新编英语教程第三版李观仪Unit课文及译文参考
【VIP专享】新编英语教程-第三版-梅德明、李观仪-听力答案
Uint1The most important day I remember in all my life is the one on which my teacher, Anne Sullivan, came to me. It was the third of March,1887, three months before I was seven years old. On the afternoon of that eventful day, I stood on the porch, dumb, expectant, I guessed from my mother’s signs and from the hurrying in the house that something unusual was about to happen, so I went to the door and waited on the steps. Hanging down from the porch was sweet-smelling honeysuckle. My fingers lightly touched the familiar leaves and the blossoms which had just come forth to greet the sweet southern spring I did not know what surprise the future held for me.I felt approaching footsteps, I stretched out my hand as I supposed to my mother. Someone took it, and I was caught up and held close in the arms of her who had come to help me discover all things to me, and, more than anything else, to love me.Unit 2It seems that marriage and money don’t mix, because marriage is a sexy rose-colored event that seems as wonderful as a cake without calories. Money, on the other hand, is the oil that greases the wheel. Money means business and it’s usually the last topic you want to discuss when you announce your engagement.Beyond the expenses that you’ll incur with your wedding and honeymoon, money may provide most of the contention within your marriage. While discussions about money might seem unromantic at this moment, it’s best to talk about the future now before that marriage makes you legally bound to each other. Once you’ve said, “I do,” some things can’t be undone.Unit 3The Globe Theater is a playhouse built just outside London in 1599. It is the most famous theater in history: on its stage Shakespeare’s greatest plays were first performed. Big enough to hold about 2,500 people, the Globe had three levels of galleries surrounding an unroofed yard. Extending from one side of the yard to the center was an open stage. From the stage floor rose two posts to support an overhanging canopy known as the ‘heavens’. The Globe was built in London by the Burbage brothers in 1599. At the same time, wishing to bind the Lord Chamberlain’s company closely to the new playhouse, they planned a novel partnership in which the brothers divided ownership of the Globe among themselves and five of the actors in the company, one of whom was Shakespeare. After 1609, when the company opened a second theater, the Globe became less important. On June 29, 1613, during a performance of Shakespeare’s King Henry the Eighth, fire destroyed theGlobe. It was rebuilt within a year but was destroyed forever by the Puritans in 1644.Unit 4Throughout the long period, the French showed noticeably more enthusiasm for a Channel tunnel than the British. This may seem curious, seeing that France already has many land frontiers, whereas for Britain a tunnel would be its first fixed link with the Continent, and thus more valuable. But the British were held back by their insularity, and especially by fears that an invader might be able to make use of the scheme. Happily, all that is past. Today Britain’s politicians and business circles have shown themselves as eager as the French.Those who take a wider and longer-term view believe that these possible drawbacks for Britain will be far outweighed by the advantages. Passengers by express train will be able to do the journey at least an hour faster than by air, city center to city center, and without any tedious waits at airports. Also the fares will be cheaper. So the tunnel will probably stimulate a vast increase in tourism and business travel between London and Paris.Unit 5Man has a big brain. He can think, learn, and speak. Scientists used tothink that humans were different from animals because they can think and learn. They know now that animals can learn--dogs, rats, birds and even worms can learn. Scientists are now beginning to understand that humans are different from animals because they can speak. Animals cannot speak. They make noises when they are afraid, or angry, or unhappy. Apes are our nearest cousins. They can understand some things more quickly than human beings, and one or two have learned a few words, but they are still different from us. They cannot join words or make sentences. They cannot think like us because they have no language, as we mean it. They can never think about the past or the future. Language is a wonderful thing. Man has been able to develop civilization largely because he has language. Every child can speak his own language very well when he is four or five--but no animal learns to speak. How do children learn? Scientists do not really know. What happens when we speak? Scientists don’t know. They only know that man can speak because he has a big brain.Unit 5Many students who call themselves bad readers nevertheless do read some things successfully. They may read novels or they may read the sports page every day. But a textbook is a different matter. A textbook gives them a lot of troubles. Why is that? One reason is lack of interest. Another is that they are often unfamiliar with the subject about whichthey are reading. But a third reason is that they try to read a textbook as if it were a novel or a sports story or a problem to be solved by Ann landers. They respond to the textbook inappropriately.How you read something depends on the author’s purpose in writing. There are basically four purposes for writing. Some authors write to tell a story; others write to create an image in your mind; some authors write to inform or to teach; and some still others write to convince you of a particular viewpoint. Each of these four purposes requires a different response as you read. If you respond differently to different types of writing, you will find that your reading will be much easier.。
新编英语教程4(李观仪)-练习册汉译英1-10单元
新编英语教程4(李观仪)-练习册汉译英1-10单元 Unit 11.每当他午夜下班回家，他总是蹑手蹑脚地上楼，以免吵醒邻居。
Every time he returned home from work at midnight, he would tiptoe upstairs, trying not to disturb his neighbours.2.为了与新来的邻居建立一种和睦的关系，格林先生不失时机地主动帮她把行李搬进屋子。
To establish some kind of rapport with his new neighbour, Mr. Jones lost no chance in offering to carry her luggage into the house.3.米勒博士向我们推荐的文章集中论述了空气污染问题，同时也提到了诸如水污染，噪音污染和视觉污染等问题。
The article recommended by Dr. Miller centres on the problem of air pollution;meanwhile, it touches upon other issues such as water pollution, noise pollution and visual pollution.4.要不是她的朋友时常鼓励她、帮助她，她将一事无成。
If it had not been for the constant encouragement and help from her friends, she couldn’t have accomplished anything.5.几天前他还对这项计划嗤之以鼻，可是他现在却以高涨的热情去努力落实这项计划，这真是令人难以理解的转变。
