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外文参考文献翻译-中文

外⽂参考⽂献翻译-中⽂基于4G LTE技术的⾼速铁路移动通信系统KS Solanki教授,Kratika ChouhanUjjain⼯程学院,印度Madhya Pradesh的Ujjain摘要:随着时间发展,⾼速铁路(HSR)要求可靠的,安全的列车运⾏和乘客通信。
为了实现这个⽬标,HSR的系统需要更⾼的带宽和更短的响应时间,⽽且HSR的旧技术需要进⾏发展,开发新技术,改进现有的架构和控制成本。
为了满⾜这⼀要求,HSR采⽤了GSM的演进GSM-R技术,但它并不能满⾜客户的需求。
因此采⽤了新技术LTE-R,它提供了更⾼的带宽,并且在⾼速下提供了更⾼的客户满意度。
本⽂介绍了LTE-R,给出GSM-R与LTE-R之间的⽐较结果,并描述了在⾼速下哪种铁路移动通信系统更好。
关键词:⾼速铁路,LTE,GSM,通信和信令系统⼀介绍⾼速铁路需要提⾼对移动通信系统的要求。
随着这种改进,其⽹络架构和硬件设备必须适应⾼达500公⾥/⼩时的列车速度。
HSR还需要快速切换功能。
因此,为了解决这些问题,HSR 需要⼀种名为LTE-R的新技术,基于LTE-R的HSR提供⾼数据传输速率,更⾼带宽和低延迟。
LTE-R能够处理⽇益增长的业务量,确保乘客安全并提供实时多媒体信息。
随着列车速度的不断提⾼,可靠的宽带通信系统对于⾼铁移动通信⾄关重要。
HSR的应⽤服务质量(QOS)测量,包括如数据速率,误码率(BER)和传输延迟。
为了实现HSR的运营需求,需要⼀个能够与 LTE保持⼀致的能⼒的新系统,提供新的业务,但仍能够与GSM-R长时间共存。
HSR系统选择合适的⽆线通信系统时,需要考虑性能,服务,属性,频段和⼯业⽀持等问题。
4G LTE系统与第三代(3G)系统相⽐,它具有简单的扁平架构,⾼数据速率和低延迟。
在LTE的性能和成熟度⽔平上,LTE- railway(LTE-R)将可能成为下⼀代HSR通信系统。
⼆ LTE-R系统描述考虑LTE-R的频率和频谱使⽤,对为⾼速铁路(HSR)通信提供更⾼效的数据传输⾮常重要。
科技文献中英文对照翻译

Sensing Human Activity:GPS Tracking感应人类活动:GPS跟踪Stefan van der Spek1,*,Jeroen van Schaick1,Peter de Bois1,2and Remco de Haan1Abstract:The enhancement of GPS technology enables the use of GPS devices not only as navigation and orientation tools,but also as instruments used to capture travelled routes:assensors that measure activity on a city scale or the regional scale.TU Delft developed aprocess and database architecture for collecting data on pedestrian movement in threeEuropean city centres,Norwich,Rouen and Koblenz,and in another experiment forcollecting activity data of13families in Almere(The Netherlands)for one week.Thequestion posed in this paper is:what is the value of GPS as‘sensor technology’measuringactivities of people?The conclusion is that GPS offers a widely useable instrument tocollect invaluable spatial-temporal data on different scales and in different settings addingnew layers of knowledge to urban studies,but the use of GPS-technology and deploymentof GPS-devices still offers significant challenges for future research.摘要:增强GPS技术支持使用GPS设备不仅作为导航和定位工具,但也为仪器用来捕捉旅行路线:作为传感器,测量活动在一个城市或区域范围内规模。
英文文献pdf翻译成中文

英文文献pdf翻译成中文
对于将英文文献PDF翻译成中文,有几种常见的方法可以实现。
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(整理)文献翻译中文版

在现有的技术下非水溶性马铃薯淀粉废物转化成还原糖文摘:在这种探索性的工作中,研究了利用不同的非现有技术(超声和微波炉射线)将一个复杂的工业淀粉基解聚为还原糖。
之后,还原糖可以转化成为更高的高级醇等提供的化合物。
这个实验研究了三种不同的起始物料,他们分别为“马铃薯粉”、“湿土豆泥”、“干土豆泥”。
在酸性条件下,马铃薯面粉通过微波辐射,一个小时之内的转化率达到了61%。
在低频和高频超声波照射下,120分钟内它的转化率分别是70%和80%。
关键词:生物量基于淀粉的废物微波辐射超声辐照1 介绍在过去的二十年里,世界能源消耗已经猛增了30%。
2010年,石油消耗已经增长了大约4%。
几乎80%的化石燃料成为主要能源消耗,其中58%是由传输部门所消耗。
(尼格和辛格,2011)为了减少化石燃料的消耗,生物量可以考虑成代替能源的一种,因为它是一种丰富和新兴的能源,这种能源可能用作原料。
全球生物燃料的生产达到62亿升,在能源方面,这仅仅是全球运输燃料的1.8%。
几乎80%为乙醇燃料,其余为生物柴油(Scheffran2010,第一章2)。
然而,被选的生物量不应该和粮食有冲突,也不可能解决伦理问题。
废物转化为能源的过程可以成为再生能源,从而不依赖于化石燃料。
因此,我们想向您介绍我们的不可食用的废料转化成高附加值的化合物,然后进行发酵,以提供生物燃料的探索性工作。
我们的过程中所用的原料是一家名为Jepuan Peruna Oy的芬兰公司提供的淀粉基废物、马铃薯皮。
在2010年,这家公司平均每天产生20吨。
马铃薯废物转化为生物燃料的过程可分为两个主要阶段:淀粉基的废物转化(解聚)成还原糖,然后将其转化成高级醇,如丁醇或戊醇。
工作的重点是在催化转化的第一部分。
生物量的生产也必须是可持续的,这就强调了有必要设计一个渐进的、清洁的、可能的过程,逐步放弃化石能源,随后建设成一个更有利于环境友好型的社会。
