浅析《儿子与情人》中保罗爱情悲剧的原因
分析《儿子与情人》中的爱情与家庭关系
分析《儿子与情人》中的爱情与家庭关系简介《儿子与情人》是英国作家D.H. 劳伦斯的一部小说，出版于1913年。
这部小说以维尔斯家庭的故事为背景，探索了爱情和家庭关系在人们生活中的作用和影响。
本文将从几个方面分析《儿子与情人》中的爱情与家庭关系。
1. 主要角色•保罗· 恩菲尔德：主人公，一个有艺术才华却受困于母亲和社会压力的年轻男子。
•杜弗尼· 叶舍尔：保罗的母亲，非常依赖自己的儿子，并试图满足自己对爱和热情的渴望。
•米尔德里德· 尤金：保罗遇到的一位年轻富有、追求物质享受且不愿正视感情问题的女性。
2. 爱情与家庭关系之间的冲突在《儿子与情人》中，爱情与家庭关系之间存在着明显的冲突。
杜弗尼母亲对保罗的无条件依赖和控制，使得他无法追求自己真正的爱情与幸福。
在这一过程中，保罗陷入了矛盾和挣扎：他既希望满足母亲的期望，又渴望找到属于自己的真爱。
3. 爱情与家庭关系之间的影响在小说中，爱情和家庭关系对角色们产生深远的影响。
杜弗尼母亲试图通过佔有儿子来寻求爱和满足，却没有考虑到保罗拥有自己独立的情感需求。
同时，米尔德里德作为典型的现代女性代表，她追求物质享受并不愿意真正直面感情问题。
这些复杂而纠结的关系最终导致了个人成长和幸福感上的困扰。
4. 小说揭示了现实生活中类似冲突和问题通过《儿子与情人》所呈现出来的爱情与家庭关系之间的冲突和影响，我们可以看到其中蕴含着一定程度上反映出真实生活中类似问题的因素。
家庭对个人情感发展的影响以及爱情与物质追求之间的纠结和冲突，都是人们在现实生活中常常面临的困境。
结论《儿子与情人》通过描绘角色们复杂的爱情和家庭关系，深入探索了这些关系对个人成长和幸福感带来的积极和消极影响。
这部小说提醒我们要理解并平衡爱情和家庭之间的关系，更加注重个体情感需求的满足，以实现真正的幸福。
《儿子与情人》中保罗的悲剧成因
《儿子与情人》中保罗的悲剧成因作者：张春波来源：《文学教育·中旬版》2016年第04期内容摘要：《儿子与情人》是戴维.赫伯特.劳伦斯的成名作。
作为一名性爱小说之父，他的小说风靡于世界文坛九十年，至今魅力犹存。
保罗的爱情悲剧在小说中占有重要的位置。
通过分析可以得出结论：造成保罗悲剧的原因有很多，当时的社会背景导致了他的悲剧，自身的性格原因和俄底浦斯情结也是悲剧的主要原因。
关键词：儿子与情人爱情悲剧性格俄底浦斯工业化十九世纪末二十世纪初西方资本主义加快工业发展的步伐，工业的快速发展破坏了他们美丽的家园和自然环境。
工业化也在每个人的身上留下了印迹，导致他们每天都过着机械化的生活。
从而造成了他们性格上的缺陷，保罗·莫瑞尔是一个犹豫不决和自相矛盾的人，他和三个女人都产生了爱情故事，却也深深的伤害了这三个女人，最后孤独的流浪着。
在保罗的心中他最爱的永远是他的妈妈，莫瑞尔夫人。
不正常的母爱导致了保罗的悲剧。
一.俄底浦斯情结的影响费洛伊德借用古希腊传说中皇帝的名字来表现这种情结。
俄底浦斯是底比斯国王和柔卡斯塔皇后的儿子，据说在俄底浦斯刚出生的时候就受过神谕：俄底浦斯在长大后弑父而娶母。
所以他们派人把俄底浦斯扔到远处去，碰巧的是被附近的打猎人拾获，并将他送给邻国国王，国王尽心抚养和照顾他，还准备等俄底浦斯长大的时候将自己的王位传给他。
然而当他自己知道自己受过神谕之后，他内心非常惶恐和不安。
最后他仓皇而逃，在路上遇到了自己的生父，并与之产生了争执，将自己的父亲杀死了，等到他回到自己母国之后，他成为了国王并娶了自己的母亲，随后生下了两个女儿。
过几年底比斯发生了天灾，经过神谕之后他知道自己杀死了自己的生父，并娶了自己的母亲，最后自残双目流浪他乡。
这就是俄底浦斯情结的来源。
保罗在小说中表现出来了明显的恋母情结。
莫瑞尔太太出生于中产阶级，而莫瑞尔是一个矿工，进而莫瑞尔夫人和莫瑞尔无法进行更深层次的交流，不幸的婚姻生活使她把精力都放在了保罗身上，希望可以填补自己的精神空缺。
从人格理论看《儿子与情人》中保罗·莫瑞尔桎梏命运的必然性
理论 为出发点 。 究主人公保 罗 ・ 研 莫瑞 尔的 悲剧命 运与人 格缺
陷之 间 的联 系 。
关键 字 ： 人格理论 ； 子关系； 罗 母 保 中图分类号 ： ｌ６ Ｉ０ 文献标识码 ： Ａ
文 章 编号 ： ７ ２ ｌ （０２ ０ ０６ — ２ １ ３— １１２ １） ８— １１ ０ ６
在乎 ， 他心里 想着 ， 好 哇。如 果我 只有 四岁 ， “ 你还要 求我 什 么 呢？我也不想再要一个妈妈。 （ ．７ ） ” Ｐ ３９ 毫无疑 问， 保罗对 自己的
心理问题其实是相 当清楚的 。他是惧怕女 性 的爱 ， 惧怕 她们对 自己的情感 的控制 ， 母亲一样 ， 就像 所以 当他面对 自己真心喜欢 的女孩 ， 他也没有办法 真心 的付 出爱。而 当莫瑞 尔干扰他 和米 利亚姆的感情时候 ， 他又不敢告 诉母亲 自己 的心 声。他 惧怕失 去母亲的爱 ， 。
在整个人 格理 论 的框 架下 ， 类 通常 会运 用 “ 体 价值 ” 人 机
（ｒａｉ ｉ ｖｌｉ ） ｏｇｎｓ ｃ ａ ｎ 为导 向， ｍ ｕｇ 利用进 化过程 中所 赋予 的感官 ， 价
值观和分辨力 ， 区别 和选 择有 利的适 合 自己生 存 的条件 因 素。 在所有的“ 机体价值 ” 因素中 ， 最简单 自然的本能是 “ 积极 关注” （ｏｉｖ ｇｒ） 它包含爱 ， ｐ ｓｉ ｒ ａｄ ， ｔｅ ｅ 喜爱 ， 慈爱 ， 心等等方面 。在 保罗 关 的成长过程 中 ， 明显的可以看到 ， 他大 多数 获得 这样 的情 感的途 径都是通过他 的母亲 。莫瑞尔夫人在怀孕期 间因为对 丈夫 的失 望和不满 ， 更多的觉得保罗不应该出生于 人世。保 罗降生后 ， 她 对他又表现 出无限 的愧疚 ， 心 自己怀孕期 间的情绪严 重 的影 担 响了保 罗的性格 。“ 荒谬 的超敏 感让她心 痛。有 时候他 眼里 他 的狂蹂也让他 不安 。 （ ．４ 对待 保罗 ， ” Ｐ９ ） 莫瑞 尔太太 有对其 它孩 子不一样 的情感 ， 她总试 图去弥补 自己犯下 的错 和罪过 。在整 个家庭 中， 莫瑞尔太太是保罗唯一 能获得温暖 的人 ， 自然保罗对 她 产生 强烈 的依恋 。后来 威廉的 去世 ， 使得莫瑞 尔太太 和保 又 罗之间的关 系更加微 妙。莫瑞尔太太因为长子病 故一蹶不振几
《儿子与情人》中体现的俄狄浦斯情结分析
2014.10韩阳1.《儿子与情人》的创作背景劳伦斯是20世纪英国文学中最有争议的和最特殊的作家之一。
他声称，小说是人可以用来表达自己的想法和感受的完美工具。
艺术的任务是揭示人类与环境之间的关系。
他有足够的勇气打破常规的写作风格，在他独特的写作风格中表现人性本能的力量。
劳伦斯（1885-1930）出生于英格兰中部诺丁汉郡的伊斯特伍德。
他的父亲是一个酗酒的矿工。
而他的母亲以前是一名教师，在教育方面大大优于她的丈夫。
劳伦斯的童年就是在贫穷和父母之间的摩擦之中度过的。
劳伦斯曾经在一封信中写道：“他们的婚姻生活一直如同战斗，我一出生就憎恨我的父亲。
我还记得，当他碰我的时候，我会因恐惧而颤抖，自我出生前起他就一直很糟糕。
”劳伦斯和他的母亲有很深的情感纽带，在母亲的鼓励下，劳伦斯对艺术产生了兴趣。
劳伦斯的母亲就是小说《儿子与情人》莫瑞尔太太的原型。
劳伦斯的母亲死于1910年，是劳伦斯帮她过量服用安眠药而死的。
这一幕在小说《儿子与情人》中被重现。
现实主义是劳伦斯的著作的主要特征，他的许多小说有一种忧郁的基调。
劳伦斯被认为是20世纪文学最多才多艺和最有影响力的人物之一。
除了他最著名的小说以外，劳伦斯还是一个多才多艺的诗人，散文家，评论家和旅行作家。
2.《儿子与情人》的主要情结《儿子与情人》是一部准自传性质的作品。
这本书生动逼真的描述了劳伦斯早期生活的伊斯特伍德的情景。
小说的主人公保罗·莫瑞尔，是以劳伦斯本人为原型；酗酒的矿工父亲和抗拒他的强大母亲是劳伦斯父母的写照;小说中早逝的哥哥威廉，取材于劳伦斯的哥哥欧内斯特。
在小说中，母亲从她的大儿子威廉那里来获得代替他父亲的精神满足感。
当威廉去世后，他的弟弟保罗成为了母亲眷恋的对象，最终，成为了她的受害者。
保罗对米丽亚姆的真爱受到母亲的破坏，母亲不允许自己的儿子和一个年轻的女子产生真正的爱情;之后，他与有夫之妇克拉拉有了一段激情，这也许是小说中唯一的虚构部分。
两性关系的和谐：解析《儿子与情人》
两性关系的和谐：解析《儿子与情人》[摘要]劳伦斯在他的名著《儿子与情人》中充分运用了佛罗伊德的心理学学说。
不和谐的两性关系导致了保罗和他母亲的悲剧性命运：妻子与丈夫，儿子之间不和谐，儿子与两个女朋友不和谐。
只有建立和谐的两性关系，灵与肉的统一才是真正的爱情。
劳伦斯的作品在当时具有进步性，对现代社会也有很大影响。
标签：劳伦斯；《儿子与情人》；两性关系一、前言《儿子与情人》是劳伦斯创作中一部具有代表性的作品。
小说是围绕煤矿工人莫莱尔一家展开的，描写了保罗．莫莱尔的精神生活和成长历程，描述了他与三位女性的关系，揭示了这个矿工儿子的悲剧，反映了深刻而复杂的心理问题与社会问题。
本文试图从两性关系的和谐角度出发，用佛罗伊德的心理学学说，解析《儿子与情人》中不和谐的两性关系是造成保罗及其母亲悲剧性命运的原因，他们追求的是两性关系的和谐。
劳伦斯洞察文明的伦理道德观念和价值观念如何扼杀自然的人性，也深刻洞察了两性之间同时存在的“吸引”和“排斥”的微妙而复杂的关系以及调节这种关系的巨大困难。
他试图通过调节两性关系而达到人与自然的和谐。
因此，在他的小说中体现了这样一个主题——两性关系的和谐是决定人的一切行为的基础和动力。
二、佛罗伊德的心理学学说及对劳伦斯作品创作的影响关于潜意识活动的研究是佛洛伊德心理学的重要内容，他认为人的精神领域像一块巨大的浮冰，隐藏在下面的不可见部分是一大片不受自我意识支配的领域，称为“本我”，它集中了本能的冲动与原始的欲望，本质上是不合理性的，是受欢乐原则支配的，力图寻求满足。
浮冰上所能看见的是合乎理性与理智的那部分意识，称为“自我”，指经过感官经历了外部世界之后合理地组织起思维过程并能主宰行为的那部分心理，它的作用是按照外部世界的需要压抑和排除非理性的冲动。
