2011年版_历年考研英语试题分析__命题特点和规律
2011年考研英语真题及解析
2011年考研英语真题及解析考研对于许多学子来说，是一场充满挑战和机遇的重要考试。
英语作为其中的必考科目，其真题的研究和解析对于备考有着至关重要的作用。
2011 年的考研英语真题，从整体上呈现出了一定的命题特点和难度水平。
在阅读理解部分，文章的选材广泛，涵盖了科技、文化、社会等多个领域。
这要求考生具备较为广泛的知识背景和较强的阅读理解能力。
例如，其中有一篇关于人工智能发展的文章，不仅需要考生理解相关的专业术语，还需要对科技发展的趋势有一定的认识和思考。
在词汇方面，2011 年的真题中出现了一些高频词汇，同时也有一些相对生僻的词汇。
这就提醒考生在备考过程中，不仅要掌握常见的核心词汇，还要注重积累一些在特定语境中出现的低频词汇。
例如，“proliferation”（扩散；激增）这个词在一篇文章中出现，如果考生不认识，可能会影响对整句话甚至整篇文章的理解。
完型填空部分，主要考查了考生对词汇的辨析、固定搭配以及上下文逻辑关系的理解。
这一部分的题目往往需要考生仔细分析每个选项，结合文章的语境来做出正确的选择。
比如，一些形似词的区分，像“adapt”“adopt”“adept”，如果考生对它们的含义和用法掌握不牢固，就容易选错。
翻译部分，句子结构较为复杂，涉及到多种从句和非谓语动词的使用。
这需要考生具备较强的语法分析能力和语言组织能力，能够准确地理解原文的意思，并用地道的中文表达出来。
比如，有一个句子中包含了一个嵌套的定语从句，考生需要先理清句子的结构，再进行翻译。
写作部分，小作文通常是应用性的文体，如书信、通知等。
大作文则更注重考查考生的观点阐述和论证能力。
在 2011 年的真题中，小作文要求考生写一封推荐信，这就需要考生明确推荐信的格式和语言特点，同时要能够清晰地介绍被推荐人的优点和适合的理由。
大作文则是关于旅游与环境的话题，考生需要有自己明确的观点，并能够用恰当的论据来支持自己的观点。
对于 2011 年考研英语真题的解析，我们可以总结出一些备考的重点和方法。
2011年考研英语一真题总体分析
2011年考研英语一真题总体分析2011年考研英语已经结束，总体难度较之2010年有所下降。
就各部分来说，第一部分完形填空难度与2010年持平，但是对文意的考查有所加强。
阅读理解A部分相比去年来说，文章和题目的难度都是有所降低的；B部分则是以排序题的形式出现；C部分翻译不单单是考查我们分析理解长难句，也更侧重测试考生联系上下文去进行翻译；最后一部分大作文选取的是环境这一话题，这也是一个老生常谈的话题了，相比于2010年的火锅来说，难度明显降低；小作文选取的是推荐信。
第一部分：完形填空文章是取自2009年3月25日Scientific American（《科学美国人》），原文标题为“How Humor Makes You Friendlier, Sexier”（幽默如何使你更加有人缘且性感），作者为Steve Ayan。
文章探讨的是笑声的作用与情感和肌肉反应之间的相互关系。
除了延续以往对固定搭配和词汇的考查，更侧重于对文章意思的理解。
这也就意味着进一步向阅读靠拢，侧重对文章整体意思和逻辑的把握。
所以也就要求考生在做题时要具备一种全局观。
（点击查看原文：How Humor Makes You Friendlier, Sexier）第二部分：阅读理解A部分Text 1文章取自Commentary（评论）2007年9月版，原文标题为Selling Classical Music，作者为Terry Teachout。
文章分析的是一个交响乐团所面临的困境，以及作者给出的原因和解决途径。
难度一般。
（点击查看原文：Selling Classical Music）Text 2文章取自Business Week（商业周刊）2009年11月5日，原文标题为Top Managers Are Quitting, Without a New Job（顶级经理人在离职，新工作还没着落），作者为Jena McGregor。
文章讲述的是和经济相关的内容，随着金融危机的缓和，工作机会渐增，许多高级经理人在没有找到下家时，就先辞职，也就是现在所谓的“裸辞”。
2011年阅读命题分析
二.删减一些不必要的细节信息。考研的文章 不能太长，出于把文章字数控制在要求的范围 内的考虑，因此一些可有可无的细节、不影响 文章总体结构的细节内容都要删除。
三.替换超纲词汇。为了将超纲词汇控制在要 求的范围内(全文的3%)，也为了便于考生真正 发挥阅读水平，有些超纲词汇被替换。
四.合并拆分段落。为了使文章语言更加精炼，
2011年知识运用试题来源
考研英语完型填空部分，使用了2009年3月份 网络上的一篇文章，网址是 /userarticles/20 090327/20090327092207032.html,
其主要内容是how humor makes you friendlier, sexier，文章难度适中。命题专家 在出题的时候也进行了一定程度的改写。
章。
Text 2第二篇阅读文章： /magazine/content
/09_46/b4155072824076.htm , 其标题是Top managers are quitting, without a
new job.