It was only a few days ago that he was full of contempt for the new project, but he is now working hard with zest for its realization. What a baffling change!6.从她的自传可以断定，她对那名钢琴师始终怀有着一种复杂的感情。
李观仪《新编英语教程》(第3版)(课文精解 Unit 13)【圣才出品】
四、课文精解Dialogue1.…and I try to memorize as many words as I can：try to do sth.努力做…；as many as...尽可能多…。
2.I’m very fond of English literature,but my limited vocabulary keeps me from reading English short stories easily：be fond of…喜欢，爱好，后面可以接名词或动名词。
keep…from…阻止某人做某事。
3.…you’ll be able to understand enough to arrive at the complete meaning of a sentence…：arrive at sth.达成或得出某事物：arrive at an agreement/a decision/a conclusion。
例：Finally we arrive at the conclusion that he is the person who stolen the machine in the factory.最终我们得出结论就是他盗走了工厂的机器。
4.I’d like to own one if it will work wonders：would like to do sth.愿意做某事。
work wonders制造奇迹。
5.Do you mean using context clues to discover the meaning of an unfamiliar word：context clues上下文提示。
discover发现，指发现原本存在而未被知的东西。
6.I don’t get it：常用于口语中，意思是“我不懂/我不明白”，相当于I do not understand.与之相反的表达是I got it.(我懂了/我明白了)。
新编英语教程第三版第四册练习册翻译题答案(总主编李观仪,主编梅德明版)
新编英语教程第三版第四册练习册翻译题答案（总主编李观仪，主编梅德明版）Unit11. 每当他午夜下班回家，他总是蹑手蹑脚地上楼，以免吵醒邻居。
Every time he returned home from work at midnight, he would tiptoe upstairs,trying not to disturb his neighbors.2. 为了与新来的邻居建立一种和睦的关系，格林先生不失时机地主动帮她把行李搬进屋子。
To establish some kind of rapport with his new neighbor, Mr.Jones lost no chance in offering to carry her luggage into the house.3. 米勒博士向我们推荐的文章中论述了空气污染问题，同时也提到了诸如水污染、噪音污染和视觉污染等问题。
The article recommended by ler centers on the problem of air pollution; meanwhile, it touches upon others issues such as water pollution, noise pollution and visual pollution.4. 要不是她朋友时常鼓励她、帮助她，她将一事无成。
If it had not been for the constant encouragement and help from her friends, she couldn ’t have accomplished anything.5. 几天前他还对这项计划嗤之以鼻，可他现在却以高涨的热情去努力落实这项计划，这转变真令人难以理解。
It was only a few days ago that he was full of contempt for the new project, but he is now working hard with zest for its realization. What a baffling change!6. 从她的自传可以断定，她对那名钢琴师始终怀有一种复杂的感情。
新编英语教程第3册（李观仪主编）第一单元课后练习答案-
新编英语教程第3册（李观仪主编）第一单元课后练习答案-Answers to Unit 1TEXT 1 ( P2 )My First JobComprehensionA. True (T) or False (F)?1. The writer thought that the likelihood of him getting the job was not great though he was young and eager to do something useful.T2. The headmaster liked the young man at first sight.FThe headmaster did not like the young man when he went for an interview. He looked at him with surprised disapproval and, instead of showing welcome to the young man, he just grunted, which was an expression of irritation and displeasure3. The headmaster saw eye to eye with the writer as far as children’s games were concerned.FThey did not think alike. To the headmaster, games played an essential role in a boy’s education but the writer did not consider games to have so much importance to the boys.4. The writer was not happy about his having to teach algebra and geometry, but he did not mind having to walk a mile along the dusty road to the Park.T5. The young man was satisfied with the salary he would get.FThe young man would only get twelve pounds a weekincluding lunch, which was by no means good pay. Of course the writer was not satisfied. However, before he could say anything about the poor pay, the headmaster had stood up and asked the young man to meet his wife.6. The writer did not feel unhappy at the idea of working under the headmaster’s wife.FThe writer thought it was something he could hardly bear. To him, for a young man to work under a woman would be shameful and would result in a loss of dignity and self-respect.B. Explain the following in your own words.1. Being very short of money and wanting to do something useful, I applied, fearing as I did so, that without a degree and with no experience of teaching my chances of landing the job were slim. Because I was in bad need of money and was eager to do something of use, I applied for the job. But at the same time that I did so, I was afraid that the possibility for me to get the job was very small because I didn’t have a university degree, nor did I have any teaching experience.2. ...three days later a letter arrived, summoning me to Croydon for an interview.… three days later I received a letter, asking me to go to Croydon to have an interview.3. He looked at me with an air of surprised disapproval, as a colonel might look at a private whose bootlaces were undone.He cast a look at me with the same surprise and dislike as a colonel would look at a soldier when his bootlaces came loose.4. The headmaster and I obviously had singularly little in common.Apparently the headmaster and I had no similar interests orbeliefs.5. The teaching set-up appalled me.The way teaching was organized filled me with terror (or, I was shocked at the teaching arrangements).6. I should have to split the class up into three groups and teach them in turn at three different levels.I should have to divide the class into three groups of three different levels and teach them one after another.7. It was not so much having to tramp a mile along the dusty streets of Croydon, followed by a crocodile of small boys that I minded, but the fact that most of my friends would be enjoying leisure at that time.I felt troubled not because I had to walk for a mile along the dusty streets of Croydon, followed bya group of boys, but because at that time most of my friends would be having a good time and relaxing.8. The prospect of working under a woman constituted the ultimate indignity.The fact that I would have to work under a woman in future made me feel totally humiliated.TEXT 2 ( P3 )How to Do Well on a Job InterviewComprehensionTrue (T) or False (F)1. Most people think that a job interview is a terrible experience.Key: T2. You’re often given a reason if you’re not hired after an interview.Key: FIf you don’t get the job, you’re rarely given any reason why.3. You should neither wear casual student clothing nor overdress yourself when going to aninterview.Key: T4. To demonstrate your ability to be politely sociable, you should initiate small talk before gettingdown to business.Key: FYou should follow the interviewer’s lead and should not initiate any small talk or drag it out.5. You should be frank and list all your flaws to the interviewer.Key: FYou’ll come across as more believable if you admit a flaw –but make it one that an employer might actually like.6. A thank-you note shortly after the interview is one more chance to help you make a goodimpression.Key: TTEXT 3 ( P4 )Comprehension1 FThe Times is to sell the benefits of the classified columns by telephone.2. T3. FEducation is important4. FDrive here is a noun, meaning a forceful quality of mind or spirit that gets things done or initiative (动力、干劲). Applicants must possess this