种在含胆汁、甘油和马铃薯的培养基中,经过230次传代,历经13年所获得的抗原性仍保留的减毒活疫苗.预防接种后可使人获得对结核分枝杆菌的免疫力,目前用于结核病的预防.Antigenic drift(抗原漂移):通常认为流感病毒基因发生了点突变,变异幅度小或连续变异,部分人群对新毒株没有免疫力,引起小规模流行.一般认为属于量变,即亚型内变异.问答题07.5五年制1.写出三种细菌的特殊结构及其在致病中的作用.答:细菌的特殊结构有荚膜、鞭毛、菌毛和芽胞.(1)荚膜:某些细菌细胞壁外包绕的一层粘液性物质,其厚度≥0.2μm,化学组成多数菌为多糖,少数为多肽.荚膜具有抗吞噬作用、粘附作用和保护菌体抗有害物质损伤作用,是构成细菌毒力的因素之一.荚膜具有抗原性,可用作鉴别细菌和进行细菌分类.(2)鞭毛:有的细菌包括所有的弧菌和螺菌,约半数杆菌和个别球菌,菌体上附有细长并呈波状弯曲的丝状物.根据鞭毛的数量和部位,分为单毛菌、双毛菌、丛毛菌和周毛菌.鞭毛是细菌的运动器官,使细菌趋向营养物质,逃离有害物质.某些细菌如霍乱弧菌、空肠弯曲菌等通过活泼的鞭毛运动穿透小肠粘膜表面覆盖的粘液层,与细菌的致病有关.根据鞭毛菌的动力和鞭毛的抗原性,可用以鉴定细菌和进行细菌分类.(3)菌毛:许多革兰阴性菌和少数革兰阳性菌菌体表面存在着细而短、直硬的丝状物,必须用电镜观察.根据功能不同,分为普通菌毛和性菌毛两类.普通菌毛遍布菌细胞表面,是粘附于宿主细胞表面构成感染的必要因素.性菌毛仅见于某些革兰阴性菌,细菌通过性菌毛互相连接沟通,将质粒或核质的DNA从供体菌转移给受体菌,称为接合.细菌通过接合使编码耐药性或毒力等基因在细菌之间转移和播散.(4)芽胞:某些细菌在一定环境条件下菌体内部形成的圆形或卵圆形小体,是细菌的休眠形式,芽胞对外界理化因素的抵抗力远远大于繁殖体.细菌芽胞并不直接引起疾病,当发芽成为繁殖体后大量繁殖而致病.芽胞的大小形状和位置等随菌种而异,可用作鉴别细菌.当进行消毒灭菌时,芽胞是否被杀死作为判断灭菌效果的指标.2. 写出三种金黄色葡萄球菌的致病物质.答:金黄色葡萄球菌能产生多种毒素和侵袭性酶,其中主要与致病性相关的有:凝固酶,可增强金葡菌的抗吞噬能力;葡萄球菌溶血素,损伤宿主细胞膜;杀白细胞素,只攻击中性粒细胞及巨噬细胞;肠毒素,刺激呕吐中枢而导致以呕吐为主要症状的食物中毒;表皮剥脱毒素可裂解表皮组织的棘状颗粒层,使表皮与真皮脱离;毒性休克综合征毒素.3.甲型流感病毒的基因特点,分型依据及常用培养方法.答:甲型流感病毒的核酸为分节段的单负链RNA,由8个节段构成.由于病毒进入细胞后核酸拆开分节段复制,病毒成熟时再重新装配于子代病毒体中,所以病毒在复制过程中极容易发生基因重组而导致新病毒株的出现,这一特点是流感病毒易变异而导致爆发流行的主要原因.每个基因节段分别编码不同蛋白质,例如1~6片段分别编码PB2、PB1、PA、HA、NP和NA单个蛋白,第7片段编码M1和M2两个蛋白,第8片段编码NS1和NS2两个蛋白.MP和NP蛋白是流感病毒的分型依据,甲型流感病毒根据其表面HA和NA抗原性不同分为若干亚型.流感病毒通常接种于鸡胚羊膜腔(初次分离)和尿囊腔中增殖,或在组织培养细胞(人羊膜、猴肾等细胞)中增殖,但不引起明显CPE.4.预防乙型肝炎的方法.答:预防乙肝要采取切断传播途径为主的综合性措施.对乙肝患者及携带者的血液、分泌物和用具等要严格消毒灭菌;严格筛选献血员,防治血液传播;提倡使用一次性注射器及输液器;凡手术操作,使用接触过血液的医疗器械等也必须严格消毒,要防止病人与医务人员间的相互传播;对高危人群要进行特异性预防.种细菌和病毒及其所致的疾病5. 分别写出STD传播的一传播的一种细菌和病毒及其所致的疾病答:细菌: 淋病奈瑟菌——淋病杜克雷嗜血杆菌——软下疳.病毒: HIV——AIDSHSV——生殖器疱疹HPV——尖锐湿疣EBV——传染性单核细胞增多症.06.111.郭霍原则答: 1.从患者体内可分离出病原体并进行纯培养.2.在其他患者和健康人体内未发现此种病原体.3.经动物实验能复制出此病.4.从实验所复制出该患病动物体内,又可重新分离出此病的病原体.2.内毒素的生物学作用答: 1.发热反应:LPS激活巨噬细胞释放具有内源性致热原的细胞因子,再作用于宿主下丘脑体温调节中枢,促使体温升高2.白细胞反应:LPS注入血循环后,血液白细胞数骤减,1~2小时后,LPS诱生的中性粒细胞释放因子刺激骨髓释放中性粒细胞进入血流,使其数量显著增加,并有核左移现象.但伤寒沙门菌例外,血流中白细胞数始终减少.3.内毒素血症与毒素性休克:LPS诱生大量血管活性介质,使全身小血管舒缩功能紊乱,出现血流循环障碍,表现为血压降低,有效循环量减少,组织器官毛细血管灌流不足,缺氧,酸中毒等,严重者可出现微循环衰竭和低血压为特征的内毒素休克.4.Shwartzman现象与弥漫性血管内凝血(DIC): Shwartzman现象是观察内毒素致病作用时动物出现的反映情况,实验是在家兔皮内注射革兰阴性菌液,8~24小时后静脉再注射同种或另一种革兰阴性菌菌液,约10小时后发现在第一次注射的局部皮肤呈现出血和坏死的局部反应,是局部Shwartzman现象.