Text 3第三篇阅读文章： /review/20100
1. 词汇比较新颖，并且词义灵活多变，阅读起来感觉 总是觉Leabharlann 有些单词是认识了，但词义特别难以确定。
12/005820.shtml.
Text 4第四篇阅读文章 /2010/07/09/not-
on-board-with-baby.html 选自《新闻周刊》2010年7月9日的文章。其
标题是not on board with baby。
新题型试题的来源
2011年考研英语阅读真题出处
Text 1 阅读文章的出处： /viewarticl
【最新】2011年考研英语真题及答案完整解析
2011 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But __1___some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__, a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.__6__, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__, studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback, that improve an individual’s emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow. Although sadness also ____14___ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile –or with their lips, which would produce a(n) __17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles ___18___ more exuberantly to funny cartons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, ____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10．[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13．[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Ant hony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in theTimes, calls him “a n unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The wi despread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that diffe rence? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Par a.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in r evitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspira tions. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managerscautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26.When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28.The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs: Where to Go?[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media – such as television commercials and print advertisements –still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media –for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities tolearn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter –nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampe n our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive – and newly single –mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wond er if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in theirlives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every wee k of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a littl e bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, manyhumanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the kn owledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and crit icize.”Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book T he Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature.Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded : “ We do not attract what we want, but what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you don’t “ get” success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.\Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.”(48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Alle n’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now webecome authorities of what is possible.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51.Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recommend one of your favorite movies and 2) give reasons for your recommendation Your should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User“LI MING” instead.Do not writer the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explai n it’s intended meaning, and3)give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)旅程之“余”2011年考研英语一真题答案及详解Section I Use of English1-5 CDBBA 6-10 BADCA 11-15 BCDCB 16-20 DADAC1.C解析：语义逻辑题。
解读2011年考研英语阅读理解真题
解读2011年考研英语阅读理解真题解读2011年考研英语阅读理解真题2011年考研英语阅读理解部分从整体上说延续了以往的出题套路，文字难度和行文逻辑与历年基本持平。
下面本文结合本次考试的阅读理解真题对该部分的解题思路和方法予以分析，希望对备考2012年考研英语的考生有所帮助。
题材选择从选材来看，此次考试的阅读理解没有选择学术性较强的自然科学类文章，四篇文章可以归为人文和经济两类，而且重在人文，较之去年更加贴近生活。
从本次考试所选的题材来看，出题者钟情于选择社会热点、人文科学等考生熟悉的题材，基本上摒弃了以往常会出现的一些比较学术化、专业化的题材。
出题思路此次考研英语阅读理解的出题者仍然遵循以往的出题思路，该出题思路可概括为四个原则：关键词定位原则、依次而下原则、区域概念原则和同义改写原则。
下面我们来逐一解析。
1. 关键词定位原则所谓“关键词定位原则”，是指出题者在设置题干时会使用一些独特或核心的词汇，这些词汇正是帮助考生寻找答案所在位置的关键词。
这些关键词通常包括三大类：①显性关键词，如时间、地名、人名、国家名、阿拉伯数字、特殊符号等明显的线索词；②核心动词；③比较明显的描述性名词等。
考生可以利用题干中的这三类关键词迅速回到原文定位，找到答案位置。
2. 依次而下原则所谓“依次而下原则”，就是出题者所设置的题目顺序与行文顺序相符。
考生可以根据这个原则在文中寻找各题目答案的所在位置。
也就是说，如果题干中没有出现明显的关键词或信息提示供考生回原文定位时，考生可以利用这个原则来确定该题答案所在的段落。
例如，2011年考研英语阅读Text One中的五道题就是按照依次而下原则来设置的：第21题的答案位于原文第一段，第22题的答案位于原文第二段，第23题的答案位于第四段开头，第24题的答案位于第四段后半段，第25题的答案位于原文最后一段。
其中，第24题的题干是：“According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?”考生如果能利用题干关键词recordings，同时结合依次而下原则进行定位，便能迅速找到答案位置。
2011年考研英语二真题总体分析
2011年考研英语二真题总体分析2011年考研英语已经结束，英语二是改革以来的第二次考试，难度较之去年稍有提高。
就各部分来说，第一部分完形填空难度较之去年有所降低，涉及的是一篇社会类的文章。
阅读理解A部分对考生的词汇量要求有所提高，专业性也较强，相比于2010年来说，今年阅读理解的文章和题目在难度方面有所增加。
B部分新题型是以多项对应的形式出现。
第三部分翻译难度与去年持平，涉及的是环境方面的话题。
最后一部分小作文是常见的书信形式，要求写一封祝贺加建议信；大作文也是考纲规定的图表作文，作文部分难度都不是很大。
第一部分：完形填空文章是取自New York Times（《纽约时报》）2010年7月3日，原文标题为Taking the Mystery Out of Web Anonymity（揭开网络匿名的面纱）。
文章探讨的是网络匿名这一现象给美国社会带来的一系列严重后果，政府决定采取一些措施来解决这个问题。
词汇、固定搭配这是传统的两大考点，此外也侧重于对文章意思的理解。
考生要学会分析句内和句际的逻辑关系以及篇章内容。
点击查看原文：Taking the Mystery Out of Web AnonymityTHE Obama Administration is trying to fix the Internet’s dog problem.The problem, as depicted in Peter Steiner’s legendary 1993 New Yorker cartoon, is that on the Int ernet nobody knows you’re a dog. And thus the enduring conundrum over who can be trusted in cyberspace.The Internet affords anonymity to its users — a boon to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cybercrime that has swept across the Web.Can privacy be preserved while bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly lawless?