居于“自我”以上的是“超自我”或“超我”，指社会伦理、道德规范、理性等因素。
它使无意识和不自觉的“本我”即欲望受到抑制。
佛洛伊德将那种受文明准则所压抑的欲望与冲动称为“力必度”，它的最基本组成部分是性欲，是性或性爱的本能，是人类保存自己、繁衍种族的强大动力。
_儿子与情人_中的畸爱之痛
出了乐观的欢迎。 因为她看到了克莱拉这个已婚女人
2011.10 上半月 \
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外 国 文 学 研 究
wai guo wen xue yan jiu
《德伯家的苔丝》中 安琪儿·克莱的悲剧解读
石锐
摘 要：《德伯家的苔丝》 是哈代最优秀的长篇小 说之一，故事讲述了一位对爱情无私、忠诚的姑娘苔丝 的悲惨命运。 长久以来，很多研究这部小说的学者都把 研究的焦点放在女主人公苔丝的身上， 鲜少有人探讨 克莱的悲剧， 而克莱的悲剧正是导致苔丝悲剧的原因 之一。 导致克莱悲剧的原因是多重的，本文着重从其社 会背景因素和克莱的性格特征上进行分析， 对此进行 深入透彻的分析有助于我们对小说有更深刻的理解， 对那个时代有更深的思索。
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宗教道德观念以及道德标准。 哈代深知落后的宗教观 念之顽固,他以人性与保守的道德观念和社会冲突为主 题, 通过主人公无望的挣扎和步步走向命运设定的毁 灭,演绎出震撼人心而又发人深省的悲剧。
长久以来， 许多人在研究这部小说的时候都把目 光对准了女主人公苔丝， 却极少有人关注其男主人公 安琪儿·克 莱 ，他 也 是 小 说 中 富 有 悲 情 色 彩 的 人 物 。 克 莱是一个矛盾的复合体， 他既有与传统理念勇敢斗争 的一面，同时又无法摆脱封建思想的枷锁，其悲剧性也 因此产生。 哈代把自己的作品称为“性格与环境小说”， 认为性格和环境冲突造成个性的毁灭，由此可见，社会 因素及个性因素是造成克莱的悲剧的重要原因。
劳伦斯《儿子与情人》文献综述
论《儿子与情人》中男主人公保罗的悲剧文献综述专业: 班级:姓名: 指导老师:摘要：本文客观、公正地综合整理了国内外关于英国二十世纪作家戴·赫·劳伦斯的《儿子与情人》中关于保罗的悲剧的相关研究资料，对小说中造成保罗悲剧的各种因素进行整理，试图从社会、家庭、个人三个方面归纳当前国内外关于《儿子与情人》中保罗的悲剧产生的原因研究的价值和不足之处，并指出继续研究的意义和价值。
关键词：《儿子与情人》；保尔；悲剧；研究《儿子与情人》是英国作家戴维·赫伯特·劳伦斯(1885—1930)的重要代表作之一。
这部小说自1913年问世以来,就以其坦率、大胆的描写,深刻的心理分析吸引着千万读者,大受读者喜爱。
《儿子与情人》是劳伦斯的半自传体小说，正是劳伦斯的亲身经历使劳伦斯对人物的心理分析得淋漓尽致，给人以真实感。
《儿子与情人》通过对保罗的悲剧的描写，批判了工业文明对人的精神的压迫，对人性和家庭关系的扭曲。
保罗的悲剧是《儿子与情人》是小说的一个重要主题，保罗的悲剧是那个时代无数英国青年的缩影，是时代的悲剧。
而保尔的悲剧是多种因素导致的。
而这也是国内外作家对《儿子与情人》研究分析的一个重要方向，对于理解整部小说有极大的意义。
笔者主要通过阅读《儿子与情人》中英文版和译本，以及在网络（主要是中国知网），书籍，报刊上查找了将近80篇相关研究评论，根据自己对这一论文的想法对这些文章加以筛选，选出了12篇有直接参考价值的论文进行研读。
一、国外研究现状劳伦斯的《儿子与情人》是西方文学史上最具争议的小说之一。
西方文学界对《儿子与情人》的态度褒贬不一,有些批评家甚至公开批评劳伦斯及其作品。
英国女作家艾略特曾说过：“《儿子与情人》的出版标志着一种人类堕落的逐步深化过程。
”T·S·艾略特遗责他在感情上是个异教徒, “呆头呆脑的歌唱赞美诗的虔信主义”或腐败的新教徒教义的产物。
但是，也有很多西方学者很欣赏劳伦斯的作品，特别是《儿子与情人》。
劳伦斯的《儿子与情人》中保罗的悲剧 论文
An Analysis of Paul's Tragedy in Sons and LoversAbstract: Sons and Lovers (1913), the masterpiece of David Herbert Lawrence, is an autobiographical psychoanalytic novel. In Sons and Lovers, the abnormal relationship between Paul and his mother is actually accord with the symptoms of “Oedipus Complex”which is a term in psychoanalysis which was made by Freud. The thesis tries to analyze Paul's tragedy from the view of “Oedipus Complex”and provides the reasons that result in Paul's “Oedipus Complex”from many aspects and the consequence of it. The thesis points out that we should pay much more attention to the psychological health of people, especially the psychological health of children.Key words: Sons and Lovers; Paul's tragedy; Oedipus complex1.Introduction1.1. Brief Introduction on Lawrence and Sons and LoversDavid Herbert Lawrence (11 September 1885 –2 March 1930) is an English novelist, poet, playwright, essayist and one of the greatest figures in 20th-century English Literature. During his short period of literary career, he accomplished a great number of literary works. These works include 10 pieces of full-length novels, 7 pieces of medium-length novels, more than 50 pieces of short stories, and more than 1000 pieces of poems and so on.Lawrence was born in a miner's family of Eastwood Nottinghamshire on November 11th , 1885. His father Arthur John Lawrence, a barely literate miner, had a rough character and an addiction for alcohol, while his mother was a well-educated lady who was a former schoolteacher. Due to the poverty of the family and the class differences, the affection between his parents disappearing gradually. Then his mother gave all her love to him. This lopsided love, however, resulted in his relying on his mother for a long period and failed to form independent personality and perfect sex ability. It was not till the December of 1910 when his mother died of illness did he escape from this abnormal love.Sons and Lovers (1913), the third piece of the 10 pieces of full-length novels of Lawrence, is the most popular one of his novels. It is Sons and Lovers that laid his foundation of reputation as a writer and made him continuing his writing career. Sons and Lovers, the masterpiece of Lawrence, is an autobiographical novel and was written based on hisexperience of childhood and juvenile period.1.2 Literature ReviewSons and Lovers of Lawrence is one of the most controversial novels in western literature. After the novel was published, many western