若两次均静脉注射休克剂量菌液,则动物两侧肾上腺皮质坏死,全身广泛出血,最终死亡,称全身性Shwartzman现象.在人类严重革兰阴性菌感染中常出现的DIC,其病理变化与动物全身性Shwartzman现象相同.感的病毒体的成分,分亚型依据.3. 甲型流甲型流感的病毒体的成分答:病毒体的结构由内向外分为三个部分,即病毒体的核衣壳,包膜和刺突.核衣壳由8个核酸片段和核蛋白(NP)及RNA 聚合酶复合体组成,位于病毒体最内侧.核酸为单负链RNA,分8个节段,每个基因节段分别编码不同的蛋白质,1~6片段分别编码PB2、PB1、PA 、HA 、NP 和NA 单个蛋白质,第7片段编码M1和M2两个蛋白质,第8片段编码NS1和NS2两个蛋白质.NP 是主要的结构蛋白,它与3种RNA 多聚酶复合体(PB1、PB2、PA)一起形成核糖核蛋白(RNP).RNP 与病毒RNA 片段形成核衣壳,核衣壳蛋白呈螺旋对称排列.核蛋白无感染性,抗原结构稳定,与M 蛋白一起决定病毒的型特异性,很少发生变异,其抗体没有中和病毒的能力.病毒体的包膜由两层组成,其内层为基质蛋白(MP),MP 蛋白不仅增加了包膜的坚韧度,而且自身抗原结构较稳定,具有型特异性.包膜外层是来源于宿主细胞膜的脂蛋白(LP).病毒体的包膜上镶嵌有两种刺突,即血凝素(HA)和神经氨酸酶(NA).HA 的主要功能是:凝集红细胞;吸附宿主细胞;HA 具有抗原性.NA 主要功能有:参与病毒释放;促进病毒扩散;NA 的相应抗体不能中和病毒感染性,但能抑制该酶水解.甲型流感病毒根据其表面HA 和NA 抗原性的不同,分为原甲型、亚甲型、亚洲甲型、香港甲型和新甲型等若干亚型.4. 金葡金葡菌菌,乙型溶血性链球菌,淋病球菌的酶及其对细菌致病性的意义答: 金葡菌:凝固酶——增强抗吞噬能力乙型溶血性链球菌:透明质酸酶——分解细胞间质的透明质酸链激酶——溶解血块,组织血浆凝固链道酶——降解粘稠的DNA,使脓液稀薄均有利于细菌的扩散.淋球菌:IgA1蛋白酶——裂解并灭活粘膜表面存在的特异性IgA1抗体,使细菌粘附于粘膜上皮细胞表面.5. 人畜共患病病人畜共患病病原体原体:病毒病毒，，细菌细菌，，螺旋体各具一例并写出对应病名.答: 病毒:狂犬病病毒;狂犬病.汉坦病毒;肾综合征出血热.森林脑炎病毒;森林脑炎.细菌:鼠疫耶尔森菌;鼠疫.布鲁菌；布鲁菌病.炭疽芽胞杆菌;炭疽.螺旋体:钩端螺旋体;钩端螺旋体病.伯氏螺旋体;莱姆病.回归热螺旋体;回归热.6.HIV05.5五年制1. 列表比较内外毒素,并各举3例.答:革兰阳性菌和部分革兰阴性菌 革兰阴性菌活菌分泌,少数菌体崩解释放 菌体崩解释放蛋白质 脂多糖不稳定,60℃~80℃30分钟破坏 稳定,160℃2~4小时破坏强,有选择性 弱,大致相似,有发热、白细胞反应、微循环障碍、休克及DIC 等0.4%甲醛处理脱毒成类毒素 受甲醛作用不形成类毒素强,刺激机体产生抗毒素 中和抗体作用弱破伤风痉挛毒素肉毒毒素 白喉毒素 肠毒素 致热外毒素志贺菌沙门菌布鲁菌2. 列表从病原体结构列表从病原体结构、、繁殖方式繁殖方式、、核酸类型核酸类型、、培养方法培养方法、、对抗生素敏感性方面比较细菌对抗生素敏感性方面比较细菌、、病毒病毒、、衣原体衣原体、、支原体支原体、、真菌.答:单细胞原核微生物,胞内无成形细胞核 蛋白质外壳和核酸组成的核心,无细胞结构 原核细胞型微生物,圆形或椭圆形 原核细胞型微生物,无细胞壁,多形态 单细胞或多细胞真核微生物二分裂 在宿主细胞内复制增殖 独特发育周期(原体-始体-原体),二分裂 二分裂 孢子生殖或出芽生殖DNA 和RNA DNA 或RNA DNA 和RNA 双股DNA DNA培养基 活细胞或动物体内传代培养 鸡胚或鸭胚卵黄囊,或某些传代细胞株 添加牛心浸液、动物血清和酵母浸液的培养基培养基敏感 不敏感 敏感 对干扰细胞壁合成的抗生素(青霉素、头孢菌素等)不敏感.对干扰蛋白质合成的抗生素敏感不敏感3.解释bacteremia,septicemia,toxemia,pyemia 并各举一例.答: bacteremia:菌血症.病原菌由局部侵入血流,但未在血液中繁殖,只是一时性或间断性地经过血液到达体内适宜的组织器官后再生长繁殖而致病.脑膜炎奈瑟菌等.Septicemia:败血症.病原菌侵入血流,并在其中大量生长,产生毒性代谢物,引起严重的全身中毒性症状.葡萄球菌,链球菌等.Toxemia:毒血症.病原菌在机体局部生长繁殖,不侵入血流,只其毒素入血,引起特殊的中毒症状.破伤风梭菌等.Pyemia:脓毒血症.化脓性细菌侵入血流后在其中大量繁殖并通过血流扩散到其他组织器官,形成新的化脓性病灶.金黄色葡萄球菌等.4. 叙述流感病毒的结构和其生物学意义.答: 病毒体的结构由内向外分为三个部分,即病毒体的核衣壳,包膜和刺突.