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyberczar, offered the Obama administration’s proposal to make the Web a safer place —a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech equivalent of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled into one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential linked to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to create a federation of private online identity systems. Users could select which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require a government-issued Internet driver’s license. (Civil liberties groups oppose a government system, fearful that it could lead to national identity cards.)Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to log in just once but use many different services.In effect, the approach would create a “walled garden” in cyberspace, with (virtually) safe neighborhoods and bright (cyber) streetlights to establish a sense of a trusted community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with confidence, trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure that the transaction run s on.”Still, the administration’s plan has divided privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are apprehensive. “It seems clear,” Lauren Weinstein, the editor of Privacy Journal, wrote “that such a scheme is a pre-emptive push toward what would eventually be a mandated Internet ‘driver’s license’ mentality.”The plan has also been greeted with skepticism by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the I nternet vulnerable. They argue that all Internet users should be forced to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.“The privacy standards the administration wants to adopt will make the system both unwieldy and less effective and not good for security,” said Stewart Baker, a former chief counsel of the National Security Agency who favors government-issued Internet driver’s licenses.But Marc Rotenberg, executive director of the Electronic Privacy Information Center, a privacy rights group, said such criticism was unfair. He said the Obama administration had created a policy framework that will make it possible for private industry to improve privacy and security technologies.Some member s of the Internet’s technical community say that the Web-of-trust approach is too little, too late to solve the Internet’s security problems. The problem is no longer just about cyberspace stalkers, thieves and con artists, but about the trustworthiness of the very fabric of the network itself.