在绿色化学的十二项原则(阿纳斯塔斯&华纳,1998)指引下,做到这一点是可能的。
英文文献翻译 - 中文

倒置AAO工艺的生产性试验研究陈宏斌1,唐先春1,董斌1,高廷耀1,Martin Wagner21 中国上海同济大学污染控制和资源化研究实验室2 IWAR Institute, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Germany摘要倒置缺氧/厌氧/好氧工艺(倒置AAO工艺)是上世纪90年代中期开发出来的用于脱氮除磷的污水处理工艺。
本文主要阐述了松江污水处理厂(中国)二期工程倒置AAO工艺处理城市污水的运行效果、运行参数以及影响因素。
近两年的运行结果表明:对CODCr 、BOD5、SS、NH3-N和TN具有较好的处理效率,对TN 和NH3-N的处理效率分别达到了0.022 kg TN·kgMLSS-1·d-1和 0.026 kg NH3-N·kgMLSS-1·d-1。
然而,对PO4-P和TP的去除率却并不高。
因此,我们提出了一个除磷效率更高的改进措施。
运行结果表明:倒置AAO工艺不仅适用于新建的污水处理厂的脱氮除磷,同样也适用于现有的脱氮除磷效率不高的污水处理厂改造和扩建。
关键词:硝化反硝化除磷倒置AAO工艺城市污水引言氮和磷是城市污水中导致受纳水体富营养化的主要因素。
生物硝化、反硝化和除磷工艺是经济的可行的控制排放水水质的方法。
生物脱氮除磷技术主要有:AAO工艺系列,氧化沟工艺和序批式活性污泥工艺(SBR法)。
不同菌种脱氮除磷的新陈代谢过程是需要在缺氧,厌氧和好氧条件下进行的。
在AAO工艺和氧化沟工艺中,可通过搅拌、曝气和污泥回流等方法实现上述条件。
SBR工艺是一个以时间顺序实现缺氧,厌氧,好氧的AAO工艺。
在中国,AAO工艺广泛应用于许多污水处理设施。
传统的AAO工艺有很多优点,同时也有两个缺点:1)需要两个回流系统,其总回流比不少于300%;2)从二沉池抽走的剩余污泥有部分没有完全经过厌氧,缺氧和好氧阶段,这可能会减少总磷(TP)的去除率。
英文文献中文翻译

合成新型硅改性聚酰亚胺Ewa Biaáecka-Florjanzyk, Andrzej Orzeszko农业大学,中国科学院化学研究所,ul.Nowoursynowska 159C ,02-787华沙,波兰电子邮件:orzeszkoa@delta.sggw.waw.pl收稿日期:2001年5月27日/修订版:2002年5月31日/接受日期:2002年6月10日总结从系列新聚(聚硅氧烷酰亚胺),N,N - dialkenylimides和1,1,3,3 - 四甲基通过polyhydrosilylation合成。
得到的聚合物从对苯二酚双[(N-allylphthalimide )-4 -羧酸]表明液晶属性。
其液晶相范围在107- 197 °C。
介绍聚酰亚胺和聚醯亚胺被称为耐高温材料和良好的透明度(1,2)。
不幸的是,这些聚合物是非常难处理的,它们溶于多数有机溶剂。
聚酰亚胺目前的处理问题和相当大的努力仍在致力于改善这些性能。
一些方法已被用来克服这个难题,同时保持它们高的热稳定。
这些措施包括插入柔性基团如乙烯或甲基链(3,4)。
此外,使用单体或大的悬挂的基团杂在主链来提高高分子的溶解度和处理。
另一方面,含硅聚合物是众所周知的可溶性物质。
他们还具有热塑性,并表现出良好的附着力。
把柔性硅基连接刚性的酰亚胺单元显著提高聚酰亚胺的加工性能。
聚(硅氧烷酰亚胺),PSIS,通常是通过缩合合成的含硅单体(1,5-7),即二胺或二酐。
我们建议另一个可能性,典型的含硅聚合反应,polyhydrosilylation酰亚胺双端烯烃组。
硅氢加成反应,即增加一个硅烷烯,在有机硅化学中是一个重要的反应。
它可以进行热或在各种催化剂中使用,例如hexachloroplatinic酸,二氯(内双环戊二烯)铂金或铂金四甲基divinyldisiloxane(PTDD)(9-12)。
在本研究中,我们合成了一系列新的聚酰亚胺,下面给出的一般公式进行酰亚胺基团和1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane单元。
中英文文献翻译—中国的水污染

中英文文献翻译—中国的水污染XXX。
water treatment facilities are not keeping up with the demand。
resulting in increased levels of water n。
In 1994.China produced 40.82 n tons of wastewater。
with 24.08 n coming from industrial use and 4.3 n from township and village enterprises。
This was a 2.7 percent increase from 1993.nally。
chemical oxygen demand。
heavy metals。
arsenic chemicals。
cyanide。
and volatile phenols all saw an increase in levels。
while petroleum-related pollutants declined by 10.1 percent.Although 75 percent of industrial wastewater received some form of treatment。
which is a 3 percent increase from the us year。
only 40 percent of treated XXX。
It's clear that more needs to be done to address this XXX to keep up with the XXX.XXX。
XXX in 1994 of seven major river basins and 110XXX only 32% of river water met the nal standards for drinking water sources。
外文参考文献(带中文翻译)