核衣壳由8个核酸片段和核蛋白(NP)及RNA 聚合酶复合体组成,位于病毒体最内侧.核酸为单负链RNA,甲型和乙型由8个节段、丙型由7个节段构成,病毒在复制过程中极容易发生基因重组而导致新病毒株的出现,这一特点是流感易变异而爆发流行的主要原因.每个基因节段分别编码不同的蛋白质,1~6片段分别编码PB2、PB1、PA 、HA 、NP 和NA 单个蛋白质,第7片段编码M1和M2两个蛋白质,第8片段编码NS1和NS2两个蛋白质.NP 是主要的结构蛋白,它与3种RNA 多聚酶复合体(PB1、PB2、PA)一起形成核糖核蛋白(RNP).RNP 与病毒RNA 片段形成核衣壳,核衣壳蛋白呈螺旋对称排列.核蛋白无感染性,抗原结构稳定,与M 蛋白一起决定病毒的型特异性,很少发生变异,其抗体没有中和病毒的能力.病毒体的包膜由两层组成,其内层为基质蛋白(MP),MP 蛋白不仅增加了包膜的坚韧度,而且自身抗原结构较稳定,具有型特异性.包膜外层是来源于宿主细胞膜的脂蛋白(LP).病毒体的包膜上镶嵌有两种刺突,即血凝素(HA)和神经氨酸酶(NA).HA 的主要功能是:凝集红细胞;吸附宿主细胞;HA 具有抗原性.NA 主要功能有:参与病毒释放;促进病毒扩散;NA 的相应抗体不能中和病毒感染性,但能抑制该酶水解.5.列表比较5种肝炎病毒的结构种肝炎病毒的结构、、核酸类型核酸类型、、致病性致病性、、传播途径传播途径、、预防及治疗.答:球形无包膜,衣壳20面体立体对称 完整颗粒为球形双层衣壳,外层为脂质包膜和表面抗原,其内为20面体立体对称核心,核心表面为内衣壳有核心抗原.此外有病毒组装过程中剩余的衣壳蛋白形成的小球形颗粒和管形颗粒.球形有包膜 球形有包膜,为缺陷病毒 球形无包膜 +ssRNA dsDNA +ssRNA -ssRNA +ssRNA急性肝炎,预后良好 起病徐缓,部分患者转慢性 大多演变为慢性肝炎,20%发展为肝硬化和肝癌 与HBV 联合感染时,病情常呈良性自限性.与HBV 重叠感染时,无症状携带者可急性发作,并转变成慢性 急性戊型肝炎,多数痊愈,不发展为慢性.病死率高,尤以孕妇严重粪-口 血,注射,性交,母婴 血,注射,性交,母婴 血,注射,性交,母婴 粪-口改善饮食饮水卫生,接种减毒活疫苗或灭活疫苗,严格筛选献血员;及时隔离和治疗病人，对常用医疗手术器械进行严格的灭菌，大力推广一次性无菌注射器；注严格筛选献血员和加强血制品管理.暂无疫苗;被动免疫用HCV预防乙肝 保证用水安全;暂无有效疫苗.丙种球蛋白用于紧急预防射乙型肝炎疫苗是最有效的预防方法抗体或丙种球蛋白04.111. G+和G-菌细胞壁结构比较.答:20~80nm 10~15nm较坚硬较疏松聚糖骨架、四肽侧链和五肽交联桥组成三维立体结构,可多达50层,占细胞壁干重50%~80% 聚糖骨架和四肽侧链组成二维平面结构,1~2层,占细胞壁干重5%~20%约45% 15%~20%1%~4% 11%~22%有无无有(脂蛋白,脂质双层,脂多糖) 2. 侵袭侵袭力力,A族链球菌侵袭族链球菌侵袭力力相关的致病物质.答:侵袭力指病原菌突破宿主天然屏障,进入机体定居、增殖和扩散的能力,其物质基础是:(1)荚膜和微荚膜,具有抗吞噬和阻挠杀菌物质的作用.葡萄球菌A蛋白和链球菌M蛋白也有此作用.(2)粘附素,具有使细菌粘附宿主细胞表面作用,包括菌毛、非菌毛物质(如A群链球菌的膜磷壁酸)等.(3)侵袭酶类物质,包括一些细菌的胞外酶(如葡萄球菌的血浆凝固酶、链球菌的透明质酸酶等)和侵袭性蛋白质(如大肠埃希菌侵袭素和志贺菌的侵袭蛋白),能协助细菌抗吞噬或有助于其在体内扩散.A族链球菌侵袭力相关物质有:脂(膜)磷壁酸(LTA),M蛋白,致热外毒素,溶血素(O和S),侵袭性酶(如透明质酸酶、链激酶、链道酶).3. 持续性病毒感染几个种类,举例各一.答:持续性病毒感染包括:(1)慢性病毒感染.发病缓,病程长,症状时好时坏,病毒持续存在.如HBV,HCV,CMV,EBV等.(2)潜伏病毒感染.初次感染后,潜伏在机体,抵抗力下降时发作.如HSV,VZV,CMV,HBV等.(3)慢发病毒感染.潜伏期长达数年,出现症状呈慢性进行性感染.如HIV,HTLV,朊粒,麻疹缺陷病毒等.4. SARS相关冠状病毒相关冠状病毒、、汉坦病毒汉坦病毒、、HIV、流感病毒,与感染性有关的结构以及相应基因. 答:SARS相关冠状病毒为有包膜单正链RNA病毒，包膜上有花瓣状呈放射性排列的刺突.基因组结构依次为5’-pol-S-E-M-N-3’.5’端帽状结构,3’端有polyA尾,pol基因编码非结构蛋白RNA 聚合酶和蛋白酶类,S、E、M、N分别编码S糖蛋白(刺突蛋白)、E蛋白(外膜蛋白)、M蛋白(基质蛋白)、N蛋白(核蛋白).其中S蛋白被认为在侵入宿主细胞时发挥作用,S蛋白前体在宿主细胞质中合成后被切成S1和S2两部分,靠分子间作用力结合,S1通过受体结合位点与宿主细胞膜受体结合后,S1与S2分离,S2上螺旋结构穿过细胞膜使病毒外壳膜与宿主细胞膜发生融合从而侵入感染.