2012年托福测试语法题笔记5
托福语法笔记
三、平行结构
A，B，or/and C
A, B，C三个元素必须对应
四、宾语从句结构
宾从：S+Vt+(that + SVO)
*看到这些Vt后，第一反应找that
indicate,state,regard,demonstrate,find,estimate, show,hold,
insist,say,tell,believe,think,learn
*adv.不能修饰任何名词
但是adv.+同位语是正确的:...,(which is)approximately the distance .
九、形容词的并列结构--------->可参考改错类型十
(A) adj adj adj + noun.
n个adj不并列，有确定的先后顺序
(B)当多个形容词用逗号连接时，这几个形容词完全对等，无先后顺序
~~~~~~~~~现在分词与名词为修饰关系，相当于adj,所以中心词为名词
Doing exercise is a good habit.
~~~~~动名词是只有动词牲的名词，可以带宾语，与名词之间是动宾关系，
中心词是动名词
*Doing复数noun.+单V
十四、make结构
make +宾(noun.,代词)+宾补(noun.,adj),必须加宾补
(F)*what is now永远对
where + V永远错，因为where是adv.
六、介词+which结构
which只能用于定语从句，在从句中必须作主/宾语
(A)SVO+which+不完整句(缺主语)
(B)SVO+prep.+which+完整句
2012年托福测试语法题笔记8
2012年托福测试语法题笔记81. The coal industry is important to every industrial nations because most other industries are directly or indirectly dependent on it.答案：A分析及考点：同样表示每个，所有，every应该跟名词单数，而nations是复数，应该改成all参考译文：煤矿工业对所有国家来说都是重要的，因为大多数其他工业都直接或间接的依赖它。
2. The brightly colored kingfisher that perches until it sights a fish, then dives into the water to catch its prey.答案：B分析及考点：先看主谓宾，then连接两个句子。
所以that perches实际不成立定语从句，应该把that去掉。
参考译文：具有光亮颜色的翠鸟栖息在高处，直到它看到鱼，它就会扎进水里把猎物抓住。
3. Neptune circles the Sun once every 164.8 Earth years, and its day —— one rotation its axis —— is15.8 hours.答案：C rotation around its axis分析及考点：C的错误比较明显，B（every）的这种用法应记住，很容易被迷惑。
参考译文：4. Observable comets are occasionally attracted toward the inner Solar System by the fields gravitational of nearby stars and giant molecular clouds.答案：C分析及考点：次序颠倒。
应改为gravitational fields，重力场。
TOEFL语法笔记
TOEFL语法笔记王海波代词95%为错，情态动词永远不错，first 划线永远对，虚拟语气不考。
填空的基本做法：1 先找句子的分段点（即连词，分词，介词和标点符号）将句子分成记几段，选择要看的那部分句子，即只关注与空格相关的那部分句子。
句法：{①简单句：S+V②并列句：分句+并列句子+；句子+。
并列句划为简单句：句子，and/all/but+句子。
③复合句：主句+从句划为简单句2 简化句子简化原则：①adv/数/冠可以划掉②介词短语可以划掉③修饰名词的adj/n可以划掉④做状语的分词短语可以划掉⑤与空格无关的句子可以很划掉p65-5/83 分析句子结构，判断空格中所缺的句子成分。
捷径：可直接套用句型和结构p53-14 ，倒装句答案的首字母为系动词或助动词p92-14 * ——+n为There be 句型p210-74 区分四选项，结合句意和语感确定答案。
句子→简单句→主干→判断→选答案主语，——，谓宾。
100%考↓插入语定语从句或省略的定语从句定语从句中主和系可以同时省略which+be/that+be/who+be 可以省略①定语从句②n③adj短语/分词短语/介词改错做题要点：1 语法与句意并重，一定要通读全句（做题思想）。
2 一边读句意，一边思考划线部分的语法知识点是否正确。
3 熟悉掌握各种错误类型。
4 做题ABCD要看全，选择一个最明显的错误，最好有明确的理由。
填空的固定句型和结构一主句专一结构1-2※句子，句子。
为错任何句子只有一个主句，句子之间必须有连词。
※任何从句都是正常语序。
二谓语专一结构3-4任何一个句子只有一个谓语，谓语动词之间一定要有连词连接。
※主谓……谓……错主谓……，谓……。
错三平行结构5-6X and YX ，Y and Z 各元素必须一致to do ，do and do 。
be done ，done and done。
※——，——，and——。
四what 结构7-8缩合连接代词（1）what =the thing that =all that thing 由句意定7 中what =the corp that 8 中what =the place that（2）what 在前后句中必须同时做成分what =the thing that（3）n+what 错n+the thing that √※prep+what+SVO 错what →which √（4）what 引导的句子等于一个名词，可以做主语，宾语，表语。
托福真题2012年5月12日
托福真题2012年5月12日(总分：120.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Question 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)1.What suggestions would you make to your friend who wants to open a restaurant? Please include specific details in your explanation.（分数：20.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Topic: I would suggest that my friend make his restaurant unique for his customers, as well as provide only quality food and dining conditions.Reason 1: First, the restaurant should offer something that customers cannot get in other restaurants in order to have a specific customer base. Perhaps, American or European food with suitable style and decor should be considered.Reason 2: Second, the restaurant should always provide quality food and atmosphere. If a restaurant uses low quality it meats and vegetables, customers will always notice and they won't come again. Also, if the restaurant is poorly decorated or dirty, it will not attract guests to come in and eat.)解析：Alternative Wording(替换表达)Synonyms (a)unique—one-of-a-kind (b)quality—superior(c)customer base—clientele (d)low quality—inferior(e)attract—drawParaphrases 1. The top priority is to provide a unique dining experience for one's clientele, one based on the best food and ambience.2. If a restaurant tries to cut corners by providing substandard food, the customers cannot fail to notice and will never come a second time.