researchers studied the novel. They showed different attitudes toward Lawrence and his Sons and Lovers. Some researchers supported the novel and Lawrence, while others were strongly against the novel and Lawrence. T. S. Eliot, a female British writer, dislikes the sex in Sons and Lovers. She has ever said that the publishing of Sons and Lovers symbols the corruption of human beings was deepening. She and other critics criticized Sons and Lovers mainly for the sex theme in the novel. However; John Macy admires the language skills that Lawrence used in the novel. In the preface of Sons and Lovers which was published in 1992, he pointed out that this novel is master piece in which every word is wonderful. And as the Oedipus complex is one of most moving points in the novel, many foreign repay their attention to it. Since 1950, many researchers overseas tended to analyze the novel from two aspects: the language skills and the psychological view.Since Sons and Lovers were published in China, a lot of Chinese researchers have attached much attention to it. They insist that the industrial civilization damaged the relationships of Paul’s family and then leads to Paul’s tragedy. They grasped the key point to have a good understanding of the novel and tried to analyze the tragedy of Paul from three aspects: the social factors, the family factors and the Paul’s own weakness.Sons and Lovers depicted the life of the two graduations of the Morels in the early 20th century. It’s a window that we can have a good knowledge of the life of low class of the British men in the early 20th century. And Paul’s tragedy in the novel exposed the destruction of the Capitalist industrialization process toward the nature and the psychological health. Besides, in the novel, Lawrence used a great deal of psychological description. Thus, the study of the novel is meaningful.In a word, Sons and Lovers is a successful novel which paved the way for Lawrence’s successful literary performance. Both overseas and domestic researchers have done muchstudy on Sons and Lovers. They studied the novel from different aspects such as the language skills, the reasons which lead to Paul's Oedipus complex and the character analysis. This thesis will focus on Paul's tragedy, tracing the reasons that lead to it, so the reader will have a deeper understanding of Paul's tragedy and clear idea about the importance of psychological health.2. Paul's Oedipus ComplexThe Oedipus Complex of Paul was developed in a long period from his childhood to his adulthood. And it had affected not only his life but his affection affairs. The reasons include the harsh social environment, the abnormal love of his mother, Paul's own weakness.2.1 What is “Oedipus Complex”?In order to understand Paul's “Oedipus Complex”, we should give a definition of “Oedipus Complex”. Oedipus Complex means that a son loves his mother to an abnormal extent and he detests his father very much. Usually the one who has “Oedipus Complex” lives in a family without a balanced relationship among his parents and him. And he and his mother hate his father, he and his mother trend to love each other. Then he will find it difficult to love other girls for he actually love his mother.2.1.1 Origin of “Oedipus Complex”Oedipus Complex is a term in psychoanalysis which was made by Austrian psychologist, psychiatrist Freud and also one of his important theories. The term originated from the story of Oedipus in Greek mythology. Oedipus killed his father with no intention and got married with his mother.①It is said that the king of Thebe, Laius, was warned by a prophecy that predicted that he would be killed by his son. Thus, he decided to kill his son Oedipus by leaving him alone in mountains. Oedipus would had died if he hadn't been saved by a sheepherder. The sheepherder brought him to the Corinth and the king who didn't have any children adopted ①王毅.论《儿子与情人》中俄狄浦斯情结的悲剧[J].