汉坦病毒外层是双层脂质包膜,表面有由病毒糖蛋白G1和G2组成的刺突,病毒包膜中存在有3种大小的病毒核衣壳,呈螺旋对称,均由病毒核蛋白N、RNA聚合酶L分别包绕病毒核酸的不同片段(M、L、S)组成,表现为疏松的带粗颗粒的丝状结构.进入敏感细胞脱壳后,L和S基因的mRNA直接合成L蛋白(RNA多聚酶)和S蛋白(核蛋白),M基因的mRNA需要在膜性核糖体上合成G1和G2蛋白后在高尔基体中进行糖基化处理成为包膜糖蛋白G1和G2.HIV为球形颗粒.电镜下病毒内部有一致密圆柱状核心,该核心由两条相同单链RNA构成的双体系统及包裹其外的衣壳蛋白p24组成,构成病毒核衣壳.病毒核衣壳外层包有两层膜结构,内层是跨膜蛋白p17,外层是脂质双层包膜,包膜表面有刺突并含有gp120和gp41包膜糖蛋白.HIV基因组5’和3’端各有一端长末端重复序列(LTR),中间为gag、pol、env三个结构基因及tat等6个调节基因.gag基因编码前体蛋白p55,p55经蛋白酶裂解成p24(衣壳蛋白)、p17(跨膜蛋白)和p15(核衣壳蛋白,进一步水解为p7和p9).pol基因编码逆转录酶、整合酶及蛋白水解酶.env基因编码跨膜糖蛋白gp41及包膜表面刺突蛋白gp120.HIV共6个调节基因,其中tat、rev和nef三个基因最为重要,表达产物对HIV表达的正负调节及对维持HIV在细胞中复制的平衡均具有重要意义.流感病毒(略).5.STD??03.111.画图:SARS和HIV结构.要点:SARS:多形,有包膜和突起,单链核酸(+ssRNA),无RNA聚合酶.HIV:圆球状,有包膜和刺突,二倍体单链核酸,有逆转录酶.2. 内、外、类、抗毒素及抗生素概念.答:内毒素(endotoxin):革兰阴性菌细胞壁的脂多糖,其毒性成分为脂质A,当菌体死亡崩解后释放出来.外毒素(exotoxin):由多数革兰阳性菌和少数革兰阴性菌在生长繁殖过程中释放到菌体外具有毒性作用的蛋白质.类毒素(toxoid):细菌外毒素经0.4%甲醛液处理后,其毒性消失而仍保留抗原性的生物制品.抗毒素(antitoxin):类毒素注入机体可刺激其产生具有中和外毒素作用的抗外毒素抗体,简称抗毒素.抗生素(antibiotics):某些微生物代谢过程中产生的一类能抑制或杀死其他微生物或肿瘤细胞的物质.3. A族乙链致病物质及所致疾病.答:A族乙型溶血性链球菌较强的侵袭力取决于其能产生多种胞外酶及毒素,如脂磷壁酸、M 蛋白、致热外毒素、溶血素、侵袭性酶(包括透明质酸酶、链道酶、链激酶).人类约90%的链球菌感染是由A族乙型溶血性链球菌引起的.常见的传播方式为呼吸道传播.感染类型可归为三种主要类型:化脓性感染(如化脓性扁桃体炎、淋巴管炎、蜂窝组织炎、脓疱病等)、中毒性疾病(如猩红热,链球菌毒素休克综合征)及变态反应性疾病(如急性肾小球肾炎、风湿热).4. HBV血清学检查临床意义.答:HBsAg(+):表明机体感染了HBV,急性肝炎、慢性肝炎、携带者均可阳性.。
微生物名词解释
一、名词解释1.微生物：通常是一切肉眼看不见或看不清的，必须借助显微镜才能观察到的一群微小生物的总称。
2.capsule（荚膜或大荚膜）：粘液状物质具有一定外形，相对稳定地附着在细胞壁外，厚度：＞0.2μm3.flagella（鞭毛）：从细胞质膜和细胞壁伸出细胞外面的蛋白质组成的丝状体结构，使细菌具有运动性。
4.菌落：将单个细菌细胞接种到适宜的固体培养基中，在适宜的条件下培养，细菌迅速的生长繁殖，经过一段时间后，可在培养基的里面或表面聚集形成一个肉眼可见的、具有一定形态的子细胞群体，称为菌落。
5.假菌丝：酵母菌进行芽殖后，长大的子细胞不与母细胞立即分离，并继续出芽生殖，细胞成串排列，这种菌丝状的细胞串就称为假菌丝。
6.出芽痕和诞生痕：酵母出芽繁殖时，子细胞与母细胞分离，在子、母细胞壁上都会留下痕迹。
在母细胞的细胞壁上出芽并与子细胞分开的位点称出芽痕，子细胞细胞壁上的位点称诞生痕。
7.病毒：是一类不具细胞结构，具有遗传、复制等生命特征的微生物。
8.病毒粒子：完整的、具有感染性的病毒颗粒。
又称病毒体。
9.烈性噬菌体：指感染宿主细胞后，能够使宿主细胞裂解的噬菌体。
10.温和噬菌体（或溶原性噬菌体）：噬菌体感染细胞后，将其核酸整合到宿主的核DNA上，并且可以随宿主DNA的复制而进行同步复制，在一般情况下，不引起寄主细胞裂解的噬菌体。
11.噬菌斑：将少量噬菌体与大量敏感菌混合培养在营养琼脂中，在平板表面布满宿主细胞的菌苔上，可以用肉眼看到一个个透明的不长菌的小圆斑，称为噬菌斑。
12.原噬菌体（或前噬菌体）：即整合在宿主核DNA上的噬菌体的核酸。
13.溶原性噬菌体：同1014.营养（或营养作用，nutrition）：微生物从外界摄取对其生命所必须的能量和营养物质，以满足正常生长和繁殖需要的一种最基本的生理功能称为营养。
