老托福语法笔记
老托福语法笔记
语法笔记，给offerdd 和各位托友最后的总复习：把所有做错的题目写出来，把正确答案安上，熟读或背诵。
填空题的作题方法1. 先看句子的分界点（即连词，介词，分词和标点符号）选择要看的兔子内容，即只关注空格所在句子2. 简化句子：a-副词adv.b-介词短语（句首除外）2乍定语的形容词d-作定语或者壮语的分词短语e-与空格无关的句子3. 分析句子结构，判断空格中所缺的句子成分捷径：可套用固定结构或句型4. 区分选项，结合句意和语感 ---- ＞确定答案填空分类：简单句，主从句（状语从句，定语从句），倒装句，平行结构，同位语结构改错的做题方法：敏感和熟练是唯一的秘诀1 .语法和句意并重2. 先看句子结构，边读句意考虑划线部分的语法知识点3. 熟练掌握各种错误类型，对特殊词形成特殊反应4. 读句子要读全，避免无谓失误填空的固定结构一、主句专一结构任何句子只有一个主句，句子之间必须有连词连接句子之间必须有连词连接*句子，句子永远错二、谓语专一结构任何句子只有一个谓语，谓语之间必须有连词连接，谓语可以是两个动词的并列形式* 主谓，谓错三、平行结构A，B，or/andCA,B, C三个元素必须对应四、宾语从句结构宾从：S+Vt+(that+SVO)* 看到这些Vt 后，第一反应找that (讲义P21)indicate,state,regard,demonstrate,find,estimate,show,hold,insist,say,tell,believe ,think,learn宾语从句中，that 在下列词后可省：believe,think,suppose,presume,say,see,know,hear,propose,heatunderstand,bet old五、what 结构(A) what=thethingthat=allthat,thing 由句意决定(B) what 必须在前后句中都作成分(C) noun.+what 永远错(D) what 引导的句子等于一个名词，可以用作介词或者动词的宾语what+V=thethingthat+Vprep.+what+V*prep.+what+ 完整句子永远错，改为whichVt+what+V(E) what 的出题方法(1)prep __________ V(2)Vt __________ V(F) *whatisnow 永远对，做插入语成分where+V 永远错，因为where 是adv.(G) whatlittle=alittlewhat六、介词+which 结构which 只能用于定语从句，在从句中必须作主/ 宾语(A) SVO+which+不完整句(缺主语)(B) SVO+prep.+which完整句* 句子_______ 句子，优先选择prep+which(C) 介词+which+todo条件是主语必须一致七、inthat 结构in that二because连词，出现就是正确答案不能位于句首：句子inthat 结构* 如果发现句子______ 句子，优先选择prep+which 和inthat 结构八、同位语结构主同，宾同，n同位语说明主/ 宾某一方面的内容(A) 主语同位语的三种位置1. -------------------------------- 主同，主谓宾noun,SVO逗号前的名词只能是主同2.S主同，V03.主同主谓宾(B) 宾语同位语的两个位置主谓宾，宾同主谓宾宾同*同位语从句是名词性从句：..... +noun .+that+SVOthat 是关系副词SVO来说明noun.*adv. 不能修饰任何名词但是adv.+同位语是正确的：...,(whichis)approximatelythedistanee.九、形容词的并列结构----- ＞可参考改错类型十(A) adjadjadj+noun.n 个adj 不并列，有确定的先后顺序(B) 当多个形容词用逗号连接时，这几个形容词完全对等，无先后顺序(逗号相当于and)* 选项中有复合形容词即为答案十、比较结构(A) 对称性：比较对象应该对称* 选that/those/theone ---- 泛指不选it/them -------------- 特指(B) 省略性：相同的谓语结构可以省,be动词通常省(C) 倒装性：(more)than后可以倒装也可以不倒装十一、定语从句的省略结构(A) 定语从句中，主+系可以同时省略即that+be,which+be,who+be可省(B) 定从的特殊省略eg:IdorememberthefirsttimeIhaveheardthesweetestvoiceintheworld.1 、thetime 后面通常+句子，因为(when,that)都省略2、thereason(why,that)+句子3、theway(inwhich)+句子(C定从中，如果that/which在定从中作宾语(讲义P26)that/which 可省略(作主语不可省)SVO+(that,which)+S+Vt...noun.+(which,that)noun.+Vt*题目中两个名次连不上的情况即省略发生了(讲义No.27)。
Dlgkle托福语法(含笔记)
生活需要游戏，但不能游戏人生；生活需要歌舞，但不需醉生梦死；生活需要艺术，但不能投机取巧；生活需要勇气，但不能鲁莽蛮干；生活需要重复，但不能重蹈覆辙。
-----无名0601语法题1. Neon, a chemical element---------up about one part per 65000 in Earth’s atmosphere, is a colourles s, odourless gas.A. makesB. that makesC. and makesD. of which makes2. From photography’s infancy, ---------of landscape views by camera began to support handmade depictions in watercolour, pencil, or ink.A. when the capturingB. the capturingC. was capturingD. the capturing was3. The stethoscope transmits and amplifies sounds from localized areas of the body, thus making them -------to hear and identifyA. easier thanB. as easy asC. easies so thatD. easier4. Uncertainty differs from risk in that-------basis for