河北大学学报（哲学社会科学版）,2001,(3).him. When he grew up, he killed his father in a dispute. At that time, the people in Thebe was in danger because Sphinx, a enchantress would kill them if they could not answer her questions. Oedipus saved the people of Thebe for he had gave a correct answer to Sphinx's questions. Then Oedipus became the king of Thebe and got married with his mother. His mother killed herself and Oedipus blinded himself after they have known all the facts.2.1.2 Freud’s Theory of “Oedipus ComplexFrom the behavior of patient who got neurosis, Sigmund Freud found that the strong jealousy to either one of the parents may produce huge destructive power. This power may result in fear and may produce perpetual obstacle and influence on personality forming. Freud judged that that phenomenon is a universal phenomenon because Freud often observed it on the patient who got neurosis. Freud found that the Oedipus complex is the core of neurosis, and based on this he tried to explain complex phenomenon in other cultures.In Totem and Taboo (1913), Freud put forward that the early sexual object of a boy in early time is his mother. He always wants to occupy the position of the father and competes with his father for his mother's love. That is the Oedipus complex. Freud thinks Oedipus complex is an important factor in the development of personality, and uses it to explain the origin of the culture and society.2.2 Reasons for Paul's “Oedipus Complex”The reasons why Paul got Oedipus Complex are very complex. There are three reasons accounting for Paul's Oedipus Complex: the influence of social background, the influence of Paul's family, and Paul's own weakness. The three reasons tangled and act on Paul all together. And the origin of Paul's Oedipus Complex is the harsh social background. The unbalanced relationship results from the social background of that time result in Paul's Oedipus Complex. And the special family of Paul deepens his Oedipus Complex. Then Paul's own weakness made him unable to escape from the control of his mother. And he was plunged into the morass of the Oedipus Complex and couldn't get out of it.2.2.1 The Influence of Social BackgroundThe story is set in Victorian era. At that time, the development of Industrial Revolution reached its peak. The industry and commerce were booming at that time. However, the development of industry and commerce affected the life of people in many aspects. First of all, a great deal of labor force was urgently needed for. More and more factories were established in England. In order to gain labor force, enclosure movement was carried out in a larger scale than before. During the 18th and 19th centuries, 4763 pieces of legislation relating to the enclosure had been approved to occupy 2.69 million hectares of arable land and public land. The English farmers lost their land and farms and had to change their life. They had to leave their land and flooded into the city to work in the factories. Their lives were miserable. The new workers had to work hard to maintain their daily life and the only thing they wanted to do is making money. They had no time to relax themselves though they were working under great pressure. They had little time to care for their family or other people.In Sons and Lovers, the disharmony relationship between Mr. Morel and Mrs. Morel and the abnormal relationship between Mrs. Morel and her sons lead to Paul's and William's failing to escape from their psychological illness. The occurrence of that phenomenon is because the capitalist industrialization, the harsh working environment, tense life condition and relentless relationship distorted the inner world of people, damaged the harmony of families and harmed the physical and mental health. From this view, the broken marriage of Mr. Morel and Mrs. Morel and the tragedy of Paul stemmed from the progress of industrialization.①Thus, Paul's Oedipus Complex was more or less related with the social background of that time.2.2.2 The Influence of Paul's FamilyThere were 5 members in Paul's family: Mr. Morel, Mrs. Morel, William, Anna and himself. His father Mr. Morel was a miner who had a bad temper and addiction for alcohol. His mother Mrs. Morel however is an educated lady who came from the middle class. William is his elder brother who is a handsome and brilliant boy. Anne is his younger sister. His ①徐晓晴.从《儿子与情人》中的婚姻裂变看英国工业文明的悲剧[J].