二、Question 2(总题数：1，分数：20.00)2.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: students who work harder will be successful later in life? Please include specific details in your explanation.（分数：20.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Topic: I believe that hard work usually results in success later in life, and also gives students a sense of individual pride.Reason 1: Firstly, I think the students who work the hardest in college tend to work the hardest on the job later, and these individuals are likely to be successful in the future.Reason 2: Also, working hard gives students pride. Regardless of what others may say about them, the students know if they devote 100%, they will have a stronger academic record and are more likely to be hired by future employers.)解析：Alternative Wording(替换表达)Synonyms (a)result in—yield (b)individual—personal(c)tend to—generallyParaphrases Personal pride is one of the rewards for hard work.三、Question 3(总题数：1，分数：20.00)3.A Proposal from a StudentI would like to suggest that the University of California, Riverside make swimming a required course for all present and incoming students. This advice is prompted by three reflections. To begin with, college is one of the most stressful times of life for most people. Swimming is an ideal stress-reducing activity. Older swimmers often display a significant decrease in high blood pressure. Another benefit is that swimming is perhaps the ideal exercise, giving a workout to every muscle group. Lastly, students who are relaxed and in good physical condition will increase their study efficiency.Question: The woman expresses her opinion about the proposal given by a student suggesting making swimming class a required course at the university. State her opinion and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion.Now hear a conversation between two students.A Proposal from a StudentI would like to suggest that the University of California, Riverside make swimming a required course for all present and incoming students. This advice is prompted by three reflections. To begin with, college is one of the most stressful times of life for most people. Swimming is an ideal stress-reducing activity. Older swimmers often display a significant decrease in high blood pressure. Another benefit is that swimming is perhaps the ideal exercise, giving a workout to every muscle group. Lastly, students who are relaxed and in good physical condition will increase their study efficiency.Question: The woman expresses her opinion about the proposal given by a student suggesting making swimming class a required course at the university. State her opinion and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion.Now hear a conversation between two students.（分数：20.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(The letter urges that swimming should be a required course at the university because it is a good way to exercise and also relieves students' stress.The woman strongly disagrees with the suggestionFirst, she says that most students already have their preferred exercise and way to relax. This proposal is therefore unnecessary.Second, a required class is not relaxing. One cannot compel people to have fun. Plus, most students already know how to swim. Requiring them to take the swimming class is a waste of time. As such, the woman thinks this idea is misguided.)