15.碳源（carbon source）：凡是提供微生物营养所需的碳元素（碳架）的营养源，称为碳源。
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微生物英文名词解释1.Mycoplasma：The mycoplasma are a group of the smallest organisms withoutcell wall that can be free-living in nature, can pass through bacterial filter and also grow on laboratory media.2.Chlamydia：Chlamydia are small Gram-negative bacteria which are obligateintercellular parasites like virus, but differ from them in that they have both RNA and DNA, ribosome, cell wall, and divided by binary fission.3.L forms of bacteria：In osmotically protective media, removal of the bacterialwall with lysozyme or penicillin liberate protoplasts from Gram-positive cells and spheroplasts from Gram-negative cells. If such wall-defective cells are able to grow and divide, they are called L forms. L forms are difficult to cultivate. They require a special media. Some L form can revert tothe normal bacillary form. L form in the host may produce chronic infection that are relatively resistant to antibiotic treatment.4.Capsule：Many bacteria synthesize large amounts of extracellular polymer whengrowing in their natural environments. When the polymer forms a condensed, well-defined layer closely surrounding the cell, it is called the capsule. With one known exception (the polypeptide capsule), the polymer is polysaccharide.5.Pyrogen：This is a fever-producing substance synthesized by bacteria. In fact, itis the lipopolysaccharide of Gram-negative bacteria. For the injectable medicament, it is especially important to avoid the contamination of pyrogen in the course of pharmic production.6.Exotoxin：Exotoxins are proteins produced inside Gram-positive bacteria cellsand secreted into the environment. These toxins are some of the strongest poisons known to man and cause violent reactions in host organisms.7.Endotoxin：Endotoxins are made up of lipids and carbohydrates associated withthe outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. These toxins usually produce fever, weakness, and capillary damage.8.Disinfection: Reduce or eliminate pathogens病原体in or on inanimate无生命的objects to