安庆师范学院学报（社会科学版）,2002,(11).mother was very disappointed with the behaviors of his father after some days they have got married. She had nothing to share with her husband for they come from different classes. As a miner, the only way for his father to support the family was working hard and making much more money. And the only way his father could free himself from the great economic pressure of his big family was drinking. However, his mother who came from the middle class detested all those behaviors of his father. Then, the affection between his mother and father disappeared gradually. All the relationships in a family are closely related, all linked with one another, once one of those relationships is been damaged, all the relationship will change. Thus, one of the relationships changed, another will be changed, too.①All his mother's hopes were placed on his brother William. He was born when the marriage of his parents had broken. And after the death of William, his mother turned to Paul.Being brought up in such an abnormal family, Paul got little care from his father but too much attention from his mother. This unbalanced relationship among Paul and mother result in his Oedipus Complex. He loved his mother and relied on his mother. And his hatred towards his father distorted his psychology. He even regarded his mother as his lover. He even said, " At any rate, mother, I'll never marry", "But I shan't marry, mother, I shall live with you and we'll have a servant".②In the shadow of abnormal love of his mother, Paul lost his ability to love.③The abnormal family relationships result in his Oedipus Complex.2.2.3 The Influence of Paul's Own WeaknessApart from the influence of social background and family, Paul himself should also be responsible for his Oedipus Complex. From childhood on, Paul is especially sensitive, artistic and imaginative, and he becomes extraordinarily dependent on his mother.④It is Paul's own weakness that made Paul unable to be independent and his relying on his mother.On the one hand, Paul was sensitive to what other people felt and he especially cared about what his mother felt. He couldn't help to taking his mother's feeling into consideration before he did his own things. He tried to do whatever he could do to please his mother and①张文静.工业文明下的人际关系的扭曲----对《儿子与情人》的探讨[J].黄山学院学报,2009,(8)② [英]劳伦斯.儿子与情人[M].刘一之,张金玲译.北京：中国文联出版社,1999：423.③赵渭绒.畸形母爱：生命中不能承受之重----《孔雀东南飞》与《儿子与情人》之比较[J].广西民族学院学报（哲学社会科学版),2005,(9).④谭焕新.Character Analysis on Paul Morel in Son and Lovers[J].Overseas English,2011,(2).avoid doing the things which would hurt her feelings. He was bound by the feeling and the abnormal love of his mother. Then, he hated his father who always hurt his mother and even wanted to take place of his father. In fact, with his love to his mother, his hatreds to his father increased, Paul's Oedipus Complex become deeper and deeper.On the other hand, Paul was lacking of courage to free himself from the abnormal love of his mother. In fact, Paul realized that he was bound by his mother' love. And he has ever put forward his discontent to his mother for intervening his love affairs with Clara. However, he made a compromise and promised his mother he wouldn't get married. In fact, even if his mother didn't do anything to stop Paul's love affairs with Clara, he wouldn't have ability to seize his happiness. And this was caused by his weakness in character.①His Oedipus Complex became deeper.In one word, Paul' own weakness was closely related with his Oedipus Complex.3. The Consequence of Paul's Oedipus ComplexFrom his childhood to his adulthood, the Oedipus Complex had affected Paul's life in many aspects. Under the influence of Oedipus Complex, Paul became more and more sensitive and lost himself in his mother's love. He couldn't make any decision without his mother's advice. His girlfriends were more or less like his mother and he always worried about his mother's feeling about his girlfriend. He tried whatever he could do to please his mother. The relationship between him and his mother became abnormal. The strong control and attachment of his mother to Paul split his personality and made Paul a "Half Man" whose psychology is abnormal.②3.1 The Influence on Paul's LifePaul's Oedipus Complex changed his life a lot. As a man, he should have an independent life as other normal men and he should fall in love with a girl and get married with her. However, he regarded his mother as the center of life. He wanted to be excellent for his①陈瑜明.