毕业论文的参考文献的中文格式与翻译
毕业论文(设计)外文文献翻译及原文

金融体制、融资约束与投资——来自OECD的实证分析R.SemenovDepartment of Economics,University of Nijmegen,Nijmegen(荷兰内梅亨大学,经济学院)这篇论文考查了OECD的11个国家中现金流量对企业投资的影响.我们发现不同国家之间投资对企业内部可获取资金的敏感性具有显著差异,并且银企之间具有明显的紧密关系的国家的敏感性比银企之间具有公平关系的国家的低.同时,我们发现融资约束与整体金融发展指标不存在关系.我们的结论与资本市场信息和激励问题对企业投资具有重要作用这种观点一致,并且紧密的银企关系会减少这些问题从而增加企业获取外部融资的渠道。
一、引言各个国家的企业在显著不同的金融体制下运行。
金融发展水平的差别(例如,相对GDP的信用额度和相对GDP的相应股票市场的资本化程度),在所有者和管理者关系、企业和债权人的模式中,企业控制的市场活动水平可以很好地被记录.在完美资本市场,对于具有正的净现值投资机会的企业将一直获得资金。
然而,经济理论表明市场摩擦,诸如信息不对称和激励问题会使获得外部资本更加昂贵,并且具有盈利投资机会的企业不一定能够获取所需资本.这表明融资要素,例如内部产生资金数量、新债务和权益的可得性,共同决定了企业的投资决策.现今已经有大量考查外部资金可得性对投资决策的影响的实证资料(可参考,例如Fazzari(1998)、 Hoshi(1991)、 Chapman(1996)、Samuel(1998)).大多数研究结果表明金融变量例如现金流量有助于解释企业的投资水平。
这项研究结果解释表明企业投资受限于外部资金的可得性。
很多模型强调运行正常的金融中介和金融市场有助于改善信息不对称和交易成本,减缓不对称问题,从而促使储蓄资金投着长期和高回报的项目,并且提高资源的有效配置(参看Levine(1997)的评论文章)。
因而我们预期用于更加发达的金融体制的国家的企业将更容易获得外部融资.几位学者已经指出建立企业和金融中介机构可进一步缓解金融市场摩擦。
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文

Inventory managementInventory ControlOn the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion.The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility.Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored:First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments .Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field ofthese big boys, but also their simple modules inside the warehouse management functionality is defined as "inventory management" or "inventory control." This makes the already not quite understand what our inventory control, but not sure what is inventory control.In fact, from the perspective of broadly understood, inventory control, shouldinclude the following:First, the fundamental purpose of inventory control. We know that the so-called world-class manufacturing, two key assessment indicators (KPI) is, customer satisfaction and inventory turns, inventory turns and this is actually the fundamental objective of inventory control.Second, inventory control means. Increase inventory turns, relying solely on the so-called physical inventory control is not enough, it should be the demand and supply chain management process flow of this large output, and this big warehouse management processes in addition to including this link, the more important The section also includes: forecasting and order processing, production planning and control, materials planning and purchasing control, inventory planning and forecasting in itself, as well as finished products, raw materials, distribution and delivery of the strategy, and even customs management processes.And with the demand and supply chain management processes throughout the process, it is the information flow and capital flow management. In other words, inventory itself is across the entire demand and supply management processes in all aspects of inventory control in order to achieve the fundamental purpose, it must control all aspects of inventory, rather than just manage the physical inventory at hand.Third, inventory control, organizational structure and assessment.Since inventory control is the demand and supply chain management processes, output, inventory control to achieve the fundamental purpose of this process must be compatible with a rational organizational structure. Until now, we can see that many companies have only one purchasing department, purchasing department following pipe warehouse. This is far short of inventory control requirements. From the demand and supply chain management process analysis, we know that purchasing