sort of drive.5. FIt’s a job that anyone who thinks he is qualified can apply for.6. TGuided writing ( P5 )I love travelling by train. Fast expresses, slow local trains which stop at every station, suburban trains taking businessmen to their offices and home again; I enjoy them all. It must be the element of romance that attracts me. There is no romance on motorway, which is a box of metal and rubber on a strip of concrete, or in flying through the air in a pressurized tube from one identical plastic and glass airport to another. But trains are different. On a train, you can walk around, look at the scenery, observe your fellow passengers; whereas in a plane all you can see are the clouds and the back of other people’s heads. And then there are the stations. Some, I’m afraid, have become too like airport; others, fortunately, are old and dirty, full of unexpected details and with their own individual peculiarities. Traveling by train remains an adventure, as you try to interpret the timetable, persuade the booking office clerk to sell you a ticket and understand the incomprehensible messages coming over the loudspeaker system. Then there is that delightful uncertainty as you wonder whether you are on the right train, or the right part of the train. There’s nothing like it.Precis writing ( P7 )I applied for my first job before I entered university because I was short of money. The school where I applied for a job wasten miles away from where I lived and I was not sure if I could get the job. However, after a terrible journey I was so depressed that I no longer felt nervous. The Victorian schoolhouses stood amid fumes and dust main road. The headmaster was not at all scholarly, neither was the inside of the house academic looking. By and by I discovered that the headmaster and I had very little in common. He wanted me to teach twenty-four boys from seven to thirteen who, were to be split up into three levels. I had to teach everything including the subjects I abhorred (憎恶). Furthermore, I had to work on Saturdays too. The pay was low. To top it all, I had to work under a woman, the headmaster’s wife, who was the real manager of the school.Paragraph Writing( 略)Letter Writing （略）Comprehensive Exercises ( P9 )1. Spelling ( P9 )1. advertise2. suburb3. range4. interview5. quarter6. depress7. dreary8. indignity9. disapproval10. geometry11. singularly12. leisure2. Dictation ( P9 )The most important day I remember in all my life is the one on which my teacher, Anne Sullivan, came to me. It was the third of March, 1887, three months before I was seven years old. On the afternoon of that eventful day, I stood on the porch, dumb,expectant, I guessed from my mother’s signs and from the hurrying in the house that something unusual was about to happen, so I went to the door and waited on the steps. Hanging down from the porch was sweet-smelling honeysuckle. My fingers lightly touched the familiar leaves and blossoms which had just come forth to greet the sweet southern spring. I did not know what surprise the future held for me.I felt approaching footsteps. I stretched out my hand as I supposed to my mother. Someone took it, and I was caught up and held close in the arms of her who had come to help me discover all things to me, and, more than anything thing else, to love me.3. Listening Comprehension ( P10 )A. True (T) or False (F)?For false statements, write the facts.1. Henry would have liked his interview to begin at once.T2. The secretary waited in the manager’s office while the manager signed the letters.FThe manager signed the last letter and then rang the bell for his secretary to come in and take the letters away.3. The technical journals were very carefully arranged on the top shelf.FIt looked as if the technical journals might at any moment slip off the shelf and fall to the ground.4. The manager’s desk was very tidy.T5. The manager had no idea what job Henry had come for.FThe manager knew what job Henry had come for; he said, “You’ve come about our advertisement for a clerk in the accounts section, haven’t you?”B. Complete the following sentences with relevant information from the passage.1. The telephone rang just as the manager was explaining t that he was waiting for a long-distance call from Manchester.2. The manager apologized for keeping Henry waiting.3. The bookcase was so large that it covered the greater part of one wall.4. In the box which marked OUT, the manager dropped the letters which he had signed.4. Translation ( P10 )A. Translate the following sentences from Chinese into English.1.他们都认为他成功的可能性很小。
新编英语教程第3册(李观仪主编)第一单元课后练习答案_
新编英语教程第3册(李观仪主编)第一单元课后练习答案_第1单元答案课文1 ( P2 )我的第一份工作理解A。
真(T)还是假(F)？1。
这位作家认为，尽管他很年轻，渴望做一些有用的事情，但他得到这份工作的可能性不大。
T2。
校长对这个年轻人一见钟情。
校长不喜欢这个年轻人去面试。
他惊讶地看着他，不以为然，没有对这个年轻人表示欢迎，只是咕哝了一声，这是一种愤怒和不快的表情。
就儿童游戏而言，校长和作者意见一致。
他们的想法不一样。
对校长来说，游戏在男孩的教育中起着至关重要的作用，但作者并不认为游戏对男孩有如此重要的意义。
4。
这位作家对他不得不教代数和几何感到不高兴，但他不介意必须沿着尘土飞扬的路走一英里去公园。
T5。
这个年轻人对他能得到的薪水很满意。
这个年轻人一周只挣12英镑，包括午餐在内，这可不是什么好工资。
作者当然不满意。
然而，他还没来得及说什么关于低工资的事情，校长已经站了起来，让这个年轻人去见他的妻子。
6.作者对在校长妻子手下工作的想法并不感到不高兴。
作者认为这是他难以忍受的事情。
对他来说，一个年轻人在一个女人手下工作是可耻的，会导致尊严和自尊的丧失。
B。
用你自己的话解释以下内容。
1。
由于非常缺钱，想做些有用的事情，我申请了，同时也担心没有学位和教学经验，我获得这份工作的机会很小。
因为我非常需要钱，并且渴望做一些有用的事情，所以我申请了这份工作。
但在我这么做的同时，我担心我得到这份工作的可能性非常小，因为我没有大学学位，也没有任何教学经验。
2....三天后，一封信来了，召唤我去克罗伊登面试。
…三天后，我收到一封信，要求我去克罗伊登面试。
3。
他惊讶地看着我，不以为然，就像一个上校看着一个没系鞋带的士兵一样。
他用惊讶和厌恶的眼神看着我，就像上校解开鞋带时看着士兵一样。
4。
校长和我显然没有什么共同之处。
显然，校长和我没有相似的兴趣或信仰。
5.教学设置让我感到震惊。
教学的组织方式让我充满恐惧(或者说，我对教学安排感到震惊)。
高英7课文讲解【unit-2-3--4-8】词汇 翻译 语法
A New English Course (Level 7)Unit Two TEXT ITouristsI. About the author--- Nancy Mitford (1904---1973), English writer of novels, biographies, and essays, is noted for her witty novels of upper-class life. Her workers include: Pursuit of Love (1945), Vlotaire in Love (1957), and The Sun King (1966), about Louis XIV. One of her most widely read books was Noblesse Oblige: An Inquiry into the Identifiable Characteristics of the English Aristocracy (1956). The text is from an essay called “The Tourist,” part of a collection published under the title of The Water Beetle (1962).II. Organization and DevelopmentAlthough part of a collection, the selection is quite complete in itself as far as structure is concerned. The author seems to have followed a well-worked-out outline. Now try to restore that outline, indicating the main parts and the major subdivisions under each of them.Outline for reference:1.The island and the touristsThe island: location, natural features, the cathedral and its bellsThe tourists: number, transport, lack of taste, ill-mannered behavior,American-Englishmen-Germans2.Behavior of the islandersThe author’s general attitudeComparison of the island to a stageYoung men from Burano (Little Eric)Old women selling lacesThe