解析：[听力原文]W: What nonsense!M: Is anything wrong?W: No, I'm talking about this article in the university newspaper.M: What does it say?W: A student wants the school to require everyone to take swimming class.M: Swimming can be pretty useful. It can even save your life!W: She's only talking about how swimming is a great way to relax and exercise. But most people already have their own way to relax and to exercise. Take me, I ride a bicycle to lose weight and relax. lt's easy and I don't need to go to the pool, change clothes, get wet and cold. M: Me either! I like tennis.W: Besides, if you force people to learn swimming, how relaxed are they going to be? Having to go to a class takes all the fun out of swimming. Plus, anyway, most students already know how to swim. Why should they take the class at all? They'll learn nothing, waste their time, and probably feel more stressed out.M: True, true.Alternative Wording(替换表达)Synonyms (a)required—mandatory (b)compel—force(c)misguided—wrong-headedParaphrases 1. Most people already have their own fitness regimen and way to relax.2. Since most students are swimmers already, a required class in the subject represents a poor use of their time.四、Question 4(总题数：1，分数：20.00)4.Peak-End PhenomenonIn the psychology of memory and its reliability, one of the most important phenomena is the "peak-end" phenomenon. In simple terms, the two most important factors in how people remember an experience are its end and its peak. Namely, people tend to have the most vivid impressions about the most intense part and end segment of something they experienced. These findings suggest that memory is sometimes a poor guide in assessing the overall tenor of events. The ability to generalize tends to be overwhelmed by one or two striking moments as outlined above. Question: Using the information from the lecture, explain how the professor's memory of his vacation in Alaska demonstrates the peak-end phenomenon in the reading passage.Now hear a talk on the same subject.Peak-End PhenomenonIn the psychology of memory and its reliability, one of the most important phenomena is the "peak-end" phenomenon. In simple terms, the two most important factors in how people remember an experience are its end and its peak. Namely, people tend to have the most vivid impressions about the most intense part and end segment of something they experienced. These findings suggest that memory is sometimes a poor guide in assessing the overall tenor of events. The ability to generalize tends to be overwhelmed by one or two striking moments as outlined above. Question: Using the information from the lecture, explain how the professor's memory of his vacation in Alaska demonstrates the peak-end phenomenon in the reading passage.Now hear a talk on the same subject.（分数：20.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(The professor illustrates the peak-end phenomenon by giving an example from his own experience in Alaska during his vacation last year.According to the lecture, the weather was cold and rainy when the professor arrived in Alaska, so everyone stayed in the hotel for about a week. Later, he and his friends went outside and saw a whale close up during a lull in the rain. The experience was unforgettable. Also, at the end of the vacation, they had a party featuring good brandy, singing, and a cozy fire. Now, the only parts of the vacation he recalls are the whale and the party. He remembers having a great time, even though most of the hours were miserable.)解析：[听力原文]M: Let's get started, shall we? Today we are going to talk about peak-end phenomenon which refers to people's memory or impressions tending to center on only the peak-and- end part of events they experienced. So let's take an example, OK?Last summer, some friends and I went up to Alaska. In the Southeast of that state it rains constantly! Really, two-hundred days of rain is considered normal. So we stayed inside and watched TV. But, after about a week of silent misery, we were out on the harbor in a boat one day. Of course, the rain had stopped. Suddenly, only about a hundred yards away, a white whale surfaced! It was huge-like a building. And it was alive! You never ever forget a sight like that.After that we all got together in the hotel lounge, opened up some bottles of old French brandy, and sang songs around the fire place. And now, if you ask me about my Alaska vacation, I clearly remember only two things: that awesome whale and that cozy party. So I tell you I had a great time, even though we spent most of the time in our rooms watching TV and complaining because it was raining.Alternative Wording(替换表达)Synonyms (a)stay in—be cooped up in (b)go outside—venture out(c)unforgettable—memorable (d)recall—look back on(e)miserable—depressingParaphrases 1. The miserable weather in Alaska confined everyone to the hotel.2. Despite the fact that most days were unpleasant, he recalls that vacation as a high point in his life.