“We’re now seeing attacks on the Internet’s plumbing,” said Rodney Joffe, senior technologist at Neustar, an Internet infrastructure firm. “If you get control of the plumbing there are lots of things you can do because the plumbing was never designed for a world where there is a lack of trust.”The essential plumbing components are the routers, which direct traffic on computer networks. Operators of these routers — mostly private companies — share instructions with each other on how to direct that traffic. They trust the information is accurate. But at least three times this year, a substantial fraction of the global network’s messages were mis-routed through China, potentially opening millions of users to spying or tampering. Chinese Internet engineers say themisroutings were mistakes; other engineers are not so sure.“If our web of trust is corrupted or penetrated or broken, I don’t quite know what to do about that,” said Vinton Cerf, a Google vice president and one of the designers of the Internet. “That’s one of the nightmares that I worry about.”He is pushing efforts to create standards that would secure the Internet’s plumbing, though those may take longer than a decade to be put in place globally. As for making the network more secure for users, he said he was optimistic and that he saw a relatively straightforward — though not exactly inexpensive — way to make the network more secure.In the future, he envisions a card that each of us will carry, perhaps equipped with a fingerprint reader, that will in effect be a one-time password system. It will digitally hold all of our different personalities: who we are at work, while playing on-line games, banking and using our smart phones and make it possible for others to be sure we are who we say we are.But Mr. Joffe said he worried that the time for such systems might already have run out.“Imagine what would happen if people lost trust in using the Internet: what would that do to our economy?” Mr. Joffe asked. “You would have to go down to your local bank branch and you’d join 5,000 other people waiting to do their banking. That infrastructure has gone away and the banks can’t cope with it anymore.”第二部分：阅读理解A部分Text 1文章取自The Economist（经济学家）2010年5月4日，原文标题为Outside directors and children first。
考研英语阅读2011
考研英语阅读2011考研英语阅读作为考研英语考试中的重要组成部分，其难度和分值都不容忽视。
2011年的考研英语阅读部分，不仅考察了考生的词汇量和语法知识，更注重了对文章主旨、细节信息以及推理判断能力的测试。
以下是对2011年考研英语阅读部分的详细分析。
首先，从文章选材来看，2011年的阅读材料覆盖了多个领域，包括社会、科技、教育和文化等。
这些文章不仅要求考生具备一定的背景知识，还要求他们能够快速捕捉文章的主旨大意。
例如，有一篇文章讨论了现代科技对人类生活方式的影响，考生需要理解文章中提到的各种科技产品及其对人们日常生活的改变。
其次，2011年的阅读题目中，细节理解题占据了相当大的比例。
这类题目要求考生能够准确找到文章中的具体信息，如时间、地点、人物、事件等。
这就要求考生在阅读时必须细致入微，不能仅凭印象或者部分信息就匆忙作答。
再者，推理判断题也是2011年考研英语阅读中的一个重点。
这类题目要求考生不仅要理解文章的字面意思，还要能够根据文章内容进行逻辑推理，得出作者的隐含观点或者文章的深层含义。
例如，有一篇文章讨论了教育制度的改革，考生需要根据文章中的论点和论据，推断出作者对于教育改革的态度和建议。
此外，2011年的考研英语阅读还考察了考生的词汇运用能力。
文章中出现了大量的专业术语和生僻词汇，考生需要结合上下文来猜测这些词汇的含义。
同时，题目中也涉及到了对词汇同义替换的考察，这就需要考生具备一定的词汇量和对词汇细微差别的敏感度。
最后，2011年的考研英语阅读还对考生的长难句理解能力提出了挑战。
文章中不乏结构复杂、修饰成分繁多的句子，考生需要能够准确分析句子结构，理解句子的深层含义。
这不仅考察了考生的语法知识，也考察了他们的逻辑思维能力。
综上所述，2011年的考研英语阅读部分全面考察了考生的英语阅读能力，包括词汇量、语法知识、背景知识、细节理解、推理判断以及长难句理解等多个方面。
考生在备考时，需要全面提升这些能力，才能在考试中取得理想的成绩。