a safe level, which are no longer health hazard危险.9.Sterilization: A physical or chemical process that completely destroys orremoves all microbial life，including bacteria spore and viruses.10.Antisepsis: Use chemical agents to inhibit or destroy the growth ofmicroorganisms on skin or other living tissue.11.Plasmids：Plasmids are small genetic elements that replicate independently of thebacterial chromosome. Most plasmids are circular, double-stranded DNA molecules varying from 1,500 to 400,000 base pairs. Like the bacterial chromosomal DNA, they can autonomously replicate and as such are referred to as replicons.12.Transformation：It is the process by which bacteria take up fragments of nakedDNA and incorporate them into their genomes. During transformation, DNAfragments from a dead degraded bacterium bind to DNA binding proteins on the surface of a competent recipient bacterium.13.Conjugation：Conjugation is the transfer of DNA directly from a living donorbacterium to a recipient bacterium during the mating of the bacteria. A sex pilus produced by the donor bacterium (or male) binds to the recipient (or female). The sex pilus then retracts, bringing the two bacteria in contact and the transferred DNA passes through the sex pilus.14.Transduction：Transduction is mediated by a bacteriophage, which pick upfragments of DNA and package them into bacteriophage particles. The DNA is delivered to infected cells and becomes incorporated into the bacterial genomes.15.Normal flora:The various bacteria and fungi that are permanent residents ofcertain body sites, especially the skin, oropharynx, colon, and vagina.16.Dysbacteriosis：If flora disequilibrium occurs, for example, when the residentflora is disturbed, some little significant microorganisms may colonize, proliferate and produce diseases, which are called dysbacteriosis. Dysbacteriosis mainly result from long term and large bacteriosis mainly result from long term and large bacteriosis mainly result from long term and large doses antibiotics taken. Antibiotics can suppress the drug-susceptible components of fecal