劳伦斯笔下的悲剧性人物保罗[J].菁田学院学报,2004,(12).②陈瑜明.劳伦斯笔下的悲剧性人物保罗[J].菁田学院学报,2004,(12).mother and wanted to protect his mother. Then, he couldn't live without his mother and independent. His mother even intervenes in his love affairs. He lost his ability to love a girl because of his Oedipus Complex. That is to say, Paul's life was deeply influenced by Oedipus Complex.3.1.1 The Influence on Paul's Individual LifePaul's individual life was totally ruined by his Oedipus Complex. He couldn't live without his mother. Thus, after his mother died, he lost his directions of his future. When his mother was alive, He didn't have the ability to arrange his life for his mother always helped him to arrange his life. He gave up painting, his hobby, and his life was in a mess.First of all, he couldn't arrange his daily life. The normal daily life of Paul became disordered without his mother. He lost his mother he relied on. He didn't know how to live a normal life and arrange his time. He addicted to alcohol and did nothing but drinking with some friends and strangers everyday.Secondly, due to the death of his mother; he gave up painting, his hobby and dream. A person who lost his dream is an utterly worthless person in the society. He didn't want to change anything or make any progress.3.1.2 The Influence on Paul's Family LifePaul's Oedipus complex had a great effect upon Paul's family life. His mother's strong attachment to Paul made his father feel envious. The stronger the attachment, the more envious his father was. And the envy made his father crazy and he behaved much worse than before. Then his bad behavior aroused the aversion of his mother. As a result, the relationship between Paul and his father became bad. Paul hated his father and his father also disliked Paul. In the eyes of the children, the father didn't play an appropriate role in the family. And under the influence of the mother the children were unable to treat their father with right attitude.①He left home after his mother died for he couldn't bear to stay with his father, In fact, sometimes Paul played a role as his mother's lover and distorted the family life. He always stayed with his mother as long as he had time. He was more of a husband than a ①张文静.工业文明下人际关系的扭曲----对《儿子与情人》的探讨[J].黄山学院学报,2009,(8).son. The relationship between his mother and him was also abnormal. He realized vaguely that he had never lived without his mother and it means that he had never lived a real life. The feeling that he couldn't live without his mother and the feeling of he couldn't live independently unless she died mixed in his brain. However, when his mother died, he cried painfully like a lover: " My love--my love--oh, my love!” he whispered again and again "my love--oh, my love!"①In a word, Paul's Oedipus complex has an effect on both the relationship between his father and between his mother.3.2 The Influence on Paul's Love AffairsPaul's emotional world was deeply affected by Paul's Oedipus complex. He had two girlfriends altogether, one was Miriam and the other was Clara. He ever fell in love with both the two girls. However, Paul's Oedipus complex separated Paul and his girlfriends. Paul was very painful in these two love affairs because of his mother's intervention.3.2.1 The Influence on Paul and MiriamMiriam was the first girlfriend of Paul. Miriam was a girl who thought highly of religious belief and spiritual love. And she often imagined herself as one of the famous ladies in the history. Paul acquainted with her when he was young. They loved each others at first. But they did not tell each other about their affection, for Paul was a sensitive man and Miriam was a conservative girl. The relationship between them was very delicate. They got along well and they had almost the same understanding of life. They were very happy when they stayed together.However, the intervention of Paul's mother and Paul's Oedipus complex changed the relationship between him and Miriam. Paul became anxious to date with Miriam for a long time for his mother had told him that she didn’t like Paul to stay with Miriam for a long time. So when Paul stayed with Miriam, he felt worried and wanted to torment Miriam. His attitude towards Miriam also changed. Controlled by the Oedipus complex and his mother's love, he①刘积源.