外文资料原文涂敏之会计学 8051208076Title:Future of SME finance(c)Background – the environment for SME finance has changedFuture economic recovery will depend on the possibility of Crafts, Trades and SMEs to exploit their potential for growth and employment creation.SMEs make a major contribution to growth and employment in the EU and are at the heart of the Lisbon Strategy, whose main objective is to turn Europe into the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world. However, the ability of SMEs to grow depends highly on their potential to invest in restructuring, innovation and qualification. All of these investments need capital and therefore access to finance.Against this background the consistently repeated complaint of SMEs about their problems regarding access to finance is a highly relevant constraint that endangers the economic recovery of Europe.Changes in the finance sector influence the behavior of credit institutes towards Crafts, Trades and SMEs. Recent and ongoing developments in the banking sector add to the concerns of SMEs and will further endanger their access to finance. The main changes in the banking sector which influence SME finance are:•Globalization and internationalization have increased the competition and the profit orientation in the sector;•worsening of the economic situations in some institutes (burst of the ITC bubble, insolvencies) strengthen the focus on profitability further;•Mergers and restructuring created larger structures and many local branches, which had direct and personalized contacts with small enterprises, were closed;•up-coming implementation of new capital adequacy rules (Basel II) will also change SME business of the credit sector and will increase its administrative costs;•Stricter interpretation of State-Aide Rules by the European Commission eliminates the support of banks by public guarantees; many of the effected banks are very active in SME finance.All these changes result in a higher sensitivity for risks and profits in the financesector.The changes in the finance sector affect the accessibility of SMEs to finance.Higher risk awareness in the credit sector, a stronger focus on profitability and the ongoing restructuring in the finance sector change the framework for SME finance and influence the accessibility of SMEs to finance. The most important changes are: •In order to make the higher risk awareness operational, the credit sector introduces new rating systems and instruments for credit scoring;•Risk assessment of SMEs by banks will force the enterprises to present more and better quality information on their businesses;•Banks will try to pass through their additional costs for implementing and running the new capital regulations (Basel II) to their business clients;•due to the increase of competition on interest rates, the bank sector demands more and higher fees for its services (administration of accounts, payments systems, etc.), which are not only additional costs for SMEs but also limit their liquidity;•Small enterprises will lose their personal relationship with decision-makers in local branches –the credit application process will become more formal and anonymous and will probably lose longer;•the credit sector