and warehouse management is the executive arm of the typical, and inventory control should focus on prevention, the executive branch is very difficult to "prevent inventory" for the simple reason that they assessment indicatorsin large part to ensure supply (production, customer). How the actual situation, a reasonable demand and supply chain management processes, and thus set the corresponding rational organizational structure and is a question many of our enterprisesto exploreThe role of inventory controlInventory management is an important part of business management. In the production and operation activities, inventory management must ensure that both the production plant for raw materials, spare parts demand, but also directly affect the purchasing, sales of share, sales activities. To make an inventory of corporate liquidity, accelerate cash flow, the security of supply under the premise of minimizing Yaku funds, directly affects the operational efficiency. Ensure the production and operation needs of the premise, so keep inventories at a reasonable level; dynamic inventory control, timely, appropriate proposed order to avoid over storage or out of stock; reduce inventory footprint, lower total cost of inventory; control stock funds used to accelerate cash flow.Problems arising from excessive inventory: increased warehouse space andinventory storage costs, thereby increasing product costs; take a lot of liquidity, resultingin sluggish capital, not only increased the burden of payment of interest, etc., would affect the time value of money and opportunity income; finished products and raw materials caused by physical loss and intangible losses; a large number of enterprise resource idle, affecting their rational allocation and optimization; cover the production, operation of the whole process of the various contradictions and problems, is not conducive to improve the management level.Inventory is too small the resulting problems: service levels caused a decline in the profit impact of marketing and corporate reputation; production system caused by inadequate supply of raw materials or other materials, affecting the normal production process; to shorten lead times, increase the number of orders, so order (production) costs; affect the balance of production and assembly of complete sets.NotesInventory management should particularly consider the following two questions:First, according to sales plans, according to the planned production of the goods circulated in the market, we should consider where, how much storage.Second, starting from the level of service and economic benefits to determine howto ensure inventories and supplementary questions.The two problems with the inventory in the logistics process functions.In general, the inventory function:(1)to prevent interrupted. Received orders to shorten the delivery of goods fromthe time in order to ensure quality service, at the same time to prevent out of stock.(2)to ensure proper inventory levels, saving inventory costs.(3)to reduce logistics costs. Supplement with the appropriate time interval compatible with the reasonable demand of the cargo in order to reduce logistics costs, eliminate or avoid sales fluctuations.(4)ensure the production planning, smooth to eliminate or avoid sales fluctuations.(5)display function.(6)reserve. Mass storage when the price falls, reduce losses, to respond to disasters and other contingencies.About the warehouse (inventory) on what the question, we must consider the number and location. If the distribution center, it should be possible according to customer needs, set at an appropriate place; if it is stored in central places to minimize the complementary principle to the distribution centers, there is no place certain requirements. When the stock base is established, will have to take into account are stored in various locations in what commodities.库存管理库存控制在谈到所谓“库存控制”的时候,很多人将其理解为“仓储管理”,这实际上是个很大的曲解。