estimating the probability of each potential condition occurring.A. there is noB. although noC. there is notD. it is not5. ------about 10 to 20 feet tall and are sparely covered with foliage.A. Growing lemon treesB. Lemon trees growC. Lemon trees that growD. The growth of lemon trees to6. A sonic boom is a very loud noise that occurs when an aircraft passes through the sound barrier-------travels faster than the speed of soundA. andB. soC. whetherD. as7. The production and sale of cosmetics in the U.S. was virtually unregulated--------the food, drug, and cosmetic art of 1938A. and until the pass ofB. and until passingC. until the passage ofD. until passed8. In the late 1860’s, taxes were changed in the southern US t o require payment from plantation owners-------just from landless individuals.A. despiteB. whereasC. rather thanD. other than9. ------to vapour without passing through the liquid phase is called sublimation.A. a solid convertsB. the conversion of a solidC. when a solid is convertingD. a solid whose conversion10. Not only-----the centre of French language and culture in North America, it is the…A. considering QuebecB. where Quebec is consideredC. Quebec is consideredD. Is Quebec considered11. M leads the US------of wood products, potatoes, sardine, and blueberriesA. in the productionB. the productionC. when the productionD. in which the production12. About 25000 years ago some of North America’s early settles walked across the land-------between Siberia and Alaska.A. that then is existedB. existed thenC. that then existedD. and then existing13. Gw. was the first Black woman-----the Pulitzer Price of poetry.A. to winB. which she wonC. wonD. was to win14. -----was the most important economic activity in the US until about 1800.A. Agriculture, whichB. If agricultureC. AgricultureD. There was agriculture15. Eva G. direct-------in Huntington, New York, from 1962 to 1978.A. the Heck MuseumB. the Heck Museum was,C. how the Heck MuseumD. and the Heck Museum16. (Children) use (grammatically correct) sentences by (the age) of three and (produces) some highly complex construction by the time they are five.17. (Most of) the cultivated flowers, vegetables, fruits, (grains), and grasses in the US today, along with the 70 percentage of the weeds, (original) came (from abroad).18. (A) large amount of fat is normally deposited in the liver, (in which) it may (oxidized) (to release) energy.19. In 1989, with the (publish) of the first (volume) of “Little Woman”, L.M.A. (became) a (celebrated writer).20. (When) rocks are (picked up) by moving water, they are gradually (reduced size) by (the) breaking away of the edges and corners.21. (Although some) details about the atmospheres of the other planets and (their) satellites (are known), but a complete description is available (only for) Earth’s atmosphere.22. Caspar W’s glassworks, the first success ful (glass