will lose more and more i ts “public function” to provide access to finance for a wide range of economic actors, which it has in a number of countries, in order to support and facilitate economic growth; the profitability of lending becomes the main focus of private credit institutions.All of these developments will make access to finance for SMEs even more difficult and / or will increase the cost of external finance. Business start-ups and SMEs, which want to enter new markets, may especially suffer from shortages regarding finance. A European Code of Conduct between Banks and SMEs would have allowed at least more transparency in the relations between Banks and SMEs and UEAPME regrets that the bank sector was not able to agree on such a commitment.Towards an encompassing policy approach to improve the access of Crafts, Trades and SMEs to financeAll analyses show that credits and loans will stay the main source of finance for the SME sector in Europe. Access to finance was always a main concern for SMEs, but the recent developments in the finance sector worsen the situation even more.Shortage of finance is already a relevant factor, which hinders economic recovery in Europe. Many SMEs are not able to finance their needs for investment.Therefore, UEAPME expects the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to strengthen their efforts to improve the framework conditions for SME finance. Europe’s Crafts, Trades and SMEs ask for an encompassing policy approach, which includes not only the conditions for SMEs’ access to l ending, but will also strengthen their capacity for internal finance and their access to external risk capital.From UEAPME’s point of view such an encompassing approach should be based on three guiding principles:•Risk-sharing between private investors, financial institutes, SMEs and public sector;•Increase of transparency of SMEs towards their external investors and lenders;•improving the regulatory environment for SME finance.Based on these principles and against the background of the changing environment for SME finance, UEAPME proposes policy measures in the following areas:1. New Capital Requirement Directive: SME friendly implementation of Basel IIDue to intensive lobbying activities, UEAPME, together with other Business Associations in Europe, has achieved some improvements in favour of SMEs regarding the new Basel Agreement on regulatory capital (Basel II). The final agreement from the Basel Committee contains a much more realistic approach toward the real risk situation of SME lending for the finance market and will allow the necessary room for adaptations, which respect the different regional traditions and institutional structures.However, the new regulatory system will influence the relations between Banks and SMEs and it will depend very much on the way it will be implemented into European law, whether Basel II becomes burdensome for SMEs and if it will reduce access to finance for them.The