毕业论文正文、文献综述和外文翻译文本编辑排版格式要求

附12-2:毕业论文正文、文献综述和外文翻译文本编辑排版格式要求1、标题:三号宋体居中。
2、作者姓名,学号,班级小四号宋体,居中。
3、中文摘要,中文关键词。
中文摘要和关键词用小五号宋体。
其中“摘要,关键词”用黑体小五号,后面加冒号,关键词之间用分号隔开,关键词一般不超过5个。
4、正文的一级标题用四号宋体,二级标题用小四号黑体,三级标题用五号黑体,正文中文字符用五号宋体。
标题统一采用1; 1.1; 1.1.1; 2; 2.1; 2.1.2; …的样式。
标题最多为三级。
5、文中引用参考文献,统一用[1]的格式,上标。
6、参考文献用小五号字体,中文用宋体。
“参考文献”四字用宋体四号。
参考文献著录格式:序号(统一用[1]的格式)著者(如有多个作者,列出前三名,其余用“等”表示,英文用“et al”表示。
). 文献题名[文献类型代码](其中,专著为M,期刊为J,标准为S,学位论文为D,报告为R,论文集为C,专利为P,报刊新闻为N,论文集中析出文献为A). 期刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码. 其中卷加粗。
著录格式如下例:[1] 王子健,吕怡兵,王毅等. 淮河水体多介质取代苯类污染及其生态健康风险[J]. 环境科学学报, 2002,22(3): 300~304.[2] Lueking A D, Huang W, Soderstrom-Schwarz S, et al. The chemical structure of soil /sediment organic matter and its role in the sequestration and bioavailability of sorb ed organic contaminants[J]. Journal of Environment Quality, 2000,29(1):317~323. [3] 史忠宝. 建设项目环境影响评价[M]. 北京:中国环境科学出版社,1994.。
论文参考文献的格式

Research Paper (V) IV.常见参考文献的著录格式
★ Article collections(论文集)
[序号]作者.文献题名[A]. 见: 主编.论文集名[C]. 出版地:出版社, 出版年:起止页码. Eg: [3]刘道义.关于深化基础外语课程改革的几点意见[A]. 见: 人 民教育出版社外语室英语组. 中学英语教师培训参考手册 [C]. 北京:中国青年出版社, 2000: 1—3. [序号]文献作者.析出文献文题 ( 第一个单词首字母[A] . In: 论文集编者.论文集题名 ( 斜体,实词首字母大写 ) [C] .出版地:出版者,出版年 . 析出文献起止页码. eg: [4] Li C. M., Anbulagan. Heuristics based on unit propagation for satisfiability problems [A]. In: Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence [C]. Nagova, Japan :XXX, 1997. 232 - 238.
Research Paper (V) IV.常见参考文献的著录格式
★ Patent (专利)
[序号]专利所有者.文献题名[P]. 国别:专利号,发布日期. eg: [6]姜锡州.一种温外敷药制备方案[P]. 中国专利 :881056078, 1983—08—12. [序号]专利所有者.文献题名( 正体,实词首字母大写) [P]. 国别:专利号,发布日期. Eg: [7]Koya, S., Yutaka, W. Jointing Nitride Ceramics [P]. JP: 07011305, 1995-10-16 .
参考文献的基本格式标准

参考文献的基本格式标准参考文献的基本格式标准一、论文正文中的参考文献标注方式1、论文中注明参考文献作者时,只列出相关作者的姓氏,中文姓名也用拼音列出其姓氏。
当引用的作者是一位时,按下列方式列出:Long (1991) argues that ….Zhang (2001) argues that …当引用的作者为二至三位时,按下列方式列出:Perkins and Gass (1996) argue that….Zhang, Li and Wang (1996) argue that …当引用的作者超过三位时,只列出第一位作者,其他的作者用缩写et al.表示:Sanders et al. (1992) studied coherence relations ….2、需要注明参考文献的具体页码时使用冒号,冒号和页码之间空一格:Messick (1989: 20) presents …Hu (1994: 5-6) points out that …3、直接引用文献时,如所引用的内容超过50单词,应另起一段,左右缩进两个字符:Lorenz (1999: 55) voiced a very similar view that because in written communication, coherence cannot be explicitly negotiated face-to-face between text producer and text receiver,writers therefore have every reason for trying to be unequivocal and to make their ideas, intentions and arguments unmistakably clear. One way of doing this is to carefully signal logical relations and thereby ‘signpost’ the path to coherence for the reader. Consequently, when looking at the fabrication of coherence in written discourse, we need to pay special attention to those explicit signposts of coherence, i.e. the text’s cohesiveties.4、在句尾注明参考文献作者时,句号应在括号之外。
参考文献(Bibliography)格式的具体说明

一、总体格式和要求
1.本科毕业论文的参考文献页应该单独起页。
2.参考文献的数量不得少于10项,必须要有外文条目。
3.参考文献一般应包括尾注的所有条目,另外还可以列入自己读过的、对论文写作影响较大但未引用的文献。
4.参考文献中如兼有多语种条目,则应分开排列,先外语后中文。外语条目按照文献条目首词字母排序,中文条目按照文献开头的拼音排序;如文献开头的字母或拼音相同,依序参照其后的字母或拼音排序。
4.期刊论文
论文作者. “论文名.”斜体期刊名卷号(期号) (发行年月日),起止页码.