priestThe tourists’ response3.Torcello back to its life routineYoung menOld womenFather of the clover babiesThe brief description of the small island creates the impression that it might be a nice, quiet retreat for writers like the author herself, but it might not be a good tourist resort. This helps to strengthen the point the author wants to make, i.e. the tourists who swamp the place are aimless in their touring.III. Notes1. Based on the author’s description, try to think of just a few words and phrases that bring out the most important features of the island Torcello.Small, ancient, abundant in wild flowers, crisscrossed by waterways2. Rephrase the sentence:The most intensive study I ever made of tourists was at Torcello, where it is impossible to avoid them.Since tourists can be seen almost everywhere at Torcello, I decided to observe them closely.3. minute: very small4. lagoon: an area of calm sea water partly or completely separated from the sea by banks of sand, rock, coral, etc.5. a great cathedral --- referring to SantaMaria Assunta Cathedral, which was founded in about 639, and rebuilt in the ninth and the eleventh century. It is a Byzantine cathedral, decorated with fine Veneto-Byzantine mosaics.6. What does the word “chorus” in line 8 refer to?bells ringing out7. Explain the sentence:Bells from the campanile ring out reproaches three times a day …joined by a chorus from the surrounding islands. --- From the campanile, or the high bell tower, can be heard the reproaches, or sets of verses representing reproaches of Jesus Christ to his people, three times a day. Such reproaches ring out from the nearby islands too.“cloches, cloches, divins reproches” = (French) “bells, bells, divine reproaches”8. lonely as a cloud --- This is an echo of William Wordsworth’s poem “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” (1804). The first verse of the poem is as follows:I wandered lonely as a cloudThat floats on high o’er vales and hills,When all at once I saw a crowd,A host of golden daffodils;Beside the lake, beneath the trees,Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.9. Rephrase the sentence:Torcello which used to be lonely as a cloud has recently become an outing from Venice.Torcello was at one time an island scarcely visited by people, but today it has grown to be a magnet for tourists from Venice.10. chartered --- hired for use by a particular group or person11. yacht --- a large boat, often motor-driven, used for pleasure; a light sailing boat12. towpath --- a path (as along the bank of a canal or river) traveled by men or animals towing / pulling boats13. Possibly there is a double meaning in the phrase much restored in line 13.The early mosaics are made to look new again; the scenes from hell are brought back to life.14. a great, sad, austere Madonna --- the image of Mary, mother of Jesus Christ, inmosaics, who appears sorrowful and stern15. Byzantine art --- the symbolical system of art which was developed by the early Greek or Byzantine artists out of the Christian symbolism. Its chief features are the circle, dome, and round arch; and its chief symbols the lily, cross, vesica, and nimbus.16. Explain the sentence in line 14 “Byzantine art is an acquired taste.”One needs to cultivate a certain taste to be able to appreciate Byzantine art.17. Rephrase the sentence:Byzantine art is an acquired taste and probably not one in ten of the visitors has acquired it.Byzantine art is a highly refined heritage, but few of the tourists here have arrived at that sophistry as to be able to appreciate it. / To appreciate Byzantine art, one needs to cultivate a particular sense of beauty, but few of the tourists to Torcello have been so equipped.18. the village green --- a small stretch of grass in the village19. Attila --- king of the Huns, a nomadic people from central Asia, from 434 A.D. to 453 A.D., and one of the greatest of the barbarian rulers who attacked the Roman Empire. In 452 he invaded northern Italy and sacked several cities there.20. leave the devil of a mess behind them --- leave behind them all kinds of litter / a terrible mess. Devil is often used to give force to various expressions, especially of displeasure, e.g. We had a devil of a job trying to persuade her.Why the devil did he come?What the devil is she doing now?21. marching as to war --- This is an echo of a Christian hymn written by Sabine Baring-Gould (1834-1924). The first stanza goes thus:Onward, Christian soldiers,Marching as to war,With the Cross of JesusGoing on before! (1864)22. a Leader --- apparently referring to the tourist guide23. a standing order --- a permanent request (for something by a customer)24. From what Mitford has said of the tourists in the first paragraph, can you imagine what, in her opinion, a good tourist should be like?He should have a clear purpose when going sightseeing, be appreciative of what there is supposed to be seen; he should not litter, or do anything harmful to the environment.25. What different images has Mitford created of the Americans, the Englishmen, and the Germans with her brief description of them?Americans --- well-to-do but having no taste at allEnglishmen --- mean, not attentive to public hygieneGermans --- well-organized and well-disciplined but not appreciative26. extract --- obtain by much effort27. Rephrase the sentence:As they are obliged, whether they like it or not, to live in public during the whole summer, they very naturally try to extract some financial benefit from this state of affairs.They have no choice but to come into contact with the tourists throughout the summer, and it is not hard to imagine why they should not try to earn some money out of this opportunity.28. What does the word Italian in line 31 refer to?The Italian nation as a whole29. gondolier --- the boatman who propels a gondola, a long narrow flat-bottomed boat with a high prow and stern used on the canals of Venice30. sandolos --- small boats used on the Venetian canals31. Buona fortuna --- (Italian) Good luck32. trinket --- a small ornament (as a jewel or ring) of little value33. point de Venise lace --- lace that is made with a needle or needle point. Burano is known for its Venetian point lace industry.34. four-leafed clovers --- or four-leafed clovers, four-leaf clovers. A four-leafed clover is a clover plant that has a set of four leaves instead of the usual three, and is believed to bring good luck to a person who finds it.Clover –is a small usu. three-leafed plant with pink, purple, or white flowers, often grown as food for cattle.35. holy processions --- religious parades36. Rephrase the sentence:The priest organizes holy processions to coincide with the arrival of the steamer.The priest arranges