new Capital Accord form the Basel Committee gives the financial market authorities and herewith the European Institutions, a lot of flexibility. In about 70 areas they have room to adapt the Accord to their specific needs when implementing itinto EU law. Some of them will have important effects on the costs and the accessibility of finance for SMEs.UEAPME expects therefore from the new European Commission and the new European Parliament:•The implementation of the new Capital Requirement Directive will be costly for the Finance Sector (up to 30 Billion Euro till 2006) and its clients will have to pay for it. Therefore, the implementation – especially for smaller banks, which are often very active in SME finance –has to be carried out with as little administrative burdensome as possible (reporting obligations, statistics, etc.).•The European Regulators must recognize traditional instruments for collaterals (guarantees, etc.) as far as possible.•The European Commission and later the Member States should take over the recommendations from the European Parliament with regard to granularity, access to retail portfolio, maturity, partial use, adaptation of thresholds, etc., which will ease the burden on SME finance.2. SMEs need transparent rating proceduresDue to higher risk awareness of the finance sector and the needs of Basel II, many SMEs will be confronted for the first time with internal rating procedures or credit scoring systems by their banks. The bank will require more and better quality information from their clients and will assess them in a new way. Both up-coming developments are already causing increasing uncertainty amongst SMEs.In order to reduce this uncertainty and to allow SMEs to understand the principles of the new risk assessment, UEAPME demands transparent rating procedures –rating procedures may not become a “Black Box” for SMEs: •The bank should communicate the relevant criteria affecting the rating of SMEs.•The bank should inform SMEs about its assessment in order to allow SMEs to improve.The negotiations on a European Code of Conduct between Banks and SMEs , which would have included a self-commitment for transparent rating procedures by Banks, failed. Therefore, UEAPME expects from the new European Commission and the new European Parliament support for:•binding rules in the framework of the new Capital Adequacy Directive,which ensure the transparency of rating procedures and credit scoring systems for SMEs;•Elaboration of national Codes of Conduct in order to improve the relations between Banks and SMEs and to support the adaptation of SMEs to the new financial environment.3. SMEs need an extension of credit guarantee systems with a special focus on Micro-LendingBusiness start-ups, the transfer of businesses and innovative fast growth SMEs also depended in the past very often on public support to get access to finance. Increasing risk awareness by banks and the stricter interpretation of State Aid