五、Question 5(总题数：1，分数：20.00)5.Question: The speaking discusses two possible solutions to the woman's problem. Describe the problem and the two solutions. Then state which of the two solutions you prefer and explain why.Question: The speaking discusses two possible solutions to the woman's problem. Describe the problem and the two solutions. Then state which of the two solutions you prefer and explain why.（分数：20.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(The student has just run out of a necessary color when painting a class project, which she needs to complete and submit tomorrow.Her friend offers two solutions. First, she can order the needed paint online. Or, she can drive downtown and buy the paint color.Personally speaking, I prefer the second solution.First, delivery of the online purchase will take five days. She cannot afford to wait for the paint since the project is due tomorrow.Although there will be a traffic jam downtown, she can still get the color to complete her project and—maybe-submit it on time. It is better to do anything rather than sit at home complaining.) 解析：[听力原文]W: Ohhhhhh!M: What's wrong, Lisa?W: I just ran out of the Pyrrole Red I need to finish the painting project for my Art class. M: What's Pyrrole Red?W: It's a color of paint.M: Sorry, I am not an artist. So why don't you get some more?W: There's no time! This painting is due tomorrow morning.M: Let me see. You can just order more online.W: Ordering is instant. But I tried and the online store said that the transportation will take five days. That's way too late!M: Look, you have a car. Why not drive downtown and buy a bottle?W: There's no time! Traffic starts getting bad every afternoon after about two. I'd be lucky to get home before seven. I'm too busy with the painting to waste that much time.M: But you have to do something to get the color.Alternative Wording(替换表达)Synonyms (a)run out of—use up (b)color—tint, hue, shade(c)project—assignmentParaphrases The traffic jam might be a problem; the likelihood is that she can turn in her work on time.六、Question 6(总题数：1，分数：20.00)6.Question: Using points and examples from the talk, explain the two kinds of seasonal molting that enables animals to adapt to different conditions.Question: Using points and examples from the talk, explain the two kinds of seasonal molting that enables animals to adapt to different conditions.（分数：20.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(According to the lecture, there are two main reasons for animals to molt: to deal with changes in the temperature and to avoid being seen by predators.The professor gives an example of the hare. Hares have heavy fur in winter and light fur in summer. This helps them deal with the cold and the heat respectively.Also, in winter, the hare's fur turns white; in summer it turns brown. Both shades permit the animal to hide from the predators because the color of hare's fur blends in with the main colors of the seasonal environment and so predators cannot see it.)