若一年的各期连续编排页码,则只需给出卷号,不需标出期号:
Powell, Welter W.. “The Health-Science Information Struggle: The Private Information Industry versus The National Library of Medicine.”New EnglandJournal of Medicine307(15 July 1982),201-223.
多个作者:桂诗春、宁春岩《XXXXX》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1997。
编著:桂诗春、宁春岩主编《语言学方法论》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1997。
译著:尤金·奈达著,严久生译《语言文化与翻译》,呼和浩特:内蒙古大学出版社,1998。
3.若著者为公司或机构时,直接将公司或机构作为作者:
英文文献:
9.英文条目各部分的首字母需要大写,文献中的实词和超过5个字母的介词也需要首字母大写。
二、作者部分的写法
1.英文参考文献中作者部分的写法:
作者姓氏,首名中名.如不是为了区别重名的不同作者,中名可省略。
中文译著参考文献格式模板

中文译著参考文献格式模板中文译著参考文献格式模板写作背景:在学术研究中,除了自己的研究成果之外,参考前人的成果也是不可或缺的。
因此,参考文献的格式也变得非常重要。
其中,中文译著的参考文献格式也有一些特殊之处,下面将分享一下中文译著参考文献的格式模板,以供参考。
模板内容:1. 书籍译著的格式模板:作者. 书名. 译者. 出版地:出版社,出版年份.例如:罗伯特·卡布. 内向者导论. 李睿涛等译. 北京:中信出版集团,2017.2. 章节译著的格式模板:原作者. “章节标题.” 书名. 译者. 出版地:出版社,出版年份,页码.例如:迈克尔·波特. “波特教授谈策略.” 系列名. 谭李译. 北京:中信出版社,2014,第10页.3. 期刊译著的格式模板:原作者. “文章标题.” 期刊名. 译者. 年,卷(期):页码.例如:彼得·杜兰. “聚焦管理.” 财富. 许诺等译. 2012,第5期:31-34.模板解释:1. 书籍译著的格式模板:以《内向者导论》这本书为例,作者是罗伯特·卡布,书名是《内向者导论》,译者是李睿涛等,出版地是北京,出版社是中信出版集团,出版年份是2017年。
2. 章节译著的格式模板:以迈克尔·波特在《波特教授谈策略》这本书中的一篇文章为例,原作者是迈克尔·波特,章节标题是“波特教授谈策略”,书名是“系列名”,译者是谭李,出版地是北京,出版社是中信出版社,出版年份是2014年,页码是第10页。
3. 期刊译著的格式模板:以彼得·杜兰在《财富》期刊上发表的一篇译著文章为例,原作者是彼得·杜兰,文章标题是“聚焦管理”,期刊名是《财富》,译者是许诺等,年份是2012年,卷(期)是第5期,页码是31-34。
总结:中文译著参考文献的格式模板可以帮助学者们更好地对研究资料进行整理和归纳。
不同的参考文献有不同的格式要求,学者们需要结合实际情况选择不同的格式模板进行参考文献的整理和编排。
论文参考文献格式(标准版)

著作类(含翻译类):[1] [美]格林斯坦、波尔斯比:《政治学手册(下卷)》,储复耘译,商务印书馆1996年版,第295页。
[2]《邓小平文选》第3卷,人民出版社1993年版,第116页。
[3] 江泽民:《全面建设小康社会开创中国特色社会主义事业新局面——在中国共产党十六次全国代表大会上的报告》,人民出版社2002年版,第32页。
[4]胡锦涛:《高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜为夺取全面建设小康社会新胜利而奋斗——在中国共产党第十七次全国代表大会上的报告》,人民出版社2007年版,第32页。
[5]《新英汉大词典》,上海译文出版社1978年版,第913页。
[6]《中国大百科全书·政治学》,中国大百科全书出版社1992年版,第485页。
[7] 黄卫平、汪永成:《当代中国政治研究报告III》,社会科学文献出版社2004年版,第186-201页。
论文类:[1] 于立深:《行政立法过程的利益表达、意见沟通和整合》,《当代法学》2004年第2期。
杂志类:[1]赵东辉:《信访的体制瓶颈亟待突破让民意顺畅上达》,《瞭望新闻周刊》2003年第40期。