Rules will further increase the need for public support.Already now, there are credit guarantee schemes in many countries on the limit of their capacity and too many investment projects cannot be realized by SMEs.Experiences show that Public money, spent for supporting credit guarantees systems, is a very efficient instrument and has a much higher multiplying effect than other instruments. One Euro form the European Investment Funds can stimulate 30 Euro investments in SMEs (for venture capital funds the relation is only 1:2).Therefore, UEAPME expects the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to support:•The extension of funds for national credit guarantees schemes in the framework of the new Multi-Annual Programmed for Enterprises;•The development of new instruments for securitizations of SME portfolios;•The recognition of existing and well functioning credit guarantees schemes as collateral;•More flexibility within the European Instruments, because of national differences in the situation of SME finance;•The development of credit guarantees schemes in the new Member States;•The development of an SBIC-like scheme in the Member States to close the equity gap (0.2 – 2.5 Mio Euro, according to the expert meeting on PACE on April 27 in Luxemburg).•the development of a financial support scheme to encourage the internalizations of SMEs (currently there is no scheme available at EU level: termination of JOP, fading out of JEV).4. SMEs need company and income taxation systems, whichstrengthen their capacity for self-financingMany EU Member States have company and income taxation systems with negative incentives to build-up capital within the company by re-investing their profits. This is especially true for companies, which have to pay income taxes. Already in the past tax-regimes was one of the reasons for the higher dependence of Europe’s SMEs on bank lending. In future, the result of rating w ill also depend on the amount of capital in the company; the high dependence on lending will influence the access to lending. This is a vicious cycle, which has to be broken.Even though company and income taxation falls under the competence of Member States, UEAPME asks the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to publicly support tax-reforms, which will strengthen the capacity of Crafts, Trades and SME for self-financing. Thereby, a special focus on non-corporate companies is needed.5. Risk Capital – equity financingExternal equity financing does not have a real tradition in the SME sector. On the one hand, small enterprises and family business in general have traditionally not been very open towards external equity financing and are not used to informing transparently about their business.On the other hand, many investors of venture capital and similar forms of equity finance are very reluctant regarding investing their funds in smaller companies, which is more costly than investing bigger amounts in larger