考研真题答案2011英语
考研真题答案2011英语考研真题答案2011英语在备战考研的过程中，模拟真题的做题练习是非常重要的一部分。
其中，2011年的英语真题是备战考研的学生们常常会遇到的一道难题。
本文将对2011年英语真题的答案进行探讨和解析，希望能给考生们提供一些帮助。
首先，我们来看看2011年英语真题的阅读理解部分。
这一部分是考生们备考过程中最重要的一部分，也是考察考生英语阅读能力的重要环节。
在2011年的英语真题中，阅读理解部分包含了多篇文章，涉及到各个领域的知识，包括科学、文化、历史等等。
对于每一篇文章，考生需要仔细阅读并回答相关的问题。
在解答阅读理解问题时，考生需要注意以下几点。
首先，要确保自己对文章的理解是准确的。
阅读理解题目往往会涉及到文章的细节、主旨、态度等等，因此，考生需要通过仔细阅读来确保自己对文章的理解是正确的。
其次，要注意选项的排除法。
在解答题目时，考生可以通过排除一些明显错误的选项来缩小答案的范围，从而提高自己的答题准确率。
最后，要注意时间的掌握。
阅读理解部分的题目数量较多，考生需要合理安排时间，确保每个问题都能够得到认真解答。
除了阅读理解部分，2011年英语真题还包括了完形填空、选词填空、翻译和写作等部分。
在完形填空部分，考生需要根据给定的上下文，选择适当的词语来填空，从而使整个文章的逻辑结构更加完整。
在选词填空部分，考生需要根据给定的句子，选择适当的词语来填空，从而使句子的意思更加准确。
在翻译部分，考生需要将给定的中文句子翻译成英文，从而考察考生的语言表达能力。
在写作部分，考生需要根据给定的题目，写一篇符合要求的英文作文。
对于这些部分的答案，我们需要注意以下几点。
首先，要注意语法和词汇的运用。
在填空和翻译部分，考生需要注意语法和词汇的准确性，避免出现明显的错误。
其次，要注意句子的逻辑结构。
在完形填空和选词填空部分，考生需要根据上下文的意思，选择适当的词语来填空，使句子的逻辑结构更加完整。
最后，要注意写作的连贯性和流畅性。
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2011年版历年考研英语试题分析第一部分英语知识运用部分命题的特点和规律一、英语知识运用部分总体分析2002年《大纲》将“完形填空”调整为“英语知识运用”之后明确规定：英语知识运用测试的要点是词汇、语法和结构。
英语知识运用采用多项选择完形填空(Multiple Choice Cloze Test)的形式来考查。
完形填空（Cloze）又称综合填空或短文填空，出现于20世纪50年代西方语言测试的实践中，1956年被应用于外语测试。
在我国用于英语测试则是从20世纪70年代开始的。
完形填空是用来测试考生的基础知识和语言运用能力的一种题型，对考生的语法结构、词义搭配和阅读理解能力进行综合考查（measuring overall ability）。
完形填空的设计和应用，是基于格式塔心理学（Gestalt Psychology）和心理语言学（Psycholinguistics）的理论：人们在感知、认知事物的时候，总是以整体信息为主的。
尽管有时获得的信息并不十分完整，但人们会下意识地将不完整的部分补全，构成一副完整的图画来认知。
举例来说，当我们看到图1和图2时，我们会自然地把它们分别看做是一个圆和一个三角形，而不是一段曲线和三个点。
图1 图2同样，在语言表达和理解的过程中，也需要理解信息的整体。
尽管其中有一些词或短语被抽去，但通过语段提供的冗余信息，人们仍然能够推知被抽去的信息，从而达到对文章的理解。
根据这一原理，命题人使用完形填空这一种题型——从一篇短文中删去一些信息，留出空格，由考生补全——来考查语言知识和语言综合运用的能力。
（一）英语知识运用部分命题的基本指导思想英语知识运用部分命题的指导思想是：通过完形填空的形式不仅考查考生对于不同语境中规范的语言要素（包括词汇、表达方式和语法结构）的运用能力，而且还考查考生对语段特征（如连贯性和一致性等）的辨识能力。
这就意味着“英语知识运用”部分的试题由过去注重对单句语言点的考查向对语篇能力（discourse competence）的考查转移，这一考查重心的转移要求考生能够对不同语境中语言使用的规范性、得体性和篇章特征有较强的辨识能力。
（二）选材特点英语知识运用部分的材料为一篇240-280词的文章，通过对近十年英语知识运用试题的分析可以看出，这部分试题在体裁上多以议论文为主，说明文为辅，而题材上逐渐趋于与现代社会生活密切相关的文章。
详见下表。
年份体裁题材主要内容2000 议论文经济农民的生产和消费2001 议论文政治法律政府对媒体炒作干扰司法公正进行立法限制2002 说明文社会生活传媒技术的发展2003 议论文文化教育对青少年的教育问题2004 议论文社会生活对青少年犯罪原因的探讨2005 说明文科普人类的嗅觉2006 议论文社会生活无家可归者增多的现象2007 议论文政治历史西班牙和葡萄牙前殖民地独立后面临的问题2008 说明文生物科学高智商与遗传疾病2009 议论文从动物智商研究中得到的有关人类智力的启示根据英语知识运用部分试题的命题原则和近年的命题趋势，可以发现这部分试题在选材上有以下一些特点：第一，选材内容不会过于专业。
避免让一部分人凭常识答题，否则，会影响测试的信度和效度。
因此，含有大量专有名词、数量词和技术性词语的短文一般不会出现。
题材多以社会生活、文化教育类为主，科普性文章有再出现的趋势，但仍以与人们生活密切相关的知识为主。
题材有一定重复性，如98、99年以工业为主，03、04年以青少年问题为主。
第二，文章难度适中。
一般情况下，对大部分考生来说，文章在没有进行删词以前读起来几乎没有困难。
第三，文章内部组织结构较为严密，无论是说明文还是议论文，多以总——分或总——分——总的形式出现。
由于引语与短文其他部分的难度不会十分一致，所以一般不选用含有很多引语的文章。
（三）试题的具体命制（1）语法知识试题的命制。
“英语知识运用”部分考查考生对语法结构知识的实际运用能力。
因此，在最后阶段的复习时，考生应当加强对一些基础性的语法知识的掌握，切忌只死记一些特殊的语法现象，因为命题专家不会对那些特殊的语法现象进行考查。
（2）词汇试题的命制。
词汇是考查重点，试题数量一般在12~15题之间，测试的知识主要包括：短语搭配、近形词、近义词、惯用法等。
新的趋势是加重了了对词汇的得体性、规范性及同一词汇的特殊意义的考查。
要求考生在实践中运用恰当的词汇，选择准确的词汇。
（3）篇章结构试题的命制。
试题数量一般在2~3题之间。
主要涉及以下几点：①句与句之间的逻辑关系；②某个意群的整体意思；③文章的整体结构；④作者对某一问题的观点、态度、口气。