论《儿子与情人》中保罗的“恋母情结”及形成的原因[J].西南科技大学学报（哲学社会科学版）,2005,(2).couldn't devote himself into his love affair with Miriam. In order to please his mother, he didn't allow Miriam to stay with him for a long time. Sometimes, he told his mother that he and Miriam were friends, not lovers. Once he thought about his mother was uneasy at home, he would torment Miriam. He didn't felt satisfied with the love affair with Miriam even after they had had sex.In fact, he had never loved Miriam by heart though Miriam loved him very much. Paul's love affair was bound to fail for the Oedipus complex had made him an abnormal man.3.2.2 The Influence on Paul and ClaraClara was the second girlfriend of Paul. She was a beautiful and hot lady who had got married. However, Paul accepted her and broke up with Miriam. The relationship between Paul and Clara was much stranger than the relationship between him and Miriam. In the daytime, he wouldn't care for Clare and he didn't felt Clara stayed with him in the same workplace. Clara, however, loved him very much. And Clara felt Paul didn't love her by heart. They were attracted by each others for sexual requirements. Their love concerned only about sex and noting more than that he only needed her at night.They didn't share the same interest and attitude towards life. Paul liked painting and he always showed his pictures to Miriam when they were lovers. As usual, he showed his new picture to Clara. But the reaction of Clara disappointed him. Clara didn't like his picture. The control of Paul's Oedipus Complex made him only gain satisfaction of sex from Clara.Paul had never thought of living with his girlfriends in the future. And he said that he only wanted to make much money and buy a house where he and his mother could live together with a servant.4. The Enlightenment of Paul’s TragedyPaul's tragedy was mainly caused by his Oedipus Complex. And the main reason is the harsh social environment and great social class differences. And the problems of psychological health of Paul changed his life and his love affairs totally. The enlightenment of Paul's tragedy is as the following:First of all, living in such a busy world and a society where money is first, we should set aside some time for entertainment and relax. And we should try to find some way to free us from the great pressures. And we had better not to regard making money as the only purpose why we live. Keeping a good feeling everyday and trying to avoid the problems of psychological health.Secondly, in order to have a harmonious family and society, we should pay more attention to each member in our family because one relationship will affect another relationship. If we wanted to have a healthier family, we should communicate with our families and let them know we are caring for them. And the love to children from both sides of parents should be balanced.5. ConclusionPaul's tragedy which took place in the period of Industrial Revolution of Britain mainly resulted from his Oedipus complex. And Paul's Oedipus complex was developed over a long period from his childhood to his adulthood. During the period, his Oedipus complex was deepened continuously. The harsh social environment was the origin of Paul's Oedipus complex. In such a society where the rich became much richer while the poor became much poorer, Paul's father and other people came from low class had to work hard in order to maintain the family's daily life. His father had no other way to free himself from the great economic pressure but to drink a lot. Paul's mother, a lady came from the middle class, hated the bad habits of the low class and looked down upon her husband. The class differences were the obstacles for their marriage. And the unbalance relationship between them made Paul's mother try to attaches her to his sons. After William died, his mother turned to Paul. Paul was such a sensitive person that he unable to free himself from his mother’s overwhelms attachment and his Oedipus Complex sprouted at the same time.The Oedipus Complex of Paul had great influence on his life in many aspects: first of all, it leads to Paul's failing to arrange for his daily life, he lost his ability to live independently without his mother. Secondly, the relationship