companies. Furthermore it is much more difficult to set out of such investments in smaller companies.Even though equity financing will never become the main source of financing for SMEs, it is an important instrument for highly innovative start-ups and fast growing companies and it has therefore to be further developed. UEAPME sees three pillars for such an approach where policy support is needed:Availability of venture capital•The Member States should review their taxation systems in order to create incentives to invest private money in all forms of venture capital.•Guarantee instruments for equity financing should be further developed.Improve the conditions for investing venture capital into SMEs•The development of secondary markets for venture capital investments in SMEs should be supported.•Accounting Standards for SMEs should be revised in order to easetransparent exchange of information between investor and owner-manager.Owner-managers must become more aware about the need for transparency towards investors•SME owners will have to realise that in future access to external finance (venture capital or lending) will depend much more on a transparent and open exchange of information about the situation and the perspectives of their companies.•In order to fulfil the new needs for transparency, SMEs will have to use new information instruments (business plans, financial reporting, etc.) and new management instruments (risk-management, financial management, etc.).外文资料翻译涂敏之会计学 8051208076题目:未来的中小企业融资背景:中小企业融资已经改变未来的经济复苏将取决于能否工艺品,贸易和中小企业利用其潜在的增长和创造就业。
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对多脉冲噪声的自适应阈值中值滤波通信与信息工程学院,电子科技大学成都中国中国61005与技术学院抽象衰减噪声在图像处理中起重要作用。
几乎所有的传统中值滤波器涉及去除具有单个层,其噪声灰度值是恒定的脉冲噪音。
在本文中,一种新的自适应中值滤波,提出了处理这些不仅是单层噪声的图像。
自适应阈值滤波器(ATMF)已开发通过组合自适应中值过滤器(AMF)和两个动态阈值。
动态门限的,因为正在使用,ATMF是能够平衡在除去多脉冲噪声和图像的质量。
提供该方法与传统的中值滤波的比较。
一些视觉实施例用来表明所提出的滤波器的性能。
关键词:中值滤波;自适应中值过滤器(AMF);自适应阈值中值滤波器(ATMF);多脉冲噪声;影像处理图像往往是由脉冲噪声是由于来自传感器或交际渠道产生的错误损坏。
它的边缘检测,图像分割和目标识别过程之前,以消除图像中的噪点是非常重要的。
众所周知的中值滤波器(MF)和它的衍生物已被确认为去除脉冲噪声的有效手段。
中值滤波器的成功是基于两个主要性能:边缘保持高效的噪声衰减,随着对冲动型噪声的鲁棒性。
边缘保持在图像处理必不可少由于视觉感知[7]的性质。
尽管它在平滑噪声效能,MF倾向于当应用于图像均匀地除去细的细节。
为了消除这个缺点,一个著名的改性的中值滤波,自适应中值过滤器(AMF),已经提出了。
它具有可变的窗口大小去除脉冲同时保留锐度同时。
以这种方式,边缘信息和详细信息的完整性变得更好。
上面提到的过滤器不善于去除多脉冲噪声。
然而,实际情况是,图像是由多脉冲噪声,包括单层噪声经常被破坏。
在本文中,一个基于决策的和信号自适应中值滤波算法。
它不仅实现脉冲噪声均强检测和视觉质量恢复的结果,但也确实很好地抗多的噪音。
对于噪声的识别,新的标准已在AMF加入,以使效果处理多个噪声。
此后,新的过滤器,命名为自适应阈值中值滤波器(ATMF),增加了当地的内核区域的两个动态阈值来帮助检测噪音。
仿真结果表明,该过滤器是一样好AMF的一层脉冲噪声,但比其他许多中值滤波器更好的为多脉冲噪声。
1自适应中值滤波器新颖滤波器处理原则基于AMF的。
AMF工作在矩形内核区域Sx的y和改变(增加)Sx的y的大小,在过滤操作中,根据某些条件下面列出。
如果过滤器不发现象素位于(x,y)是在内核中心噪声,像素的值将通过在Sx的y中的中间值替换。
否则,该像素的灰度级值将保持不变。
考虑下面的定义:Zmin = Sx, y最小灰度值ZMAX = Sx, y最大灰度值Zmed = Sx, y灰度级Z x, y =灰度级在(x,y)的坐标S max =最大允许值自适应中值滤波算法工程两级,表示为电平A和B级,如下所示:Level AA1=Z med−Z minA 2= Z med−Z maxIf A 1 > 0 AND A2 < 0 , go to level BOr else, increase the window sizeIf window size≤S max , repeat level AOr else, output Z x, y.Level BB 1= Z x y −Z min,B 2=Z x y −Z med.IfB1 > 0 AND B2 < 0 , output Z x, yOr else, output Z med .每次算法输出值,窗口Sx的,y为移动到图像中的下一个位置。