报纸类:[1] 郭道辉:《法治目标与扩大公民有序政治参与》,《光明日报》2000年11月26日。
[2] 杨雪冬:《秩序是一种公共品》,《学习时报》2006年3月28日。
[3] 中国国务院新闻办公室:《中国的民主政治建设(白皮书)》,《人民日报》2005年10月19日。
网站类:[1]郑若麟:《法国进入“总统大选前期,勒庞效应会不会重演”》,/world/2006-11/16/conten t.htm。
英文类:[1] Sue Goss, Making Local Governance Work: Networks, Relationships and the Management of Change, New York:Palgrave,2001,P.40.学位论文类:[1] 莫祖栋:《广义集成优化反演法在机械设计中的应用研究》,湖南大学硕士学位论文,2006,第14-27页。
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毕业论文的参考文献的中文格式与翻译
参考文献是毕业论文中非常重要的部分,它汇集了作者在撰写论文
过程中所参考的资料和引用的文献来源。
为了使参考文献的格式和翻
译准确无误,以下是毕业论文参考文献的中文格式与翻译的详细介绍。
一、参考文献的中文格式
在毕业论文中,参考文献的中文格式通常按照GB/T 7714-2015《文
后参考文献著录规则》的要求进行编写。
下面是中文参考文献的格式
示例:
[1] 作者. 文献题目[J]. 期刊名, 年份, 卷号(期号): 起始页码-结束页码.
[2] 作者. 文献题目[M]. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年份.
[3] 作者. 文献题目[D]. 保存地: 保存单位, 年份.
[4] 作者. 文献题目[EB/OL]. (更新或出版日期) [引用日期]. 可获取网址.
上述格式中,方括号内的数字代表参考文献的顺序编号,作者表示
文献的作者姓名,文献题目是对文献内容的简要概述,期刊名指的是
该文献发表的期刊名称,年份代表文献发表的年份,卷号(期号)指的是
该文献发表的期刊卷号和期刊期号,起始页码和结束页码表示文献在
期刊中所占的页码范围,出版地指的是文献出版的地点,出版社表示
文献的出版社,出版年份指的是文献的出版年份,保存地表示文献现
在保存的地方,保存单位指的是文献的保管单位,更新或出版日期指
的是网上资源的更新或出版日期,引用日期是获取网上资源时的日期,网址指的是网上资源的网址。
二、参考文献的翻译
当我们在毕业论文中引用外文文献时,需要对文献题目进行翻译以
便读者能够理解。
下面是一些常见的翻译方法和示例:
1. 直译法:将外文文献的标题逐字逐句地直接翻译成中文。
示例:[1] Smith J. How to Write a Research Paper[J]. Journal of Academic Writing, 2018, 5(2): 123-135.
翻译为:[1] 史密斯 J. 如何写一篇研究论文[J]. 学术写作杂志, 2018,
5(2): 123-135.
2. 意译法:根据文献的内容和语境将外文文献的标题进行意义上的
翻译。
示例:[2] Johnson P. The Art of Scientific Writing[M]. New York: Academic Press, 2019.
翻译为:[2] 约翰逊 P. 科技写作的艺术[M]. 纽约: 学术出版社, 2019.
3. 混合翻译法:结合直译法和意译法,进行不同程度的处理。
示例:[3] White S. Machine Learning: A Practical Approach[D]. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2017.
翻译为:[3] 怀特 S. 机器学习: 实用方法[D]. 剑桥: 麻省理工学院出
版社, 2017.
在进行参考文献翻译时,需要注意遵循准确传达原文信息和易于读者理解的原则,尽量保持翻译与原文的一致性。
总结:
通过以上的介绍,我们了解到毕业论文参考文献的编写格式和翻译方法。
在撰写毕业论文时,应该严格按照规范要求编写参考文献,并根据需要进行正确的翻译。
这样不仅能够保证参考文献的准确性和规范性,还能够提升论文的整体质量和学术水平。
感谢您的阅读,祝您在撰写毕业论文时取得优异的成绩!。