for the religious pageant to begin the moment the ship arrives.37. flapping --- swaying loosely, and making a noise, especially when moved by wind38. Daily Mail --- name of a newspaper39. Where in paragraph 2 does Mitford reveal her attitude towards the way the islanders behave?She is somewhat sympathetic to them. Refer to lines 29-31, “As they are obliged, whether they like it or not … from this state of affairs.”40. A metaphor runs through paragraphs 2 and 3. What is it? Which sentence sets up the comparison? Pick out words that continue the metaphor.The island is compared to a stage, and the activities to a play.Line 31, “The Italian is a born actor …”dress up, sweet-faced old women, apparently, organizes holy procession to coincide, the curtain, shed their jackets, let the smiles fade41. How do you understand the last sentence “Tocello is itself again”?The play is over; ordinary life on the island is restored, and the islanders are their normal selves again.Unit FourText IStyle and PurposeI. About the AuthorRandolph Quirk (1920-), British university professor and official, has taught in University College, London; Yale University and the University of Michigan, U.S>A.; University of Durham, etc. He is Vice-Chancellor of the University of London (1981-) and Chairman of the Committee of Enquiry into Speech Therapy Services, British Council English Committee (1976-). Among his publications are: The Use of English (1962), A Grammar of Contemporary English (1972, with Greenbaum, Leech, Svartvik), and Style and Communication in the English Language (1982). The text is an excerpt from Chapter 14 in The Use of English.II. Organization and DevelopmentPara 2 Example: riding a bikePoint to illustrate: learn to be conventional before trying to be originalPara 3 Examples: “freezing hot-ice-cream”, “Bitter Sweet”Point to illustrate: Unconventionality can sometimes produce special effect Paras 4-5 Example: letter-beginnings and endingsPoint to illustrate: Style varies on a scale; mixing different styles may haveharmful effect.Paras 6-7 Example: phrases like “incredible insight, lofty flights of imagination, …”Point to illustrate: Common collocations when used indiscriminately becomeclichés, the use of which should be avoided, especially in writingIII. Notes1.the intricacy of co-ordination in using language--- the complexities involved in thearrangement, combination, and organization of words2.constraints --- restrictions, limitations3.as we saw in the previous chapter, in the different constraints operating in speechand writing --- The previous chapter refers to Chapter 13, entitled “Problems of Usage,”in the author’s The Use of English (1968). In this chapter, the author discusses the selection of “linguistic expressions which will not merely suit the topic but which will suit our audience.” In other words, “language must be used not merely to “get out”” what we have in our minds but also to “get it across” as completely and effectively as possible to someone else. Moreover, the author points out that apart from grammar and vocabulary, there are constraints such as 1) effective communication of the simplest utterances depending on the extent to which it fits in with the listener’s expectations, and these expectations are largely derived from his previous experience in the language, 2) the ease with which a mode of expression may be understood, 3) the use of redundancy, 4) habitual collocations, 5) punctuation, and 6) avoidance of ambiguity, clumsiness, or obscurity, etc.4.Rephrase the sentence:Part of the intricacy …What makes the use of a language complicated can partly be explained by the fact that there are many restrictions upon the spoken and written forms (of the language)5. Rephrase the sentenceThe stylistic range of English is wide…The ways of expressing thoughts through the use of the English language vary so much that it is practically impossible to classify them neatly.6. congruous with --- compatibale with7.scale --- a graded series / scheme / system of rank of order, something gradedespecially when used as a measure or rule8. on this scale --- on the scale of styles, for example, the five-point scale of style from frozen, formal, consultative, casual, to intimate as devised by Martin Joos in his The Five Clocks: A Linguistic Excursion in the Five Styles of English Usage(1961).9. What does “this scale” in line 8 refer to?The stylistic range of English.10. conventions of collocation --- generally accepted practice of placing wordstogether in a way that sounds natural11. What are the major factors that constrain a user of language when he is puttingwords together to form discourse?The conventions of collocation: what words can go togetherGrammar: rules governing the formation of sentencesStylistic constraints: selection of the appropriate style and consistency in style 12. Rephrase the sentenceIt may seem paradoxical to lay such …It probably sounds contradictory that while some are trying to encourage people to be creative in their application of the English language, we seem to be so particular about the accepted rules that govern the formal use of the language.13.“Look, Mother: no hands!” --- This is what a child might say to his mother whenhe has his hands off the handlebars of the bicycle when cycling, which is rather unconventional.14. the art of cycling in the conventional manner --- the skill of writing in the customary way. Here,, an analogy is made between the skill of writing and the art of cycling. A person who can write at will is compared to a cyclist who can ride his bicycle at ease.15. How does Quirk compare progress in the art of writing with riding a bike?Before you have mastered the art of cycling in the conventional manner, e.g. holding the bar with both hands, you should not try to be unconventional by removing your hands from it. The same rule applies to the use of language.16. the words of Mr. Robert Graves --- the quoted words are: “every English poet should… master the rules of grammar before he attempts to bend or break them”(The Times, 21 October 1961), from Chapter 13 of the author’s The Use of English (1968), p.231.Robert Graves (1895-1985), English poet, has sought personal integrity in his poetry, avoiding fashion.17. norm --- a standard, e.g. of behavior or ability, that is regarded as average orgenerally accepted18. Rephrase the sentenceWithout a norm …It is no sense easy for us even to tell what creativeness really is or how creativeness is to be achieved, unless we have some criterion to base our judgment on.19. fetching gimmick --- tempting name or device to attract attention20. hoary witticism --- a very old amusing remark21. The hand that rocked the cradle has kicked the bucket. --- Mother died.This is a combination of two phrases. “The hand that rocked the cradle” is the first half of the saying “The hand that rocked the cradle rules the world,” meaning “theexample and influence of a mother are powerful and far-reaching in their effect.” “Kick the bucket” is a slang phrase meaning “die.”22. tension --- imbalance; opposition23. formalities --- a way of writing letters in accordance with accepted rules for official occasions24. “Further to yours of the 23rd ult.” --- “With reference to your letter of the 23rd of the last month”further to --- with reference to. This is a phrase used in old-fashioned business letters.ult. --- ultimo, meaning “of last month.” This is used after a date in a business letter, but its use is becoming rare.25. What point or points does Quirk want to make with the various example he citesin paragraph 4 and 5 which are related to letter-writing?Adopt the style suitable to the situation of use, and do not mix different styles. 