factory) in North America, (primarily) produced bottles and (another) utilitarian objects is green, brown, and (an odd) shade of terra cotta.23. (Until) 1985 the amount output (of automobiles) in the US exceeded (that the) rest of the (world combined).24. (Found) in large herds, usually (near water), the impala (is noted) for its graceful movement and its (able) to jump.25. Several years after (writing) the first textbook of psychology ever (published it) in the US, John turned his (attention) to educational (reform).26. Table salt occur (as) a cube-shaped crystal (that), depending (of) its purity, may be colourless, transparent, (or) translucent.27. The (outmost) layer of the sun’s atmosphere, the coro na, is (visibly) as a pinkish halo of light (during) (a) total eclipse.28. Shirley, (the) first African American female (member of) the US, unsuccessfully (sought) the Democratic (nominate) for president in 1972.29. (A queen) termite (lays) 440 million (of eggs)-an average of one per second (for) 14 years.30. The (influence of) gravity in (everyday) life is (so) pervasive that we often (take for) granted.31. (Any) state, by (its) own constitutional or legislative action, may eliminate, consolidate, or otherwise (modification) countries and (their) government.32. Tornadoes, which are (frequent) seen (over) the Great Plains of the US in spring and early summer, (resemble) a dark funnel (extending) from cloud base to ground.33. The sun is (one) of (billions) of (stars are) scattered (throughout) the universe.34. The average (surface temperature) of the Earth (has been risen) by (approximately) one degree (over the last) century.35. Monarch butterflies (gather) in flocks in (late) summer and fall and (then) migrate (southern).36. Madder plants, which comprise (a very) large family of (mostly) tropical trees, shrubs, and (herbal), (include) coffee and gardenia.37. Wild birds and their eggs have been (at least) incidental sources of food for humans (since) prehistoric times and they (still) are in (most of) societies.38. In 1974, US president R.M. was charged with obstructing justice, (abusing) his constitutional (authoritative), and failing (to obey) subpoenas demanding (he appear) in court.39. The US D of A works (to provide) both (reasonable) incomes for farmers (or) fair (prices) for consumers.40. Thomas (invented) the record player in 1877 while (engaged research) on (the) telegraph at (his laboratory) in New Jersey.语法笔记：1.Neon, a chemical element......,is a colourless, odourless gas.空格处明显为a chemical element的修饰定语,使之充当同位语成分，选B.2.......,......of landscape views by camera began to support ......bagan是谓语，后面是宾语。
1998年5月TOEFL语法笔记
1998年5月TOEFL语法笔记编委：Callasun审委：P hyllis1.____ a major role in future planetary exploration.(A) Robots will surely play(B) Robots, which will surely play(C) Because robots will surely be playing(D) Surely robots, which will be playingKEY：A分析：考点是主谓结构。