between his father and him was ruined by his strong prejudice on his father and his strong attachment to his mother. The last but not least,he lost his ability to love a girl and failed in his two pieces of love affairs.The enlightenment we can learn from the tragedy of Paul is that the mental and psychological health of people is very important. And we should think about how to keep him mental and psychological health. What we should do to face the busy society and great pressures nowadays is learn to relax ourselves and free us from the great pressures. What's more, we should pay attention to the balance of our family relationship. We should care for our family members, especially the children.References[1]陈瑜明.劳伦斯笔下的悲剧性人物保罗[J].菁田学院学报,2004,(12).[2]蒋炳贤.《劳伦斯评论集》前言[J].杭州大学学报,1989,(2):79-86.[3]刘积源.论《儿子与情人》中保罗的“恋母情结”及形成的原因[J].西南科技大学学报（哲学社会科学版）,2005,(06).[4][英]劳伦斯.儿子与情人[M].刘一之,张金玲译.北京：中国文联出版社,1999.[5]任培红.现代文明的悲剧---从人物悲剧透视《儿子与情人》中莫雷尔一家[J].外国文学,2008,(3):107-109.[6]谭焕新.Character Analysis on Paul Morel in Son and Lovers [J].Overseas English,2011, (02).[7]王毅.论《儿子与情人》中俄狄浦斯情结的悲剧[J].河北大学学报（哲学社会科学版）,2001,(03).[8]席战强.精神的悲剧---论精神生态视域下的《儿子与情人》[J].贺州学院学报,2012,(06).[9]徐晓晴.从《儿子与情人》中的婚姻裂变看英国工业文明的悲剧[J].安庆师范学院学报（社会科学版）,2002,(11).[10]赵渭绒.畸形母爱：生命中不能承受之重---《孔雀东南飞》与《儿子与情人》之比较[J].广西民族学院学报（哲学社会科学版),2005,(09).[11]张文静.工业文明下人际关系的扭曲---对《儿子与情人》的探讨[J].黄山学院学报,2009,(08).[12]周丽丽.浅析《儿子与情人》中保罗爱情悲剧的原因[J].泰州职业技术学院学报,2010,(04).论《儿子与情人》中男主人公保罗的悲剧摘要：戴维·赫伯特·劳伦斯的代表作《儿子与情人》是一部带有自传体性质的精神分析小说。
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中图分 类号 ：Ｉ１０６．４
文 献标 识码 ：Ｂ
文 章编 号 ：１６７１—０１４２（２０１０）０２—００９９—０３
１９１３年出版的 《儿子与情人》是戴维 ·赫伯 特 ·劳伦斯早期作品 中的成功之著 。作为劳伦斯 的第 三部小 说 ，它 带有 一 定 的 自传 性 质 。在 小说 中 ，劳伦斯 以资本 主 义工业 文 明为 背 景 ，采 用 现 实 主义 的手 法 ，详 细描 述 了男 主人 公保 罗 的成长 过 程 和他 的爱情 悲 剧 。正 如劳伦 斯 在 给好 友 爱德 华的信 中描述的那样 ： “Ｉｔ ｉｓ ａ ｇｒｅａｔ ｔｒａｇｅｄｙ，ａｎｄ Ｉ
ｔａｃｔ ｗｉｔｈ ｗｏｍ ｅｎ，ｔｈｅｒｅ ｉｓ ａ ｓｐｌｉｔ．
然 而 ，母亲 是不 能 等 同于情 人 的 。 当保 罗长 大成人后 ，他开始寻找恋人 ，首先是米 丽亚姆 ， 然 后 是 克 莱 拉 ，但 是 每 当儿 子 和 米 丽 亚 姆 约 会 时 ，莫瑞尔太太都会感到不安和焦急 ，还经常为 此 对 保罗 发脾 气 。害 怕失 去儿 子 ，她 不 但指 责儿 子 “ｂｉｔｓ ｏｆ ｌａｄｓ ａｎｄ ｇｉｒｌｓ ｃｏｕ￣ｉｎｇ”１３］，而 且 公 开 表 示不喜欢米丽亚姆 。两个女人 的冲突让保罗非常 痛 苦 ，由于并 没有 真正 理 解 自己与母 亲 的关 系 ， 他 在情 感上 对 米丽 亚姆 开 始变 得 冷漠 而残 忍 。为 了安慰 母 亲 ，保 罗让 米丽 亚姆 不 要久 留他 因为母 亲 会不 高兴 。有 时 ，他会对 自己说他 与米 丽 亚姆
作者简介 ：周丽 丽（１９８２一），女 ，汀苏 泰州人 ，助教
１００
泰 州职 业技术学院学报
第 ２期
之间没有爱情只有友情 。他告诉母亲 “Ｗｅ ａｒｅｎ’ ｔ ｌｏｖｅｒｓ，ｗｅ ａｒｅ ｆｒｉｅｎｄｓ”［３１，以此希望母亲能够感 到 满足 。只要 一想 到母亲 因为米 丽亚 姆 在家受 着 折磨 ，他就会残忍地对待米丽亚姆。即使在两人 发生了性关 系之后 ，保罗也没有任何的成就感 ， 而是感到失败和死亡 ，随着时间的流逝 ，这种失 败和死亡感变得越来越强烈 。渐渐地 ，保罗不再 要求 占有米丽亚姆了，他认为这种关系并没有让 他们 走得 更近 。莫瑞 尔太 太完全 占据 了保 罗 的情 感世界 ，使他在精神上得不到独立 ，因此 ，保罗 和 米丽亚 姆注 定是会 分手 的 。
希望 能 够填 补 自己从 丈 夫那 得不 到 的感 情 上 的需 要 。保 罗从 出身 开始 就 受着 这种 强 烈 的母爱 的影 响 ，因此他开始憎恨父亲。当父亲 由于事故住院 时 ，他在 潜 意识 里就 想 取代 父亲 的地位 。他 经 常 开 心 地 告 诉 母 亲 ： “Ｉ＇ｍ ｔｈｅ ｍａｎ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｈｏｕｓｅ． ’ 当父母 吵架时，他不仅支持母 亲，而且还暗暗祈 祷 ： “Ｌｏｒｄ，ｌｅｔ ｍｙ ｆａｔｈｅｒ ｄｉｅ． 他 和母 亲 就 这 样 分 享 着生 活 中 的悲伤 和乐 趣 。也 许有 人会 认 为保 罗的所作所 为根本无法与俄底普 斯相 比， “ｂｕｔ ｉｎ ｆａｃｔ ｉｔ ｉｓ ｅｎｏｕｇｈ，ｉｔ ｉｓ ｔｈｅ ｓａｍｅ ｔｈｉｎｇ ａｔ ｒｏｏｔ．” 如 果 弗 洛 伊 德 从 临床 实 践 中总 结 出 的 理 论 是 合 理 的 ，那 么 ，保 罗在 母 亲 那 种 强 烈 的爱 的影 响 下 ， 在 心理 上并 没 有真 正 的成 熟 ，而 这一 点就 阻 碍 了 他 的正 常 的需要 并 且导 致 了保 罗在 情感 和心灵 上 的分裂 ，使 他无 法 与其 他女 性 建立 一个 和 谐 而完 美 的关 系 ，“ａｓ ｓｏｏｎ ａｓ ｔｈｅ ｙｏｕｎｇ ｍｅｎ ｃｏｍｅ ｉｎｔｏ ｃｏｎ—
第 １０卷第 ２期 ２０１０年 ４月
பைடு நூலகம்
泰 州 职 业 技 术 学 院学 报
Ｊｏｕｒ ｎａｌ ｏｆ Ｔａｉｚｈｏｕ Ｐｏｌｙｔｅｃｈｎｉｃ Ｃｏｌｌｅｇｅ
Ｖ０１．１０ Ｎｏ．２ Ａｐｒ．２０１０
浅析《儿子与情人》中保 罗爱情悲剧的原因
周 丽 丽
（泰州职业技术学 院 基础科学部 ，江 苏 泰州 ２２５３００）
一 、 导致保 罗爱情 悲剧 的原 因
（一 ）“俄底 普斯 情 结” 的 影响 “俄 底 普斯 情 结 ”是 弗 洛 伊 德 精 神分 析 学 说 的一个 概念 ，源 于希腊 神话 和 索福 克斯勒 的悲 剧 中俄 狄浦斯 杀 父娶 母 的传 说 。按 照弗 洛伊 德 理论 的解释，个体人格是由本我 、自我和超我三个心 理 体 系组成 的 。由于母 亲是 婴 儿 的哺 育者 ，婴儿 本 能地 就对 母 亲存 在着 一种 占有 的欲 望 。这 种倾 向受婴 儿 的本 我控 制 ，而本 我 没有 价值 观 念 ，只 承 认 “享乐 原 则 ”，发展 下 去 ，在 儿 童 身上 就 会 产 生排斥 父 亲 ，独 占母 亲 的非健 康 愿望 ，这就 是 “俄 狄浦 斯情 结 ”［２１。 而保 罗 的母 亲莫 瑞 尔太 太在 大 儿子 威 廉死 于 肺 炎 后 ，把 自己 的全 部感 情 都 倾 注 在 保 罗 身上 ，
也许有人会认为保罗的所作所为根本无法与俄底普斯相比butsamething果弗洛伊德从临床实践中总结出的理论是合理的那么保罗在母亲那种强烈的爱的影响下在心理上并没有真正的成熟而这一点就阻碍了他的正常的需要并且导致了保罗在情感和心灵上的分裂使他无法与其他女性建立一个和谐而完美的关系assoonyoungmencomecontact然而母亲是不能等同于情人的
摘 要 ：戴维·赫伯特 ·劳伦斯 的代表作 Ｌ子与情人》是一部 带有 自传性质的精神 分析小说 ，
男主人公保 罗的爱情 悲剧在该小说 中占有重要地位。文章主要从两方面来分析导致
保 罗爱情 悲剧的原 因，即 “俄底普斯”情结和 两位情人的性格缺 陷。
关键 词 ：情人 ；悲剧 ； “俄 底普 斯 ”情 结 ；性格 缺 陷。
ｔｅｌｌ ｙｏｕ Ｉ＇ｖｅ ｗｒｉｔｔｅｎ ａ ｇｒｅａｔ ｂｏｏｋ．Ｉｔ ｓ ｔｈｅ ｔｒａｇｅｄｙ ｏｆ
ｔｈｏｕｓａｎｄｓ ｏｆ ｙｏｕｎｇ ｍｅｎ ｉｎ Ｅｎｇｌａｎｄ… ”…。在 这 部 小说 中 ，保 罗 的爱情 悲 剧 占有重 要 的地 位 ，也 是 令 人 最 为感动 的 。因此 ，在 下文 中笔者 主要 从 两 方 面分析 导致 保 罗爱 情 悲剧 的原 因 。