在试题的设计上，主要反映在表示逻辑关系的连词、副词的考查上。
考生要注意的是：一些题看似是考查词汇，实际上需要先根据上下文推断出这一意群的整体意思，然后才能在此基础上判断四个选项中哪一个更符合。
解此类试题的关键是：一，利用上下文解题。
二，关注句际之间的逻辑关系。
二、英语知识运用部分的解题思路与技巧英语知识运用部分主要考查考生的逻辑思维、推理判断和对各种语言现象的综合运用能力。
考生在解答该部分试题时，应掌握相当的词汇量，具备一定的阅读能力，并能够正确、恰当地运用语法和词汇知识。
它在形式上是对每个空格所给出的四个选项做出正确选择，实际上是测试考生对整篇短文的理解和对语言知识的综合运用能力。
它非常强调语境，即上下文的联系，因此，选择正确与否往往取决于对上下文的理解是否准确以及对语言知识的运用是否恰当。
解答英语知识运用部分的试题需要一定的技巧，其中把握好答题的思路与节奏是在考场上正常发挥乃至超常发挥的前提。
根据测试学的原理及解题经验，我们提出“一个原则，三步走”的答题思路，供考生参考。
“一个原则”就是：紧跟文章的思路进行分析、选择，而不是按照自己的思路。
要使自己的思路与文章的思路保持一致，而不是使文章的思路随着自己的思路走。
“三步走”指解答过程分三步走：第一，迅速浏览一遍全文，弄清文章主题。
知道文章要说明或介绍的是什么。
第二，逐句阅读文章，仔细分析，认真填空。
弄清句子意思与结构以及句与句、句群与句群之间的关系。
第三，作答后，再通读一遍全文，看是否通顺合理。
注意句与句之间，段与段之间是否一致、连贯。
综观历届考生的答题情况，最典型的失误是在解题方法上出现问题。
部分考生在答题时只关注要填入词汇、短语的句子，而不对短文的内容进行总体的把握，“只见树木，不见森林”，其结果是：第一，理解上出现严重的偏差，导致选择错误；第二，延长了答题时间，因为答题的线索有时就隐藏在上下文中。
因此，考生在完成所有问题之后，还应该通读全文，在宏观上检查并核实所确定的每一个选择能否使短文的内容与结构完整，在微观上看每一个试题的选择是否都有充分的依据。
只有这样才能获取高分。
下面就英语知识运用测试的主要内容谈一下解题思路。
（一）语法结构知识语法知识是理解英语的基础。
通过对历年试题的分析可以看出，单纯考查语法知识题的比重并不是很大，这是要体现《大纲》注重考查考生的英语交际能力，鼓励考生用听、说、读、写的实践代替单纯的语法知识学习的测试导向。
但这并不意味着对考生语法掌握程度的要求降低了，因为只有对语法知识有较好的掌握，才能在实际的语言运用环境中，识别各种语法现象，对文章进行理解并做出正确的判断。
下面就重点语法内容加以总结，供考生参考。
1. 主谓一致关系主谓一致(Subject Verb Agreement)指谓语动词要与主语的中心词语在“人称”和“数”的方面保持一致。
这是在解题过程中需要时刻注意的。
解答这类问题的关键是要找准主语的中心词语。
Example 1The novels of John Cheever to a literary tradition that is concerned primarily with manners.[A] belongs [B]belong [C]is belonged [D]are belongedbelong是不及物动词，不能用于被动语态，首先排除C和D。
本句的中心主语是the novels(复数)，所以此题的正确选项是B。
2. 虚拟语气在英语中，由于说话人的意图不同，动词的表现形式也随之不同，这就需要用不同的“语气”来表达。
英语中有三种语气：（1）陈述语气(the Indicative Mood)用来陈述事实。
如：The teacher is very popular with his students.(2)祈使语气(the Imperative Mood)提出请求、命令等。
如：Please open the door.(3)虚拟语气(the Subjunctive Mood)表达主观愿望和假设的情况。
如：If I were you, I would throw it away.所谓虚拟，简单地说，就是真实情况并非如此。
由于虚拟语气历来是英语学习中的一个难点，尤其是它还有一些特殊形式和用法，所以也可能成为考点。
Example 2Had they examined the question over a much longer period, 1 over the whole life cycle,they 2 reached a different conclusion.1. *[A] particularly [B] exclusively [C] preferably [D] precisely2. [A] must have [B] will have [C] may have [D] would have首先根据“Had they examined the question...”得出这是一个省略if的虚拟条件句。
在表示过去情况的虚拟条件句中，从句中的谓语用had+过去分词，主句中的谓语用would have + 过去分词。
所以，第2题应该选择D。
3. 非限定性动词非限定性动词是动词的非谓语形式，主要指不定式(the Infinitive)、分词(the Participle)和动名词(the Gerund)。
非限定性动词的使用功能多样，且容易混淆，所以它们历来是各种英语考试中的重点。
Example 3We did make our comforts and discomforts 1 , but basically others 2 our experiences to us. We were virtually helpless and 3 the mercy of others, usually our parents.As we grew older, increased intellectual development resulted in increased behavioral options’ 4 available to us.1 [A]knowing [B]known [C]know [D]to know2 [A]distributed *[B]dictated [C]allocated [D]ordered3 [A]with [B]in *[C]at [D]on4 [A]became [B]become [C]becoming [D]to become第1题中make在作为表示“致使”意义的动词时，其后的动词及其逻辑主语是被动关系,所以跟在其后的动词要用过去分词形式，如He was trying to make himself understood.所以此题应选B。