空格在宾语前，缺主谓。
答案A。
（B）如为定语从句，则主语无谓语；（C）Because引导的原因状语从句，无主句；（D）同A，且频度副词Surely形容整个句子，应以逗号隔开。
参考译文：机器人极有可能将在未来的太空探索中扮演主要角色。
2. Unlike the owl, bats cannot see very well, but they do have____.(A) it hears very well(B) very good to hear(C) hearing very well(D) very good hearingKEY：D分析：考点是宾语成份。
空格在及物动词后面应该是宾语。
答案D，语序正确的名词短语作宾语。
（A）一个句子不能有两个谓语；（B）形容词不能单独充当宾语；（C）well做“好”讲为adv.不修饰名词。
参考译文：蝙蝠不像猫头鹰一样有良好的视力，但却有极佳的听力。
3. Comparatively few clues in the United Slates have competing newspapers today, amajor change from 1900 ____ more than two newspapers.(A) because then most large cities having(B) when did most large cities have(C) then most large cities that had(D) when most large cities hadKEY：D分析：考点是定语从句。
TOEFL语法笔记
TOEFL语法笔记王海波代词95%为错，情态动词永远不错，first 划线永远对，虚拟语气不考。
填空的基本做法：1 先找句子的分段点（即连词，分词，介词和标点符号）将句子分成记几段，选择要看的那部分句子，即只关注与空格相关的那部分句子。
句法：{①简单句： S+V②并列句：分句+并列句子+；句子+。
并列句划为简单句：句子，and/all/but+句子。
③复合句：主句+从句划为简单句2 简化句子简化原则：①adv/数/冠可以划掉②介词短语可以划掉③修饰名词的adj/n可以划掉④做状语的分词短语可以划掉⑤与空格无关的句子可以很划掉 p65-5/83 分析句子结构，判断空格中所缺的句子成分。
捷径：可直接套用句型和结构 p53-14 ，倒装句答案的首字母为系动词或助动词p92-14 * ——+n为There be 句型p210-74 区分四选项，结合句意和语感确定答案。
句子→简单句→主干→判断→选答案主语，——，谓宾。
100%考↓插入语定语从句或省略的定语从句定语从句中主和系可以同时省略which+be/that+be/who+be 可以省略①定语从句②n③adj短语/分词短语/介词改错做题要点：1 语法与句意并重，一定要通读全句（做题思想）。
2 一边读句意，一边思考划线部分的语法知识点是否正确。
3 熟悉掌握各种错误类型。
4 做题 ABCD要看全，选择一个最明显的错误，最好有明确的理由。
填空的固定句型和结构一主句专一结构 1-2※句子，句子。
为错任何句子只有一个主句，句子之间必须有连词。
※任何从句都是正常语序。
二谓语专一结构 3-4任何一个句子只有一个谓语，谓语动词之间一定要有连词连接。
※主谓……谓……错主谓……，谓……。
错三平行结构 5-6X and YX ，Y and Z 各元素必须一致 to do ，do and do 。
be done ，done and done。
※——，——，and——。
四 what 结构 7-8缩合连接代词（1）what =the thing that =all that thing 由句意定7 中what =the corp that 8 中what =the place that（2）what 在前后句中必须同时做成分 what =the thing that（3）n+what 错 n+the thing that √※prep+what+SVO 错 what →which√（4）what 引导的句子等于一个名词，可以做主语，宾语，表语。
托福语法高分要点(完全整理版)概要
目录第一章名词 (2第二章形容词 (13第三章副词 (19第四章介词 (23第五章动词 (28第六章代词 (41第七章简单句 (45第八章并列句 (50第九章主从复合句 (54第十章时态 (62第十一章一致原则 (65第十二章倒装 (69第十三章被动语态 (72第十四章常考关于It的句式 (74 第十五章虚拟语气 (77第一章名词正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容第一节可数名词考点一单复数可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。
TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式下面我们会讲一下复数形式。
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则:1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs例题:(1 Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance.A B C D答案:A应改为:Flowers解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数(2 Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronicA B C Dpain.答案:A应改为:Doctors解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数考点二复数形式特例这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意1.