flora.Soon thereafter the counts of fecal flora rise again to normal or higher than normal levels, principally of organisms selected out because of relative resistance to the drugs employed. The drug susceptible microorganisms are replaced by drug-resistant ones and cause correlative disease, microbial selection and substitution.17.Toxemia：Bacteria multiply at invading location and do not enter blood stream,but the exotoxins enter blood and cause corresponding toxic symptoms.18.Endotoxemia：Gram-negative bacteria multiply at location or in blood stream,release a lot of amount endotoxin released from bacterial cell rupture.19.Protein A ：Protein A is a cell wall component of many S. aureus strains thatbinds to the Fc portion of IgG molecules except IgG3. The Fab portion of IgG bound to protein A is free to combine with a specific antigen. Protein A has become an important reagent in immunology and diagnostic laboratory technology; for example, protein A with attached IgG molecules directed againsta specific bacterial antigen will agglutinate bacteria that have that antigen(“coagglutination”). Protein A probably contributes to the virulence of S. aureus by interfering with opsonization.20.Elementary body（EB）：Elementary body（EB）are small round cells about0.2～0.4μm with an electron-dense nucleoid. They possess a cell wall. They areextracellular form and the environmentally stable infectious particle ，and metabolically inactive. The EB have a high affinity for host epithelial cells and rapidly enter them，creating a protected membrane-bound environment around the chlamydiae，and the Elementary body is reorganized into a larger one called metabolically active Reticulate body（RB）.21.Reticulate body（RB）：The intracellular large form known as the reticulate bodyMeasuring about 0.5～1μm and devoid of an electron-dense nucleoid. Itspresence will reflect the stage of replication. Within the membrane-bound vacuole，the elementary grows in size and divides into repeatedly by binary fission. Eventually，the entire vacuole becomes filled with elementary bodies derived from reticulate