26. …what was said in the previous chapter about expected collocations. --- In Chapter 13, entitled “Problems of Usage,”in The Use of English, the author mentions “an amusing instance”of misunderstanding caused by “expected collocations.” In a television programme in the autumn of 1959, the British Prime Minister, Mr. Harold Macmillan, was discussing political problems with President Dwight Eisenhower of the U. S. A., and one remark by Mr. Macmillan, “We never jobbed backwards” (meaning: “We haven’t spent our time resentfully thinking of what might have been.”) was reported by The Times as “We’ve never jogged backwards.” The mistaken reportage made in both cases was due to the fact that the expression used by Mr. Macmillan was not commonly understood. Thus, the reporters, influenced by normally expected collocations of the word backwards, produced their own versions.27. Harold Pinter (1930- ), English dramatist, studied acting at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and began his theatrical career as an actor. Pinter is the most significant English playwright of the 1960s and one of the most original dramatists of the twentieth century. The superficial structure of his plays conforms to the conventions of the realistic theater, but the relationships of his characters and the sequence of dialogues and events are unconventional, unpredictable, and ambiguous. His plays are often about how people maneuver verbally for power over each other. The use of understatement, small talk, reticence, and even silence, conveys the substance of a character’s thought, which often lies several layers beneath and contradicts his speech. It is difficult to explain the meaning of Pinter’s plays in a conventional sense.28. Rephrase the sentencewe may not feel any…We may not think it at all disagreeable or offensive, which is typical of our feeling about a cliché.29. Is there a hard-and-fast rule that forbids the use of clichés?No. Everything depends on what is expected at particular points in the stylistic range. For example, “incredible insight”may well be accepted when used incriticism that is spoken on an informal occasion.30. indiscriminately --- without making judgments or a proper choice31. consummate --- perfect32. hackneyed --- meaningless because used and repeated too often; trite33. tautologous --- unnecessarily repetitive, obvious34. veribage --- too many unnecessary words in speech or writing35. woolliness --- confusion, obscurityUnit EightTEXT IFifth Avenue, Uptown: A Letter from HarlemJames BaldwinI. Introductory Remarks to the TextSince we have learnt American Literature last term, we all know Ralph Waldo Ellison and his Invisible Man (1952).Ralph Ellison was a midwesterner, born in Oklahoma, who studied at Tuskegee Institute in the southern United States. He had one of the strangest career in American letters --- consisting of one highly acclaimed book, and nothing more. The novel is Invisible Man (1952), the story of a black man who lives a subterranean existence in a hole brightly illuminated by electricity stolen from a utility company. The book recounts his grotesque, disenchanting experiences. When he wins a scholarship to a black college, he is humiliated by whites; when he gets to the college, he witnesses the black president spurning black American concerns. Life is corrupt outside college, too. For example, even religion is no consolation: A preacher turns out to be a criminal. The novel indicts society for failing to provides its citizens --- black and white --- with viable ideals and institutions for realizing them. It embodies a powerful racial theme because the “invisible man” is invisible not in himself but because others, blinded by prejudice, cannot see him for who he is.II. Background Knowledge about the AuthorJames Baldwin (1924-1987) and Ralph Ellison mirror the African-American experience of the 1950s. Their characters suffer from a lack of identity, rather than from over-ambition. Baldwin, the oldest of nine children born to a Harlem, New York, family, was the foster of a minister. As a youth, Baldwin occasionally preached in the church. This experience helped shape the compelling, oral quality of Baldwin’s prose, most clearly seen in his excellent essays, such as “Letter from a Region Of My Mind,” from the collection The Fire Next Time (1963). In this, he argued movingly for an end to separation between the races.Baldwin’s first novel, the autobiographical Go Tell It On the Mountain (1953), is probably his best known. It is the story of a 14-year-old youth who seeks self-knowledge and religious faith as he wrestles with issues of Christian conversation in storefront church. Other important Baldwin works include Another Country (1962), a novel about racial issues and homosexuality, and Nobody Knows My Name (1961), a collection of passionate personal essays about racism, the role of the artist, and literature.III. Organization and DevelopmentThe present text is an excerpt taken from a longer article; nevertheless, it still enjoys integrity in terms of organization. Clearly, it contains two major parts. What are they? How do they jointly contribute to the primary purpose of the author?Furthermore, we should consider how the paragraphs in each of the two parts are interrelated. Identify the topic sentence of each paragraph and see how the paragraphsare developed and supported, taking note especially of the way argumentation alternates with other forms of discourse.First part --- paras. 1-3Second part --- paras. 