单复数词形相同如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人, aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft 等2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如:basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crisesmedium(媒体-media datum(数据-data curriculum(课程-curriculalarva(幼虫-larvae criterion(标准-criteria phenomenon(现象-phenomena3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如:clothes trousers compasses(圆规 scales(天平 savings(储蓄,statistics(统计数据, headquarters(总部,4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如:goods(货物, manners(礼貌, troops(军队, authorities(当局5 不规则的名词复数child - children mouse - mice louse - licetooth - teeth foot - feet6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词例题:(1 With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leadingA B Cjazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities.D(2Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed feetA B C D答案:D应改为:foot解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬第二节限定词名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类:1.之后肯定接单数:a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc.例句:Each of them has two books.You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本2.之后肯定接复数:these, those, many, such, other,大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…,a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small number of, several,one of, all (of, some /any (of, most(of, a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用考点一否定限定词no(1 no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如:No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花.No one is here.(2 no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。
王海波托福语法笔记
托福考试语法辅导：王海波语法笔记TOEFL语法中，不允许缩写！当然所有格不算在内。
如：It’s a book.应为It is a book.不能出现太口语化的句子！如：It is really beautiful.应为It is very beautiful. really只能表示真假，不能修饰beautiful.基本技巧：1，插入语永远对。
代词95%为错。
2，情态动词永远不错。
first划线永远对（因为first词性完备，任何词性的用法都存在）；虚拟语气不考；waters永远对（water做水域解，可以有复数形式）；self划线永远错。
3，搭配词对（错误率较高）Ex：another other互改。
区别：another后面跟单数名词；other后面跟复数名词。
填空题基本做题方法（以9501为例）：1先找句子的分段点（即连词，分词，介词和标点符号）将句子分为几段，选择要看的那部分句子，即只关注与空格相关的那部分句子（主要是空格所在的那部分句子）。
句法：①简单句： S+V②并列句：句子；句子。
句子，and/or/but/then句。
简化掉没有空格的那部分句子。
③复合句：主句+从句如Because+句子，句子。
When+句子，句子。
if+句子，句子。
简化掉没有空格的分句。
步骤实质：将复合句或并列句化为简单句，使得每句话实际上只须读一半即可。
2简化句子简化原则：①副词，冠词，数词可以划掉②介词短语（即prep.+n）可以划掉（主句句首除外）③作定语（即修饰名词）的adj或分词短语可以划掉④句中作状语的分词短语可以划掉⑤与空格无关的句子可以划掉两个标点符号之间不能随便划掉。
因为这部分句子可能对整句话的逻辑关系起作用步骤实质：进一步简化句子，找到句子的主干即主谓。
句法（三种）：复合句＝主句+从句并列句＝分句+分句简单句＝主语+谓语任何句子都归结为简单句，而简单句都归结为主谓，因此抓住主谓即可。
3分析句子结构，判断空格中所缺句子成分。
1999年8月TOEFL语法笔记
1999年8月TOEFL语法笔记编委：雪中茉莉审委：Fional1. In 1864 Nevada enter the United States as _______ thirty-sixth state.(A) in the(B) to be the(C) was the(D) theKey：D分析：考点是限定词。
名词结构充当介词宾语；序数词前加定冠词。
答案D。
（A）as是介词，后面应该是名词性结构。
（B）as和to be 不能同时使用(同上原因)（C）was出现就会造成谓语的重叠参考译文：1864年，内华达进入合众国，成为第三十六个州。
2. Bob Stephenson, a biologist in Alaska who studies the Canadian lynx, a type of wildcat,has learned ______ from studying their tracks in the snow.(A) how lynx hunt(B) lynx hunt how(C) how hunt lynx(D) lynx how huntKey：A分析：考点是宾语成分。
及物动词learn后面应该接宾语，疑问代词引导的宾语从句的语序同陈述句。
答案A ，how引导的宾语从句，主句从句成分都完整。