bodies to form a cytoplasmic inclusion. The newly formed elementary bodies may be liberated from the host cell to infect new cells. The developmental cycle takes 24-48 hours.22.nucleocapsid：The simplest of virus particles consists of a protein coat (capsid)which surrounds a strand of nucleic acid and are thus called naked viruses or nucleocapsid.23.Abortive Infections：Not all infections lead to new progeny virus. Productiveinfections occur in permissive cells and result in the production of infectious virus. Abortive infections fail to produce infectious progeny, either because the cell may be nonpermissive and unable to support the expression of all viral genes or because the infecting virus may be defective, lacking some functional viral gene.24.defective virus：A defective virus is one that lacks one or more functional genesrequired for viral replication. Defective viruses require helper activity from another virus for some step in replication or maturation. One type of defective virus lacks a portion of its genome (i.e., deletion mutant). The extent of loss by deletion may vary from a short base sequence to a large amount of the genome.Deletion mutants may arise spontaneously or may be constructed in the laboratory using biochemical techniques.25.Interferons (IFN s)：Interferons (IFN s)are proteins made and released by hostcells in response to the presence of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites or tumor cells. They allow for communication between cells to trigger the protective defences of the immune system that eradicate pathogens or tumors. 26.Antigenic drift: Antigenic drift is constantly occurring in both influenza A andinfluenza B viruses. The HA and/or NA of the new strain are sufficiently different to evade (at least partially) the pre-existing human immunity. This leads to the seasonal epidemics.27.Antigenic shift:Antigenic shift occurs only in influenza A virus. It describes theemergence of an entirely new virus sub type. When this new sub type emerges, it causes a pandemic because there is no pre-existing immunity in humans.。