4-5The first part deals with the ghetto itself and Blacks’reaction to it, and the second with the police and Blacks’ hatred of white domination.Both parts are related to the central theme of the writing: Blacks have been despised by the white world; they find the insult unbearable; and they want to be treated equally.The topic sentence of paragraph 1: The projects in Harlem are hated. This is developed to a great extent in the second paragraph, the topic sentence of which is “The projects are hideous”, and is reiterated in an even stronger version at the end of the paragraph: “the projects would still be hated because they are an insult to the meanest intelligence.”In this paragraph, we also find a solid description of the projects (hideous in two senses) to support the author’s argument.The topic sentence of paragraph 3: A ghetto can be improved in one way only: out of existence. Here, we find the strongest statement of the author’s view with regard to the projects.The topic sentence of paragraph 4: the only way to police a ghetto is to be oppressive. Note the key word in this statement is “oppressive.”The transition between paragraphs 4 and 5 is indicated by “on the other hand.”The topic sentence of paragraph 5 is the last sentence: Negroes want to be treated like men. This implies that at present they are not being treated like men because of segregation and oppression, no matter how good-natured and innocent the white policemen are.In the first paragraph, the author says they are hated almost as much as policemen, and this is saying a great deal. Obviously, the text can be divided into two parts.The theory of clause relations put forward by Michael Hoey has three discourse patterns (Problem-Solution Pattern, Matching Pattern, General-Particular Pattern), based on this theory, this text belongs to Problem-Solution pattern. The common mode for this pattern is: situation---problem---reaction---evaluation.Part I1. Situation:a) Lexical signals: The projects are hated. (Hated is the lexical signal to show the situation.)b) Narrative question (through repetition): They are hated almost as much as policemen, and this is saying a great deal. (to express the degree to which the hatred is)c) Interpretative question (through conjuncts): And they are hated for the same reason: both reveal, unbearably, the real attitude of the white world. (to express the reason)d) Subordinate relationship (subordinators): no matter how many liberal speeches are made, no matter how many lofty editorials are written, no matter how many civilrights commissions are set up. (by means of three parallel subordinators, the deep-rooted hatred is clearly demonstrated here.)2. Problem:a) Lexical signals: The projects are hideous.( popular housing shall be as cheerless as a prison)b) narrative question: They are lumped all over Harlem, colorless, bleak, high and revolting.c) interpretative question (through several parallel parts, three semicolons are used here to illustrate the problems on all aspects): The wide windows look out on Harlem’s invincible and indescribable squalor: the present dark community began about forty years ago (old); the unrehabilitated houses, bowed down, it would seem, under the great weight of frustration and bitterness they contain; the dark, ominous schoolhouses from which the child may emerge maimed, blinded, hooked, or enraged for life; and the churches, churches, block upon churches, niched in the walls like cannon in the walls of a fortress.d) Subordinate relationship (by means of subordinators to illustrate the seriousness of the problem): Even if the administration of the projects were not so insanely humiliating, the projects would still be hated because they are an insult to the meanest intelligence.3. Reaction:a)lexical signals: Slum or ghetto (Harlem got its first private project, Riverton--- which is now, naturally, a slum)b)narrative question: (what are the reactions?) they hated it long before thebuilders arrived. They began hating it at about the time people began moving out of their condemned houses to make room for this additional proof of how thoroughly the white world despised them. And they had scarcely moved in, naturally, before they began smashing windows, defacing walls, urinating in the elevators, and fornicating in the playgrounds.c)interpretative question: (the result of the reaction) Liberals, both white andblack, were appalled at the spectacle. I was appalled by the liberal innocence --- or cynicism, which comes out in practice as much the same thing. Other people were delighted to be able to point to proof positive that nothing could be done to better the lot of the colored people.d)subordinate relationship: They were, and are, right in one respect: thatnothing can be done as long as they are treated like colored people.4. evaluation:a)lexical signals: The evaluation is negative “no”.b)narrative question: A ghetto can improved in one way only: out of existence.c)interpretative question: The people in Harlem know they are living therebecause white people do not think t hey are good enough to live anywhere else.No amount of“improvement” can sweeten this fact.d)subordinate relationship: whatever money is now being earmarked to improvethis, or any other ghetto, might as well be burnt.Part II1. Situation:a)lexical signals: to police a ghetto is to be oppressive.b)narrative question: The very presence of the policemen is an insult.c)interpretative question: they represent the force of the white world, and thatworld’s real intentions are, simply, for that world’s criminal profit and ease,to keep the black man corralled up here, in his place. The badge, the gun inthe holster, and the swinging club make vivid what will happen should hisrebellion become overt.d)coordinate / subordinate relationship: Rare, indeed, is the Harlem citizen,from the most circumspect church member to the most shiftless adolescent,who does not have a long tale to tell of police incompetence, injustice, orbrutality.2. Problem:a)lexical signals: The first sentence in paragraph 5 implies that at present theyare not being treated like men because of segregation and oppression, no matter how good-natured and innocent the white policemen are.b)narrative question: He, too, believes in good intentions and is astounded andoffended when they are taken for the deed.c)interpretative question: He has never, himself, done anything for which to behated --- which of us has?d)subordinate relationship: --- and yet he is facing, daily and nightly, peoplewould gladly see him dead, and he knows it.3. Reaction:a)lexical signals: there are few things under heaven more unnerving than thesilent, accumulating contempt and hatred of a people.b)narrative question: He moves through Harlem, like an occupying soldier in abitterly hostile country, which is precisely what, and where , he is, and isthe reason he walks in twos and threes.c)interpretative question: and he is not the only one who knows why he isalways in company: the people who are watching him know why, too.d)Coordinate / subordinate relationship: and these days, of course, in termsincreasingly vivid and jubilant, it speaks of the end of that domination.4. Evaluation:a)lexical signals: Negroes want to be treated like men.b)narrative question: The white policeman standing on a Harlem street cornerfinds himself at the very center of the revolution now occurring in the world.He is not prepared for it --- naturally, nobody is --- and, what is possiblymuch more to the point, he is exposed, as few white people are, to theanguish of the black people around him. Even if he is gifted with the merestmustard grain of imagination, something must seep in.c)interpretative question: He becomes more callous, the population becomesmore hostile, the situation grows tense, and the police force is increased.d)coordinate / subordinate relationship: One day, to everyone’s astonishment,someone drops a match in the powder keg and everything and civil-rights。