然后,该算法被重新初始化并施加到像素中的新位置。
AMF可以抑制各种密度的噪声达到很好的效果。
它有时为了适应不同的条件改变其内核最大大小。
一种方法是使用不同的内核的平均滤波器来处理图像,并确定AMF内核最大大小。
2自适应阈值中值滤波在一些应用中,图像被处理通常是由多脉冲噪声破坏。
实验已经表明,AMF 对低密度多脉冲噪声的图像,如小于0.1的概率一定的效果。
如果除去概率较高,如0.2,0.3或甚至大于0.4,AMF没有给予内容的结果。
增加的籽粒大小可以做得更好抑制噪音,但在同一时间,图像将成为细节更糟。
扩展的自适应中值滤波器(EAMF)证明,脉冲噪声值有时不仅是255或0 [10]。
的噪声可能会稍微小于255或大于0。
因此,在EAMF算法接近255或0的滤波器窗口中的像素值计算中值之前被丢弃。
因此,EAMF可以抑制更多样化的噪音,同时保持细节。
在我们的实验中,我们发现,在某些情况下EAMF不能给出一个满意的改善,从AMF。
因此,我们的基础上类似的参考文献的理论改变我们的AMF。
通过在参考文献开发的随机值脉冲检测机制激励。
两个动态阈值T1和T2被引入到的AMF。
它们的定义如下:T1(x , y) = X min 2− X min (1)T2 (x , y) = X max−X max 2 (2)其中,在Xmin是最小值,Xmin2处于初始窗口的第二小,喷射Xmax是最大的值和Xmax2是第二大。
然后,我们调整AMF判断条件:A 1= Z med− Z min− T 1A 2=Z med−Z max+ T 2B 1= Z x y −Z min−T1B 2= Z x y −Z max+ T 2然而,在一些情况下,多个噪声并不表示噪音值仅具有两个层,例如值255,253,3和0如果图像受更多层的噪音,在合理的T1和T2不能通过由方程上述方式而得到。
(1)和(2)。
因此,我们改变识别原理来处理这些复杂的情况。
在ATMF算法的识别原理给出如下。
1)初始化:设P是用于存储灰度级在坐标(i,j)的一个矢量并发起的所有元素P(t)的0。
矢量尺寸W = = K&times; K之中变化9,25或49对应的内核大小的3,5或7,分别ķ。
与此同时,启动T 1 = T 2 = 0。
2)LOOP:(1)定义P的值(T = W / 2 + 1)对应于该像素的灰度水平(X,Y)中的处理图像,在特定点(x,y)处的窗口Sx的,y为中心在一个给定的时间。
(2)重新排列的P(t)的值:存储最小的一个中(0)P时,从到较大的较小的值;最后,在()p n,其中n等于W.最大的一个卖场(3)获取T 1。
对于T1影响按照Zmin,分析开始的P(0)到较大的。
3),直到终止条件。
另外,在上述算法中,Td的是用来判断象素是否已损坏或不在图像的某些区域中。
它可以从直方图得到。
实时应用中,它可以从5发起〜20 R =宽×帕由噪声概率霸决定。
在e)和f),以便避免消除P(b)或P (B + 1个)处理作为非变质象素,让T 1 = D-1或T 2 = D-1。
在D),因为算法不能与运输署决定是否P(B)已损坏或没有,让T1 = D.对于许多图像,像素值装配在直方图的中心。
一些值被分配到直方图的两极(近似于0或255),但考虑到过滤冲击噪声时,它们将被忽略象MF和其衍生物。
根据这些预设,动态阈原理是比较不同的像素值。
首先,一个区域的像素值被设置从最小到最大的一个。
第二,两个相邻像素的差值是从最大或最小的一个来计算。
如果与运输署比较差异足够大,最小的或最大的非破坏的价值可以得到。
因此,T 1通过非破坏最大值来确定的非损坏最小值或T2确定可以得到。
然后,新的T1和T2替换旧由方程得到的。
(1)和(2)来调整的AMF判断条件。
3实验结果与分析在这项工作中考虑的噪声双极脉冲噪声。
在一层的脉冲噪声是指固定值255(盐)和0(辣椒),所有的冲动。
脉冲噪声的概率是相等的。
到多脉冲噪声,噪声的值也被推定为具有相同的概率。
然而,这些值相应均匀地分布在两个极点。
对于该实验,8位272×256“血”图像和256×256'拉拉图像是由20%,单层脉冲噪声的40%和30%和多脉冲噪声的40%,分别为损坏。
通过改变每个方法的内核大小进行了大量的模拟:3,5或7。
对于性能测量中,我们使用的均方误差(MSE)和峰值信噪比(PSNR)。
此外,为了更好地显示动态门限的功能,一个特殊ATMF静态阈值(T 1 = T 2 = 15)(ASTMF)与ATMF比较。
AMF的一个重要特征,ASTMF和ATMF是它们可以几乎衰减所有所述一个层脉冲噪声,如图1和图2。
像节能血液的边缘细节时,他们的表现是比MF更好,特别是在高噪声污染。
在图1,图2和表1,之后新识别原理以AMF算法引入,ATMF的性能是一样的AMF,甚至更好在静态数据。
此外,它是比ASTMF更好。
其原因是,动态保存比静态阈值的更多细节。
此外,由于噪声层的数量逐渐增加,提出的滤波器的性能变得更好,如图3和图4。
图3(a)是由30%的多脉冲噪声,其中的值是255,253,250,6,3损坏的'拉拉'图像,和0图3(B)显示的MF除去几乎所有噪音,但在细节上都受到严重破坏。
图3(c)是从AMF的结果。
细节比所述中值滤波器的更好。
然而,标脉冲噪声留在图像。
这是不好的减少多脉冲噪声。
图4(d)和(E)显示ASTMF 和ATMF(TD = 7)的结果。
它们的性能都明显高于AMF的更好,而不是仅在细节。
他们都几乎所有的多个噪声消除。
与MSE和PSNR相比,数据大多是相同的。
前者是MSE和50.11 PSNR 30.13,后者MSE 49.37和31.20 PSNR。
这些数据表明,该静态阈值过滤器可以很好地去除多脉冲噪声,如果静态阈值的声音。
在模拟中,相同的结果,揭示了劳拉的形象。
要显示的动态阈值的优点,我们已经设计了一些特殊图像作证两种阈值的效率。
在图4中,“拉拉”的形象是由40%多脉冲噪声污染。
该脉冲噪声价值235和19超出,可以通过ASTMF阈值来检测的范围。
其结果示于图4。
虽然与运输署= 7 ATMF不能消除所有的噪音,它可以去除噪声远远超过ASTMF。
事实上,如果我们调整的TD一个合适的值,它可以做以及图3(e)根据更可能出现的情况。
另一方面,虽然增加了静态阈值也可以处理更多的问题,图像的细节将连续且大幅度降低,甚至比ATMF更严重。
4 总结在本文中,我们提出了一个新的噪声消除算法来处理多脉冲噪声。
该算法ATMF集成了AMF和两个动态阈值。
动态阈值提高所述滤波器来检测所述多个噪声和平衡噪声消除和图像质量的能力。
根据我们的实验结果,所提出的方法优于在多脉冲噪声和感知的图像质量方面的常规方法。
它提供了一个性能相当稳定,在宽范围噪声腐败的各种概率图像。
同时,它可以做,以及,甚至比AMF对于正常脉冲噪声更好。