(B) 逻辑语序错误(C) how引导的从句中主谓倒置(D) 逻辑语序错误参考译文：Bob Stephenson是阿拉斯加一个生物学家，研究加拿大山猫，这是一种野生的猫科动物，他从对其在雪地上留下的足迹获悉了山猫是如何捕猎的。
3. ______ lay eggs , but some give birth to live young.(A) Although most insects(B) Most insects(C) Despite most insects(D) Most insects thatKey：B分析：考点是主谓结构。
1999年5月TOEFL语法笔记
1999年5月TOEFL语法笔记编委：雪中茉莉审委：Fional1. Classical logic is characterized by a concern for the structure and elements ofargument____ that thought, language, and reality are interrelated.(A) based on the belief(B) on the belief based(C) belief based on the(D) the based belief onKey：A分析：考点是定语成分。
空格前面句子结构完整，空间应该填修饰argument的部分。
答案A，过去分词短语结构做后置定语，修饰argument。
（B）that 引导的是同位语从句，前面必然有一个名词，所以B错（C）明显的名词重叠，顺序混乱（D）这个选项进入句子无法修饰argument，同样是明显错误。
参考译文：经典的逻辑是以注重论证的结构和元素为特征的，其论证基于思想、语言和现实是相互关联的信念。
2. Adult fleas_____ only blood and are external parasites of mammals and birds.(A) eat(B) having eaten(C) that eat(D) to eatKey：A分析：考点是主谓结构。
由and并列关系，可知此处缺谓语。
答案A，主语复数，这里动词原形。
（B）这个选项是一个分词结构形式不能做谓语（C）如果选这个则，that引导定语从句，那么缺和and引导的动词并列的谓语。
（D）to do 在这里可以做补语，但是出现问题和C相同参考译文：成年的跳蚤只是吸血，是哺乳动物和鸟类的外寄生虫。
3. Heat energy may be absorbed or released when_____ while work is done on or by the1system.(A) changes in the internal energy of a system(B) by changing the internal energy of a system.(C) the internal energy of a system that changes(D) the internal energy of a system changesKey：D分析：考点是状语成分。
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语法笔记，给offer dd和各位托友最后的总复习：把所有做错的题目写出来，把正确答案安上，熟读或背诵。
填空题的作题方法1.先看句子的分界点(即连词，介词，分词和标点符号)选择要看的兔子内容，即只关注空格所在句子2.简化句子：a-副词adv. b-介词短语(句首除外) c-作定语的形容词d-作定语或者壮语的分词短语e-与空格无关的句子3.分析句子结构，判断空格中所缺的句子成分捷径：可套用固定结构或句型4.区分选项，结合句意和语感--------->确定答案填空分类：简单句，主从句(状语从句，定语从句)，倒装句，平行结构，同位语结构改错的做题方法：敏感和熟练是唯一的秘诀1.语法和句意并重2.先看句子结构，边读句意考虑划线部分的语法知识点3.熟练掌握各种错误类型，对特殊词形成特殊反应4.读句子要读全，避免无谓失误填空的固定结构一、主句专一结构任何句子只有一个主句，句子之间必须有连词连接句子之间必须有连词连接*句子，句子永远错二、谓语专一结构任何句子只有一个谓语，谓语之间必须有连词连接，谓语可以是两个动词的并列形式*主谓，谓错三、平行结构A，B，or/and CA, B，C三个元素必须对应四、宾语从句结构宾从：S+Vt+(that + SVO)*看到这些Vt后，第一反应找that（讲义P21）indicate, state, regard, demonstrate, find, estimate, show, hold,insist, say, tell, believ e, think, learn宾语从句中，that在下列词后可省：believe, think, suppose, presume, say, see, know, hear, propose,heat understand, be t old五、what结构(A) what=the thing that=all that,thing由句意决定(B) what必须在前后句中都作成分(C) noun.+what 永远错(D) what 引导的句子等于一个名词，可以用作介词或者动词的宾语what+V=the thing that +Vprep. + what + V*prep. + what + 完整句子永远错，改为whichVt + what + V(E) what的出题方法(1) prep___________V(2) Vt ___________V(F)*what is now 永远对，做插入语成分where + V 永远错，因为where是adv.(G) what little = a little what六、介词+which结构which只能用于定语从句，在从句中必须作主/宾语(A)SVO+which+不完整句(缺主语)(B)SVO+prep.+which+完整句*句子________句子，优先选择prep+which(C)介词+which+to do 条件是主语必须一致七、in that 结构in that = because 连词，出现就是正确答案不能位于句首：句子in that 结构~~~~~~~~~*如果发现句子_______句子，优先选择prep+which和in that结构八、同位语结构主同，宾同，n同位语说明主/宾某一方面的内容(A)主语同位语的三种位置1. 主同，主谓宾--------------noun,SVO逗号前的名词只能是主同2. S,主同，VO3. 主同主谓宾(B)宾语同位语的两个位置主谓宾，宾同主谓宾宾同*同位语从句是名词性从句:.......+noun.+that+SVO that 是关系副词SVO来说明noun.*adv.不能修饰任何名词但是adv.