解析：[听力原文]W: Today, we'll touch on molting before opening the discussion of animal courtship. Molting, as I'm sure you know, involves an animal shedding its hair or feathers. Why do they do this? There are two main reasons. One has to do with the seasonal changes in temperature; the other with the environment and the animals need not be seen in order to protect them from predators. Let's look at the hare-the wild rabbit.Hares, and many mammals in temperate climates, grow a heavy coat of fur in the late autumn. This fur then keeps the animal warm throughout the cold winter. When the weather turns warm in the spring, the animal then sheds this fur for a light summer.Notice too, that the hare's coat also serves to protect it from predators. In the winter, the hare's fur is white. This helps prevent it from being seen when there is snow. Then in the summer its fur turns dull brown. And in the forests and fields, the fur again makes it hard for predators and hunters to see the animal. lf the hare does not move, it's actually possible for it to stand just a few feet away and not even being seen.So there we have a prime example of molting serving both to help the animal deal with temperature fluctuations and hide from predators. Are there any questions before we move on?Alternative Wording(替换表达)Synonyms (a)molt—shed hair or feathers (b)avoid—escape(c)brown—dun (d)predators—hunters(e)main—predominantParaphrases 1. The lecture informs us that the two reasons animals molt are to adapt to seasonal climatic variations and to escape the notice of their enemies.2. Both shades act as camouflage, concealing the hare from its enemies.。
2012年托福测试语法题笔记9
1. The American clipper ship era was of duration short, extending from about 1845 to 1859.答案：B分析及考点：词序的颠倒，应该改成short duration.只有特殊情况修饰成分后置。参考译文：美国的剪帆船的时期经历时间很短，只有从1845到1859. 2. Crystals of pure quartz, usually called rock crystal, are coarseness, colorless, and transparent.答案：D分析及考点：平行对称结构，词性不对称，所以coarseness名词应改成coarse参考译文：纯净石英的结晶，通常称为岩石水晶，是粗糙的，无色的，透明的。3. Of 120 minerals known to have been used as gemstones, only about 25 are in common use in today jewelry.答案：D分析及考点：词序的问题。应该改成jewelry today.参考译文：在作为宝石使用的所知道的120种矿石中，只有25种是现在珠宝业通常使用的。4. One of the thirteen original state of the United States, North Carolina lies on the Atlantic coast midway between New York and Florida.答案：A分析及考点：名词单复数使用错误。应该用复数states.看到one of the.参考译文：北卡罗来那州是最初组成美国的13个州中的一个座落在大西洋岸边，在纽约州和佛罗里达州的中间。5. The various peoples who developed North America have made it a world leader economic .答案：D分析及考点：词序的颠倒。改成economic leader参考译文：发展北美的多个民族把北美建设成了全世界的经济。
2012年托福语法笔记改错之冠词
2012年托福语法笔记改错之冠词冠词(缺失与多余为重点和难点)(A)1. a与an的区别 (发音而非字母)an: herd undergraduate understanding oyster honesta : unique university unite yawn2. a与复数名词的混用an outstanding methods.3. 不定冠词a的遗漏(1)固定短语中a的遗漏a set of, a piece of, a variety of, a series of,a collection of , a wide range ofa wealth of + 不可数名词(information)(2)强调可数名词的单数概念且无其它限定词，必须用不定冠词也就是说，单数可数名词前必须有限定词* v+单数可数名词错prep+单数可数名词错of humid area area可数，所以错of prize fighter fighter可数，所以错of raindrop 亦然例外：a. a part of= part ofpart 永远对b. 表示职务、身份、亲属关系的词可以单独使用Little Bush, son of George Bush, is runningfor the office of president.c. 表示“种类”名词后所接noun可单独使用type of , kind of, sort ofd. 表示某一方面的名词可单独使用All cells differ in function, in size, in color, in shape.(B)定冠词 (the ,表特指)the astronomy, the nitrogen, the iron, in the histroy,in the nature, of the human hoby, on the right side这些名词前都不能加the1. 表示“独一无二”的事物the Great Wall, the Sun, the Moon, the Earth2. 关于序数词* 序数词只有作定语修饰noun,才必须加the 年代：in the serventeenth century排序：the eight(h) element (is)......* 序数词考两点：a. 加不加theb. 是eight或eithth (单词)陷阱： a. Utah ranks first among...b. A is second only to B.3. adj.级作前置定语修饰noun,才必须加the. the most desolate region(S)the most ... area(s)adj+est 后可以是复数。
托福考试必备托福英语语法整理
托福考试必备托福英语语法整理托福考试必备托福英语语法参与托福考试必备的，英语语法学问点，趁现在就把握它吧。
下面是学习啦我给大家整理的托福英语语法，供大家参阅!托福英语语法：一般现在时的用法1)、常常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。
时间状语：every, sometimes, at, on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning.2)、客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。
The earth moves around the sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China.3)、表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
留意：此用法假如消失在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..4)、现在时刻的状态、力量、性格、共性。