新编英语教程3翻译
1.他们都认为他成功的可能性很小。
They had thought his chances of landing the job were slim.2.我不知道她为何总带有一中闷闷不乐的神情。
I wonder why there is always an air of sadness in her.3.等到所有同学都就座后，学生会主席才开始宣布野营的日程安排。
It was after all the students had taken their seats that the president of the students’ union proceeded to announce the camping itinerary.4.胃是人体至关重要的器官，请善待之。
The stomach is a vital organ of the human body; please take good care of it.5.他认为总经理如此重视那些日常琐事是荒唐的。
He considered it was ridiculous for the general manager to attach so much importance to daily routines.6.根据安排，全体工作人员依次值晚班。
According to the arrangement, all the members of the staff take turns to be on night watch.7.她的研究涉及到多种语言和文化，富有挑战性。
Her study, which ranged over many languages and cultures, was full of challenge.8.想到要远离父母独立生活，她深感不安。
She felt dismayed at the thought of leaving away from her parents on her own.9.对于她是否胜任这项工作我们不甚担心，我们所担忧的确实她的健康状况。
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Unit 1 恰到好处 Have you ever watched a clumsy man hammering a nail into a box? He hits it first to one side, then to another, perhaps knocking it over completely, so that in the end he only gets half of it into the wood. A skillful carpenter, on the other hand, will drive the nail with a few firm, deft blows, hitting it each time squarely on the head. So with language; the good craftsman will choose words that drive home his point firmly and exactly. A word that is more or less right, a loose phrase, an ambiguous expression, a vague adjective（模糊的形容词）, will not satisfy a writer who aims at clean English. He will try always to get the word that is completely right for his purpose. 你见过一个笨手笨脚的男人往箱子上钉钉子吗？只见他左敲敲，右敲敲，说不准还会将整个钉子锤翻，结果敲来敲去到头来只敲进了半截。而娴熟的木匠就不这么干。他每敲一下都会坚实巧妙地正对着钉头落下去，一钉到底。语言也是如此。一位优秀的艺术家谴词造句上力求准确而有力地表达自己的观点。差不多的词，不准确的短语，摸棱两可的表达，含糊不清的修饰，都无法使一位追求纯真英语的作家满意。他会一直思考，直至找到那个能准确表达他的意思的词。 The French have an apt（贴切的） phrase for this. They speak of “le mot juste,” (the exact word) the word that is just right. Stories are told of scrupulous（一丝不苟的） writers, like Flaubert, who spent days trying to get one or two sentences exactly right. Words are many and various; they are subtle（微妙的） and delicate（细腻的） in their different shades（色调） of meaning, and it is not easy to find the ones that express precisely（正是，恰恰） what we want to say. It is not only a matter of having a good command of language and a fairly wide vocabulary; it is also necessary to think hard and to observe accurately. Choosing words is part of the process of realization, of defining our thoughts and feelings for ourselves, as well as for those who hear or read our words. Someone once remarked: “How can I know what I think till I see what I say?” this sounds stupid, but there is a great deal of truth in it. 法国人有一个很贴切的短语来表达这样一个意思，即“le mot juste”, 恰到好处的词。有很多关于精益求精的作家的名人轶事，比如福楼拜常花几天的时间力求使一两个句子在表达上准确无误。在浩瀚的词海中，词与词之间有着微妙的区别，要找到能恰如其分表达我们意思的词绝非易事。这不仅仅是扎实的语言功底和相当大的词汇量的问题，还需要人们绞尽脑汁，要观察敏锐。选词是认识过程的一个步骤，也是详细描述我们的思想感情并表达出来使自己以及听众和读者深刻理解的一个环节。有人说：“在我思想未成文之前，我怎么知道自己的想法？”这听起来似乎很离谱，但它确实很有道理。 It is hard work choosing the right words, but we shall be rewarded by the satisfaction that finding them brings. The exact use of language gives us mastery（掌握） over the material we are dealing with. Perhaps you have been asked “What sort of a man is so-and-so（某某等）?” You begin: “Oh, I think he’s quite a nice chap （家伙）but he’s rather…” and then you hesitate trying to find a word or phrase to express what it is about him that you don’t like, that constitutes（构成） his limitation. When you find the right phrase you feel that your conception of the man is clearer and sharper. 寻找恰如其分的词的确是件不容易的事。一旦找到了那个词，我们就会感到很欣慰：辛劳得到了回报。准确地用语言有助于我们深入了解我们描述的事物。例如，当有人问你：“某某是怎么样的人？”你回答说：“恩，我想他是个不错的家伙，但他非常……”接着你犹豫了，试图找到一个词或短语来说明他到底讨厌在哪里。当你找到一个恰当的短语的时候，你发觉自己对他的看法更清楚，也更精确了。 Some English words have a common root but are used in very different senses. Consider human and humane（人道，仁慈的）, for example. Their origin is the same and their meanings are related, but their usage is distinct. A human action is not the same thing as a humane action. We cannot speak of a Declaration of Humane Rights. --- There is a weapon called a humane killer, but it is not a human killer. 一些英语词汇词根相同而意义却截然不同。例如human 和humane,二者的词根相同，词义也相关，但用法完全不同。“ human action (人类行为)”和“humane action ( 人道行为)”完全是两码事。我们不能说“人道权力宣言”，而是说“人权宣言”。有一种屠杀工具叫“humane killer ( 麻醉屠宰机)，而不是human killer ( 杀人机器)。 We don’t have to look far afield to find evidence of bad carpentry in language. A student, replying to an invitation to dinner, finished his letter: “I shall be delighted to come and I am looking forward to the day with anxiety.” Anxiety carries with it suggestions of worry and fear. What the writer meant
was possibly eagerness. Anxiety has some kinship（亲属关系） with eagerness but it will not do as a substitute（替代） in this context. 语言中的坏手艺的例子在我们身边随处可见。有人邀请一名学生去吃饭，他写信给予回复。请看他的信是这样结尾的：“我将很高兴赴约并满怀不安（anxiety ）期待着那个日子的到来。 ”“Anxiety” 含有烦恼和恐惧的意味。作者想表达的很可能是一种翘首期盼的心情。 “Anxiety” 跟热切期盼有一定的关联，但在这个场合是不能等同的。 The leader of a political party in Uganda wrote a letter to the Press which contained this sentence: 乌干达一政党领袖给新闻界的一封信中有一句这样写道： Let us all fight this selfishness, opportunism, cowardice and ignorance now rife in Uganda and put in their place truth, manliness, consistency and singularity of mind.
让我们打破这自私、投机、怯懦和无知充斥的乌干达，代之以真理，刚毅，坚定和奇异的精神。 This stirring appeal is spoilt by a malapropism in the last phrase, the word singularity. What the writer meant, I think, was singleness of mind, holding steadfastly to the purpose in mind, without being drawn aside by less worthy objects. Singularity means oddity or peculiarity, something that singles a man out from other men 这一激动人心的呼吁被最后一个词“奇异（singularity）” 的误用破坏掉了。我猜想作者真正要表达的意思是思想的专一，即抱定一个信念永不改变，咬定青山不放松，不被次要的目的干扰。而singularity 指的是古怪，特性，是将一个人从众多人中区分出来的那种东西。