+同位语是正确的:...,(which is)approximately the distance .九、形容词的并列结构--------->可参考改错类型十(A) adj adj adj + noun.n个adj不并列，有确定的先后顺序(B) 当多个形容词用逗号连接时，这几个形容词完全对等，无先后顺序（逗号相当于a nd）*选项中有复合形容词即为答案十、比较结构(A)对称性：比较对象应该对称* 选that/those/the one------泛指不选it/them---------------特指(B)省略性：相同的谓语结构可以省,be动词通常省(C)倒装性：(more) than 后可以倒装也可以不倒装十一、定语从句的省略结构(A)定语从句中，主+系可以同时省略即that+be, which+be, who+be 可省(B)定从的特殊省略eg:I do remember the first time I have heard the sweetest voice in the world.1、the time后面通常+句子，因为(when,that)都省略2、the reason (why, that)+句子3、the way (in which) + 句子(C)定从中，如果that/which在定从中作宾语（讲义P26）that/which 可省略(作主语不可省)SVO+(that,which)+S+Vt ...noun.+(which,that) noun. +Vt*题目中两个名次连不上的情况即省略发生了（讲义No.27）。
十二、状语从句的省略结构省略的条件：1、特定的连词（状语从句引导词）when, while, if, Although, Even th ough，as2、特定的从句从句为主系表结构3、从句主语必须与主句主语一致省略方式：可以同时省略主+系(连词+adj/分，SVO)十三、doing结构(现在分词/动名词)Starring troops have to surrender. ~~~~~~~~~现在分词与名词为修饰关系，相当于adj.，作定语或状语，意为“…… 的”，中心词为名词。
Doing exercise is a good habit. ~~~~~动名词是只有动词性的名词，做主语或宾语，意为“……的行为”，可以带宾语，与名词之间是动宾关系，中心词是动名词。
*Doing 复数noun.+单V十四、make结构make +宾(noun.,代词)+宾补(noun.,adj), 必须加宾补(A)make + noun. +noun.make him president ~~~宾~~~~~~~~~宾补(B)make +noun./pron + adj. make it/the animal unique(C)make it possible to do make it possible that +宾从~~形式宾语(D)make sth. possible make possible sth. ~~~短宾语~~~~~~~宾语补足语~~~长宾语(E)make 成为They make pets. 它们成为宠物。
十五、the more, the more结构根本上说，是复合句，条件状语从句。
(A)对称性：结构中的名词(主语)必须有限定词，即指示代词/人称代词/冠词等。
the more the +noun., the more the +noun.(B)倒装性：前面不可以倒装，后面可以。
the more ..., the more.... ~~~~~~~~~状语从句~~~~~~~~主句(C)省略性：相同的谓语可以省略，be 动词常省十六、表结果的伴随状语结构SVO，thus/thereby + doing ~~~~~~~~~~~~adv. SVO, doing*但是thus后面不一定加doing十七、形容词短语（常见的考点）a distance equal to twice around the world ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~完全等同于省略which be no的定语从句noun.+(which be)+adj+prep+noun. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~此为形容词短语animals capabale of secretions十八、加名词或adj最高级的省略结构...is the tallest (noun.) of the wading birds the +adj.最高级+(单名)+of+复数~~~~~永远省略*the________of之间永远只有两种情况(1、名词2、adj最高级) 考过很多次其它皆错a _________of之间只能是单数可数名词十九、不规则动词的过去式作谓语结构这部分主要是看不规则动词表二十、规则动词的过分作后置定语结构Automations programmed比较下列各句：We called him Bush.He was called Bush. 过分，谓语A person called Bush 过分，定语先从逻辑上判断noun.和-ed的主/被动关系若主动，则为过去式，谓语若被动，有be动词，则为谓语无be动词，后置定语二十一、逻辑主语结构现在分词，-┓过去分词，┝+SVO介词短语，-┛(A)分词本身应该有逻辑主语，必须和逻辑主语一致，如果不一致就一定要写出来，即分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，即独立主格。
即如果名词写出来的话，就应该是n oun.+doing(B)doing,SVO 作状语的分词短语前可加when,while等连词(7个)While（he was）traveling in New York, Tom met many interesting People .(C)To do...,SVO*不定式的逻辑主语与句子主语可不一致，但比较少见，绝大多数情况下一致。
To make stereo effects, two recordings are made the same performances.To make stereo effects, the musician made two recordings the same performances. *when to do, SVO 永远错(不能加状语从句引导词)when to do 只能做主语和宾语，不能做状语eg: I don’t know when to take the co mputer based test.SVO,when to do . 错*答案中有when to do 不要选二十二、补足语某些V。