I dont want so much.Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup.I am doing my homework now.第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。
再如：Now watch me,I switch on the current and stand back. 其次句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。
托福英语语法：一般过去时的用法1)、在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
Where did you go just now?2)、表示在过去一段时间内，常常性或习惯性的动作。
2012年11月10日托福口语真题解析
2012年11月10日托福口语真题解析2012年11月10日托福口语真题解析T1: Describe the differences between two cities that you have visited before. Give details and examples to support your response. Begin your response after the beep.Though New York and Paris are both world-famous cultural centers for their respective regions, there are some big differences between them. For one thing, building heights differ dramatically between the two. New York is famous for its sprawling skyline, but in Paris, a building's height is officially limited according to the street it borders--this gives you a good view of the sky no matter where you are. Life also seems more leisurely in Paris; while in New York you have people jogging in place at stoplights, in Paris someone is more apt to break out a cigarette. Finally, something has to be said about the generally helpful and friendly nature of New Yorkers. Despite their reputation, they're actually quite nice. In Paris, the people seemed pretty aloof. （Richard）T2: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Teachers should encourage students to use computers from primary school age on. Give details and examples to support your response.I disagree. Computers are everywhere nowadays, and proficiency with them is important if you want to succeed in modern society. However, I think early primary school is too young to start learning how to use a computer. It's important for children to learn how to explore the world around them, and I think using computers at such a young age would seriously hinder that. Children generally have terrible impulse control and computers have been shown to be addictive, so waiting until later to encourage them might be more appropriate. Otherwise, you risk them getting addicted and alienating themselves from their peers at a time when socializing is crucial to their personal development. And in any case, children these days will be exposed to computers no matter what, so further encouragement seems unnecessary. （Richard）T3: training advisor，可以方便学生工作，housing staff（是吧，忘记是H什么staff了）可以有更多说时间处理其他工作；女生同意这training,她举了一个她自己的经历说这样可以learn a lot,然后说staff可以省下时间做其他的工作；解析：阅读材料建议要有training advisor，因为这样可以方便学生工作，还能够让staff 有更多时间处理其他工作。
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2012年托福测试语法题笔记5
1. While play is important at all levels of human development， _________ takes on particular significance when children are five and six years old.
A. it
B. and
C. which
D. because it
答案：A
分析：缺主语。
it 在这里作为形式主语。
参考译文：比赛对各个层次人的发展都是重要的，尤其是当小孩5、6岁大的时候，意义重大。
2. During the second and third years of life，children gain _________ over their bodies.
A. control increasing
B. increasing to control
C. control is increasing
D. increasing control
答案：D
分析：缺宾语，而且应该是 adj.修饰名词，只能选D.
参考译文：在生长的第二第三年，小孩们对自己的身体控制能力增强了。
3. All brass instruments use a mouthpiece
_________ into a long cone-shaped tube.
A. is inserted
B. that inserted
C. that is inserted
D. and inserted
答案：C
分析：that引导一个定语从句，mouthpiece为先行词。
A 出现两个谓语动词，错；B，D应该用被动；
参考译文：所有的铜管乐器都用一个放在长锥筒形管里的吹嘴。
4. By the mid-twentieth century， United States presidential staffs， _________ had numbered fewer than ten a century earlier， numbered in the hundreds.
A. as
B. that they
C. which
D. and
答案：C
分析：非限制性定语从句，只有which能引导非限制性定语从句
参考译文：到20时间中期，美国的总统部官员达到了几百个，而在一个世纪前，还屈指可数呢。
5. In 1966 only 60 percent of all five year olds in the United States attended kindergarten， _________ in 1985 almost 82 percent did so.
A. with
B. which
C. whether
D. while
答案：D
分析：整个句子中出现了两个谓语，缺连接词。
参考译文：在1966年，所有5岁的小孩中只有60％的参加了幼儿园，而到1985，几乎有82％的小孩上幼儿园了。